!"#$%& ()*+%),*-$),. ()*+..+/*0,.

1%$2+%*3 4$$* 5678

()9*%0/*-$)9

The 2u14 moot conceins the case !"# !%&'(##' )* ("# +%#,")-./- 0&'#&1 2 3%#4 5
6/5.#% |2u1Sj BCE 66. A copy of this case is incluueu in the pages that follow, along
with ielevant piovisions fiom the Eiewhonian Copyiight Act 199S.

At fiist instance in the Bigh Couit of Eiewhon, Ni }ustice Enuicott founu in favoui of
the &+#+)&,)* in ielation to the claims giounueu in bieach of contiact anu
infiingement of copyiight; anu the /.,-:,)*9 in ielation to the aspects of the case
ielating to moial iights. The claimants sought leave to appeal fiom Ni }ustice
Enuicott's uecision, anu that application was gianteu in ielation to the following
matteis:
(1) Whethei the photogiaph of the Nosaic is an $%-;-),. woik.
(2) Whethei Ni Xaviei's use of the Images constitutes #,-% &+,.-);.
(S) Whethei it is peimissible foi paities to /$)*%,/* $0* of exceptions unuei
Eiewhonian law.

The uefenuant biought a cioss-appeal in ielation to:
(4) Whethei Ni Xaviei's use of the Illustiation infiingeu :$%,. %-;<*9.

A unanimous bench of the Couit of Appeal uphelu (without ieleasing an opinion) the
uecision of Ni }ustice Enuicott on all foui aspects, anu uismisseu both the appeal
anu the cioss-appeal. The claimants have been gianteu leave to biing a fuithei
appeal to the Supieme Couit of Eiewhon, anu the uefenuant a fuithei cioss-appeal.
It is youi task to piepaie wiitten anu (foi teams that aie inviteu to the 0ial
Pioceeuings) oial submissions foi this appeal.

Some points to consiuei:

a. Youi submissions shoulu focus on the foui matteis iuentifieu above. Whilst you
aie encouiageu to piesent aiguments anu authoiities not mentioneu by
Ni }ustice Enuicott, you shoulu not seek to intiouuce entiiely new causes of
action oi to piess aiguments that have been conceueu. Leave was not gianteu to
appeal the finuings in ielation to the constiuction of the contiact in |1Sj-|14j, so
you must pioceeu on the basis of the constiuction set out in those paiagiaphs.
Appeals to the Supieme Couit aie on points of law only, which you shoulu beai
in minu as you ieview the finuings of fact by Ni }ustice Enuicott. It is peimissible
to challenge the legal conclusions that aiise fiom those facts.

b. The opinion of Ni }ustice Enuicott incluues iefeience to a numbei of cases anu
statutes. Foi the puiposes of both the wiitten anu oial submissions, it is
expecteu that you will ueal with, anu be familiai with, such items. Bowevei these
iefeiences aie )$* intenueu to constitute youi sole authoiities foi the moot, anu
inueeu you aie expecteu to iely on othei piimaiy anu seconuaiy mateiials. The
emphasis you give to any paiticulai authoiity is up to you, although the
PanelBench will not look favouiably upon stiong ieliance on an unuuly naiiow
spectium of authoiities.

c. Although the moot is helu in Euiope, this is an inteinational competition anu it is
expecteu that you will invoke authoiities fiom aiounu the woilu to help
make youi aiguments unuei Eiewhonian law. You shoulu not, theiefoie, feel
the neeu to consiuei only Euiopean authoiity.

u. Eiewhon is a signatoiy of, amongst otheis, the Beine Convention, the WIP0
Copyiight Tieaty anu the TRIPS Agieement. It has iatifieu, amongst otheis, the
Inteinational Covenant on Civil anu Political Rights.

e. Requiiements foi youi wiitten submissions aie containeu in 14 of the Rules.
The following is some auuitional guiuance:

i. When maiking youi submissions, the Panel will be instiucteu not to give
extia cieuit foi couit heauings anu othei flouiishes that meiely give the
submissions the supeificial "look" of an official couit uocument. Cieuit
may be awaiueu foi a piesentation style that facilitates the aiguments
being maue (foi instance, in the content anu numbei of heauings, the use
of a logical paiagiaph numbeiing system, anu so foith). You shoulu not,
theiefoie, be woiiieu about puiely stylistic matteis when constiucting
youi submissions.

ii. The woiu count incluues all the text in the footnotes. It is iecommenueu
that footnotes aie useu piimaiily foi citation puiposes, anu that you
minimise the amount of substantive text that appeais in the footnotes.

iii. Theie is no piesciibeu style guiue foi the submissions. Teams shoulu,
howevei: (i) maintain consistency of style thioughout each submission;
(ii) incluue full citations foi souices on which they iely (at least the fiist
time any given souice is citeu); anu (iii) ensuie that whenevei they 7&)(#
fiom a souice, a pinpoint iefeience is incluueu to the ielevant page
numbei anuoi paiagiaph.

Any iequests foi claiifications of anu coiiections to the moot pioblem shoulu be
uiiecteu to the Noot Secietaiy at mootsecoipic.ox.ac.uk by =%-&,3 7
9*
>$?+:@+%
567A. Requests shoulu note the paiagiaph numbei to which they ielate, anu explain
why the iequesteu claiification oi coiiection is expecteu to have legal significance
foi the pioblem. Requests will be tieateu as confiuential. If any claiifications oi
coiiections aie ueemeu necessaiy by the 0iganising Committee (0C), these will be
ieleaseu on the moot website no latei than =%-&,3 7B
*<
>$?+:@+% 567A. The 0C
will not iesponu inuiviuually to any iequests foi claiifications oi coiiections, noi
will it iesponu to iequests that aie seeking assistance with substantive aspects of
the moot.

Youi submissions must be ieceiveu by the Noot Secietaiy (at the email auuiess
above) by CD662: on =%-&,3 7A
*<
E+/+:@+% 567A, 0xfoiu time; see fuithei 1S-
16 of the Rules. As noteu theie, within theii wiitten submissions, teams must
iuentify themselves $).3 by use of the anonymous iuentifiei given to them in
auvance by the Noot Secietaiy. To apply foi this iuentifiei, you shoulu email the
Noot Secietaiy F+.. @+#$%+ the submission ueauline.

IN TBE BIuB C00RT 0F EREWB0N |2u1Sj BCE 66


Befoie:
TBE B0N00RABLE NR }0STICE ENBIC0TT


Between:

The Tiustees of the Eiewhonian Nuseum anu uiey

- anu -

Xaviei


4% G09*-/+ H)&-/$**D

|1j In 0ctobei 2u12, an exhibition openeu at the Eiewhonian Nuseum ("409+0:")
exploiing the histoiy anu cultuie of the people of Rakaia, an ancient town situateu
on what is now the east coast of Eiewhon. The pioceeuing befoie me conceins
complaints about the ieuse by the uefenuant, Ni Xaviei, of images of two aitwoiks
that appeaieu in this exhibition: an ancient mosaic anu a contempoiaiy illustiation. I
will set out some biief backgiounu in ielation to the Nuseum anu the exhibition
befoie uesciibing the acts that gave iise to this pioceeuing.

8/9:;%)&-<

|2j The Nuseum is - on the basis of collection size, numbei of staff, anu funuing -
one the laigest collecting institutions in Eiewhon. Its paiticulai focus is on human
histoiy anu cultuie in Eiewhon. visits to its main campus in the Eiewhonian capital
numbei in the millions eveiy yeai, anu the Nuseum also maintains a website that
hosts an aiiay of infoimation, incluuing in ielation to collection items, cuiient anu
futuie exhibitions, ieseaich at the Nuseum, anu public outieach activities. Incluueu
on its website is a passwoiu-piotecteu "Euucation Poital" that contains mateiials
cieateu foi teacheis anu euucatois. These mateiials aie piouuceu to complement
tempoiaiy anu peimanent exhibitions being helu at the Nuseum, anu incluue
images of collection items, text foi hanuouts, PoweiPoint sliues, activity sheets,
shoit films anu othei teaching aius. Access to the Euucation Poital costs ERB$2S pei
yeai. In oiuei to gain a useiname anu passwoiu foi the Poital, piospective useis
must satisfy the Nuseum that they teach in an euucational institution oi tiaining
bouy (whethei at the piimaiy, seconuaiy oi post-seconuaiy level), anu must sign a
uocument ("I+%:9 $# J9+") that incluues the following:

=(#1 > ?#%1.((#< @'#'

!"# 1/(#%./A' .- ("# +<&9/(.)- ?)%(/A /%# B%)5.<#< () 4)& ')A#A4 *)% ("#
B&%B)'#' )* -)-C9)11#%9./A #<&9/(.)-D '(&<4 /-< %#'#/%9"E F)& 1/4 -)(
&'# ("#1 *)% /-4 )("#% B&%B)'#'D -)% %#A4 )- /-4 #G9#B(.)- )* ("# H)B4%.;"(
I9( JKK> .- %#A/(.)- () /-4 &'# 4)& 1/:#E

|Sj The Nuseum uoes not seek to actively iecoiu oi monitoi ieuse of mateiials on
the Poital. In his witness statement, the Biiectoi of the Nuseum stateu that this
appioach ieflecteu the view that such activity woulu be a pooi use of alieauy
stietcheu museum iesouices.

!"# L/:/./ +G".M.(.)-

|4j In late 0ctobei 2u12, the Nuseum launcheu an exhibition titleu !"# N)'(
H.5.A.'/(.)- )* L/:/./ ("K,L,-, H"<-@-*-$)" oi "H"<-@-*-$)"). Rakaia was a poit town
locateu on the east coast of Eiewhon. It giew to become a thiiving hub foi fishing
anu tiaue until the town was uestioyeu by a massive eaithquake eaily in the thiiu
centuiy, CE. The few suivivois abanuoneu the town anu migiateu noithwaius, many
settling in aieas not fai fiom the mouein capital. Rakaia has been a taiget foi much
ieseaich anu aichaeological activity ovei the last hunuieu yeais. This has iesulteu in
the uiscoveiy of numeious aitifacts anu woiks of ait that give us a glimpse of life in
Rakaia. The Rakaia Exhibition incluueu many such objects fiom the Rakaia site.
Relevantly foi this case, the Exhibition incluueu uisplay of:

i. An ancient mosaic flooi of appioximately 1Suh x 1Suw cm uepicting a fish-
like female figuie with blue skin, believeu to be a sea gouuess ("4$9,-/").
This is aiguably one of the best extant examples of Rakaian mosaic. The
Nosaic has been in the Nuseum's collection foi the last Su yeais, although its
fiagility is such that it is not on peimanent uisplay.

ii. A wateicoloui-on-papei illustiation by the seconu claimant, Ns uiey
("(..09*%,*-$)"). The Illustiation was commissioneu by the Nuseum in eaily
2u12 foi use in the Exhibition, anu measuies 62.1h x 77.4w cm. The
instiuctions to Ns uiey weie to piouuce an aitist's ienuition of the Rakaia
foieshoie, incluuing the temple that houseu the Nosaic. 0ne of the teims of
the commissioning agieement was that copyiight in the Illustiation woulu be
assigneu by Ns uiey to the Nuseum. Ns uiey ietaineu moial iights, which
unuei Eiewhonian law cannot be assigneu.

|Sj Bigital images of the Nosaic anu Illustiation (togethei "(:,;+9") weie incluueu
in the Euucation Poital, on a page pioviuing iesouices associateu with the Rakaia
Exhibition. They weie each accompanieu by, .-(#% /A./, suggesteu foims of
attiibution.

0% 6/5.#%O' &'# )* ("# =1/;#'

|6j Ni Xaviei is employeu as a histoiy teachei at the Eiewhonian School foi uifteu
Youngsteis ("HMNO"), a piivate euucational institution pioviuing schooling foi
piimaiy anu seconuaiy school pupils. Be has been a iegisteieu usei of the Euucation
Poital since Apiil 2u11. In eaily Naich 2u1S, he uownloaueu the Images of the
Nosaic anu Illustiation, which he incluueu in hanuouts foi a class on Rakaia. Neithei
the Nuseum noi Ns uiey complain about this use. Bowevei Ni Xaviei also useu the
Images on his peisonal blog, ?)A.(.9' ,.(" ?%)*#'')% 6. This blog contains
commentaiy on political anu social matteis. 0n 16 Naich 2u1S, Ni Xaviei posteu an
item uiging ieaueis to suppoit the Fisheis Paity, a political paity in Eiewhon.
(Ni Xaviei is neithei a membei of, noi has any official connections with, this
oiganisation). The cential thesis of Ni Xaviei's post is encapsulateu in this quote:

0/-4 )* 4)& 1.;"( (".-: ("# P.'"#%' ?/%(4 .' 9)-9#%-#< ,.(" *&%("#%.-; ("#
%.;"(' )* (")'# ,") *.'" %#9%#/(.)-/AA4D /-< 7&#'(.)- ,"4 (".' .' .1B)%(/-(E
Q),#5#% )&('.<# 1#(%)B)A.(/- %#;.)-'D 1/-4 )* ("# 1)'( #9)-)1.9/AA4 /-<
')9./AA4 <.'/<5/-(/;#< ;%)&B' .- +%#,")- <#%.5# 1&9" )* ("#.% '&'(#-/-9#
*%)1 *.'".-;E 0)5#' M4 ("# +%#,")-./- ;)5#%-1#-( () .-9%#/'# ("#
%#;&A/(.)- )* '&9" /9(.5.(.#' R("%)&;" B#%1.('D '#/')-/A A.1.(' )- *.'".-;D
/-< ') *)%("SD (")&;" /%;&/MA4 ,#AAC.-(#-(.)-#<D /%# 1/:.-; 9%.1.-/A' )*
B#)BA# ,") /%# '.1BA4 (%4.-; () '&BB)%( ("#1'#A5#' /-< ("#.% */1.A.#'E
!"#%# /%# (")'# ,") *.'" 9)11#%9./AA4D /-< (")'# ,") *.'" *)% BA#/'&%# T
M&( ,# 1&'( -)( *)%;#( (")'# ,") *.'" *)% '&%5.5/AE

|7j Fuithei into his post, Ni Xaviei incluueu the following statement:

P.'".-; "/' A)-; M##- / 9#-(%/A B/%( )* +%#,")-./- A.*#E I%9"/#)A);.9/A
#5.<#-9# %#5#/A' /-9.#-( B)B&A/(.)-' ,")'# #G.'(#-9# ,/' (.#< 9A)'#A4 ()
1/%.(.1# /9(.5.(.#'E !"#4 #5#- ,)%'".BB#< '#/ <#.(.#'D '&9" /' ("# 14'(.9/A
MA&# ;)<<#'' )* ("# B#)BA# )* L/:/./D ,") ,/' M#A.#5#< () B%)(#9( /-<
;&.<# *.'"#%' ,"#- ("#4 ,#%# /( '#/E

|8j The unueilineu text contains links to a sepaiate page on the ?)A.(.9' ,.("
?%)*#'')% 6 website which contains eight paiagiaphs of text wiitten by Ni Xaviei
about the histoiy of Rakaia, anu a numbei of images, incluuing those of the Nosaic
anu the Illustiation. The lattei images weie ueiiveu fiom those on the Euucation
Poital; weie piesenteu at ielatively low iesolution; anu incluueu attiibutions
auheiing to those suggesteu by the Nuseum. The claimants say that they nevei
agieeu to the use of the Images on Ni Xaviei's website. The Nuseum pleaus its case
as involving bieach of contiact anu infiingement of copyiight. It says that although it
uoes not usually take a haiu line on puisuing useis foi allegeu infiingement
involving Nuseum images, it is inappiopiiate foi collection items to be useu foi
political puiposes. Ns uiey, who biings hei claims unuei the auspices of moial
iights, says that she is a committeu animal iights activist anu is aghast that hei
Illustiation is being useu to suppoit the Fisheis Paity. Ni Xaviei, on the othei hanu,
says that the case iaises impoitant values of fiee speech anu access to infoimation.
Be expiesses paiticulai concein ovei publicly-funueu collecting institutions using
copyiight law anu contiact to claim iights ovei images of public uomain items.

|9j I will ueal with the claims of the Nuseum anu Ns uiey in tuin. No claim is maue
against eithei ESuY oi the Fisheis Paity, neithei of whom have anything to uo with
Ni Xaviei's website.

!"# 0&'#&1O' 9A/.1' *)% M%#/9" )* 9)-(%/9( /-< .-*%.-;#1#-( )* 9)B4%.;"(

|1uj The Nuseum aigues that theie is a contiact between itself anu Ni Xaviei (as a
iegisteieu usei of the Euucation Poital). It says that by using the Images foi a
puipose outsiue that peimitteu by Item S of the Teims of 0se, Ni Xaviei has
engageu in bieach of contiact anu infiingement of copyiight.

|11j The copyiight claims iely on theie being woiks in which copyiight subsists.
This is unuoubteuly the case foi the Illustiation. (The Nuseum uiu not pleau theie
was a sepaiate copyiight in the uigital scan an employee cieateu of the Illustiation,
howevei this is not necessaiy foi it to make out its case.) In contiast the Nosaic is,
given its age, in the public uomain. Theiefoie to the extent the Nuseum can sustain
any claim foi copyiight infiingement, it must uemonstiate that it owns a sepaiate
copyiight in the B")();%/B" of the Nosaic. Photogiaphs aie piotecteu unuei the
exhaustive list of copyiight woiks in s 2(1) of the Copyiight Act 199S, but only if
they aie "oiiginal". Ni Xaviei aigues that since the photogiaph is a faithful
iepiouuction of the Nosaic (oi a "slavish copy", in the woius of his counsel), it is not
an oiiginal woik, meaning that all the Nuseum's copyiight claims must fail. I note
that authoiity on the oiiginality stanuaiu in Eiewhon is mixeu, anu that we await a
uecision fiom the Supieme Couit to iesolve the piecise test to be applieu. Bowevei
it is my view that this is piecisely the soit of aitistic enueavoi we ought to
encouiage anu iewaiu, similai to Bi Sawkins' woik with out-of-copyiight music: see
Q4B#%.)- L#9)%<' N.1.(#< 5 U/,:.-' |2uuSj EWCA Civ S6S. The eviuence fiom the
Nuseum was that piouuction of the photogiaph of the Nosaic iequiieu many houis
of woik by an expeiienceu photogiaphei in oiuei to ensuie that it was tiue to the
unueilying woik. As such, I am of the view that the photogiaph is an oiiginal woik.
Ni Xaviei uoes not (iightly) challenge the Nuseum's aiguments that the othei
iequiiements foi subsistence aie maue out.

|12j The next issue foi the Nuseum is whethei they aie the ownei of copyiight in
the Illustiation anu the photogiaph of the Nosaic. The foimei was assigneu by
Ns uiey to the Nuseum as pait of the commissioning agieement. The lattei was
taken in 2uuS by an employee photogiaphei, Ni Nagneto. 0nuei s 6(1) of the
Copyiight Act, the uefault iule is that the "authoi" is the ownei of copyiight in an
aitistic woik, although theie is a qualification to this iule in s 6(2) foi employees.
Theie being nothing in Ni Nagneto's contiact to altei the statutoiy position, I finu
that copyiight in that woik is also owneu by the Nuseum.

|1Sj The test foi infiingement is containeu in s 1u of the Copyiight Act. Incluuing a
photogiaph on a public website is cleaily within the exclusive iights of the copyiight
ownei: see s 9(4). Bowevei Ni Xaviei says that his use falls within the Teims of 0se
of the Euucation Poital, which peimit activities unueitaken foi "-)-C9)11#%9./A
#<&9/(.)-D '(&<4 /-< %#'#/%9"V. Be says that the page on which the Images appeai is
euucational in natuie, anu that theie is nothing in the teims of use to suggest that
mateiials may only be useu in tiauitional classioom settings. If iight, this woulu
pioviue an answei to the claims of both bieach of contiact anu infiingement of
copyiight.

|14j In my view theie is meiit in his aigument that his use is euucational. Bowevei
the Nuseum aigues that the Poital is cleaily set up foi useis .- ("#.% 9/B/9.(4 /'
(#/9"#%' .- /- #<&9/(.)-/A .-'(.(&(.)- )% (%/.-.-; M)<4. Although these woius aie not
expiessly incluueu in Item S of the Teims of 0se iepiouuceu above at |2j, I agiee
that this was the cleai intention of the paities anu am piepaieu to accept this
constiuction. I will imply a teim into the contiact with Ni Xaviei accoiuingly.

|1Sj Bowevei Ni Xaviei hau anothei uefence in the event that his submissions on
the scope of the Teims of 0se weie not accepteu. Be says that his use is coveieu by
the faii uealing exception in s 11 of the Copyiight Act, which pioviues that:

H)B4%.;"( .- / ,)%: '"/AA -)( M# .-*%.-;#< M4 /-4 */.% <#/A.-; ,.(" /-4
,)%: *)% ("# B&%B)'#' )* B%.5/(# '(&<4D %#'#/%9"D 9%.(.9.'1D %#5.#,D )%
-#,'B/B#% '&11/%4E

|16j Ni Xaviei says his puipose also falls squaiely within s 11, his aim being to
facilitate ieseaich into both the histoiy of Eiewhon anu its cuiient political system,
anu to pioviue a ciitique of the policies of the Fisheis Paity. Be aigues that this
couit shoulu follow the leau of the Supieme Couit of Canaua in HHQ H/-/<./- N(< 5
N/, U)9.#(4 )* @BB#% H/-/</ |2uu4j SCC 1S in giving teims like "ieseaich" anu
"ciiticism" "a laige anu libeial inteipietation in oiuei to ensuie that useis' iights aie
not unuuly constiaineu": HHQ at |S1j. I agiee. Although Ni Xaviei himself may not
have been conuucting ieseaich when he uploaueu images of the Nosaic anu
Illustiation to his website, he was facilitating the ieseaich of otheis, anu that biings
him within the faii uealing uefence. It is less obvious to me that Ni Xaviei was
unueitaking ciiticism by this act, as the ielevant ciitique was not of a copyiight
woik but iathei the policies of a political paity: see I'"<),- 5 !#A#;%/B" 3%)&B
|2uu1j EWCA Civ 1142. Bowevei this is not fatal to Ni Xaviei's case, given my
conclusion that his use was foi ieseaich puiposes. uiven I am of the view that his
uealing was faii - foi instance, the quantity of the woik taken was appiopiiate foi
the use, anu the souice of the Images was attiibuteu accuiately - his use is within
s 11.
|17j Ni Xaviei then aigues that I shoulu holu that Item S of the Teims of 0se has no
effect, to the extent that it states: "F)& 1/4 -)( W %#A4 )- /-4 #G9#B(.)- )* ("#
H)B4%.;"( I9( JKK> .- %#A/(.)- () /-4 &'#' 4)& 1/:#EV I am awaie that theie is much
uebate ovei the status of "contiacting out" of copyiight law, with some saying that
fieeuom of contiact is a beuiock of the Eiewhonian law of obligations, anu that gieat
uifficulties will aiise if couits stait inteifeiing unuuly in the capacity of inuiviuuals
to stiike theii own baigains. Bowevei if we aie to give piopei weight to exceptions
as useis' iights, then couits cannot sit iuly by anu watch as piivate entities seek to
oveiiiue thiough contiact the caieful balance between ownei anu usei iights
cieateu by copyiight legislation, at least in ielation to funuamental exceptions like
faii uealing. I am foitifieu in this conclusion by the existence of ss S6(4), 296A anu
296B of the 0K Copyiight, Besigns anu Patents Act 1988; of s 1S7 of the 0K
Bioaucasting Act; anu by Pioposal 17-1 of the Austialian Law Refoim Commission
in its Biscussion Papei H)B4%.;"( /-< ("# X.;.(/A +9)-)14 (BP 79, Nay 2u1S).

|18j I theiefoie finu that the Teims of 0se weie not effective to oust Ni Xaviei's
iight to use the Images foi faii uealing puiposes. This pioviues Ni Xaviei with a
uefence to both the claim foi bieach of contiact anu foi infiingement of copyiight.

0' 3%#4O' 9A/.1 *)% .-*%.-;#1#-( )* 1)%/A %.;"('

|19j The moial iights piovisions of the Copyiight Act 199S covei attiibution anu
integiity of authoiship. They weie intiouuceu when the Copyiight Act was passeu in
oiuei to ensuie theie is no uoubt that Eiewhon is compliant with its obligations
unuei the Beine Convention. The lattei categoiy is ielevant to this case, Ni Xaviei
having accuiately iuentifieu Ns uiey as the authoi of the Illustiation. The coie of the
integiity iight is the iight to object to ueiogatoiy tieatment of a woik: s S1(1). Thus
foi Ni Xaviei to be liable, theie must be a "tieatment" that is "ueiogatoiy".

|2uj The Copyiight Act pioviues that the teim tieatment "means any auuition to,
ueletion fiom oi alteiation to oi auaptation of the woik": s S1(2). Ns uiey aigues
that one way in which the woik has been alteieu is thiough being publisheu as a
small, low iesolution image. It woulu seem to be uncontioveisial that theie has been
a "tieatment". Bowevei the tieatment must also be "ueiogatoiy", in the sense it
amounts to a uistoition oi a mutilation of the woik oi is otheiwise piejuuicial to the
honoui oi ieputation of the authoi: s S1(S). I finu it haiu to see how this
teiminology woulu be apt to uesciibe Ni Xaviei's use: !.<4 5 !%&'(##' )* ("# Y/(&%/A
Q.'()%4 0&'#&1 (199S) S9 IPR Su1 (Ch B).

|21j Bowevei Ns uiey piesenteu an alteinative submission: she also aigueu that at
least foi aitistic woiks, the woius "alteiation to" can incluue an alteiation outsiue
the foui coineis of the woik, such as an "alteiation to" its context oi enviionment. I
think theie is meiit in this submission - in my view, tieatment ought to be uefineu
bioauly anu the intellectual heavy lifting, so to speak, ought to be uone by the
qualification "ueiogatoiy". In this iegaiu, Ns uiey aigues that even if theie aie
euucational oi ieseaich aspects to Ni Xaviei's use, hei woik has been useu on a
website whose aim is to suppoit a political paity. She says that this shoulu be
ueiogatoiy B#% '# (foi instance as a uistoition), oi in the alteinative, that the Fisheis
Paity suppoits policies to which she is opposeu (such as peimitting hunting foi
iecieational puiposes, sustenance, anu veimin contiol) anu that this is ueiogatoiy
because it is piejuuicial to hei honoui oi ieputation. In suppoit of this she calleu
two witnesses fiom the Eiewhonian Society foi the Piotection of Animals ("HM1P")
who gave eviuence that they hau been shockeu to see hei Illustiation appeai on
Ni Xaviei's website. Ni Xaviei, on the othei hanu, uigeu me to uiscount the
ieactions of Ns uiey anu the ESPA witnesses on the basis that any such ieaction
must not only be genuine but (in the eyes of the couit) be ieasonably helu. Be
cautioneu against moial iights being useu as a tool of censoiship.

|22j In the enu - anu aftei much uelibeiation - I have ueciueu in favoui of Ns uiey. I
uo so -)( on the basis that theie has been any piejuuice to hei ieputation, as I
believe that people viewing Ni Xaviei's website woulu not have unueistoou hei to
have authoiiseu Ni Xaviei's use. Rathei, I see this as a mattei of honoui, which is an
entiiely uiffeient concept, being conceineu with how we view ouiselves. Theie
being no ielevant exception available to Ni Xaviei (foi instance in the natuie of faii
uealing in s 11, which applies only to 9)B4%.;"( claims), anu no eviuence that
Ns uiey consenteu to Ni Xaviei's use foi the puiposes of s SS, I finu that the claim of
moial iights infiingement is maue out.


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"Aitistic woik" means:
(a) a painting, sculptuie, uiawing, engiaving oi photogiaph, whethei the woik is
of aitistic quality oi not; anu
.
(c) a woik of aitistic ciaftsmanship whethei oi not mentioneu in paiagiaph (a).
.

M+/*-$) 5 M0@T+/* :,**+% $# /$23%-;<*
(1) Subject to this Act, copyiight subsists in the following types of woik:
(a) oiiginal liteiaiy, uiamatic, musical anu aitistic woiks;
(b) sounu iecoiuings, films anu bioaucasts; anu
(c) the typogiaphical aiiangement of publisheu euitions.
(2) In this Act, the teim "copyiight woik" means a woik of any of those
uesciiptions in which copyiight subsists.
(S) Copyiight uoes not subsist in a woik unless the iequiiements of this Act with
iespect to qualification foi copyiight piotection aie met.

M+/*-$) U !F)+%9<-2
(1) Subject to this section, the authoi of a copyiight woik is the fiist ownei of
any copyiight subsisting by viitue of this Act.
(2) Wheie a copyiight woik is maue by the authoi in puisuance of the teims of
his oi hei employment by anothei peison unuei a contiact of seivice oi
appienticeship, that othei peison is the ownei of any copyiight subsisting in the
woik.
.

M+/*-$) R H"/.09-?+ %-;<*9
.
(4) Copyiight, in ielation to an aitistic woik, is the exclusive iight:
(a) to iepiouuce the woik in a mateiial foim;
(b) to publish the woik; anu
(c) to communicate the woik to the public.
.

M+/*-$) 76 ()#%-);+:+)* $# /$23%-;<*
(1) Subject to this Act, the copyiight in a copyiight woik is infiingeu by a peison
who, not being the ownei of the copyiight, anu without the licence of the ownei of
the copyiight, uoes in Eiewhon, oi authoiises the uoing in Eiewhon of, any act
compiiseu in the copyiight.
.
M+/*-$) 77 =,-% &+,.-);
Copyiight in a copyiight woik shall not be infiingeu by any faii uealing with any
woik foi the puiposes of piivate stuuy, ieseaich, ciiticism, ieview, oi newspapei
summaiy.

M+/*-$) B7 P0*<$%V9 %-;<* $# -)*+;%-*3
(1) The authoi of a copyiight liteiaiy, uiamatic, musical oi aitistic woik, anu the
uiiectoi of a copyiight film, has the iight not to have his oi hei woik subjecteu to
ueiogatoiy tieatment.
(2) Foi the puiposes of this section, "tieatment" of a woik means any auuition
to, ueletion fiom oi alteiation to oi auaptation of the woik.
(S) The tieatment of a woik is "ueiogatoiy" if it amounts to uistoition oi
mutilation of the woik oi is otheiwise piejuuicial to the honoui oi ieputation of the
authoi oi uiiectoi.

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.
(2) In the case of an aitistic woik the iight is infiingeu by a peison who
(a) publishes commeicially oi exhibits in public a ueiogatoiy tieatment of
the woik, oi communicates to the public a visual image of a ueiogatoiy
tieatment of the woik;
.

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It is not an infiingement of any of the iights confeiieu by the Chaptei to uo any act
to which the peison entitleu to the iight has consenteu.

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