METHOD Statement

Dynamic Testing using

Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA)








Submitted to:
THE VALUES CUSTOMER



Submitted by:
PT Multi AGEOTESCON
Kompleks Perkantoran Vila Delima No. 7
Jl. Karang Tengah Raya Kav. 9
Lebak Bulus, Jakarta 12440
T. 7698069,7698070, F. 7691866






To:
THE VALUES CUSTOMER



Subject: Pile Dynamic Testing using
Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA)




Dear Sir/Madam,

I am pleased to submit the Proposal of Dynamic Testing using Pile Driving Analyzer
(PDA) manufactured by Pile Dynamics Inc. Ohio, USA.
In 1973, Prof. G. G. Goble, the principal investigator of the original research which
started 1964 at Case Institute of Technology, USA, founded Pile Dynamics Inc. which
manufactures and developers hardware and software to improve pile design, installation
and construction control methods. Dynamic testing of pile recently has been recognized
by the American Society for Testing and Materials in ASTM D-4945.
Dr. Zacheus Indrawan and Ir. Ben Usagani, the founder of PT Multi AGEOTESCON
introduced dynamic testing in Indonesia in 1990. We are specialist and independently
company, with a highly ethical corporate culture.
Until 1990, we have tested more than 8400 piles at more than 2800 project
throughout Indonesia.
Please do not hesitate to contact us if you or your client requires further
explanation about this proposal.
Finally, we would like express our gratitude for opportunity gave us offer our
service to you in this project.


Sincerely yours,


Edy Suyono
Operational Director









I. PURPOSE OF TESTING

The purpose of pile dynamic testing using
Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) is to obtain
data about:

1. Axial pile capacity.
2. Pile integrity.
3. Driving energy transferred efficiency.

The type of pile foundation that can be
tested dynamically using PDA is not
limited to driven-pile only. PDA is equally
applicable to cast-in-situ pile such as bored
piles, franki piles and other type of piled
foundation (see Appendix A).

I.1. Axial Pile Capacity

Determination of axial pile capacity is
based on characteristics of reflection wave
given by the soil reaction (shaft friction and
end-bearing).

The correlation between the pile capacity
estimated from PDA result and
conventional static is well recognized which
leads to its acceptance as an approved
method of pile testing in ASTM D-4945.

It should be noted, however, that the
correlation shown in graph are based on
test results when the ultimate pile capacity
are reached by both PDA test and by
conventional static load test.

I.2. Pile Integrity

Damages on pile foundation are due to
several factors, e.g. during lifting of the
piles or during driving for driven pile. For
bored pile, 'necking' and soil inclusion are
the most commonly encountered defects.
These damages can be


I. TUJUAN PENGUJIAN

Tujuan pengujian tiang dengan Pile Driving
Analyzer (PDA) adalah untuk mendapatkan
data tentang:

1. Daya dukung aksial tiang.
2. Keutuhan/intigritas tiang.
3. Efisiensi enerji yang ditransfer.

Jenis fondasi tiang yang dapat diuji dengan
PDA tidak terbatas pada tiang pancang
saja. PDA juga dapat digunakan untuk
tiang yang dicor di tempat seperti tiang bor,
tiang franki dan jenis fondasi tiang lainnya
(lihat Lampiran A).

I.1. Daya Dukung Aksial Tiang

Penentuan daya dukung aksial tiang
didasarkan pada karakteristik dari pantulan
gelombang yang diberikan oleh reaksi
tanah (lengketan dan tahanan ujung).

Korelasi yang baik antara daya dukung
tiang yang diberikan dari hasil PDA dengan
cara statis yang konvensional telah diakui,
yang membawa pada pengakuan PDA
sebagai metode yang sah dalam ASTM
D-4945.

Meski demikian, harus dicatat korelasi yang
ditunjukkan dalam grafik didasarkan pada
hasil pengujian jika daya dukung batas
(ultimate) dicapai baik dengan PDA
maupun dengan pengujian statis yang
konvensional.

I.2. Keutuhan Tiang

Kerusakan pada fondasi tiang dapat terjadi
karena beberapa hal antara lain pada saat
pengangkatan tiang atau selama
pemancangan tiang. Untuk tiang bor,
pengecilan penampang dan longsornya
tanah adalah kerusakan yang paling umum




These damages can be detected using
PDA.

Based on the recorded F (force) and V
(velocity) of the waves during its
propagation along the pile, the location of
damage can be detected and remaining
cross sectional area of the pile can be
estimated.

If only the assessment on the pile integrity
is required, a sub-system of PDA called
PIT (Pile Integrity tester) may be used
instead of PDA.

I.3.Hammer Efficiency

PDA measures the actual driving energy
transferred during testing, since ram
weight and ram stroke are known, the
transferred efficiency can be calculated.


II. EQUIPMENTS

The equipment for PDA testing consists
of:

1. Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA),
PAK/PAL/PAX model.
2. Two (2) strain transducers.
3. Two (2) accelerometers.
4. Connection cable.


The equipments are contained in strong
transit cases. Each set of PDA and
accessories requires one or two cases,
size:600mmx500mmx400mm; weight
approximately 30kg.







dijumpai. Kerusakan ini dapat dideteksi
dengan PDA.

Berdasarkan F (gaya) dan V (kecepatan)
yang terekam dari gelombang selama
perambatannya sepanjang tiang, lokasi
dari kerusakan dapat dideteksi dan luas
penampang sisa dari tiang dapat
diperkirakan.

Jika hanya keutuhan tiang saja yang
dibutuhkan, sebuah sub-sistem dari PDA
yang disebut Pile Integrity tester lebih
ekonomis untuk digukan dari pada PDA.

I.3.Efisiensi Palu Pancang

PDA mengukur enerji pemancangan
aktual yang ditransfer selama pengujian.
Karena berat palu pancang dan tinggi jatuh
palu pancang dapat diketahu, maka
efisiensi enerji yang ditransfer dapat
dihitung.

II. PERALATAN

Peralatan untuk pengujian PDA terdiri
dari:

1. Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA),
PAK/PAL/PAX model.
2. Dua (2) strain transducer.
3. Dua (2) accelerometer.
4. Kabel penghubung

Peralatan dapat dimasukkan dalam kotak
perjalanan yang cukup kuat. Setiap set
PDA dan perlengkapannya membutuhkan
satu atau dua kotak yaitu berukuran sekitar
600mmx500mmx400mm: dengan berat
sekitar 30kg.








III. TESTING PROCEDURES

III.1.Background

Dynamic testing of pile based on the
analysis of the one dimensional waves
generated when the pile was hit by a
hammer.

Strain and accelerometer during driving
are measured using strain transducer and
accelerometer. Two strain transducers
and two accelerometers are attached at
the upper part of the tested piles
(minimum > diameter from pile top).

Installation of two instruments for each
measurement was intended to ensure
good records and as an additional
measure in case one of the instruments is
not working properly.

The measurements are recorded by PDA
and analyzed with the well known Case
Method, based on one dimensional wave
theory. Background the theoretical of
dynamic testing, see in Appendix A.

III.2.Installation of Instruments

Dynamic testing was executed to estimate
the axial pile capacity of the piles.

Therefore, the installation of instruments
is such that the effects of bending during
driving may be eliminated as much as
possible.

This requires:
1. Strain transducers should be installed at
the neutral axis and accelerometers are
attached at diametrically opposite
location.
2. The position of piling crane should be
perpendicular to strain transducers line.


III. PROSEDUR PENGUJIAN

III.1.Latar Belakang

Pengujian dinamis tiang didasarkan pada
analisis gelombang satu dimensi yang
terjadi ketika tiang dipukul oleh palu.

Regangan dan percepatan selama
pemancangan diukur menggunakan strain
transducer dan accelerometer. Dua buah
strain transducer dan dua buah
accelerometer dipasang pada bagian atas
dari tiang yang diuji (kira-kira > diameter
dari kepala tiang).

Pemasangan kedua instrumen pada setiap
pengukuran dimaksudkan untuk menjamin
hasil rekaman yang baik dan pengukuran
tambahan jika salah satu instrumen tidak
bekerja dengan baik.

Pengukuran direkamoleh PDA dan
dianalisis dengan Case Method yang
sudah umum dikenal, berdasarkan teori
gelombang satu dimensi. Latar belakang
teoritis pengujian dinamis tiang dapat
dibaca pada Lampiran A.

III.2.Pemasangan Instrumen

Pengujian dinamis dilaksanakan untuk
memperkirakan daya dukung aksial tiang.

Karena itu, pemasangan instrumen
dilakukan sedemikian rupa sehingga
pengaruh lentur selama pengujian dapat
dihilangkan sebanyak mungkin.

Untuk itu harus dilakukan adalah:
1. Strain transducer harus dipasang pada
garis netral dan accelerometer pada
lokasi berlawanan secara diametral.
2. Posisi dari palu pancang harus tegak
lurus terhadap garis strain transducer.




III.3.Testing Preparation

Preparation works before testing consists
of:
1. Excavation of the ground surface
around the pile head (on land).
2. Drilling small holes on the pile for
bolting the strain transducers and
accelerometers.
3. Installation of instruments.
III.4.Required Information
1. Drawing showing the location and
identification of the pile.
2. Date driven.
3. Pile length and cross sectional area.
4. Length of penetration.

III.5.Testing Procedures

PDA test is executed according to the
procedure stipulated in ASTM D-4945.

III.6.Time of Testing

PDA test can be carried out during the
actual installation of a pile to monitor the
development of pile capacity as the pile
penetrates deeper, the performance of the
driving system or monitoring the extreme
driving stresses.

PDA test can also be carried out at a later
date after the pile was driven. The
purpose of this test is usually to estimate
the long term pile capacity, after driving
pore pressure is dissipated.









III.3.Persiapan Pengujian

Persiapan pengujian terdiri dari:
1. Penggalian tanah permukaan sekeliling
kepala tiang, apabila kepala tiang sama
rata permukaan tanah (di darat).
2. Pengeboran lubang kecil pada tiang
untuk pemasangan strain transducer
dan accelerometer.
3. Pemasangan instrumen.

III.4.Informasi yang diperlukan

1. Gambar yang menunjukkan lokasi dan
indentifikasi tiang.
2. Tanggal pemancangan.
3. Panjang tiang dan luas penampang tiang
4. Panjang tiang tertanam.

III.5.Prosedur Pengujian

Pengujian PDA dilaksanakan berdasarkan
prosedur yang tercantum dalam ASTM
D-4945.

III.6.Waktu Pengujian

Pengujian PDA dapat dilakukan selama
pemancangan untuk memonitori
perkembangan daya dukung tiang sejalan
dengan tiang masuk makin dalam, kenerja
dari sistem pemancangan atau memonitor
tegangan pada saat pemancangan yang
ekstrim.

Tetapi umumnya PDA digunakan untuk
menentukan daya dukung jangka panjang
tiang fondasi. Untuk tujuan ini, pengujian
PDA sebaiknya dilakukan beberapa hari
setelah pemancangan, setelah gaya
lengketan tanah mulai bekerja.








III.7.Test Results

Results for each blow are immediately
displayed on the monitor at operating
speeds up to 120 blows per minute. The
data are automatically stored on hard disk
for subsequent analysis and report quality
presentation.

IV.CAPWAP ANALYSIS

The PDA result can be further evaluated
with CAPWAP program to produce
distribution of soil resistance along the
pile, simulated static loading test and
simulated pull-out test.

V. ADVANTAGES OF PDA METHOD

1. PDA provides on-site information to
make the crucial decision, if necessary
during driving.
2. PDA test checks the pile integrity as
well as its pile capacity. Therefore, it
gives an important information on the
quality of the pile; an information not
available from a conventional loading
test.
3. PDAtesting utilizes the most advanced
computer technology which enables the
test to be done in a very short
time. PDA test typically takes 1 hour as
compared 1 to 2 weeks required for a
conventional static loading test.
Therefore, PDA test is most suitable
for fast track project.
4. The portability of PDA equipment
made it possible to evaluate the pile
capacity as the driving progresses.








III.7.Hasil Pengujian

Hasil pengujian untuk setiap pukulan dapat
segera ditampilkan pada layar sampai 120
pukulan per menit. Data secara otomatis
disimpan pada hard disk untuk analisis
selanjutnya dan laporan. Hasil dapat diprint
untuk presentasi dalam laporan.

IV.ANALISIS CAPWAP

Hasil PDA dapat dianalisis lebih lanjut
menggunakan program CAPWAP untuk
menghasilkan distribusi daya dukung tanah
sepanjang tiang, simulasi pengujian
pembebanan statis dan tarik.

V. KELEBIHAN METODE PDA

1. PDA memberikan informasi di lapangan
untuk membuat keputusan yang
mendesak, jika diperlukan pada saat
pemancangan.
2. Pengujian PDA memeriksa keutuhan
tiang maupun daya dukung. Karena itu
PDA memberikan informasi yang
penting mengenai mutu tiang, suatu
informasi yang tidak dapat diperoleh
dari pengujian pembebanan yang
konvensional.
3. Pengujian PDA menggunakan teknologi
komputer yang paling mutahir sehingga
memungkinkan pengujian dapat
dilakukan dalam waktu yang sangat
singkat. Pengujian PDA umumnya
memakan waktu 1 jam jika
dibandingkan dengan 1 s.d. 2 minggu
yang dibutuhkan untuk pengujian
pembebanan statis yang konvensional.
Karena itu, PDA adalah yang paling
cocok untuk proyek-proyek yang cepat.
4. Portabilitas peralatan PDA
memungkinkannya untuk mengevaluasi
daya dukung tiang selama proses
pemancangan.




VI.APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC
TESTING IN INDONESIA

Our company introduced this
state-of-the-art of pile testing to
Indonesia in 1990. Since then we have
tested more than 8400 piles at more than
2800 project throughout Indonesia. The
experiences gained in testing so many
different types of piles on a complete
range of Indonesian soils have given us
confidence to offer our services to
international projects, jetty facilities,
bridges, high rise building etc., from Aceh
to Papua. Our engineers more than 18
years experience in this job, making
minimize mistake the data and analysis.



PT Multi AGEOTESCON

Ir. Edy Suyono
0811 811 154




















VI.PENGGUNAAN PENGUJIAN
DINAMIS DI INDONESIA

Perusahaan kami telah memperkenalkan
pengujian mutahir ini di Indonesia pada
awal tahun 1990. Sejak itu telah diuji lebih
dari 8400 tiang pada lebih dari 2800 proyek
di seluruh Indonesia. Pengalaman yang
diperoleh dalam pengujian demikian
banyak jenis tiang pada kondisi tanah di
Indonesia begitu bervariasi memberikan
pada kami keyakinan untuk menawarkan
pelayanan kami pada klien mancanegara
yang terlibat dalam proyek fasilitas jetty,
jembatan, gedung pencakar langit dll di
Indonesia dari Aceh samapai Papua.
Pengalaman engineer kami lebih dari 18
tahun, dapat meminimalkan kesalahan
dalam mengambil data dan menganalisis.































































Figure 1. PDA Instruments and accessories support
Gambar 1. PDA instrumen dan asesoris pendukung
















Figure 2. Typical arrangement for attaching instruments to several type of piles
Figure 2. Tipikal persiapan pemasangan instrumenr pada beberapa jenis tiang
















From: F.Rausche, G.G.Goble, G.E.Likins, Dynamic Determination of Pile Capacity
Journal of geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 111, No. 3, march, 1985, pp 367-383.

Figure 3. Comparison between PDA Test and Static Load Test results
Gambar 3. Perbandingan antara hasil PDA Test dan Statis Load Test















CODE REMARK #V140-K4
BN Blow number 3
RMX Pile capacity [ton] 227
FMX Maximum compressive force [ton] 338
CTN Maximum tension force [ton] 0
EMX Maximum transferred energy [tonm] 2.93
DMX Maximum displacement [mm] 13
DFN Permanent displacement [mm] 3
BTA Pile integrity value [%] 100
STK Ram stroke [m] 2
BPM Blow per minute 46.1
LE Length below instruments [m] 28.5
LP Length of penetration during testing [m] 28
AR Cross sectional area [cm] 1600

Figure 4. PDA Test results
Gambar 4. Hasil pengujian PDA



PT MULTI AGEOTESCON
TANGKI LPG 4X5000 m^3
PDA OP: ES
PILE DRIVING ANALYZER
Version 2002.094
V140-K4
SQUARE-400MM;MH-45;22/10/04
BN 3
12/1/2004 9:21:57 AM
RMX tn 227
FMX tn 338
CTN tn 0
EMX tn-m 2.93
DMX mm 13
DFN mm 3
BTA (%) 100.0
STK m 2.0
BPM bpm 46.1
LE m 28.5
AR cm^2 1600.00
EM t/cm2 306
SP t/m3 2.45
WS m/s 3500.0
EA/C tn-s/m 139.7
LP m 28.0





16.29 ms
102.4ms
500
tn
F
3.58
m/s
V
102.4ms
500
tn
WD
500
tn
WU





F
i
g
u
r
e

5
.

C
A
P
W
A
P

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

r
e
s
u
l
t
s

G
a
m
b
a
r

5
.

H
a
s
i
l

A
n
a
l
i
s
a

C
A
P
W
A
P


4 74
-250.00
0.00
250.00
500.00
ms
tons
6 L/c
Force Msd
Force Cpt
4 74
-250.00
0.00
250.00
500.00
ms
tons
6 L/c
For. Msd
Vel . Msd
0
5
10
15
20
t
o
n
s
/
m
0
70
140
210
280
t
o
n
s
Shaft Resi stance
Di stri buti on
Pi l e Forces
at Ru
0.00 70.00 140.00 210.00 280.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Load (tons)
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
Pi l e T op
Bottom
Ru = 236.1 tons
Rs = 191.5 tons
Rb = 44.6 tons
Dy = 14.9 mm
Dmx = 15.0 mm
TANGKI LPG 4x5000 m^3; Pile: V140-K4; SQUARE-400MM;MH-45;22/10/04; BN: 3 (Test: 01-Dec-2004) 02-Dec-2004
PT MULTI AGEOTESCON CAPWAP Ver. 2000-1


APPENDIX A LAMPIRAN A


PDA Testing for Bored piles - Pengujian Tiang Bor dengan PDA

PDA Testing for Steel, Spun Pile at off shore-Pengujian Tiang Baja,Spun di laut dg PDA

PDA Testing for Spun & Square - Pengujian Tiang Spun & Square dengan PDA