STRUCTURE

( 20 STRATEGIES )

1. Coordinate Connectors
And but or so yet
Example :
1. I forgot my coat, So I got very cold.
2. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown.
3. The sky was blue, but it was very cold

2. Adverb Time and Cause Connectors
Time : after as as long as as soon as before
by the time Until while
Cause : as because in as much as now that since
Condition : if in case provided providing unless
whether
Contrast : although even though though while
whereas
Manner : as in that
Place : where wherever
Example :
1. He is tired because he has been working hard
2. Because he has been working hard, he is tired
3. After the student arrived at thelibrary, he started to work immediately.

3. Noun Clause Connectors
3.1 Noun Connectors
- What When Where Why How
- Whatever Whenever
- Whether if
- That
3.2 Noun Connectors/Subject
Who Whoever What Whatever Which Whichever

4. Adjective Clause Connectors
Adjective Connectors
Whom ( for people) Which(for things) That(for people or things)
Adjective Connectors/Subject
Whom ( for people) Which(for things) That(for people or things)

5. Reduced Adverb clauses
TIME Condition Contrast Place Manner
Reduced
in
ACTIVE
After,before
Since,while
If, unless
Whether
Althought
Though

Reduced
in
PASSIVE
Once, until
When,Whenever
If, unless
Whether
Although
though
Where
Wherever
as

6. Invert Subject and verb
Question words
Who What When Where Why How
PlaceExpression
PLACE(necessary) V + S
PLACE(extra) , V + S


Negatives
No not never nither nor barely hardly only rarely
scarcely seldom
Conditional
Had should were
Comparison

7. Subject/Verb Agreement
Prepositional phrases
S + ( Prepositional Phrase) + V
Expressions of Quantity
( ) V Object the Of
half
some
most
all
+ +
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
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Inverted
S V
comparison
condition
place
negatives
question
+ +
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
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Certain Words
Anybody anyone anything everybody everyone
Everything nobody no one nothing somebody
Someone something each(+noun) every(+noun)

8. Quantity of Noun
Singular and Plural Noun
Singular : Each every single One a
Plural : both two many several various
Contable And Uncountable
Countable Nouns : many number few fewer
Uncountable Nouns : much amount little less
9. Form Of Noun
Irregular Plural
A vowel or ending change
Sing : foot,goose,tooth,mouse,louse,man,woman
Plr : feet,geese,teeth,mice,lice,men,women
Adding -s or es
Sing : wolf,leaf,wife,knife
Plr : wolves,leaves,wives,knives
Adding an en
Children,oxen

Singular and plural are the same
Bison,deer,fish,salmon,trout,series,species,corp,offspring,spacecraft
-is-es
sing : analysis, axis, crisis, diagnisis, hyphothesis, parenthese,
synthesis, thesis.
Plr : analyses, axes, crises, diagnoses, hypotheses, parentheses,
syntheses, theses
Ends in A
Sing : bacterium,curriculum,datum,phenomenon,criterion
Plr : bacteria,curricula,data,phenomena,criteria
-us-i
Sing : alumnus, bacillus, cactus, fungus, nucleus, radius, stimulus,
syllabus
Plr : alumni, bacilli, cacti, fungi, nuclei, radii, stimuli, syllabi


Person & Things


10. Pronouns

PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESIVE PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE
As Subject As Object As Adjective As Pronoun PRONOUNS
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its - Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves

11. Usage
Make And Do
Make Do
An Agreement
An
announcement
a paper
the shopping
An attempt a decision a pavor the housework
a discovery an offer the dishes the laundry
a profit a promise a research the cooking
a cake Mistake the work
a response Clothes Damage business with someone
Appointment Nothing physical exercise

Anything
something a favor(a
good turn)
better something to someone

well
something with
something
Onesbest oneshomework
onesteeth what you like
Oneshair an assignment

Like,Alike & Unlike

Grammar Meaning
Like Adjective Similar
alike Adjective Similar


Grammar Meaning
Like Preposition Similar
Unlike Preposition Different

Other, Another & Others
SINGULAR PLURAL
INDEFINITE
I have another
book(ADJ)
I have another ( PRO)
I have other books(ADJ)
I have others(PRO)
INDEFINITE
I Have the other
book(ADJ)
I have the other(PRO)
I have the other books (ADJ)
I have the others(PRO)

Similar Verbs
Tell Told told + Complement
Let let let ( allow,permit)
Borrow Borrowed Borrowed +from
Say said said + No Complement
Leave left left
Lend lent lent + to
Transitive and Intransitive

Raise raised raised Rise rose risen
Lay laid laid + Object Lie lay lain
Set set set Sit sat sat


12. Redundancy
Advanced forward Matinee performance proceed forward
Progress forward New innovation Reread again
Sufficient enough Nearly almost
Same identical decorative ornamental
Revert back parent and mother
Return back universal and widespread
Reason because made and formed
Repeat again abstract conceptual
The time when join together
The place where compete together
Two twins old ancient
13. Preposition Idioms
Prefer these idioms Avoid these Idioms Prefer these idioms Avoid these Idioms
Accede to Accede on,by In the habit of In the habit to
According to According In the near future At the near future
Approve of Approve for Knowledge of Knowledge on
Ashamed of Ashamed with Near, next to Near to
Bored with Bored of Of the opinion In opinion
Capable of Capable to On top of On top
Compare with Compare to Opposite Opposite over
Compete With Compete together Prior to Prior
Composed of Composed from Regard to Regard of
Concerned With Concerned of Related to Related with
Conscious of Conscious for Respect for Respect of
Depend on Depend to,in Responsible for Responsible
Effects on Effects in Similar to Similar as
Equal to Equal as Since Ever since
Except for Excepting for Surprised by Surprised with
From now on After now on Until Up until
From time to time When time to time With regard to With regard of
Frown on Frown to
Glance at,through Glance at
Incapable of Incapable to
Inconflict Onconflict
Inferior to Inferior with

14. Verbs that require an infinitive
Agree decide hesitate need refuse
Appear demand hope offer seem
Arrange deserve intend plan tend
Ask expect learn prepare threatend
Claim fail manage pretend wait
Consent forget mean promise want
15. Verbs that require an-ing form
Admit deny miss regret
Appreciate discuss postpone risk
Avoid enjoy practice stop
Complete finish quit suggest
Consider keep recall tolerate
Delay mention recommend understand
16. Verb phrases that require an-ing Form
Approve of do not mind keep on
Be better off forget about look forward to
Cant help get throught object to
Count on insist on think about/of
17. Place and Time
In : Country On : Street at number in : a corner
State Street Corner ( of a room)
Province Coast a room
County River a building
City a Ship a park
a train a car
a plane a boat
In : year On : day at : time
Month date
18. Importance
Subjunctive
Ask Prefer require
Demand propose suggest
Desire recommend urge
Insist request
Noun derived from subjunctive verb
Demand proposal requirement
Insistence recommendation suggestion
Preference request
Impersonal Expressions
Essential Important
Imperative Necessary

19. Agreement- Collective Subject and Verb
Audience faculty series 2,3,4,.dollars
Army family staff 2,3,4..miles
Band group team
Chorus minority variety
Club majority congress
Class orchestra organization
Crowd police government
Committee public jury
20. Noun Count Nouns
Kinds of Noncount Nouns

1 Food Staples that can be purchased
Bread,meat,butter
2 Construction materials that can change shape
Wood,iron,glass
3 Liquid that can change shape
Oil,tea,milk
4 Natural substances that that can change shape
Steam,water,ice,smoke,ashes,oxygen
5 Substances with many small parts
Rice,sand,sugar
6 Groups of things
Clothing,furniture,luggage
7 Languages
Arabic,Japanese,spanish
8 Abstract concept
Beauty,ignorance,peace
9 Most-ing form
Learning,shopping.working

Count Noun in Other Language

Advise Homework Money Poverty
Anger Ignorance Music Progress
Courage Information News
Damage Knowledge Patience
Equipment Leisure Permission
Fun Luck Poetry

Plural expression
Two pieces of advice Two gusts of wind
Two pieces of bread Two loaves of bread
Two pieces of equipment Two slices of bread
Two pieces of furniture Two ears of corn
Two pieces of jewelry Two bars of soap
Two pieces of luggage Two bolts of lightning
Two pieces of mail Two claps of thunder
Two pieces of music
Two pieces of news
Two pieces of toast





























READING COMPREHENSION
(20 Strategies)

1. Phrasal Verbs
2. Synonims
3. Word Parts
PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE
Contra against Contrast Dic Say Dictate
Mal Bad Malcontent Domin Master Dominant
Mis Error Mistake Jud Judge Judgment
Sub Under Subway Mor Death Mortal
Dec Ten Decade Spec See Spectator
Multi Many Multiple Terr Earth Territory
Sol One Solo Ver Turn Divert
Tri three Triple viv live Revive

WHERE
PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE
Cede/ceed Go Proceed Rupt Break Erupt
Cred Believe Credit Scrib/scrip Write Describe
Graph Write Autograph Sec Cut Bisect
Ject Throw Eject Ven Come Intervene
Mit/miss Send Emit Ver Turn Divert
Mute Change Commute Viv Live Survive
Port carry Deport
UNIVERSE & BODY
PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE
Geo Earth Geology Corp Body Corporation
Terr Earth Territory Card Heart Cardiology
Hydr Water Hydroplane Derm Skin Dermatologist
Aqua Water Aquatic Man Hand Manual
Astr Star Astronaut Dent Teeth Dentist
Pyr fire Pyrotachnics Ped/pod Feet Pedestrian
Cap Head Captain
HUMAN STATES
PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE
Am Love Amiable Path Feeling symphathy
Phil Love Philadelphia Mania Crazy Maniac
Bene Good Benefit Phobia Fear Claustrophobia
Eu Good Euphemism Psycho Mind Psychology
Mal Bad Malcontent Bio Life Biology
Dys Bad Dysfunction Mor Death Mortal
PEOPLE & THEIR SENSES
PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE
Pater Father Patriarch Spec See Spectator
Mater Mother Maternity Vis/vid See Visit/video
Frater Brother Fraternal Scope See Telescope
Domin Master Domination Phon hear telephone
Jud Judge Judgment Aud Hear Audience
Anthro People Anthropology Dic Say Dictate
Demo people Democracy Loc/log speak eloquent
SIZE & AMOUNT
PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE
Min Small Minimum Ambi Both Ambivalent
Micro Small Microphone Multi Many Multiple
Macro Large Macroeconomics Poly Many Polygon
Mega Large Megaphone Omni All Omnipotent
Magn Large Magnity Auto Self Automatic
NUMBER
PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE
Sol One Solo Quad Four Quadruplets
Uni One Unique Oct Eight Octopus
Mono One Monologue Dec Ten Decade
Bi Two Bicycle Cent Hundred Century
Du Two Duet Mil Thousand Millimeter
Tri Three Triple Semi Half semifinal
OPPOSITES
PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE
Anti Against Antiwar Im Not Imperfect
Contra Against Contrast Il Not Illegal
Mis Error Misspell In Not Incorrect
Un Not Untrue Ir Not Irregular
Dis Not Dislike

4. Preposition ( Kata Depan )
5.
6.