INTRODUCTION

included moderate conservatives as well as right-wing extremists such as notorious

right-wing terrorists Stefano delle Chiaie and Yves Guerain Serac. In its strategic
design the secret army was a direct copy of the British Special Operations xecutive
!SO"# which during the Second $orld $ar had parachuted into enemy-held
territory and fought a secret war %ehind enemy lines.
In case of a Soviet invasion of $estern urope the secret Gladio soldiers under
&'(O command would have formed a so-called stay-%ehind networ) operating
%ehind enemy lines# strengthening and setting up local resistance movements in
enemy-held territory* evacuating shot-down pilots and sa%otaging the supply lines
and production centres of the occupation forces with explosives. Yet the
Soviet invasion never came. (he real and present danger in the eyes of the secret
war strategists in $ashington and +ondon were the at-times numerically strong
Communist parties in the democracies of $estern urope. ,ence the networ) in
the total a%sence of a Soviet invasion too) up arms in numerous countries and
fought a secret war against the political forces of the left. (he secret armies* as the
secondary sources now availa%le suggest* were involved in a whole series of terrorist
operations and human rights violations that they wrongly %lamed on the
Communists in order to discredit the left at the polls. (he operations always aimed
at spreading maximum fear among the population and ranged from %om%
massacres in trains and mar)et s-uares !Italy"* the use of systematic torture of
opponents of the regime !(ur)ey"* the support for right-wing coup d*.tats
!Greece and (ur)ey"* to the smashing of opposition groups !/ortugal and Spain". 's
the secret armies were discovered* &'(O as well as the governments of the
0nited States and Great Britain refused to ta)e a stand on what %y then was
alleged %y the press to %e *the %est-)ept* and most damaging* political-military
secret since $orld $ar II*.*
I
' (11O1IS( '(('C2 I& I('+Y
In a forest near the Italian village /eteano a car %om% exploded on 3ay 45* 5678.
(he %om% gravely wounded one and )illed three mem%ers of the Cara%inieri9
Italy*s paramilitary police force. (he Cara%inieri had %een lured to the spot %y an
anonymous phone call. Inspecting the a%andoned :iat ;<<* one of the Cara%inieri had
opened the hood of the car that triggered the %om%. 'n anonymous call to the
police two days later implicated the 1ed Brigades* a Communist terrorist group
attempting to change the %alance of power in Italy at the time through hostage-
ta)ings and cold-%looded assassina ns of exponents of the state. (he police
immediately crac)ed down on the I an left and rounded up some 8<< Communists.
:or more than a decade the Italian population %elieved that the 1ed Brigades had
committed the /eteano terror t attac).
(hen# in 56=># young Italian ?udge :elice Casson reopened the long dormant case
after having discovered with surprise an entire series of %lunders and fa%rications
surrounding the /eteano atrocity. ?udge Casson found that there had %een no
police investigation on the scene. ,e also discovered that the report which at the
time claimed that the explosive used in /eteano had %een the one traditionally
used %y the 1ed Brigades was a forgery. 3arco 3orin# an expert for explosives
of the Italian police* had deli%erately provided fa)e expertise. ,e was a mem%er of
the Italian right-wing organisation @Ordine &uovo* and within the Cold $ar
context contri%uted his part to what he thought was a legitimate way of com%ating
the influence of the Italian Communists. ?udge Casson was a%le to prove that the
explosive used in /eteano contrary to 3orin*s expertise was C>* the most powerful
explosive availa%le at the time* used also %y &'(O. *I wanted that new light
should %e shed on these years of lies and mysteries* that*s all** Casson years later
told Aournalists in his tiny office in an eighteenth-century courthouse on the
%an)s of Benice*s lagoon. *I wanted that Italy should for once )now the truth.*
1
On :e%ruary 8># 5678* a group of Cara%inieri had %y chance discovered an
underground arms cache near (rieste containing arms* munitions and C> explosive
identical to the one used in /eteano. (he Cara%inieri %elieved that they had
unveiled the arsenal of a criminal networ). Years later* the investigation of ?udge
Casson was a%le to reconstruct that they had stum%led across one of more than
hundred underground arsenals of the &'(O-lin)ed stay-%ehind secret army that
' (11O1I S( '(('C2 I & I ('+Y
in Italy was code-named Gladio# the sword. Casson found that the Italian military
secret service and the government at the time had gone to great lengths in order to
)eep the (rieste discovery and a%ove all its larger strategic context a secret.
's Casson continued to investigate the mysterious cases of /eteano and (rieste*
he discovered with surprise that not the Italian left %ut Italian right-wing groups
and the military secret service had %een involved in the /eteano terror. Casson*s
investigation revealed that the right-wing organisation Ordine &uovo had
colla%orated very closely with the Italian 3ilitary Secret Service* SIC !ServiDio
InformaDioni Cifesa". (ogether they had engineered the /eteano terror and then
wrongly %lamed the militant extreme Italian left* the 1ed Brigades. ?udge Casson
identified Ordine &uovo mem%er BincenDo Binciguerra as the man who had
planted the /eteano %om%. Being the last man in a long chain of command*
Binciguerra was arrested years after the crime. ,e confessed and testified that he
had %een covered %y an entire networ) of sympathisers in Italy and a%road who
had ensured that after the attac) he could escape. *' whole mechanism came into
action** Binciguerra recalled* *that is* the Cara%inieri# the 3inister of the Interior* the
customs services and the military and civilian intelligence services accepted
the ideological reasoning %ehind the attac)*.
2
Binciguerra was right to point out that the /eteano terror had occurred during a
particularly agitated historical period. $ith the %eginning of the flower power
revolution* the mass student protests against violence in general and the war in
Bietnam in particular* the ideological %attle %etween the political left and the
political right had intensified in $estern urope and the 0nited States in the late
56E<s. (he vast maAority of people engaged in the left-wing social movements
relied on non-violent forms of protest including demonstrations# civil diso%edience
and a%ove all heated de%ates. In the Italian parliament the strong Communist /arty
!/artito Communisto Italiano* /CI"* and to a lesser degree the Italian Socialist
/arty !/artito Socialisto Italiano* /SI"* sympathised with the movement. (hey
criticised the 0nited States* the Bietnam $ar and a%ove all the distri%ution of
power in Italy* for despite their numerical strength in parliament the /CI was not
assigned ministerial positions and hence was deli%erately )ept outside the
government. 'lso the Italian right )new that this was a %latant discrimination and
a violation of %asic democratic principles.
It was in this Cold $ar context and the %attle for power in $estern urope that
the extreme left and the extreme right resorted to terror. On the extreme left the
Italian Communist 1ed Brigades and Germany*s 1ote 'rmee :ra)tion !1':"
were the two most prominent terrorist groups in $estern urope. :ounded %y
students of the 0niversity of (rento with little to no military training* the 1ed
Brigades included 3argherita Cagol* 'l%erto :ranceschini and 'l%erto Curcio.
+i)e the 1':* they were convinced that violence had to %e employed in order to
change the existing power structure that they perceived as unAust and corrupt.
+i)e the 1': the terror of the 1ed Brigades did not attac) mass gatherings of the
population* %ut very selectively targeted individuals whom they thought
represented the *state apparatus** such as %an)ers* generals and ministers
whom they
' (11O1I S( '(('C2 I & I ('+Y
)idnapped and often assassinated. Operating a%ove all in the 567<s the death toll
of the 1ed Brigades in Italy reached 7; people. (hen* due to their limited military
and strategic s)ills and experience they were rounded up# arrested* tried and
imprisoned.
On the other side of the Cold $ar spectrum also the extreme right resorted to
violence. In Italy the networ) included secret Gladio soldiers* the military secret
services and fascist organisations such as Ordine &uovo. Contrary to the terror of
the left* the terror of the right aimed to stri)e fear to the %ones of the entire society
and hence secretly planted its %om%s among the population to )ill large num%ers
indiscriminately in order to wrongly %lame the Communists. (he /eteano terror* as
Audge Casson found* %elonged to this sort of crime and continued a se-uence that
had started in 56E6. In that year* shortly %efore Christmas four %om%s had
exploded in pu%lic places in 1ome and 3ilan. (he %om%s )illed 5E and maimed
and wounded =<* most of which were farmers who after a day on the mar)et had
deposited their modest earnings in the :armer*s Ban) on the /iaDDa :ontana in
3ilan. 'ccording to an evil strategy the terror was wrongly %lamed on the Com-
munists and the extreme left* traces were covered up and arrests followed imme-
diately. (he population at large had title chances to find out the truth* as the
military secret service went to gr t lengths to cover up the crime. In 3ilan one of
the deadly %om%s had not gone due to timer failure* %ut in an immediate cover-up
the %om% was destroyed on the scene %y the secret service* while parts of a %om%
were planted in the villa of well-)nown leftist editor Giangiacomo :eltrinelli.
3
*(he official figures say that alone in the period %etween ?anuary 5* 56E6 and
Cecem%er 45* 56=7* there have %een in Italy 5>;65 acts of violence with a political
motivation** Italian Senator Giovanni /ellegrino* president of Italy*s parliamentary
commission investigating Gladio and the massacres* recalled the very violent
period of Italy*s most recent history. *It is may%e worth remem%ering that these
FactsF have left %ehind >65 dead and 55=5 inAured and maimed. :igures of a
war# with no parallel in any other uropean country.*
4
:ollowing the /iaDDa
:ontana massacre of 56E6 and the /eteano terrorist attac) of 5678* prominent
massacres in Italy included a %om% which on 3ay 8=* 567> exploded in Brescia
in the midst of an anti-:ascist demonstration* )illing eight and inAuring and
maiming 5<8. On 'ugust >* 567> another %om% exploded on the 1ome-to-3unich
train *Italicus xpress** )illing 58 and inAuring and maiming >=. (he atrocities
culminated on a sunny afternoon during the Italian national holiday when on
'ugust 8* 56=< a massive explosion ripped through the waiting room of the
second class at the Bologna railway station* )illing =; people in the %last and
seriously inAuring and maiming a further 8<<. (he Bologna massacre ever since
ranges amongst the largest terrorist onslaughts that urope had seen in the
twentieth century.
Contrary to the 1ed Brigades who ended up in Aail* the terrorists of the right
mysteriously escaped after each massacre %ecause* as Binciguerra correctly pointed
out* the security apparatus of the Italian state and the military secret services
protected them. 's the /iaDDa :ontana terror was years later traced hac) to the Italian right* Ordine &uovo mem%er :ranco :reda was -uestioned whether
' (11O1I S( '(('C2 I & I ('+Y
in retrospect he feels that powerful people higher up in the hierarchy including
Generals and 3inisters had manipulated him. :reda* a declared admirer of ,itler
who had pu%lished *3ein 2ampf* in Italian in his own small pu%lishing house*
replied that according to his understanding no%ody can escape manipulationG
*(he life of every one is manipulated %y those with more power*. right-wing
terrorist :reda declared. *In my case I accept that I have %een a puppet in the
hands of ideas* %ut not in the hands of men from the secret services here Hin ItalyI
or a%road. (hat is to say that I have voluntarily fought my own war* following the
strategic design that came from my own ideas. (hat is all.*
;
In 3arch 8<<5 General Giandelio 3aletti* former head of Italian counter -
intelligence* suggested that next to the Gladio secret army* the Italian secret service
and a group of Italian right-wing terrorists* the massacres which had discredited
the Italian Communists had also %een supported %y the $hite ,ouse in $ashington
and the 0S secret service CI'. 't a trial of right-wing extremists accused to
have %een involved in the /iaDDa :ontana massacre* 3aletti testifiedG *(he CI'#
following the directives of its government* wanted to create an Italian nationalism
capa%le of halting what it saw as a slide to the left* and* for this purpose* it may
have made use of right-wing terrorism.* *(he impression was that the 'mericans
would do anything to stop Italy from sliding to the left** the General explained
and addedG *Con*t forget that &ixon was in charge and &ixon was a strange man*
a very intelligent politician* %ut a man of rather unorthodox initiatives.* In retrospect
the 76-year-old 3aletti offered criticism and regretG *Italy has %een dealt with
as a sort of protectorate* of the 0nited States. *I am ashamed to thin) that we
are still su%Aect to special supervision.*
6
'lready in the 567<s and 56=<s the Italian parliament* within which the
Communist and Socialist parties controlled a large share of the power* had %ecome
increasingly alarmed %y the fact that a seemingly endless chain of mysterious
massacres shoc)ed the country without that the terrorists nor the people %ehind
them could %e identified. 'lthough rumours among the Italian left already at the
time had it that the mysterious acts of violence represented a form of undeclared
secret warfare of the 0nited States against the Italian Communists* the far-fetched
theory could not %e proven. (hen* in 56== the Italian Senate esta%lished a special
investigative parliamentary commission presided %y Senator +i%ero Gualtieri
under the telling name of */arliamentary Commission of the Italian Senate for the
Investigation of terrorism in Italy and the reasons why the individuals responsi%le for
the massacres could not %e identifiedG (errorism* the massacres and the political-
historical contest.*
7
(he wor) of the parliamentary investigation proved to %e
extremely difficult. $itnesses withheld testimony. Cocuments were destroyed.
'nd the commission itself* made up of the competing political parties from the
Italian left and the Italian right* was split on what exactly the historical truth in Italy
was* and disagreed on how many of its sensitive findings should %e presented to
the pu%lic.
?udge Casson* meanwhile from the testimonies of /eteano terrorist BincenDo
Binciguerra and the documents he had discovered* started to understand the
' (11O1I S( '(('C2 I & I ('+Y
complex secret military strategy that had %een employed. ,e gradually started to
understand that he was dealing not with private* %ut with state terrorism* paid %y tax
money. 0nder the name *strategy of tension* the massacres aimed to create tension
among the entire population. (he right-wing extremists and their supporters
within &'(O feared that the Italian Communists would %ecome too powerful
and hence in an attempt to *desta%ilise in order to sta%ilise* the secret right-wing
soldiers lin)ed to the Gladio armies carried out massacres* which they %lamed
on the left. *'s far as the secret services are concerned the /eteano a ac) is
part of what has %een called Fthe strategy of tensionF*# ?udge Casson explained
the strategy to non-experts in a BBC documentation on Gladio. s to say* to
create tension within the country to promote conservative* reactionary social and
political tendencies. $hile this strategy was %eing implemented* it was
necessary to protect those %ehind it %ecause evidence implicating them was %eing
discovered. $itnesses withheld information to cover right-wing extremists.*
8
1ight-wing terrorist Binciguerra* who li)e others with contacts to the Gladio
%ranch of the Italian military secret service* had %een )illed for his political
conviction* relatedG @You had to attac) civilians* the people# women* children*
innocent people* un)nown people far removed from any political game. (he
reason was -uite simple. (hey were supposed to force these people* the Italian
pu%lic* to turn to the State to as) for greater security. (his is the political logic
that lies %ehind all the massacres and the %om%ings which remain unpunished*
%ecause the State cannot convict itself or declare itself responsi%le for what
happened.*
9
(he monstrosity of the dia%olic plan was only slowly %eing uncovered* and still
today a great num%er of missing lin)s remain and a%ove all original documents
are lac)ing. *$ith the massacre of /eteano* and with all those that have followed**
Binciguerra explained on trial in 56=>* *the )nowledge should %y now %e clear
that there existed a real live structure* occult and hidden* with the capacity of giving a
strategic direction to the outrages*. (he structure* he said* *lies within the state
itself. (here exists in Italy a secret force parallel to the armed forces* composed
of civilians and military men* in an anti-Soviet capacity that is* to organise a
resistance on Italian soil against a 1ussian army*. $ithout giving the code name
this testimony revealed the &'(O-lin)ed Gladio secret stay-%ehind army. It is*
Binciguerra explained* *a secret organisation* a super-organisation with a networ) of
communications* arms and explosives* and men trained to use them*. Binciguerra
disclosed that this *super-organisation which* lac)ing a Soviet military invasion
which might not happen* too) up the tas)* on &'(O*s %ehalf* of preventing a slip to
the left in the political %alance of the country. (his they did* with the assistance of
the official secret services and the political and military forces.*
10
3ore than two decades have passed since right-wing terrorist Binciguerra had
offered this far-reaching testimony* which for the first time in Italy*s history lin)ed
%oth the Gladio stay-%ehind and &'(O directly to the terrorist massacres that the
country had suffered from. Only now* years later* does a larger research pu%lic
understand what Binciguerra actually meant* as the existence of the secret stay-
%ehind networ) has %een confirmed and the arms and explosives had %een dug
up.
' (11O1I S( '(('C2 I & I ('+Y
Is Binciguerra thus a credi%le sourceJ (he events following the trial suggest
that he is. (he secret army was discovered in 566<. 'nd in what amounted to an
indirect confirmation that the right-wing terrorist had revealed the truth*
Binciguerra immediately lost all higher protection he had enAoyed during the
previous years. In mar)ed contrast to other right-wing terrorists that had
colla%orated with the Italian military secret service and wal)ed free*
Binciguerra after his revelations was sentenced for life and imprisoned.
But Binciguerra had not %een the first to draw the lin) %etween Gladio# &'(O
and the massacres* he had not %een the first to reveal the Gladio conspiracy in
Italy. In 567> the Italian investigating Audge Giovanni (am%urino in the course
of his investigation into right-wing terrorism in Italy had ta)en the unprecedented
step of arresting General Bito 3iceli* the chief of the Italian military secret
service SIC on the charge of *promoting* setting up# and organising* together
with others* a secret association of military and civilians aimed at provo)ing an
armed insurrection to %ring a%out an illegal change in the constitution of the
state and the form of government*.
55
3iceli* previously responsi%le for the &'(O Security Office* on trial on
&ovem%er 57* 567> furiously revealed the existence of the Gladio army hidden
as a special %ranch of the military secret service SICG *' Super SIC on my
ordersJ Of courseK But I have not organised it myself to ma)e a coup d*.tat. (his
was the 0nited States and &'(O who as)ed me to do itK*
58
$ith his excellent
transatlantic contacts 3iceli got off lightly. ,e was released on %ail and spent six
months in a military hospital. :orced %y the investigations of ?udge Casson*
/rime 3inister 'ndreotti 5E years later exposed the Gladio secret in front of the
Italian parliament. (his angered 3iceli greatly. Shortly %efore his death in
Octo%er I66< he shoutedG @I have gone to prison %ecause I did not want to reveal
the existence of this super secret organisation. 'nd now 'ndreotti comes along
and tells it to /arliamentK*
54
In prison /eteano %om%er Binciguerra explained to Audge Casson that not only
Ordine &uovo %ut also other prominent Italian right-wing organisations such as
'vanguardia &aDionale had cooperated with the military secret service and the
Gladio secret army to wea)en the political left in ItalyG *(he terrorist line was
followed %y camouflaged people* people %elonging to the security apparatus* or
those lin)ed to the state apparatus through rapport or colla%oration. I say that
every single outrage that followed from 56E6 fitted into a single organised
matrix.* 1ight-wing terrorist and Ordine &uovo mem%er Binciguerra explained
that he and his fellow right-wing extremists had %een recruited to cooperate with
the Gladio secret army to carry out the most %loody operationsG @'vanguardia
&aDionale* li)e Ordine &uovo* were %eing mo%ilised into the %attle as part of an
anti-Communist strategy originating not with organisations deviant from the
institutions of power. %ut from the state itself* and specifically from within the
am%it of the state*s relations within the 'tlantic 'lliance.*
5>
?udge Casson was alarmed at what he had found. In an attempt to eradicate this
rotten core of the state he followed the traces of the mysterious Gladio under -
ground a r my wh i c h had manipulated Italian politics during the Cold $ar and
in
' (11O1I S( '(('C2 I & I ('+Y
?anuary 566< re-uested permission from the highest Italian authorities to
extend his research to the archives of the Italian military secret service ServiDio
informaDioni sicureDDa 3ilitare !SIS3I"* until 567= )nown as SIC. In ?uly
566<* Italian /rime 3inister Giulio 'ndreotti consented and allowed ?udge
Casson to research in the archives of /alaDDo Braschi* the head-uarters of
SIS3I in 1ome. It was inside /alaDDo Braschi where Casson discovered the
documents* which proved for the first time that a secret army code-named
Gladio existed in Italy as a su%-%ranch of the military secret service with the
tas) to carry out unorthodox warfare. 3oreover Casson found documents that
connected %oth the %iggest military alliance of the world* &'(O* and the
world*s only remaining superpower* the 0nited States* to Gladio*
su%version* and right-wing terrorists in Italy and also other countries in
$estern urope. (his )nowledge meant that Casson for some time was in
serious danger* of which he was aware* for Italian Audges with too much
)nowledge had %een shot in the streets of Italy %eforeG *:rom ?uly until Octo- %er
566< I was the only one who )new something Ha%out operation GladioI# this
could have %een unfortunate for me.*
5;
's Casson survived* the )not unravelled. Based on the documents he had dis-
covered* Casson contacted the parliamentarian commission* which under Senator
+i%ero Gualtieri was investigating the massacres and terrorism. Gualtieri and his
fellow Senators were greatly worried %y the findings which Casson had made and
agreed that the investigation into the Gladio secret army had to %e included in the
wor) of the commission* for it represented the )ey to %oth the massacres and the
reasons why they had remained mysterious for so many years. On 'ugust 8* 566<
the Senators ordered the head of the Italian executive* /rime 3inister Giulio
'ndreotti* *to inform the parliament within sixty days with respect to the existence*
characteristics and purpose of a parallel and occult structure which is said to have
operated within our secret service of the military with the aim to condition the
political life of the country* .5E
(he next day# on 'ugust 4# 566<* /rime 3inister 'ndreotti too) a stand in
front of the parliamentary commission and for the first time in Italy*s post-war
history confirmed as acting mem%er of the Italian government that a &'(O-lin)ed
secret security structure had existed in the country. 'ndreotti assured the
Senators that he would present a written report to the parliamentary commission
on the secret security structure within E< daysG *I will present to the Commission a
very precise report which I have as)ed the Cefence Cepartment to prepare. It
is a%out the activities %ased on &'(O planning that have %een started for the
eventuality of an attac) and occupation of Italy or parts of Italy. 's far as I have
%een informed %y the secret services such activities have continued until 5678.
'fter that it was decided that they were no longer necessary. I will provide the
Commission with all the necessary documentation* %e it on the pro%lem in general*
%e it on the specific findings made %y Audge Casson in the context of his
investigations into the /eteano massacre.*
17
'ged 75 at the time of his Gladio testimony* Giulio 'ndreotti* is not a regular
source %y any standards. 't the time of his testimony he loo)ed hac) on a lifelong
' (11O1I S( '(('C2 5& I ('+Y
political career with pro%a%ly no parallels in any country of $estern urope. 's
the leading representative of the conservative Christian Cemocratic /arty
!CemocraDia Cristiana Italiana* CCI"* which had functioned as a %ulwar) against
the /CI during the entire Cold $ar* 'ndreotti had enAoyed the support of the
0nited States. ,e personally )new all 0S presidents* and %y many within and
outside Italy was considered to %e the most powerful politician of Italy*s :irst
1epu%lic !56>;-5664".
'lthough the governments in Italy*s fragile :irst 1epu%lic had changed in
short intervals 'ndreotti throughout the Cold $ar had cunningly managed to
remain in power in numerous coalitions and had thus esta%lished himself as the
dominant presence in the Italian government residence at /alaDDo Chigi in 1ome.
Born in 1ome in 5656* 'ndreotti %ecame 3inister of the Interior at the age of 4;*
and thereafter esta%lished an unprecedented record %y holding the office of /rime
3inister seven times* and serving furthermore 85 times as 3inister* of
which six times as :oreign 3inister. ,is admirers compared him with ?ulius
Cesar and called him *divine Giulio** while his critics have accused him of %eing
the -uintessential %ac)-room wheeler-dealer and nic)named him *the uncle*.
'llegedly 'ndreotti*s favourite gangster movie was *Good fellows* for 1o%ert
Ce &iro*s line *never rat on your friends and always )eep your mouth shut*.
3ost agreed that it was part of 'ndreotti*s strategy which had allowed divine
Giulio to survive a large num%er of Italy*s intrigues and crimes* many of which
he was directly involved in.
5=
By exposing Operation Gladio and the secret armies of &'(O *the uncle* had
%ro)en his silence. 's the :irst 1epu%lic collapsed with the end of the Cold $ar*
powerful 'ndreotti* then an old man* was dragged in front of numerous courts in
Italy which accused him of having manipulated the political institutions* of
having cooperated with the mafia and of having given secret orders according
to which opponents were assassinated. *(he ?ustice system has gone craDy**
acting Italian /rime 3inister Silvio Berlusconi shouted when in &ovem%er
8<<8 the appeals court in /erugia sentenced 'ndreotti for 8> years in prison. 's
the Audges received death threats and were put under police protection* the television
channels interrupted their %roadcasting on the Italian foot%all league to report that
'ndreotti had %een found guilty for having given 3afia %oss Gaetano
Badalamenti the order to )ill investigative Aournalist 3ino /ecorelli in 5676 in
order to cover up the truth on the assassination of 'ldo 3oro* the chairman of the
CCI. (he Catholic Church attempted to save the reputation of divine Giulio when
Cardinal :iorenDo 'ngelini* upon learning the shattering news* declaredG *'lso
?esus Christ was crucified %efore his resurrection.* Yet despite all the alarm
'ndreotti did not end up %ehind prison %ars as the verdicts were overruled in
Octo%er 8<<4 and *the uncle* wal)ed free.
Curing the first Gladio revelations in front of the Italian Senators on 'ugust 4*
566< *the uncle* had with reference to the secret stay-%ehind army cunningly
claimed that *such activities have continued until 5678* in order to limit the personal
damage which loomed. :or in 567> as acting Cefence 3inister 'ndreotti had
gone on the
' (11O1I S( '(('C2 I & I ('+Y
record stating to a Audicial in-uiry investigating right-wing massacresG *I can say
that the head of the secret services has repeatedly and une-uivocally excluded the
existence of a hidden organisation of any type or siDe.*
56
In 567= he made a similar
testimony in front of Audges investigating a right-wing %om%ing in 3ilan.
$hen the Italian press revealed that the secret Gladio army* far from having
%een closed down in 5678 was still active 'ndreotti*s lie collapsed. (hereafter in
'ugust and Septem%er 566<* li)e seldom %efore during his time in office*
'ndreotti very actively transferred international messages* searched contacts and
had meetings with numerous am%assadors.
8<<
's international support was not
forthcoming* the /rime 3inister* fearing for his power* went into the offensive
and attempted to highlight the responsi%ility of the $hite ,ouse in the 0nited
States and numerous other governments in $estern urope who had all not
only conspired in the secret war against the Communists %ut actively
participated in it. In order to draw attention to the involvement of foreign nations*
'ndreotti employed an effective %ut somewhat aw)ward strategy. On Octo%er 5=*
566< he sent his messenger to wal) in a great hurry the few steps from the
government residence at /alaDDo Chigi in 1ome to /iaDDa San 3acuto where the
parliamentary commission resided. (he messenger delivered 'ndreotti*s report
entitled *(he so called F/arallel SICF L (he Gladio Case* to the secretary at the
reception of /alaDDo Chigi. ' mem%er of the parliamentary commission* Senator
1o%erto Ciciomessere* heard %y coincidence that 'ndreotti*s report had arrived and
passed %y the secretary at /alaDDo Chigi. 0pon loo)ing through the text the
Senator was mightily surprised* for in it 'ndreotti provided not only a %rief
description of operation Gladio# %ut contrary to his 'ugust 4 statement admitted
also that the occult Gladio organisation was still active.
Senator Ciciomessere as)ed for a photocopy* yet this was denied* as
according to standing procedures* first the /resident of the commission* Senator
Gualtieri* was to read the report. Yet Gualtieri never got to read this first version
of 'ndreotti*s report on operation Gladio. :or exactly when Gualtieri was a%out to put
the sensitive document into his %riefcase three days later to ta)e it home and read
it over the wee)end the telephone rang* and on the phone was the /rime
3inister himself who told the Senator that he immediately needed his report
hac) *%ecause a few passages need rewor)ing*. Gualtieri was annoyed %ut
assented reluctantly and sent the document %ac) to 'ndreotti*s /alaDDo Chigi
after photocopies had %een made.
85
(he unusual manoeuvres of Giulio
'ndreotti sent a roar through Italy and heightened the attention. (he
newspapers headlined *Operation Giulio* in a word play on *Operation Gladio*
and %etween ;<*<<< and ><<*<<< annoyed* scared and angry people organised
%y the /CI marched through central 1ome in one of the %iggest demonstrations
in the capital for years chanting and carrying %annersG *$e want truth.* Some
marchers dressed up as Gladiators. $hile /CI leader 'chille Occhetto told the
crowd in the central /iaDDa del /opolo that this march will force the
government to reveal the dar) secrets long held %ac)G *$e are here to o%tain
truth and transparency.. 88
On Octo%er 8> Senator Gualtieri had 'ndreotti*s report on the */arallel SIC*
%ac) in his hands. Shortened %y two pages this final version was now only
ten
A TERRORIST ATTACK IN ITALY
pages long. Senator Gualtieri compared it with the photocopies made of the first
version and immediately noted that sensitive parts especially on the international
connection and similar secret organisations in other countries had %een cut out.
:urthermore the secret parallel organisation* which %efore had %een spo)en of in
the present tense implying continuous existence* was now spo)en of in the past
tense. (he aw)ward strategy of 'ndreotti to send in a document* withdraw and
amend it* only to provide it anew* could thus hide nothing. O%servers agreed that
the manoeuvre necessarily drew attention exactly to the amended parts* hence the
international dimension of the affair* in order to ta)e away some weight from
'ndreotti*s shoulders. But no international support was forthcoming.
In his final report 'ndreotti explained that Gladio had %een conceived as a
networ) of clandestine resistance within &'(O countries to confront an eventual
Soviet invasion. 'fter the war the Italian military secret service ServiDio di
InformaDioni delle :orDe 'rmate !SI:'1" predecessor of the SIC* and the CI' had
signed *an accord relative to the Forganisation and activity of the post-occupation
clandestine networ)F* an accord commonly referred to as Stay Behind* in which all
preceding commitments relevant to matters concerning Italy and the 0nited States
were reconfirmed*. (he cooperation %etween the CI' and the Italian military
secret service* as 'ndreotti explained in the document* was supervised and
coordinated %y secret non-orthodox warfare centres of &'(OG *Once the clandestine
resistance organisation was constituted* Italy was called upon to participate...in the
wor)s of the CC/ !Clandestine /lanning Committee" of 56;6* operating within the
am%it of S,'/ H&'(O*s Supreme ,ead-uarters 'llied /owers urope ...9 in
56E> the Italian secret service also entered the 'CC !'llied Clandestine
Committee".*
84
(he secret Gladio army* as 'ndreotti revealed* was well armed. (he e-uipment
provided %y the CI' was %uried in 546 hiding spots across the country in forests*
meadows and even under churches and cemeteries. 'ccording to the
explanations of 'ndreotti the Gladio caches included *porta%le arms*
ammunition* explosives* hand grenades* )nives and daggers* E<mm mortars*
several ;7 mm recoilless rifles* sniper rifles* radio transmitters* %inoculars and
various tools*.
8>
'ndreotti*s sensational testimony did not only lead to an outcry
concerning the corruption of the government and the CI' among the press and
the population* %ut also to a hunt for the secret arms caches. /adre Giuciano
recalls the day when the press came to search for the hidden Gladio secrets in
his church with am%iguous feelingsG @I was forewarned in the afternoon when
two Aournalists from F55 GaDDettinoF as)ed me if I )new anything a%out arms
deposits here at the church. (hey started to dig right here and found two %oxes
right away. (hen the text also said a thirty centimetres from the window. So they
came over here and dug down. One %ox was )ept aside %y them %ecause it
contained a phosphorous %om%. (hey sent the Cara%inieri outside whilst two
experts opened this %ox* another had two machine guns in it. 'll the guns were
new* in perfect shape. (hey had never %een used.*
25
Contrary to the testimony of right-wing terrorist Binciguerra of the 56=<s*
'ndreotti stressed in his 566< report that the Italian military secret service in
general as well as the Gladio mem%ers in particular had nothing to do with the
terror that
A TERRORIST ATTACK IN ITALY
Italy had suffered from. ,e explained that all Gladiators %efore their
recruitment had gone through intensive testing and were chosen %ased on
the *rigorous application* of the Secret Service 'ct to ensure their *scrupulous
fidelity to the values of the anti-fascist repu%lican constitution* and to exclude
anyone who held administrative or political office. 3oreover* the law re-uired
that* as 'ndreotti noted* *the preselected su%Aects do not have a penal record* do
not parta)e in active politics* nor participate in any sort of extremist movement*.
8E
't the same time 'ndreotti stressed that the mem%ers of the networ) could
not %e -uestioned %y Audges and that mem%er names and further details on the
secret army were classified. (he *operation* on account of its current forms of
organisation and application L as foreseen %y &'(O directives and integrated
into its relative planning L is to %e carried out and refined in a framewor) of
a%solute secrecy.*
87
(he 'ndreotti revelations on the *parallel SIC* shoc)ed Italy. :or many* a
secret CI' &'(O army in Italy and %eyond seemed hardly credi%le. $as
such a structure at all legalJ (he Italian daily La Stampa harshly commentedG *&o
raison d*.tat could %e worth maintaining* covering up or defending a secret
military structure composed of ideologically selected mem%ers L dependent upon*
or at least under the influence of* a foreign power L that allegedly serves as an
instrument of political struggle. &o definition could %e given to it other than
high treason and an attac) on the Constitution.*
28
In the Italian Senate
representatives of the Green /arty* the Communists and the Independent +eftist
/arty accused the government of having used the Gladio units for domestic
surveillance and acts of terror to condition the political climate. '%ove all the
Italian Communists /arty !/CI" was convinced that not foreign armies %ut they
themselves had %een the true target of the Gladio armies during the entire post-
war period. Commentators insisted that @with this mysterious /arallel SIC*
conAured up to head off an impossi%le coup %y the left* we have seriously ris)ed
ma)ing a coup d*.tat %y the right possi%le ... $e cannot accept that ... this
super SIC was passed off as a military instrument destined to operate Fin case of
enemy occupationF. (he true enemy is only and has always %een the Italian
Communist party* i.e. an internal enemy.*
86
0nwilling to shoulder the %lame alone /rime 3inister 'ndreotti on the very
same day that he presented his final Gladio report stepped in front of the Italian
parliament and declaredG *ach chief of government has %een informed of the
existence of Gladio*.
30
(his caused massive em%arrassment and compromised*
among others* former Socialist /rime 3inister Bettino Craxi !56=4-56=7"* former
/rime 3inister Giovanni Spadolini of the 1epu%lican /arty !56=5-56=8" who at
the time of 'ndreotti*s revelations was /resident of the Senate* former /rime
3inister 'rnaldo :orlani !56=<-56=5" who in 566< was serving as secretary of
the ruling CCI# and a%ove all former /rime 3inister :rancesco Cossiga
!567=-5676" who in 566< was the acting Italian /resident. (he high-ran)ing
magistrates thus drawn into the a%yss %y 'ndreotti reacted with confusion. Craxi
claimed that he had not %een informed* until he was confronted with a document
on Gladio he had signed himself as /rime 3inister. Spadolini and :orlani also
suffered from general amnesia* %ut later had to ma)e smaller amendments to their
statements. Spadolini to
A T E R R O R I S T AT T A C K I N I T A LY
the amusement of the Italian pu%lic stressed that there was a difference %etween what
he )new as former Cefence Secretary and what he )new as former /rime 3inister.
Only :rancesco Cossiga* Italian /resident since 56=;* proudly confirmed his
part in the conspiracy. Curing an official visit he paid to Scotland he pointed out
that he was *proud and happy* for his %it in setting the secret army up as Aunior
Cefence 3inister of the CCI in the 56;<s.
45
,e declared that all Gladiators were
good patriots and testified that *I consider it a great privilege and an act of trust
that ... I was chosen for this delicate tas) ... I have to say that I*m proud of the
fact that we have )ept the secret for >; years.*
48
$ith his em%racement of the
compromised army lin)ed to terrorism the /resident upon his return to Italy
found himself in the midst of a political storm and re-uests across parties for his
immediate resignation or for his impeachment for high treason. ?udge Casson was
audacious enough to as) head of state Cossiga to testify in front of the investigating
Senate committee. Yet the /resident# no longer happy# angrily refused and threatened
to close down the entire parliamentary Gladio investigationG *I*ll send the law
extending its mandate %ac) to /arliament and* should they re-approve it* I will
have to examine the text anew to see if the conditions exist for the extreme
recourse to an a%solute I/residentiall refusal to promulgate.*
44
(he attac) was
completely without any constitutional grounds and critics started to -uestion the
/resident*s sanity. Cossiga stepped down from the /residency in 'pril 5668 three
months %efore his term expired.
4>
In a pu%lic speech in front of the Italian Senate on &ovem%er 6* 566<* 'ndreotti
stressed once again that &'(O* the 0nited States and numerous countries in
$estern urope including Germany* Greece* Cenmar) and Belgium had %een
involved in the stay-%ehind conspiracy. (o prove this point# classified data was
lea)ed to the press and the Italian political magaDine Panorama pu%lished the
entire document* *(he parallel SIC L Operation Gladio* which 'ndreotti had handed
to the parliamentary Commission. $hen :rance tried to deny its involvement in
the international Gladio networ) 'ndreotti mercilessly declared that :rance as well
had secretly participated in the most recent Gladio 'CC meeting which had ta)en
place in Brussels %ut a few wee)s ago on Octo%er 84 and 8># 566<. (hereupon*
somewhat em%arrassed* also :rance confirmed that it had %een involved in
Gladio. (he international dimension of the secret war could no longer %e denied
and the military scandal swept across $estern urope. :ollowing the geographical
Dones of &'(O mem%ership it thereafter crossed the 'tlantic and also reached
the 0nited States. 'n Italian parliamentary commission investigating Gladio and
the Italian massacres in 8<<< concludedG *(hose massacres* those %om%s* those
military actions had %een organised or promoted or supported %y men inside Italian
state institutions and* as has %een discovered more recently* %y men lin)ed to
the structures of 0nited States intelligence.*
35
8
' SC'&C'+ S,OC2S $S(1&
01O/
?ournalists of foreign newspapers sat around in the press clu% in 1ome in summer
566< and lamented that their paper had a%solutely no nerve for the delicate
Gladio story and its international dimension. :or* the revelations of Italian /rime
3inister Giulio 'ndreotti on 'ugust 4 to the Italian Senators concerning the
existence of a secret &'(O-lin)ed stay-%ehind army across $estern urope had
come at a particularly distur%ing moment. 'ndreotti had made his far-reaching
revelation Aust the day after on 'ugust 8* 566< when Ira-*s dictator Saddam
,ussein had invaded and occupied 2uwait. &ewspaper editors and military
advisers in /aris* +ondon and $ashington feared that the Gladio story might
seriously damage the image of numerous $estern democracies and a%ove all
desta%ilise the preparations for the Second Gulf $ar. :or on 'ugust 8* in &ew
Yor)* the 0nited States* Great Britain and :rance* *alarmed %y the invasion of
2uwait** had with the consent of China and 1ussia in the 0nited &ations Security
Council passed 0& Security Council resolution EE<* ordering *that Ira- withdraw
immediately and unconditionally all its forces to the positions in which they were
located on 5 'ugust 566<*.
$estern and world media thereafter focused on the *Gulf story* and reported
how the 0nited States under /resident George Bush Senior in the world*s largest
military operation since the Second $orld $ar led a large coalition of countries
including Germany* :rance* Great Britain* Belgium* Italy and the &etherlands*
who in Operation Cesert Storm in ?anuary and :e%ruary 566I expelled Saddam
,ussein from 2uwait
i
(hus* -uite %y coincidence* the glo%al media networ)s
fed the world two %iDarre stories at the same timeG a clean war in the Gulf and the
Gladio scandal in urope that did not happen.*@
:ollowing the revelations of Italian /rime 3inister Giulio 'ndreotti the
scandal transgressed the Italian %order when on Octo%er 4<* former Socialist
/rime 3inister of Greece 'ndreas /apandreou confirmed to the Gree) daily
Ta Nea that in 56=> he as well had discovered a secret &'(O structure in Greece
very similar to the Italian Gladio which he had ordered to dissolve. /assionate
calls for a parliamentary investigation of the secret army and its suspected
&O(S
INTRODUCTION
1 British daiy The Times' No!em"er 1#$ 1##%&
2 British daiy The Observer' No!em"er 1'$ 1##%&
1 ( T)RRORI*T (TT(C+ IN IT(,-
1 British daily The Observer, November 18' 1990.
2 .ugh %$ *haughnessy$ Gladio: Europe's best kept secret. They were the
agents who were to $stay "ehind$ i/ the Red (rmy o!erran
0estern )urope& But the networ1 that was set up with the "est
intentions degenerated in some 2ountries into a /ront /or
terrorism and /ar3right poiti2a agitation& In4 British daiy
The Observer' 5une 6$ 1##2&
3 *e2ret ser!i2e resear2hers 7a"ri8io Ca!i and 7rederi2 ,aurent
produ2ed pro"a"y the "est do2umentary on the 9ia88a 7ontana
terror4 Piazza Fontana: Storia di un Complotto "road2asted on De2em"er
11$ 1##6 at '45% p&m& on the Itaian state tee!ision Rai Due& (nd
shown again in its 7ren2h !ersion L' Orchestre Noir: La Strategic de la
tension in two "o21s on Tuesday$ 5anuary 13$ 1##'$ and
0ednesday$ 5anuary 14$ 1##'$ at 2%445 on 7ren2h Channe (rte&
In their do2umentary they :uestion a arge num"er o/ witnesses
in2uding the ;udges that /or years in!estigated the massa2res$
<uido *a!ini and <erardo D$(m"rosio$ as we as right3wing
e=tremists *te/ano Dee Chiaies> (mos *pia88i$ <uido
<iannettini> ?in2en8o ?in2iguerra$ and Captain ,a"runa$ /ormer
9rime @inister <iuio (ndreotti as we as ?i2tor @ar2hetti and
@ar2 0yatt o/ the CI(&
4 Quoted in Giovanni Fasanella e Claudio Sestieri on Giovanni
!elle"rino' Segreto di Stato. La verit du Gladio al caso Mom #$orino% &inaudi
&ditore' '000(' introdution.
5 (an 7ran2o!i2h$ Gladio: The Puppeteers. *e2ond o/ tota three
7ran2o!i2h <adio do2umentaries$ "road2asted on BBC2 on 5une
16$ 1##2&
) !hili* +illan' Terrorists 'helped by CIA' to stop rise of left in Italy. ,n% British
daily The Guardian' -arh ')' '001. +illan is an e.*ert on /S overt
ation in ,taly. 0e *ublished the very valuable boo1 Puppetmasters.
The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy #2ondon% Constable' 1991(.
3 Senato della Repubblica Italian. Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in
Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi: II
terrorismo, le stragi ed it contest storico-politico. $he 4nal re*ort o5 the
ommission 6as *ublished under this title in 1997.
' British daiy tee!ision news program Newsnight on BBC1
on (pri 4> 1##1& # British daiy The Observer' 5une 6$ 1##2&
NOT)*
1% )d& ?uiamy> Secret
agents, freemasons,
fascists . . and a top-level
campaign of political
'destabilisation': 'Strategy
of tension' that brought
carnage and cover-up.
,n% British daily The
Guardian, 8eember 7'
1990.
11 British *olitial
ma"a9ine Statewatch,
:anuary 1991.
12 5ean37ran2ois
Bro88u3<entie$ L'
afaire Gladio A9aris4
)ditions ("in
@i2he& 1##4B& p&
1%5&
1; ,talian *olitial
ma"a9ine Europe,
November 1)< 1990.
14 )d& ?uiamy$ Secret
agents, freemasons,
fascists... and a top-level
campaign of political
'destabilisation': 'Strategy
of tension' that brought
carnage and cover-up. In4
British daiy The
Guardian' De2em"er
5$ 1##%&
15 No author spe2iCed$
Spinne unterm Schafsfell.
In Sudeuropa war die
Guerillatruppe besonders
aktiv auch bei den
Militrputschen in
Griechenland und der
Trkei ?
,n% German ne6s
ma"a9ine Der Spiegel'
Nr. 48' November ')'
1990.
1D @ario Cogitore
Aed&B$ La Notte dei
Gladiatori. Omissioni e
silenzi della Repubblica
A9ado!a4 Ca2us2a
)di8ioni> 1##2B$ p&
131&
13 Quoted in Co"litore'
Gladiatori' *. 1;'.
1' 7or an e=2eent
"iography o/
(ndreotti$ see
Regine Ige$ Andreotti.
Politik zwischen
Geheimdienst und Mafa
A@un2hen4 .er"ig
?erag$ 1##6B&
19 British daily The
Guardian' 8eember 7'
1990.
2% ,eo @uer$ Gladio
das Erbe des Kalten
Krieges. Der Nato-
Geheimbund und sein
deutscher Vorlaufer
A.am"urg4
Rowoht$ 1##1B$ p&
2D&
21 7or a detaied
des2ription o/ the
se:uen2e o/ e!ents
see the Itaian
newspapers La
Repubblica, Corriere della
Sera and La Stampa o/
O2to"er 24$ 1##%&
22 No author
spe2iCed$ 50,000 seek
truth about secret team.
In4 Canadian daiy
The Toronto Star'
No!em"er 1'$
1##%&
23 7ran2o 7erraresi$
( secret structure
codenamed Gladio. InG
Italian Politics. A Review'
1##2$ p& 3%&
7erraresi :uotes
dire2ty /rom the
do2ument (ndreotti
had handed o!er to
the pariamentary
2ommission& The
Itaian daiy L' Unita
pu"ished "oth the
Crst and the se2ond
!ersion o/
(ndreotti$s
do2ument in a
spe2ia edition on
No!em"er 14$ 1##%&
(so 5ean 7ran2ois
Bro88u <entie
gi!es the /u te=t o/
(ndreotti EII *ID
paraeo F
Opera8ione <adio$
Ain 7ren2h
transationB& *ee
<entie$ Gladio'
(ppendi=&
'4 Ferraresi' Gladio' *.
;0' =uotin" diretly
5rom the >ndreotti
doument.
25 9adre <iu2iano
testi/ying in /ront o/
his 2hur2h in (an
7ran2o!i2h$ Gladio:
The Puppeteers. *e2ond
o/ the tota three
7ran2o!i2h <adio
do2umentaries$
"road2asted on
BBC2 on 5une 16$
1##2&
8E 7erraresi$ Gladio' p& 31$
:uoting dire2ty /rom
the (ndreotti do2ument&
26 I"id&
'8 >s =uoted in
Ferraresi' Gladio' *. ;1.
'9 Norberto Bobbio as
=uoted in Ferraresi'
Gladio' *. ;'.
;0 -ilner< Gladio, *. '3.
;1 British daily The
Observer' November 18<
1990.
;' ,nternational ne6s
servie Reuters'
November 1'' 1990.
;; Ferraresi' Gladio' *.
;'.
;4 British *eriodial The
Economist' -arh ;0<
1991.
35 Senato della
Repubblica.
Commissione
parlamentare d'inchiesta
sul terrorism in Italia e
sulle cause della mancata
individuazione dei
responsabiliy delle stragi:
Stragi e terrorismo in
Italia dal dopoguerra al
1974. Rea8ione de
<ruppo
Demo2rati2i di
*inistra $Ui!o&
Roma 5une 2%%%& (s
:uoted in 9hiip
0ian> US
'supported anti-left terror
in Italy'. Report claims
Washington used a
strategy of tension in the
cold war to stabilise the
centre-right. In4 British
daiy The Guardian,
5une 24> 2%%%&
NOT)*
2 ( *C(ND(,
*.OC+* 0)*T)RN
)URO9)
I The 2oaition
in2uded +uwait& the
United *tates$ *audi
(ra"ia$ <reat
Britain$ 7ran2e& the
Netherands$ )gypt>
*yria$ Oman> Gatar$
Bahrain$ United (ra"
)mirates> Israe&
(/ghanistan>
Bangadesh$
Canada$ Begium$
C8e2hoso!a1ia$
<ermany$
.onduras> Itay$
Niger$ Romania and
*outh +orea& On
No!em"er 2#> 1##%
the UN *e2urity
Coun2i issued with
resoution D6' an
utimatum and
authorised the
/or2es 2ooperating
with +uwait to use
$a ne2essary means
&&& to restore word
pea2e and
internationa
se2urity in the
area$$ i/ Ira: shoud
not withdraw /rom
+uwait unti
5anuary 15$ 1##1&
(s *addam .ussein
did not respe2t the
UN utimatum
Operation Desert
*torm under U*
2ommand "egan
with a massi!e air
atta21 on 5anuary
16$ 1##1 /oowed
on 7e"ruary 24 "y
the in!asion o/ aied
and /or2es& The
Ira:i /or2es were
:ui21y de/eated and
on 7e"ruary 26$
+uwait City was
i"erated& The
/oowing day a
2oaition Cghting
ended& (s many as
1%%$%%% Ira:i troops
are estimated to
ha!e died whie
deaths o/ 2oaition
troops totaed a"out
36%& On @ar2h 3$
1##1 Ira: a22epted
the 2easeCre and
*addam .ussein
remained in power&
2 ,eo @uer$ Gladio. Das
Erbe des Kalten Krieges.
Der NATO Geheimbund
and sein deutscher
Vorlaufer A.amurg4
Rowoht$ 1## I "* p&
26&
3 No author spe2iCed$
Spinne unterm Schafsfell.
In Sdeuropa war die
Guerillatruppe besonders
aktiv auch bei den
Militrputschen in
Griechenland und der
Trkei?
In4 <erman news
maga8ine Der Spiegel'
Nr& 4'$ No!em"er 2D$
1##%&
4 9resse3 und
In/ormationsamt der
Bundesregierung&
9ressemitteiung Nr&
455H#%> dur2h .ans
+ein$ No!em"er 14$
1##%& *ee aso
@uer$ Gladio' p& 3%&
5 No author spe2iCed$
Das blutige Schwert der
CIA. Nachrichten aus dem
Kalten Krieg: In ganz
Europa gibt es geheime
NATO Kommandos, die
dem Feind aus dem Osten
widerstehen sollen. Kanzler,
Verteidigungsminister und
Bundeswehrgenerale
wussten angeblich von
nichts. Die Spuren fhren
nach Pullach, zur 'stay-
behind organisation' des
Bundesnachrichtendienstes
. In4 <erman wee1y
news maga8ine Der
Spiegel' No!em"er 1#$
1##%&
D Guoted in @Ier$
Gladio' p& 14&
6 I"id&$ p& 65&
' No author spe2iCed$
Das blutige Schwert der
CIA. Nachrichten aus dem
Kalten Krieg: In ganz
Europa gibt es geheime
NATO Kommandos, die
dem Feind aus dem Osten
widerstehen sollen. Kanzler,
Verteidigungsminister und
Bundeswehrgenerale
wussten angeblich von
nichts. Die Spuren fhren
nach Pullach, zur 'stay-
behind organisation' des
Bundesnachrichtendienstes
. In4 <erman wee1y
news maga8ine Der
Spiegel' No!em"er 1#$
1##%&
# Guoted in 5an
de!0iems$ Gladio
ABrusses4 )ditions )9O$
1##1B$ p& 13&
1% 0iems$ Gladio' p& 13&
11 *enate de Begi:ue4
)n:uJte
parementaire sur
A$e=isten2e en
Begi:ue d$un rKsau
de renseignements
2andestin
internationa&
Rapport /ait au nom
de a 2ommission
d$en:uJte par @@&
)rdman et
.as:euin& Brusses&
O2to"er 1$ 1##1&
58 0iems$ Gladio' p& 14&
13 Internationa news
agen2y Associated Press,
No!em"er 11$ 1##%&
14 3uller* Gladio' p& 3%&
15 7ren2h daiy Le Monde'
No!em"er 13$ 1##%&
*ee aso *wiss
wee1y Wochenzeitung'
De2em"er 14$ 1##%&
1D 5ean37ran2ois
Bro88u3<entie$ L'
afaire Gladio A9aris4
)ditions ("ain
@i2he$ 1##4B$ p&
14%&
16 7ren2h daiy Le
Monde' No!em"er 14>
1##%& Internationa
news agen2y Reuters,
No!em"er 12> 1##%&
British daiy The
Guardian' No!em"er
14$ 1##%&
1' Compare <entie>
Gladio' p& 141&
1# British daiy The
Guardian' No!em"er 14>
1##%&
&O(S
8< 1ichard &orton (aylor* Secret Italian unit 'trained in Britain'. InG British daily The
Guardian' &ovem%er 57* 566<.
85 ,ugh <* Shaughnessy* Gladio: Europe's best kept secret. (hey were the agents
who were to *stay %ehind* if the 1ed 'rmy overran western urope. But the net -
wor) that was set up with the %est intentions degenerated in some countries into a
front for terrorism and far-right political agitation. InG British daily The Observer,
?une 7* 5668.
88 International news service Associated Press' &ovem%er 5>* 566<. (he entire text
of +u%%er*s letter to parliament is reprinted in Cutch in the Cutch daily NRC
Handelsblatt in the edition of &ovem%er 5> 566<G 'Brief premier Lubbers "geheime
organisatie"'. It is also contained as 2amerstu) &r. 85=6; among the official
papers of the Cutch parliament.
23 International news agency Associated Press, November 14' 1990
24 !"oted in f"ll in t#e $"%emb"rg daily' Luxemburger Wort' November 1&' 1990
2& 'ritis# daily The Guardian' November 10( 1990
2) Port"g"ese daily Diana De Noticias' November 1*( 1990
87 ?oao /aulo Guerra* 'Gladio' actuou em Portugal. InG /ortuguese daily 0 Jornal'
&ovem%er 5E* 566<.
8= Calvo Sotelo asegura que Espana no fue informada, cuando entry en la OTAN, de la
existencia de Gladio. Moran sostiene que no oyo hablar de la red clandestina mientras
fue ministro de Exteriores. InG Spanish daily El Pais' &ovem%er 85* 566<.
29 +anis# daily Berlingske Tidende' November 2&' 1990
30 International news service Associated Press' November 14' 1990
45 Serdar Celi)* Turkey's Killing Machine: The Contra Guerrilla Force. OnlineG !httpGMM
www.oDgurlu).orgMmhpM<<E5.html" ,is sourceG Interview with the /resident of the
(ur)ish General Staff Cogan Gures. InG (ur)ish daily Milliyet' Septem%er ;* 5668.
48 +ucy 2omisar* Turkey's terrorists: A CIA legacy lives on. InG The Progressive' 'pril
5667.
44 I%id.
4> ,ugh /ope* Turkey Promoted Death Squads and Drug Trafcking. Prime Minister's
Probe of 566E Car Crash Scandal Excoriates Rival Mrs Ciller. InG 0S periodical Wall
Street Journal' ?anuary 8E# 566=.
4; (he mem%ers of the 0 in &ovem%er 566< wereG :rance* Germany* Italy* Belgium#
the &etherlands* +uxem%urg* Cenmar)* Ireland* Great Britain* Greece' Spain and
/ortugal.
4E Ce%ates of the uropean /arliament* &ovem%er 88* 566<. Official transcripts.
47 I%id.
4= I%id.
46 I%id.
>< I%id.
>5 1esolution of the uropean /arliament on the Gladio 'ffair* &ovem%er 88# 566<.