Afterburning is a method used to augment the thrust of jet engines by injecting and burning additional fuel in the jet exhaust. This increases the temperature and velocity of the exhaust, providing more thrust. The key aspects of afterburning are:
1) Additional fuel is burned in the jet pipe between the engine turbine and propelling nozzle, using the oxygen in the exhaust gases.
2) A variable area propelling nozzle is required to accommodate the increased exhaust flow during afterburning and prevent pressure increases.
3) Afterburning provides increased thrust but also significantly higher fuel consumption compared to normal engine operation.
Original Description:
Original Title
Afterburner - Gas turbine, turbojet, turbofan) Rolls Royce - T.pdf
Afterburning is a method used to augment the thrust of jet engines by injecting and burning additional fuel in the jet exhaust. This increases the temperature and velocity of the exhaust, providing more thrust. The key aspects of afterburning are:
1) Additional fuel is burned in the jet pipe between the engine turbine and propelling nozzle, using the oxygen in the exhaust gases.
2) A variable area propelling nozzle is required to accommodate the increased exhaust flow during afterburning and prevent pressure increases.
3) Afterburning provides increased thrust but also significantly higher fuel consumption compared to normal engine operation.
Afterburning is a method used to augment the thrust of jet engines by injecting and burning additional fuel in the jet exhaust. This increases the temperature and velocity of the exhaust, providing more thrust. The key aspects of afterburning are:
1) Additional fuel is burned in the jet pipe between the engine turbine and propelling nozzle, using the oxygen in the exhaust gases.
2) A variable area propelling nozzle is required to accommodate the increased exhaust flow during afterburning and prevent pressure increases.
3) Afterburning provides increased thrust but also significantly higher fuel consumption compared to normal engine operation.
16: Afterburning
Contents
Introduction
Operation of afterburning
Construction
Burners
Jet pipe
Propelling nozzle
Control system
Thrust increase
Fuel consumption
INTRODUCTION
1. Afterburning (or reheat) is a method of
‘augmenting the basic thrust of an engine to improve
the aircraft take-off, climb and (for military aircraft)
combat performance. The increased power could be
obtained by the use of a larger engine, but as this
‘would increase the weight, frontal area and overall
fuel consumption, afterburning provides the best
method of thrust augmentation for short periods.
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2. Afterburning consists of the introduction and
‘burning of fuel between the engine turbine and the jet
pipe propelling nozzle, utilzing the unburned oxygen
in the exhaust gas to support combustion (fig. 16-1).
‘The resultant increase in the temperature of the
exhaust gas gives an increased velocity of the jet
leaving the propelling nozzle and therefore increases
the engine thrust.
3. As the temperature of the afterburner flame can
be in excess of 1,700 deg. C., the bumers are usually
arranged so that the flame is concentrated around
the axis ofthe jet pipe. This allows a proportion of the
‘turbine discharge gas to flow along the wall of the jt
pipe and thus maintain the wall temperature at a safe
value,
169BY-PASS AIRFLOW
AFTERBURNER
Fig. 16-1. Principle of afterburning
4. The area of the afterburning jet pipe is largerthan
‘2 normal jet pipe would be for the same engine, to
obtain a reduced velocity gas stream To provide for
‘operation under all conditions, an afterbumning jet
pipe is fitted with either a two-posttion or a variable-
area propelling nozzle (fig. 16-2). The nozzle is
closed during non-afterburning operation, but when
afterburning is selected the gas temperature
increases and the nozzle opens to give an exit area
suitable for the resultant increase in the volume of
the gas stream. This prevents any increase in
pressure occurring in the jet pipe which would affect
‘the functioning of the engine and enables afterburn-
ing to be used over a wide range of engine speeds.
5. The thrust of an afferburning engine, without
afterburning in operation, is slightly less than that of
a similar engine not fitted with afterburning
‘equipment; this is due to the added restrictions in the
Jet pipe. The overall weight of the power plant is also
increased because of the heavier jet pipe and after-
‘burning equipment
6. Afterburning is achieved on low by-pass engines
by mixing the by-pass and turbine streams before the
afterburner fuel injection and stabilizer system is
reached so that the combustion takes place in the
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COOLING FLOW
JET PIPE
NOZZLE OPERATING
SLEEVE
VARIABLE
PROPELLING NOZZLE
mixed exhaust stream. An altemative method is to
inject the fuel and stabilize the flame in the individual
by-pass and turbine streams, burning the available
gases up to a common exit temperature at the final
‘nozzle, In this method, the fuel injection is scheduled
separately to the individual streams and it is normal
to provide some form of interconnection between the
flame stabilizers in the hot and cold streams to assist
the combustion processes in the cold by-pass air
OPERATION OF AFTERBURNING
7. The gas stream from the engine turbine enters
the jet pipe at a velocity of 750 to 1,200 feet per
ssecand, but as this velocity is far too high for a stable
flame to be maintained, the flow is diffused before it
enters the afterburner combustion zone, Le. the flow
velocity is reduced and the pressure is increased.
However, as the speed of burning kerosine at normal
mixture ratios is only a few feet per second, any fuel
lit even in the diffused air stream would be blown
away. A form of flame stabilizer (vapour gutter) is,
therefore, located downstream of the fuel bumers to
provide a region in which turbulent eddies are formed
to assist combustion and where the local gas velocity
is further reduced to a figure at which flame stabi
lization occurs whilst combustion is in operation.MOVABLE EYELIDS
EYELID OPERATING RAMS
Nozze TWO-POSITION NOZZLE
OPERATING RAMS
VARIABLE-AREA NOZZLE
INTERLOCKING FLAPS
Fig. 16-2 Examples of afterburning jet pipes and propelling nozzles.
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