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Geophysics for Geophysics for

Geothermal Exploration Geothermal Exploration
Dr. Hendra Grandis Dr. Hendra Grandis
Geofisika Geofisika - - ITB ITB
Agenda Agenda
Basic concept of Geophysics Basic concept of Geophysics: Review : Review
Geophysical signatures of a geothermal system Geophysical signatures of a geothermal system
Geophysical methods for geotermal exploration Geophysical methods for geotermal exploration
Examples Examples
Discussion, Q/A Discussion, Q/A
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Basic concepts of Geophysics Basic concepts of Geophysics
Major task of geophysics is to make quantitative Major task of geophysics is to make quantitative
statements about the interior of the earth statements about the interior of the earth
( (model model) from observation ( ) from observation (data data) )
Data Data subsurface physical property subsurface physical property
Geophysical methods: Geophysical methods:
gravity, magnetics, geo gravity, magnetics, geo- -electrics, electrics,
electromagnetics, seismics, ... electromagnetics, seismics, ...
data data processing processing
field field data data
measurement measurement
signal / Earth signal / Earth s Response s Response
( (observ observed ed parameter parameters s) )
Basic concepts of Geophysics Basic concepts of Geophysics
subsurface subsurface model model
interpreta interpretat ti ion on
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Basic concepts of Geophysics Basic concepts of Geophysics
Basic concepts of Geophysics Basic concepts of Geophysics
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Elements of a geothermal system Elements of a geothermal system
Heat source Heat source
(magmatic) (magmatic)
Reservoir Reservoir
Cap rock Cap rock
Recharge Recharge
system system
Isotherms
S
m
e
c
tit
e
C
la
y
1 KM
1:1
Propylitic
Alteration in
Fractured
Geothermal
Reservoir
Heat and Gas
from Magma
Unaltered
Basin
Clays
Chloride
Spring
Acid Sulphate
Fumarole
(Cumming Geoscience)
Role of Geophysics Role of Geophysics
Role of geophysics is to identify each element of Role of geophysics is to identify each element of
a geothermal system a geothermal system
geometry geometry
lithology lithology
conceptual conceptual
model model
Isotherms
S
m
e
c
tite
C
la
y
1 KM
1:1
Propylitic
Alteration in
Fractured
Geothermal
Reservoir
Heat and Gas
from Magma
Unaltered
Basin
Clays
Chloride
Spring
Acid Sulphate
Fumarole
(Cumming Geoscience)
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Role of Geophysics Role of Geophysics
Exploration of a geothermal system is a multi Exploration of a geothermal system is a multi- -
disciplinary approach disciplinary approach
Geology and Geochemistry Geology and Geochemistry
Geophysics Geophysics
Drilling and Reservoir Engineering Drilling and Reservoir Engineering
Geophysical signatures Geophysical signatures
Gravity and magnetic Gravity and magnetics s
gross gross- -structure of a geothermal system structure of a geothermal system
(caldera / rim structure, pull (caldera / rim structure, pull- -apart basin or apart basin or
shear zone, etc.) shear zone, etc.)
heat source (magmatic intrusion) heat source (magmatic intrusion)
Geo Geo- -electrical electrical
cap rock cap rock
reservoir zone reservoir zone
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Geophysical signatures Geophysical signatures
Self Self- -Potential Potential
fluid movement (up fluid movement (up- -flow, in flow, in- -flow) flow)
fracture zone fracture zone
fluid movement (production, reinjection fluid movement (production, reinjection
process) process)
monitoring monitoring - - reservoir management reservoir management
Micro Micro- -seismic seismics s
fracture zone fracture zone
reservoir changes reservoir changes
Geophysical Techniques Geothermal Exploration Geophysical Techniques Geothermal Exploration
Standard: Standard: MT, T MT, T- -MT, TDEM, Gravity MT, TDEM, Gravity
Legacy: Legacy: Dipole Dipole- -Dipole, Tensor Dipole Dipole, Tensor Dipole- -Bipole Bipole
Special: Special: VES, AMT, CSAMT, SP, HEM VES, AMT, CSAMT, SP, HEM
Aeromagnetics, Precision Ground Magne Aeromagnetics, Precision Ground Magnetics tics
Research: Research: Reflection / Refraction Seismic Reflection / Refraction Seismic
Special Applications Special Applications
Development: Development: Microgravity, Microearthquake, Subsidence Microgravity, Microearthquake, Subsidence
Proprietary: Proprietary: E E- -Scan, E Scan, E- -Map Map
Unreviewed Unreviewed: : Aquatrack Aquatrack
Suspect: Suspect: Seismic Noise, Low Res Ground Magnetics Seismic Noise, Low Res Ground Magnetics
Plausible methods with weak technical Plausible methods with weak technical support support
(Cumming Geoscience)
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Problem / site specific Problem / site specific
Exploration strategy Exploration strategy
start with start with inexpensive inexpensive or conventional or conventional
methods to cover vast area methods to cover vast area
(reconnaissance) (reconnaissance)
delineate anomalous zone delineate anomalous zone
follow follow- -up with specialized method for up with specialized method for
detailed targeting detailed targeting
Geophysic Geophysical Survey Design al Survey Design
Development strategy Development strategy
start from a specific area to a larger area, to start from a specific area to a larger area, to
explore possibilities from existing (known) explore possibilities from existing (known)
information information
Geophysic Geophysical Survey Design al Survey Design
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Typical Typical Geophysical Geophysical Survey Surveys s
Reconnaissance Reconnaissance
Gravity Gravity ( (and magnetic and magnetic) )
Geo Geo- -electrical electrical Resistivity Resistivity Sounding and Sounding and
Mapping Mapping
Advanced Advanced
Magnetotellurics Magnetotellurics (MT), Time Domain EM (MT), Time Domain EM
(TDEM) (TDEM)
Micro Micro- -Seismics Seismics
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Alteration Alteration Resistivity Resistivity
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transmitter generates time transmitter generates time
varying varying EM field EM field

induces induces Eddy currents Eddy currents in the in the
conductor (Earth) conductor (Earth)

generate secondary generate secondary
magnetic field magnetic field

electric and magnetic fields electric and magnetic fields
are sensed at the receiver are sensed at the receiver
Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic Induction
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natural natural
electromagnetic field electromagnetic field
Magnetotellurics Magnetotellurics
(MT) (MT)
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MT time series MT time series
1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3
PERIOD (sec.)
1E+0
1E+1
1E+2
1E+3
A
P
P
.

R
E
S
I
S
T
I
V
I
T
Y

(
O
h
m
.
m
)
0
45
90
P
H
A
S
E

(
d
e
g
.
)
1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3
PERIOD (sec.)
obs. data
calc. data
1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3
RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
1E+2
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
D
E
P
T
H

(
m
)
1 1- -D MT smooth modeling D MT smooth modeling
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2 2- -D and 3 D and 3- -D interpretation of MT data D interpretation of MT data
in the in the Bajawa Bajawa geothermal field Flores, Indonesia geothermal field Flores, Indonesia
(Uchida et al., 2002) (Uchida et al., 2002)
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2 2- -D and 3 D and 3- -D interpretation of MT data D interpretation of MT data
in the in the Bajawa Bajawa geothermal field Flores, geothermal field Flores,
Indonesia (Uchida et al., 2002) Indonesia (Uchida et al., 2002)
Karaha Karaha- -Telaga Telaga Bodas Bodas
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The The Karaha Karaha- -Telaga Telaga Bodas Bodas
Geothermal System, Indonesia Geothermal System, Indonesia
( (Raharjo Raharjo et al., 2002) et al., 2002)
North North- -trending high trending high
follows ridge axis follows ridge axis
Circular gravity high near Circular gravity high near
Telaga Telaga Bodas Bodas
2 2- -D D modelling modelling
The The Karaha Karaha- -Telaga Telaga Bodas Bodas
Geothermal System, Indonesia Geothermal System, Indonesia
( (Raharjo Raharjo et al., 2002) et al., 2002)
North North- -trending high trending high
follows ridge axis follows ridge axis
Circular gravity high near Circular gravity high near
Telaga Telaga Bodas Bodas
2 2- -D D modelling modelling
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The The Karaha Karaha- -Telaga Telaga Bodas Bodas
Geothermal System, Indonesia Geothermal System, Indonesia
( (Raharjo Raharjo et al., 2002) et al., 2002)
The The Karaha Karaha- -Telaga Telaga Bodas Bodas
Geothermal System, Indonesia Geothermal System, Indonesia
( (Raharjo Raharjo et al., 2002) et al., 2002)
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Repeat SP measurements at the Repeat SP measurements at the Sumikawa Sumikawa geothermal field, J apan geothermal field, J apan
(Matsushima et al., WGC 2000) (Matsushima et al., WGC 2000)
Using surface SP to monitor underground fluid flow Using surface SP to monitor underground fluid flow - - an example from a an example from a
HDR stimulation ( HDR stimulation (Darnet Darnet et al., EAGE 64th Conference, 2002) et al., EAGE 64th Conference, 2002)
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SP monitoring during the hydraulic fracturing using the TG SP monitoring during the hydraulic fracturing using the TG- -2 well 2 well
(Kawakami & (Kawakami & Takasugi Takasugi, EAGE 56th Conference, 1994) , EAGE 56th Conference, 1994)
Field set Field set- -up of Fluid Flow up of Fluid Flow
Tomography, i.e. SP Tomography, i.e. SP
monitoring integrated with monitoring integrated with
mise mise- - - -la la- -masse masse (MAM) (MAM)
measurement measurement
Reservoir monitoring by a Reservoir monitoring by a
4 4- -D electrical technique D electrical technique
(Ushijima et al., The (Ushijima et al., The
Leading Edge, vol. 18 no. Leading Edge, vol. 18 no.
12, 1999) 12, 1999)
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Hot dry rock (HDR) hydraulic Hot dry rock (HDR) hydraulic
fracturing experiment, fracturing experiment, Ogachi Ogachi
Electric Power Industry, Akita Electric Power Industry, Akita
Perfecture Perfecture, J apan , J apan