Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Number: 66
INTEGRATED ENGLISH
REFERENCE NOTES
ERZURUM - 1999
2
FOREWORD
This booklet was prepared only as a source of reference for the intermediate level
intensive English courses that had been held annually in the College of Agriculture at
Atatürk University between 1978 and 1998. The details, explanations and exercises were
omitted, on purpose, for they were intended to be taken up during the courses.
Generally in schools, different parts of certain subjects are taught at different times
in the courses of English as a foreign language. A learner at intermediate level has to
integrate and consolidate these parts in order to establish a solid base for improvement.
In this booklet, the essentials of English Grammar are integrated by presenting related
parts together and simplified by sacrificing some details for the sake of practicality. It is
intended to provide a practical guideline for intermediate learners to reach to an advanced
level and for the advanced learners to maintain their level of proficiency in English. This
integrated approach makes it possible for learners to know what they already know and
they need to know.
Genellikle, okullarda yabancı dil derslerinde, belirli bir konunun değişik bölümleri
değişik zamanlarda verilmektedir. Orta düzeyde bir öğrencinin, ilerleme sağlayacak
sağlam bir temel oluşturabilmesi için bu bölümleri birleştirip bütünleştirmesi ve
pekiştirmesi gereklidir. Bu kitapcıkta Đngilizce gramerinin temel konuları ile ilgili
bölümler bir araya getirilerek bütünleştirilmiş ve bazı ayrıntılar ihmal edilerek
basitleştirilmiştir. Bu bütünleştirilmiş yaklaşım bir öğrencinin belirli bir konuda neler
bildiğini ve daha neler öğrenmesi gerektiğini kolaylıkla gösterebilir.
Bir dil öğreniminde dört temel becerinin geliştirilmesi gerekir. Bu beceriler okuma,
yazma, anlama ve konuşmadır. Bunlar gramer ve kelime bilgisine dayanır. Yabancı dil
öğreniminde etkinlik sağlayabilmek için dil biliminin bu altı temel bölümüne ayrı ayrı
çalışmak ve önem vermek gerekir. Sınırlı bir amaç için hazırlanmış olup, geçtiğimiz
yıllarda düzenlenen kurslara katılanların da katkıları ile geliştirilmiş olan bu notların
yabancı dil öğrenimi ile ilgilenenlere yararlı olmasını dilerim.
Page
FIRST PART
1. TENSES (Zamanlar)
1
Other verbs to be conjugated: to do, to be, to see, to have, to make. (to smoke for P.C.T.).
2
SAMPLE SENTENCES
CONJUGATION OF TENSES
1.1.1. Simple Present Tense (do, does) (go) (-s)
I go. I do not go. Do I go? Do I not go?
You go. You do not go. Do you go? Do you not go?
(He, She, It) goes. - does not go. Does - go? Does - not go?
We go. We do not go. Do we go? Do we not go?
You go. You do not go. Do you go? Do you not go?
They go. They do not go. Do they go? Do they not go?
I was going I was not going. Was I going? Was I not going?
I will be going I will not be going Will I be going? Will I not be going?
1.4.1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have been, has been) (- ing)
I have been going I have not been Have I been Have I not been
going going? going?
Can be able to
Must have to, have got to, be obliged to, need to, be to, be compelled
to, be supposed to, should, ought to.
3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen)
2
S+V+O (Subject + verb + object)
3
O+ to be+ V3+ S (Object + to be fiilinin uygun hali + esas fiilin 3. yani past participle hali + subject)
4
Geçişli fiiller (transitive verbs) yani nesne alan fiiller veya neyi ve kimi sorularına cevap alınabilen fiiller
için P.V. yapılabilir. Geçişsiz fiiller (intransitive verbs, to go gibi) için P.V. yapılamaz.
9
13. "I have been going". He said that He had been going.
14. "I had been going". " He had been going.
15. "I will have been going". " He would have been going.
16. "I would have been going". " He would have been going.
5
Present tenses become past, past tenses remain the same.
Future tenses become conditional, conditional tenses remain the same.
6
When the introductory verb is in present or future tenses, the tense of the narrated part
may not change.
10
Where
This is the place where they had met first.
When
There will be a time when Turkey will be full a member of the European Union.
• He is the man, about whom you were talking = He is the man, whom you were
talking about = He is the man, you were talking about.
8. PARTICIPATION (Katılım)
A. Affirmative Agreements B. Negative Agreements
Ali goes to zoo. I do too. He does not go to zoo. I don't either.
Ali went to zoo. I did too. He did not go to zoo. I didn't either.
Ali will go to zoo. I will too. He will not go to zoo. I won't either.
Ali would go to zoo. I would too. He wouldn't go to zoo. I wouldn't either.
9. NOUNS (Đsimler)
9.12.2.4. Nouns that are in plural form and take singular verbs :
Mathematics, Statistics, Athletics, Economics
9.12.2.5. Nouns that are in plural form and take plural verbs:
pants, trousers, pajamas, glasses,
pliers, shears, scissors, scales, tweezeers
9.12.3. Irregular Forms
fish-fish, trout-trout, sheep-sheep
news-news, baggage-baggage, information-information
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet
mouse-mice, louse-lice, ox-oxen
tooth-teeth, child-children
9.12.4. Original Latin or Greek Nouns
thesis-theses, crisis-crises,
alumnus-alumni, phenomenon-phenomena
erratum-errata, radius-radii
memorandum-memoranda, datum- data
basis-bases, axis-axes, nucleus nuclea
9.12.5. Others
sister in law-sisters in law
man student - men students
VIP- VIPs, MP MPs, UFO-UFOs
9.13. Possessive Forms (Đyelik Şekilleri)
Ahmet's apples, man's fob Jone's house, Jones’s house
Shakespeare's plays, the plays of Martha X A week's holiday ; a week holiday
A stone's throw, ten dollar gas Three dollars worth of gas
For heaven's sake, for goodness sake The keys of the car, the names of the cities
7
Tanıtıcılar özel isimlerden önce kullanılmaz.
14
8
Zamirler özne yerine kullanılan sözcüklerdir
15
11.6.4.
Hear Heard Heard Duymak
Read Read Read Okumak
Pay Paid Paid Ödemek
Say Said Said Söylemek
11.6.5.
Feed Fed Fed Beslemek
Lead Led Led Yol Göstermek
Hold Held Held Tutmak
11.6.6.
Feel Felt Felt Hissetmek
Keep Kept Kept Saklamak
Sleep Slept Slept Uyumak
Weep Wept Wept Ağlamak
Leave Left Left Bırakmak
Meet Met Met Karşılaşmak
Lose Lost Lost Kaybetmek
11.6.7
Bind Bound Bound Bağlamak
Find Found Found Bulmak
Shine Shone Shone Parlamak
Strike Struck Struck Vurmak, Grev
Yapmak
11.6.8.
Bring Brought Brought Getirmek
Buy Bought Bought Satın Almak
Fight Fought Fought Dövüşmek
Think Thought Thought Düşünmek
Catch Caught Caught Yakalamak
Teach Taught Taught Öğretmek
Sell Sold Sold Satmak
Tell Told Told Anlatmak
Make Made Made Yapmak
Stand Stood Stood Durmak
17
11.6.9.
Ride Rode Ridden Binmek
Write Wrote Written Yazmak
Rise Rose Risen Kalkmak
Bite Bit Bitten Isırmak
Hide Hid Hidden Saklamak
11.6.10.
Bear Bore Born Taşımak
Swear Swore Sworn Yemin Etmek
Tear Tore Torn Yırtmak
Wear Wore Worn Giymek
Break Broke Broken Kırmak
Speak Spoke Spoken Konuşmak
Choose Chose Chosen Seçmek
Steal Stole Stolen Çalmak
11.6.11.
Grow Grew Grown Büyümek
Know Knew Known Bilmek
Throw Threw Thrown Atmak
Fly Flew Flown Uçmak
Slay Slew Slain Katletmek
See Saw Seen Görmek
11.6.12
Take Took Taken Almak
Shake Shook Shaken Sarsmak
11.6.13.
Beat Beat Beaten Dövmek
Eat Ate Eaten Yemek
Fall Fell Fallen Düşmek
Do Did Done Yapmak
Go Went Gone Gitmek
Lie Lay Lain Yatmak, Uzanmak
Lay Laid Laid Yatırmak, Uzatmak
Lie Lied Lied Yalan Söylemek
18
11.6.14
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Yasaklamak
Give Gave Given Vermek
Begin Began Begun Başlamak
Drink Drank Drunk Içmek
Run Ran Run Koşmak
12.2. Comparisons
1. as.............. as I am as old as you are.
He is twice as old as she is.
2. more .......... than I am older than you are.
I am more important than you are.
I am better than you are.
3. The most.... among (in) He is the best runner among students.
She is the most beautiful girl in town. (... in the world)
20
9
Zarflar, bir fiilin veya sıfatın anlamını belirten veya kuvvetlendiren kelimelerdir
22
10
Edatlar bir nesnenin diğer bir nesneye göre konumunu belirten kelimelerdir.
25
ABOVE
OVER
ON
TO FROM
IN OUT
THROUGH
INTO OUT OF
BY
BELOW
UNDER
Either .......or Ya ........ya da...... Either you or your friend will have to
go there.
Neither.....nor Ne ........ne de....... Neither you noır your friend can pay
for that.
Both ........and Hem ....hem de...... Both you and your girl friend were
seen there.
Not only....but also Yalnızca ...değil, fakat Not only you but also your friends
aynı zamanda .......da are not wanted here.
The more ....the more Ne kadar çok .......... The more you study the higher grade
O kadar çok ............ you get.
The more you work, the more you
earn.
The higher you go, the harder you
fall
16.1.2. Past
Having been alone on that trip was boring.
He denied having been late for work.
16.2.2. Past
To have seen him doesn't mean much.
It is unfortunate for him to have met her.
I am sorry to have met you.
I wish I had never met you.
16.3.1.2 Past
He is a retired teacher. (tired, disappointed etc.)
The broken chair will be repaired.
I will borrow the required money from the bank.
I am excited.
16.3.2.1.2. Past
Having watched the game he left the stadium (... after that.)
Having finished his work, he went home (... after that..)
16.3.2.2.2. Past
(Having been) Wrapped in a blanket, he didn't mind spending the night
outside.
(Because...) Having been very hungry, I had eaten a lot.
Having received no letter from her for a long time, he was worried.
30
VERBALS
Adjective Adverb
Present Past
Time Cause
You can go whenever (or wherever) you want Her ne zaman istersen…
You can take whatever (or whichever) you Her ne istersen…
want
No matter what, I will go there Ne olursa olsun...
Sooner or later I'm gonna get you Er veya geç…
They came here one after another Onlar buraya birbiri peşine geldiler.
They came here one at a time Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.
They came here one by one Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.
They came here in a group of two Onlar buraya ikişer ikişer geldiler.
The more you study, the more you learn Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…
The more you work, the more you earn Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…
Did you happen to meet Mr. President Hiç (tesadüfen) başkanla karşılaştınız
mı
I happened to be passing by the scene when Kaza olduğunda oradan tesadüfen
geçiyordum….
the accident happened.
You don't get into this, mind your own Bu işe karışma. Kendi işine bak.
business:
That is none of your business Bu iş seni ilgilendirmez.
You have to take a taxi in order to get there in Oraya zamanında varabilmek için taksi
ile gitmen gerekir.
time (... so, as to ..., so as not to...)
You have to study hard in order that (so that) Đngilizceyi iyi öğrenebilmen için…
you can learn English well
Has what happened to you happened to them Senin başına gelen onların başına da
geldi mi?
too
33
SECOND PART
IDIOMS
All the same yine de I was not invited to the conference, but I
will attend all the same.
As if sanki, imiş gibi He orders me to do things, as if he is my
father.
As soon as possible mümkün olan en Please let me know the result as soon as
kısa zamanda possible.
At first ilk önce At first, I thought that he was a student
At last nihayet At last, he was able to pay his debt.
At least en azından There were at least 500 people in the
theatre.
To be about to üzere olmak He was about to leave the room when I
went there.
To be familiar with aşina olmak I am familiar with that subject.
To be in charge of sorumlu olmak He is in charge of this department.
To be interested in ilgilenmek I am not interested in politics.
To be one's turn sırası olmak Now it is your turn to wash the dishes.
To be tired of bıkmak They are tired of uninvited guests.
To be used to alışık olmak People in Erzurum are used to cold.
To break down bozulmak My car broke down on the way.
To break up (with) bozuşmak He broke up with his girl friend yesterday.
To bring up çocuk yetiştirmek He was brought up in a village.
By the way sırası gelmişken By the way, I had met him in Paris.
To catch cold soğuk almak Take your coat with you, otherwise you
will catch cold.
To catch fire ateş almak The forest caught fire in a dry hot day.
To be fed up (with) bıkmak usanmak I am fed up with all this nonsense.
To be fond (of) hoşlanmak He is fond of Jane Fonda very much.
To be in need (of) ihtiyacı olmak The old man is in need of money and care.
To be out of question söz konusu A general amnesty is out of question for
olmamak the coming ten years.
To be through (with) bitirmek, ilişiği I am through with that research for this
kesmek semester
To beat about to bush lafı uzatmak Please don't beat about (around) the bush,
come to the point.
To change one's mind Fikrini değiştirmek Did you change your mind?
To come across karşılaşmak We come across different types of people
in the railway and bus stations.
To come to an end sona ermek Sooner or later, this tragedy will come to
an end.
To call for gerektirmek The project calls for a million dollar.
To catch up (with) yetişmek Turkey has been trying to catch up with the
38
THIRD PART
Proverbs
Treat others as you would like to be treated.
Do not do to others, what you do not want others to do to you.
Whatever you wish for yourself wish the same for the others
One is as good as the extent to which he wants for others what he wants for himself
We have two ears but only one tongue, so that we may hear more and speak less.
Birds of a feather flock together.
Rolling stones gather no moss.
Barking dogs do not bite.
A friend exaggerates one's virtues and enemy his faults.
What is good for one may not always be good for others.
One should not judge by appearance.
One should not put the cart in front of the horse.
Business is business.
A lie calls for a hundred more.
You can fool some of the people all of the time, all of the people some of the time,
but you can not fool all of the people all of the time (Lincoln).
People who stay in glass houses should not throw stones (men dakka dukka)
When the cats are away, the mice will play.
Only the squeaky wheel gets the grease.
Too many cooks spoil the soup.
Strike while the iron is hot.
A penny saved is a penny earned.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
A man is known by the company he keeps.
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
Action speaks louder than the words.
The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know.
Easy come, easy go.
Time is money (El vaktu naktun)
Out of sight, out of mind
God gives nuts to those who don't have teeth.
Don't run after a girl or a bus, because there is always another one coming.
If a diplomat says yes, it means perhaps.If a diplomat says perhaps, it means no.
If a diplomat says no, he is not a real diplomat.
41
Tongue Twisters
How much wood would a woodpecker peck, if a woodpecker could peck wood.
Did you see Sally selling sea shells by the sea shores?
Will you buy a rubber baby buggy bumper?
Three hundred and thirty three thousand three hundred and thirty three (333.333).
Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper. How many packs of pickled pepper did
Peter Piper pick?
Trouble trouble before trouble troubles you.
The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know.
It lasted from two to two, to two two..
If the sentence that had HAD had had HAD HAD, it would be correct.
Are you one of those whom we have not been able to Americanize?
A Nursery Rhyme
Eeney meeney monee moo.
Catch a tiger by his toe,
If he hollers let him go.
Eeney, meeney, monee, moo.
42
FOURTH PART
QUOTABLE QUOTATIONS
The World
Geography
The world is one of the 9 planets of the solar system.
The world rotates* on its own axis once every 24 hours.
The Earth revolves* around the sun once a year.
The moon is a satellite of the earth.
The moon revolves around the earth on an orbit once a month.
The moon is a satellite of the earth.
The area of the world is about 510.000.000 km2 (square kilometers).
The area of the world is about 600 times larger than that of Turkey.
3/4 of the world area is covered by the sea (three fourths of the ...)
The distance between the earth and the moon is about 384.000 km. A space craft
can cover this distance in less than three days.
History
The history of the world dates back around 4 billion years.
We are living at a time when machines do work that men used to do.
Airplanes can cover a distance in as many hours now, as it used to take days by
other means of transportation in the near past.
There are twice as many people in the world now as there were 50 years ago.
Neil Armstrong, the commander of Apollo 11, is the first man to set foot on the
moon on July 21, 1969.
America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
Telephone was invented by A. Graham Bell in 1876.
United Nations was established in 1945.
Economy
The richest country in the world, in terms of per capita income, is Kuwait.
According to Malthus, the population of the world increases in geometrical ratio
whereas the food production increases in arithmetical ratio. Therefore, the world
is bound to face a serious crisis stemming from the shortage of food.
Politics
One of the most important problems facing the mankind today is the lack of
sense of justice among nations. Power is still the major factor in settling
disputes.
Palestinian-Israeli dispute is the most important problem in the World Politics.
Turkey is trying to join the European Union since 1963.
Turkey
Geography
Turkey is located between two continents, Asia and Europe.
The area of Turkey is about 780.000 km2 (... square kilometers)
Turkey has well defined borders on all sides.
Turkey is surrounded by the sea on three sides. The Black Sea is in the north,
Aegean Sea is in the west and the Mediterranean Sea is in the south.
The mountains along the coast are covered with forests whereas the mountains of
Central Anatolia is mainly bare.
Due to the differences in climate and the formation of the terrain, Anatolia is
divided into a variety of agricultural regions.
History
For many thousands of years, because of its unique geographical position, Turkey
has been the cradle of many civilizations and the scene of many historical events.
Anatolia was captured and ruled by many nations, including Ionians, Persians,
Romans, Arabs, and Turks.
It is not for nothing that Turkey is called as the "cradle of civilization"...
Economy
The economy of Turkey is based on free market system.
Monetary unit in Turkey is Turkish Lira.
Per capita income in Turkey is about $5.000.
Turkey is among a few nations in the world that are self- sufficient in food
production.
If it weren’t for the waste and and mismanagement in the government in the past
20 years, the per capita income would have more than doubled now.
Erzurum
Geography
Erzurum is located in the north eastern part of Turkey.
It has always been an important center because of its geographical location and
topographical position.
A branch of the ancient Silk Road used to pass through the city.
It is located on the skirts of majestic Palandöken Mountains, overlooks a large
plain and controls several passes to different directions.
The population of Erzurum is about 400.000.
The altitude of the city is about 1.800 meters.
The city is surrounded by Palandoken Mountains on the south and Kargapazarı
Mountains on the north.
The winters in Erzurum last for about six months from mid-November to the
end of April.
History
Erzurum has a history of 6.000 years dating back to 4.000 B.C.
Erzurum was captured and ruled by many nations such as Urartians,
Cimmerians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, Byzantians and Turks (Saltuqs, Ilhans
and Ottomans).
The Citadel in the city was built by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in the 5th
Century, but the clock tower was built by the Saltuq Turks in 12th Century.
Erzurum has been the capital city of Saltuqian Dynasty in 12th Century.
There are many works of art in the city from the period of Saltuq, Ilhan, and
Ottoman Turks such as Grand Mosque, Double Minarets, Yakutiye Medresah
and Lala Pasha Mosque.
Ulucami, the grand mosque, was built by Melik Nasrettin of Seljuks in the 12th
Century. It is covered by 7 parallel vaults, which provide 7 wide naves for the
prayers.
The Double Minarets, a Theological College, was built by Sultan Alaattin
Keykubat of saltuqs, a branch of the Seljuks, in the 13th Century. It is the biggest
and most elaborately decorated building of its kind in Anatolia. It has a very
impressive portal with a highly decorated frame and a huge mukarnas (a
decorated arch of the portal). Elaborate stone carvings on the base of the
minarets and the reliefs on the walls have symbolic meanings representing the
beliefs of the Ilhanits before they adopted Islam. For example, the double headed
eagles and the dragons represent masters of the sky and the earth respectively.
Yakutiye Medresah, a theological college, was built by Hodja Cemalettin
Yakutin in the 14th Century. The building is being used as a museum now.
Lalapasha Mosque was built by the Governor Lala Mustafa Pasha who later
became the conqueror of Cyprus in the 16th Century during the reign of The
Suleyman the Magnificent. It is a typical example of classical Ottoman mosques
with a central dome supported by 4 main columns. It is the work of the great
architect Sinan.
The city was occupied temporarily by the Russians three times in 1829, 1882
and 1916.
45
Erzurum is the city where the foundation of the Republic of Turkey was laid in
Erzurum Congress in July 23rd. 1919 by Atatürk and his friends.
Other points of interest in the city include the Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai which
is used as a marketplace for black stone jewelry, three tombs and old Erzurum
houses.
Economy
For thermal and eco- tourism as well as rafting, trekking and mountain biking,
the economy of Erzurum depends mainly on three Sectors, namely, agriculture,
trade and turizm.
Fodder crops and animal husbandry in Erzurum has a great potential for
development.
The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Erzurum has more than 3.500
members. It is the biggest civil society organization in Erzurum.
Tourism, especially the winter tourism, is becoming a major economical sector
in Erzurum. Palandöken Ski Center is one of the most popular ski centers in the
Country. When fully developed, the center will have a capacity of 32.000 skiers
per day. The center isonly 6 kilometers away from the city. There are four five
star luxurious hotels in the center and it has the longest ski runs and the best
snow quality in Turkey.
There is an important potential in Erzurum.
Politics
People of Erzurum are known to be “conservative” in their political and social
views.
Local elections will be held next year.
In the political history of Erzrurum, no Mayor has been elected twice.
46
Cyprus Problem
Cyprus is an island in Eastern Mediterranean, only 40 miles off the cost of Turkey.
It is more than 300 miles away from the mainland Greece. Cyprus became a part of the
Ottoman Empire in 1571 and remained so, for more than 300 years. In 1923 Turkey
relinquished its sovereignty to England in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. The
population of Cyprus is about 600.000, a quarter of which is Turkish.
The essence of Cyprus problem is that the Greeks have, for a long time, wanted to
unite the island with Greece and eliminate the Turkish Population. Turkish people on the
island had been subjected to continious discrimination, intimidation, oppression
harassment and outright massacre for years. In 1974, Turkey intervened militarily in
accordance with the Treaty of Guarantee of 1960 to maintain the independence of the
island and protect the lives of the Turkish People. If the Turks had not been harassed out
of Cyprus, it has been calculated that the number of them would have been equal to that of
Greeks by now.
The best possible solution to the problem seems to be the establishment of a bi-
communal, bi-zonal, non-aligned and independent federal republic. This solution will
maintain the independence and integrity of the island, and will provide peace and security
to both communities.
There are two completely different communities on the island. They have different
cultural, social, ethnic, and religious backgrounds. They have different traditions and
aspirations. Past events have created a profound mistrust and enmity between them. These
communities can not live together at least for the time being. Therefore, they should live
side by side if peace and security on the Island are to be maintained.
The Greeks seem to maintain the idea of Enosis. Now, they are more interested in
mobilizing international pressure against Turkey than in reaching a just and lasting peace
through negotiations. There will not be a solution to the problem as long as Greeks follow
a policy of tension with Turkey. On the other hand an imposed solution to the question
will, almost certainly, lead to another crisis, another tragedy or even a shamefull ethnic
clensing like the one witnessed in Bosnia.
47
Turkish-Armenian Matter
Some Armenians are trying to win the sympathy of the world public opinion and gain
some political advantage at the expense of Turkey by making genocide claims and presenting only
one side of the story.
The Armenians, like many other communities, lived in total cultural freedom, peace, and
prosperity for many Centuries under the Ottoman rule. In late 19th Century those countries that
wanted to decimate the Ottoman Empire manipulated the Armenians for their own political aims
and encouraged them to fight against the empire and form an independent State. To that end, they
formed organizations such as Hinchak in 1987 and Tashnak groups in 1890 with armed units to
fight against the Ottoman security forces and harass the Muslim population. They started the first
riot and in Sason in 1894 and shed the bloods of many innocent people. In the following years
they intensified their violence in Eastern Anatolia. During the First World War, they fought
against the Ottoman army along side the Russians and committed mass murders
On April 24, 1915, the Ottoman Government decided to relocate or resetle the
Armenians of Eastern Anatolia to Syria which was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that time.
Many countries in history have relocated some of their citizens during the wars.
What Armenians claim to be genocide is in fact the relocation of the Armenians away
from the front line as a result of their own acts of violence. Subsequent loss of life due to the
inhuman conditions of war is well known to all. Genocide is an act of killing a group of people for
what they are, not for what they do. Ermenians were resetled for what they did during the war.
Most Armenians who scratch the healing wounds now are the descendents of those who
were resetled away from the front line during the War. If there had been a genocide at that time,
they would not have been able to make those claims now.
It is unfortunate that on the advent of 21st Century, some people are nurturing hatred and
violence again, killing innocent people including diplomats and expecting some benefits from
creating a biased World public opinion.
A group of bipartisan international experts must come together to bring out to light all
the facts about this matter and put an end to endless accusations, enmities, misunderstanding and
the exploitation of the good will of the international communities.
In the final analysis, both the Armenians and the Turks who lost their lives as a result of
the fabricated hatret are the victims of the super powers of that time which followed the policy of
“divide and rule”. Most of the conflicts in the Middle East of today stems from the same policy.
All those who want to tarnish the image of a nation must act responsible and give up creating
more hatret, conflict and violence.
48
Agriculture
Agriculture can be described as the work of growing crops and raising farm
animals.
Agronomy is the work of producing field crops in large and open fields.
Horticulture is the work of producing fruits and vegetables in small and protected
areas.
Some bacteria are beneficial, but some are harmful, causing various diseases.
A plow is an implement to till or turn over the soil.
A roller is used to break up the clods and compact the seed bed.
In general, tillage serves three purposes. It prepares the seed bed, destroys the
weeds, and improves the soil.
Economics
Economics is the study of man's activities aimed at satisfying the unlimited human
needs by means of limited resources. These activities include production,
distribution, consumption etc.
Supply and demand are among the most important concepts in Economics. Supply
refers to the amounts of a commodity that the suppliers are willing to sell at
certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time. On the other hand,
demand refers to the amounts of a commodity that the consumers are willing to
buy at certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time.
The law of diminishing returns is also called the law of diminishing marginal
productivity
50
Atatürk
Atatürk is the founder and the first president of the Turkish Republic. He was born
in 1881 in Salonika which is in Greece now but was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that
time. He attended military school and became an officer in the Ottoman Army in 1902.
He fought on several fronts in different wars and became a national hero after the
Gallipoli War in 1915. Ottoman Empire was invaded by several foreign powers after the
First World War. He started the Independence War against the invading powers in Samsun
on May 19th, 1919. He led the Nation to victory after a bitter and costly struggle on
August 30th, 1922. He established the Turkish Republic, on October 29th, 1923 and was
elected as the first President of the Republic.
Atatürk died on November 10th, 1938, but his memory and his works will live
forever. He is one of the greatest leaders of the Twentieth Century. Even if he had
achieved only one of his many accomplishments, he would still have deserved to be called
as one of the greatest leaders in the world.
51
Turkish Youth!
Your first duty is to preserve and defend the Turkish independence and the Turkish
Republic forever.
This is the only foundation of your existence and your future. This foundation is
your most valuable treasure. In the future too, you will have enemies both in the country
and abroad who will try to deprive you of this treasure. If, one day, you are compelled to
defend your independence and the Republic, you shall not hesitate to perform your duty no
matter what the circumstances and possibilities may be. These circumstances and
possibilities may be extremely unfavorable. The enemies who desire to destroy your
independence and your Republic may have won a victory unprecedented in the history of
the World. By force or deceit, all the fortresses and shipyards of your homeland may have
been seized, all the armies may have been dispersed and all the corners of your homeland
may have actually been occupied. What is more tragic and awesome than even these
eventualities, those in power may have fallen into ignorance, error, or even treason.
Moreover, they may identify their personal interest with the enemies' political claims. The
nation may have been completely deprived, destroyed and exhausted.
Turkish youth of the future, even under these circumstances, it is your duty to save
the Turkish independence and the Turkish Republic. The might that you will need is
already present in the noble blood in your veins.
M.K.Atatürk 1927
52
FIFTH PART
LETTERS AND CERTIFICATES
A Letter to a Friend
Dear A,
Thank you very much for your letter of March 8 th. It was very nice to hear from
you again. I am sorry for the delay in answering your letter. I was out of town for a two-
week vacation when it arrived. Lots of paper had piled up on my desk when I returned
from vacation, and it took me several days to catch up with the work.
It is nice to hear that you and your family are all well. I am happy to be able to say
that I and my family are all fine too. B had a cold last week. He is about over it and join
the football team now. The weather has been unusually warm around here for this time of
the year.
That is all there is to say for the time being. Please say hi, to C and D for me.
Please give my regards to your parents.
E. F. U
P.S.
G. became engaged to H.T. yesterday
K will get married to L tomorrow.
53
A Letter of Application
______________________________________________________________________
April 2nd, 1986
ERZURUM
I.C.L.S.
1346 Connecticut Ave., 1200
N.W. Washington D.C. 20036 U.S.A.
Dear Sirs
I would appreciate if you could send me an application form and some information
regarding accommodation possibilities-in D.C.
Thank you very much in advance for your consideration. I am looking forward to
receiving an answer from you.
Sincerely yours,
K.L.A
Department of...........
. Ataturk University
25240 Erzurum-Turkey
Enclosures :
1. A copy of B.S. diploma
2. A letter of financial support
54
A Letter of Recommendation
______________________________________________________________________
Mr. P. is a diligent and intelligent person. He has a great sense of duty and
responsibility. He is known to be a man of patience and perseverance.
It is my belief that Dr. O.P. will be able to benefit greatly from an opportunity to
study abroad. I strongly recommend him for such an opportunity.
Prof. Dr. M. C. A
Chairman
Department of..................
College of Agriculture
Atatürk University
Erzurum / TURKEY
Some positive characteristics: careful, considerate, creative, co-operative, diligent, dedicated, energetic,
extravert, friendly, hardworking, imaginative, intelligent, meticulous, orderly, punctual, self confident,
vigilant,
55
A Letter of Confirmation
______________________________________________________________________
This is to certify that Dr. O.P. has been a member of the teaching staff in the
College of Agriculture at Atatürk University for the past five years. He was awarded a
scholarship by the Government to study abroad for a period of one year.
I would like to confirm that his scholarship covers in full, the travel expenses, per-
diem allowances, admission fees and medical expenses.
______________________________________________________________________
Translation of a Diploma
______________________________________________________________________
REPUBLIC OF TURKEY
ERZURUM Photo
ATATURK UNIVERSITY and
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE seal
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER
DIPLOMA
Date of Diploma :
Diploma Number :
Department :
______________________________________________________________________
This is a complete and correct translation of the original
SIXTH PART
VOCABULARY
Just as keys are attached to rings, the words should be attached to sentences to
prevent them from being lost.
English Words
English Logic
When the English tongue we speak,
Why is break not rhymed with freak?
Will you tell me why it's true?
We say sew, but likewise few
And the maker of the verse
Can not cap his horse with worse?
Beard sounds not the same as heard
Cord is different from word
Cow is cow, but low is low;
Shoe is never rhymed with foe.
Think of hose and dose and lose,
And of goose and yet of choose.
Think of comb and tomb and bomb,
Doll and roll, and home and some,
And since pay is rhymed with say.
Why not paid with said, I pray?
We have blood and food and good;
Mould is not pronounced like could.
Wherefore done, but gone and lone?
Is there any reason known?
And in short, it seems to me,
Sound and letters disagree.
58
Homophones
Aisle (Ayıl) Koridor Isle Ada
Be (Bi) Olmak Bee Arı
Break (Breyk) Kırmak Brake Fren
Die (Day) Ölmek Dye Boya
Cell (Sel) Hücre Sell Satmak
Doe (Do) Dişi Geyik Dough Hamur
Hair (Heyr) Saç Hare Tavşan
Flour (Flawr Un Flower Çiçek
Heal (Hiil) Iyileşmek Heel Topuk
Idol (Aydıl) Put Idle Boş, Aylak
Mail (Meyl) Posta Male Erkek
Our (Avr) Bizim Hour Saat
Straight (Streyt) Doğru (Düz Hat) Strait Boğaz (Çanakkale)
Tail (Teyl) Kuyruk Tale Masal
Fair Doğru Adil Fare Ücret (Bilet v.b.)
American English English English Turkish
Baby bottle (nipple) Teat Biberon
Long distance call Trunk call Şehirlerarası telefon
Business suit Lounge suit Resmi elbise
Pants (slacks) Trousers Pantolon
Parka Onarak Mont
Shoestring Shoelace Ayakkabı bağı
Intermission Interval Ara (sinemada)
Meat grinder Mincer Kıyma makinası
Raisins Sultanas Kişmiş
Antenna Arial Anten
Closet Cupboard Dolap
Faucet Tap Muslık
Scotch tape Cellotape Şeffaf bant
Fender Mud quard Çamurluk
Baggage Luggage Bavul
Lost and found Lost property Kayıp eşya bürosu
Make reservation Book Yer ayırtmak
Subway Under ground Metro
Zero Naught Sıfır
59
Plants
Grains: Hububatlar
Barley: Arpa Millet: Darı Awned Wheat: Kılçıklı b.
Wheat: Buğday Lentils: Mercimek Rice: Pirinç
Corn: Mısır Oat: Yulaf Weed: Yabancı ot
Rye: Çavdar
60
Industrial crops
Cotton: Pamuk Tobacco: Tütün Flax: Keten, Jute: Kendir
Hemp: Kenevir Sugar Beet: Şeker pancarı
Fruits:Meyveler
Apple: Elma Cherry Pip: Kiraz çekirdeği Strawberry: Çilek
Pear: Armut Grape: Üzüm Mulberry: Dut
Peach: Şeftali Grapefruit: Greyfurt Pineapple: Ananas
Apricot: Kayısı Date: Hurma Orange: Portakal
Plum: Erik Fig: Incir Tangerine: Mandalina
Cherry: Kiraz Melon : Kavun Lemon: Limon
Pip: Çekirdek Watermelon: Karpuz Quince : Ayva
Vegetables: Sebzeler
Tomato: Domates Potato: Patates Squash: Kabak (Dolmalık)
Pepper: Biber Onion: Soğan Pumpkin: Kabak (Bal)
Egg Plant: Patlıcan Garlic: Sarmısak Cauliflower: Karnabahar
Cucumber: Salatalık Bean: Fasulye Cabbage: Lahana
Lettuce: Marul Melon: Kavun Mushroom: Mantar
Carrot: Havuç
Nuts: Kuruyemişler
Chestnut: Kestane Coconut: Hindistan Cevizi Pistachio: Antep Fıstığı
Walnut: Ceviz Almond: Badem
Peanut : Fıstık Cashew: Cashew Fıstığı
Flowers: Çiçekler
Rose: Gül Carnation: Karanfil Daisy: Papatya
Tulip: Lale Violet: Menekşe Lavender: Lavanta
Jasmine: Yasemin Lily: Zambak
61
Trees: Ağaçlar
Willow : Söğüt Maple: Akçaağaç Okra: Bamya
Poplar: Kavak Palm Tree: Palmiye Spinach: Ispanak
Oak: Meşe Herbicide:Yabancı Ot Celery : Kereviz
Ilacı
Hazelnut: Fındık Pea: Bezelye Parsley: Maydanoz
Pine: Çam Chick-Pea: Nohut Leek: Prasa
Division : Bölüm Class: Sınıf Family: Familya
Insects: Böcekler
Fly: Sinek Butterfly: Kelebek Genus: Cins
Bee: Arı Spider: Örümcek Species: Tür
Mosquito: Sivrisinek Cockroach: Hamam b. Variety: Çeşit
Beetle: A. Böceği Silkworm: Ipek böceği Strain: Hat
Insecticide:Böcek Locust: Çekirge
Öldürücü
Birds: Kuşlar
Sea Gull: Martı Crow: Karga Peacock: Tavus
Hawk: Atmaca Sparrow: Serçe Pheasant: Keklik
Dove: Güvercin Pigeon: Güvercin Vulture: Akbaba
Falcon: Şahin Eagle: Kartal Ostrich: Devekuşu
Canary: Kanarya Stork: Leylek Owl: Baykuş
Parrot: Papağan Crane: Leylek
63
Reptiles: Sürüngenler
Snake: Yılan Alligator: Timsah Snail: Sümüklü böcek
Scorpion: Akrep Turtle: Kaplumbağa Frog: Kurbağa
Crocodile: Timsah Worm: Solucan
Agricultural Implements
Fork: Dirgen Hammer: Çekiç Harrow: Sürgü
Rake: Tırmak Sickle: Orak Discharrow: Diskaro
Pick: Kazma Scythe: Tırpan
Shovel: Kürek Cart: Araba Seed Drill: Mibzer
Spade: Bel Küreği Plow: Pulluk Tractor: Traktör
Hoe: Çapa Roller: Merdane Trailer: Römork
Combine Harvester: Biçer Potato Planter: P. Dikici Wheel Barrow: El arabası
Döver
Household Tools
Scissors: Makas Driver: Tornavida Awl: Biz
Tweezers: Cımbız Bolt: Civata Strainer: Süzgeç
Pliers: Pense Nut: Somun Funnel: Huni
Pincers : Kerpeten Spanner: Somun anahtarı Bucket: Kova
Axe: Balta Wrench: Đng.Anahtar Nail: Çivi
Chopper: Satır, Falçata Saw: Testere Hammer: Çekiç
Lever: Levye Hacksaw: Demir testeresi Brush: Fırça
Drill: Matkap Ripsaw: Ağaç testeresi Broom: Süpürge
Screw: Vida Dust Pan: Faraş Mop: Paspas
çalmak Çalmak
Military Terms
Private Er Artillery Topçu
Corporal Onbaşı Cavalry Süvari
Sergeant Çavuş Tank units Tankçı
Lieutenant Teğmen Military engineering Đstihkam
Second Lieutenant Üsteğmen Communication Muhabere
Units
Captain Yüzbaşı Cease- Fire Ateş Kes
Major Binbaşı Armistice Mütareke
Lieutenant colonel Yarbay Machine gun Makinalı tüfek
Colonel Albay Bullet Tabanca mermisi
General General Artillery round Top mermisi
One Star general Tuğ general Missile Füze
Two Star general Tüm general Nuclear warhead Nükleer başlık
Three Star general Kor general Gun powder Barut
Four Star general Or general Combat Çatışma
Marshal Mareşal Booby trap Bubi tuzağı
Chief of staff Genel kurmay baş. Armored vehicles Zırhlı araçlar
Army Kara kuvvetleri Trench Siper
Navy Deniz kuvvetleri Front line Savaş hattı
Airforce Hava kuvvetleri
Infantry Piyade
A Poem
Another Poem
Yunus Emre