6/3/2013

1
Newtons Second Law
Chapter 6
The Second Law
Force = mass X acceleration
SF = ma
SF = 0 or SF = ma
-Still object -Accelerating object
-Obj. at constant velocity
Sum of all the forces acting on a body
Vector quantity
The Second Law
Situation One:
Non-moving Object
Still has forces
Equilibrium
http://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~vguerra/Other/Rodin/thinker.jpg
Force of
the
material
of the
rock
Force of
gravity
The Second Law
Situation Two: Moving Object: Constant Velocity
http://2003.tour-de-france.cz/images/foto/05-07-2003/armstrong4.jpg
F
pedalling
F
friction
F
air
SF = 0
F
pedalling
= F
air
+ F
friction
The Second Law
Situation Two: Moving Object: Accelerating
http://2003.tour-de-france.cz/images/foto/05-07-2003/armstrong4.jpg
F
pedalling
F
friction
F
air
SF = ma
ma = F
pedalling
F
air
- F
friction
The Second Law
Unit of Force = the Newton
SF=ma
SF = (kg)(m/s
2
)
1 N = 1 kg-m/s
2
(MKS)
1 Newton can accelerate a 1 kg object from rest
to 1 m/s in 1 s.
6/3/2013
2
Three ropes are tied together for a wacky tug-of-
war. One person pulls west with 100 N of
force, another south with 200 N of force.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the
third force.
100 N
200 N
?
A car with weight 15,000 N is being towed up a
20
o
slope (smooth) at a constant velocity. The
tow rope is rated at 6000 N. Will it break?
Accelerating Systems
What Force is needed to accelerate a 5 kg
bowling ball from 0 to 20 m/s over a time
period of 2 seconds?
Calculate the net force required to stop a 1500
kg car from a speed of 100 km/h within a
distance of 55 m.
100 km/h = 28 m/s
v
2
= v
o
2
+ 2a(x-x
o
)
a = (v
2
- v
o
2
)/2(x-x
o
)
a = 0
2
(28 m/s)
2
/2(55m) = -7.1 m/s
2
A 1500 kg car is pulled by a tow truck. The
tension in the rope is 2500 N and the 200 N
frictional force opposes the motion. The car
starts from rest.
a. Calculate the net force on the car
b. Calculate the cars speed after 5.0 s
A 500.0 gram model rocket (weight = 4.90 N) is
launched straight up from rest by an engine
that burns for 5 seconds at 20.0 N.
a. Calculate the net force on the rocket
b. Calculate the acceleration of the rocket
c. Calculate the height and velocity of the
rocket after 5 s
d. Calculate the maximum height of the rocket
even after the engine has burned out.
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Calculate the sum of the two forces acting on
the boat shown below. (53.3 N, +11.0
o
)
Mass vs. Weight
Mass
The amount of matter in an object/INTRINSIC
PROPERTY
Independent of gravity
Measured in kilograms
Weight
Force that results from gravity pulling on an object
Weight = mg (g = 9.8 m/s
2
)
Metric: Newton
English: pound
A 60.0 kg person weighs 1554 N on Jupiter. What is
the acceleration of gravity on Jupiter?
Elevator at Constant Velocity
a= 0
SF = F
N
mg
ma = F
N
mg
0 = F
N
mg
F
N
= mg
Suppose Chewbacca has a mass
of 102 kg:
F
N
= mg = (102kg)(9.8m/s
2
)
F
N
= 1000 N
mg
F
N
a is zero
Elevator Accelerating Upward
a = 4.9 m/s
2
SF = F
N
mg
ma = F
N
mg
F
N
= ma + mg
F
N
= m(a + g)
F
N
=(102kg)(4.9m/s
2
+9.8 m/s
2
)
F
N
= 1500 N
mg
F
N
a is upward
Elevator Accelerating Downward
a = -4.9 m/s
2
SF = F
N
mg
ma = F
N
mg
F
N
= ma + mg
F
N
= m(a + g)
F
N
=(102kg)(-4.9m/s
2
+9.8 m/s
2
)
F
N
= 500 N
mg
F
N
a is down
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At what acceleration will he feel weightless?
F
N
= 0
SF = F
N
mg
ma = F
N
mg
ma = 0 mg
ma = -mg
a = -9.8 m/s
2
Apparent weightlessness
occurs if a > g
mg
F
N
A 10.o kg present is sitting on a table. Calculate
the weight and the normal force.
F
g
= W
F
N
Suppose someone leans on
the box, adding an
additional 40.0 N of force.
Calculate the normal force.
Now your friend lifts up with a
string (but does not lift the
box off the table). Calculate
the normal force.
What happen when the person pulls upward
with a force of 100 N?
SF = F
N
+ F
p
mg
SF = 0 +100.0N 98N = 2.0N
ma = 2N
a = 2N/10.0 kg = 0.2 m/s
2
F
g
= mg = 98.0 N
F
p
= 100.0 N
Free Body Diagrams: Ex. 3
A person pulls on the box (10.0 kg) at an angle
as shown below. Calculate the acceleration of
the box and the normal force. (78.0 N)
mg
F
N
F
p
= 40.0 N
30
o
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Friction
Always opposes the direction of motion.
Proportional to the Normal Force (more
massive objects have more friction)
mg
F
N
mg
F
N
F
a
F
fr
Friction
Static -opposes motion before it moves (m
s
)
Generally greater than kinetic friction
F
max
= Force needed to get an objct moving
F
max
= m
s
F
N
Kinetic - opposes motion while it moves (m
k
)
Generally less than static friction
F
fr
= m
k
F
N
Rolling Friction
Much lower than f
s
and f
k
A new part of the wheel/tire is coming in contact
with the road every instant
A
B
Braking uses kinetic friction
A
Point A gets
drug across the
surface
A 50.0 kg wooden box is pushed across a
wooden floor (m
k
=0.20) at a steady speed of
2.0 m/s.
a. How much force does she exert? (98 N)
b. If she stops pushing, calculate the
acceleration. (-1.96 m/s
2
)
c. Calculate how far the box slides until it stops.
(1.00 m)
A 100 kg box is on the back of a truck (m
s
= 0.40).
The box is 50 cm X 50 cm X 50 cm.
a. Calculate the maximum acceleration of the truck
before the box starts to slip.
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Your little sister wants a ride on her sled. Should
you push or pull her?
Inclines
What trigonometric function does this resemble?
Inclines
q
mg
F
N
Inclines
q
mg
F
N
q mgcosq
mgsinq
Inclines
q
F
N
mgcosq
mgsinq
F
fr
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A 50.0 kg file cabinet is in the back of a dump
truck (m
s
= 0.800).
a. Calculate the magnitude of the static friction on
the cabinet when the bed of the truck is tilted
at 20.0
o
(170 N)
b. Calculate the angle at which the cabinet will
start to slide. (39
o
)
Given the following drawing:
a. Calculate the acceleration of the skier. (snow
has a m
k
of 0.10) (4.0 m/s
2
)
b. Calculate her speed after 4.0 s? (16 m/s)
First we need to
resolve the force of
gravity into x and y
components:
F
Gy
= mgcos30
o
F
Gx
= mgsin30
o
The pull down the hill is:
F
Gx
= mgsin30
o
The pull up the hill is:
F
fr
= m
k
F
N
F
fr
= (0.10)(mgcos30
o
)
SF = pull down pull up
SF = mgsin30
o
(0.10)(mgcos30
o
)
ma = mgsin30
o
(0.10)(mgcos30
o
)
ma = mgsin30
o
(0.10)(mgcos30
o
)
a = gsin30
o
(0.10)(gcos30
o
)
a = 4.0 m/s
2
(note that this is independent of the skiers
mass)
To find the speed after 4 seconds:
v = v
o
+ at
v = 0 + (4.0 m/s
2
)(4.0 s) = 16 m/s
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Suppose the snow is slushy and the skier moves
at a constant speed. Calculate m
k
SF = pull down pull up
ma = mgsin30
o
(m
k
)(mgcos30
o
)
ma = mgsin30
o
(m
k
)(mgcos30
o
)
a = gsin30
o
(m
k
)(gcos30
o
)
Since the speed is constant, acceleration =0
0 = gsin30
o
(m
k
)(gcos30
o
)
(m
k
)(gcos30
o
) = gsin30
o
m
k
= gsin30
o
= sin30
o
= tan30
o
=0.577
gcos30
o
cos30
o
A dog sled and rider have a mass of 200.0 kg. It
takes the dogs 15.0 m to reach their cruising
speed of 5.00 m/s. The ropes are connected
upwards to the two dogs at 10.0
o
. Calculate
the tension in the ropes at the start of the
race. (m
k
= 0.06)
(140 N)
Drag: Low Speeds
D -bv (works well for liquids)
D = drag force
b = constant
v = velocity
Derive the formula for the terminal speed of a
body falling through a fluid. Remember that
the sum of all forces will be zero.
Setup, but do not solve, a differential equation
for the velocity of the particle before reaching
terminal velocity.
Drag: High Speeds
D Av
2
(works well for air)
D = drag force
A = Area
V = velocity
Terminal Speed
a. Find the formula for terminal speed (a=0) for
a freefalling body
b. Calculate the terminal velocity of a person
who is 1.8 m tall, 0.40 m wide, and 75 kg.
(64 m/s)
c. Setup, but do not solve, a differential
equation for the velocity of the particle.
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A 1500 kg car is travelling at 30 m/s when the
driver slams on the brakes (m
k
= 0.800).
Calculate the stopping distance:
a. On a level road. (57.0 m)
b. Up a 10.0
o
incline (48.0 m)
c. Down a 10.0
o
incline (75.0 m)
A dogsled has a mass of 200 kg. The sled reaches
cruising speed, 5.0 m/s in 15 m. Two ropes are
attached to the sled at 10.0
o
from the ground,
one on each side connected to the dogs. (m
k
=
0.060)
a. Calculate the acceleration of the sled. (0.833
m/s
2
)
b. Calculate T
1
and T
2
during the acceleration
period. (140 N)
Formula Wrap-Up
SF=ma
Weight = mg (g = 9.8 m/s
2
)
F
max
= m
s
F
N
F
fr
= m
k
F
N
4. 508 N
8. 4 m/s
2
(0-3s) -6 m/s
2
(3-6s)
8 N (at 1s) -12 N (at 7s)
10. a) T = 0 N b) F = T = 0N c) 250 N
12. a) 3.96 N b) 2.32 N
14.a) 540 N b) 89 N
16. 1035 N, 740 N, 590 N
20. 10, 154 N
26. 0.56 N, 57 g
30. a) 0.0036 N b) 0.0104 N
26. 0.56 N, 57 g
40. a) 15.7 N b) 2.9 m/s c) 4.4 m/s
42. 0.165
52. Stays at rest