www.singaporestudent.

com Cover
Cecil Sie's book on
MOL
CALCULATION
chemistry has never been easier !
So easy that it's virtually
impossible not to unerstan!
this book contains "
# step by step $orkin%s on &uestions
# mistakes that stuents usually o
# tips on ho$ to o the &uestion 'aster
# trick &uestions that teachers set to
trick unsuspectin% stuents
(that's you !!)
*ou are %oin% to unerstan this topic!
I am sure o' that!
I have teste this book to my tuition stuents!
(Sorry 'olks+ I $as usin% you as my %uinea pi%s!)
They %et unerstan mol calculation a'ter that!
,uy me! -lease! *ou'll thank me later!
my $ebsite
$$$!sin%aporestuent!com
my email
cecil.sin%aporestuent!com
copyri%ht /001 " Cecil Sis$ai Setiahar2a
www.singaporestudent.com Foreword
3ore$or
This is my 'irst chemistry book that I try to sell!
So 'ar I mae t$o chemistry books that no publisher
are $illin% to publish! That's $hy you see those
esperate plea on the cover o' this book!
Thanks 'or buyin% this book! I 'eel so happy I coul
cry!
4hat I am tryin% to o here is to make the chemistry
lessons as painless as humanly possible! 4hen I %ive
tuition to my stuents+ I 'oun out that they can
unerstan better i' I or%anise the calculations in
the 'orm o' tables! So you'll see lots o' tables
in this book!
This book is suitable 'or stuents $ho 'eel very
insecure about chemistry! *ou 'in the ri%ht book!
No$ you $ill unerstan chemistry easily!
I esi%n the &uestions in such a $ay that it is
impossible 'or you not to unerstan!
5appy learnin% !
Sincerely yours+
Cecil Sie
author 6 tutor
Special thanks to "
7aniel 4oo 8 my e9 collea%ue
7: Subramaniam :amahan 8 my mentor
last but not least+
;elika Lie 8 my $i'e
www.singaporestudent.com Feedback
3eeback 3orm
I am sure that you are %oin% to en2oy reain% an
oin% e9ercises in this book! 4hen you have 'inishe+
I $ant you to o me a 'avour " %ive any 'eeback to me
you can sen it usin% email i' you like!
Sen it to " cecil.sin%aporestuent!com
Or you can 2ust 'ill up the 'orm belo$ an sen it
I have 'inishe reain% your book on
MOL CALCULATION+ an "
I think the book is very very %oo+
you shoul %et a Nobel pri<e 'or this!
I $ill recommen your book to everyone
I kno$!
I $ill recommen your book to someone
i' you buy me ice cream!
*our book is lousy!
*our book is so ba that it %ave me
ni%htmares at ni%ht!
tick one o' the above bo9es!
*ou can also %ive comment about my book+ so I can
put your comment on the back o' my book+ so I can
increase the sales o' this book!
=9ample "
>Ama<in% book! No$ I unerstan chemistry?
4rite your comment here "
www.singaporestudent.com Periodic Table
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www.singaporestudent.com Contents
Contents
3ore$or
3eeback 3orm
-erioic Table
4hat is mol
CA Convertin% Units
CA CA Calculatin% M:
CA C/
CA C@ Other commonly use units
C/ Mol Calculation in a reaction
C/ CA ,alancin% chemical e&uation
C/ C/ Amount o' substance in reactions
C/ C@ Limitin% :ea%ent
C@ Concentration o' Solution
C@ CA 5i%h an Lo$ Concentration
C@ C/ Simple Concentration Calculation
C@ C@ I' the solute is not in mol
C@ CB Thin%s you can o to a solution
C@ CC Mi9in% solutions $ithout any reactions
C@ C1 T$o solute in one solution
C@ CD :eaction involvin% solution
C@ CE :eaction by mi9in% solutions
C@ CF Con'usion bet$een volume o' %as an solution
CB -ercenta%e o' -urity
CB CA 4ithout reaction
CB C/ 4ith reaction
CC =mpirical an Molecular 3ormula
CC CA =mpirical 3ormula
CC C/ Molecular 3ormula
Convertin% %ram+ mol+ m
@
an number o' molecules!
www.singaporestudent.com What is mol 1
4hat is mol G
Mol is a number! Some numbers are 're&uently use
that they are %iven a name! Like o<ens!
7o<en is a number! It means A/
Mol is also a number! It means
I' you are in e%% sellin% bussiness+ you are %oin% to
use the $or >o<en? &uite o'ten! *ou'll 'in yoursel'
sayin% thin%s like "
4hen you stuy chemistry+ you are in chemical
substance bussiness!
5ere is a typical conversation in a chemistry lab "
>-ut 0!@ mol o' soium hyro9ie into that beaker!?
>Him+ you shoul put 0!/C mol M% to the solution!?
>5o$ many mol o' chlorine o $e neeG?
>Sen me /0 more o<en tomorro$ mornin% !?
>I still have AC o<en o'' e%% in the store!?
>I mana%e to sell B0 o<en yesteray!?
2dozen=212=24
10dozen=1012=120
0.5dozen=0.512=6
1dozen=12
610
23
1mol =610
23
2mol =2610
23
3mol =3610
23
4.3mol =4.3610
23
z mol=z610
23
www.singaporestudent.com What is mol_2
Mol is a number !
0!@ mol o' soium hyro9ie means
NaO5 molecules!
0!/C mol o' ma%nesium means M% atoms!
0!A mol o' chlorine means
So it's a number!
,ut i' it is 2ust a number+ $hy o you hear your
'riens complainin% that mol calculation is i''icultG
Actually it is not! They 2ust happen not to have
this book!
*ou'll 'in that it is a very easy calculation!
Cl
/
molecules!
0.3610
23
0.3610
23
0.3610
23
www.singaporestudent.com C1
Chapter A
Convertin% Units
A'ter $orkin% out e9ercises in this chapter+
you $ill be able to "
A) Calculate M: o' a substance
/) Convert the units o' a substance in "
mol+ %rams an number o' molecules!
@) Convert the units o' a substance in "
litre+ k%+ m%+ tonnes!
To convert the units o' a substance+ you can use
this ia%ram "
mol %ram
at rtp
number o'
particles
m
@
+
cm
@
+ m
@
+
m
@
o' %as
MR
24
610
23
610
23

MR 24
www.singaporestudent.com C1C1
CA CA Calculatin% M:
Another name o' M: is :MM " relative molecular mass!
It means the mass o' A mol o' a substance!
3or e9ample
M: o' NaO5 8 B0
means " A mol o' NaO5 is B0 %rams
means "
means "
That's $hat it means! ,ut o' course &uestions in
e9ams $ill not ask such a simple &uestion like "
>4hat is the mass o' A mol o' NaO5G?
They $ill ask more complicate &uestions! ,ut let's
start $ith simple problem 'irst!
3ill in the blanks belo$ "
M: o' NaO5 is B0!
A mol o' NaO5 is %rams
/ mol o' NaO5 is %rams
0!@C mol o' NaO5 is %rams
A %ram o' NaO5 is mol
/ %ram o' NaO5 is mol
E %ram o' NaO5 is mol
A!/ %ram o' NaO5 is mol
M: o' M%Cl
/
8 FC
A mol o' M%Cl
/
is FC %rams
M: o' CO
/
8 BB
A mol o' CO
/
is BB %rams
www.singaporestudent.com C1C1Q1
=9ample "
B0 6 A/ 6 A1 9 @ 8 1E
3in these bo9es in the perioic table !
CA CA IA
Ans$er "
9 6 6 9 8
Ans$er " FE
Calculate the M: o' CaCO
@
CaCO
@
M: o' CaCO
@
8
4hat is the M: o' 5
/
SO
B
G
5
/
SO
B
M: o' 5
/
SO
B
8
40
Ca
Cal'ium
20
12
C
Carbon
6
16
O
Oxygen
!
1
H
Hydrogen
1
32
S
#ul*ur
16
16
O
Oxygen
!
www.singaporestudent.com C1C1QQ!
CA CA I/
Ans$er "
6
(
6
)
9 8
Ans$er " CE
CA CA I@
3in the M: o' these substances !
No$ I on't %ive you the bo9es!
3in it on the -erioic Table yoursel'!
(a) JCl (b) (c)
() (e) (')
(%) (h)
Ans$er "
(a) DB!C (b) @/ (c) EC () A00
(e) /A1 (') AF0 (%) FE (h) @0
4hat is the M: o' M%(O5)
/
G
M%(O5)
/
M: o' M%(O5)
/
8
C5
B
O NaNO
@
CaCO
@
3e,r
/
TiCl
B
5
@
-O
B
Li
/
O
1
H
Hydrogen
1
16
O
Oxygen
!
24
Mg
$agne%ium
12
www.singaporestudent.com C1C2Q1
CA C/ Convertin% units
*ou must be able to convert the units bet$een
To o that you can use the conversion ia%ram!
Try these &uestions!
CA C/ IA 3ill in the blanks !
substance name 8 soium hyro9ie
chemical 'ormula 8 NaO5
M: 8
mass 8 0!0E %ram
volume 8
number o' molecule 8
Ket your ans$er by 'illin% up the ia%ram belo$ "
mol %ram
molecules
Ans$er " M: 8 B0 + mol 80!00/ mol+
number o' molecules 8
volume 8 unkno$n+ because NaO5 is not a KAS!
it's a trick &uestion!
mol+ m
@
+ %ram an number o' particles!
m
@
m
@
MR
610
23

24
1.210
21
www.singaporestudent.com C1C2Q2Q
CA C/ I/ 3ill in the blanks !
ethane is a %as!
substance name 8 ethane
chemical 'ormula 8
M: 8
mass 8 %ram
volume 8 AC!1
number o' molecule 8
mol %ram
molecules
Ans$er " M: 8 @0 + mol 80!1C mol+ mass 8 AF!C %ram
number o' molecules 8
CA C/ I@ 3ill in the blanks !
Ma%nesium chlorie is not a %as!
substance name 8 Ma%nesium chlorie
chemical 'ormula 8
M: 8
mass 8 %ram
volume 8
number o' molecule 8
mol %ram
molecules
Ans$er " M: 8 FC + mol 80!0/ mol+ mass 8 A!F0 %ram
volume 8 unkno$n
C
/
5
1
m
@
m
@
M%Cl
/
m
@
m
@
MR
610
23

24
3.910
23
MR
610
23

24
1.210
22
www.singaporestudent.com C1C2Q!Q"
CA C/ IB 3ill in the blanks !
substance name 8 nitro%en %as
chemical 'ormula 8
M: 8
mass 8 %ram
volume 8
number o' molecule 8
mol %ram
molecules
Ans$er " M: 8 /E + mol 80!0E mol+ mass 8 /!/B %ram
CA C/ IC
mol %ram
molecules
Ans$er " molecules
No nee to calculate
this! Not aske
by the &uestion!
N
/
m
@
m
@
volume 8 A!F/ m
@
5o$ many CO
/
molecules are there in 0!EB m
@
o' CO
/
%as at room temperature an pressure G
m
@
MR
610
23

24
4.810
22
2.110
22
www.singaporestudent.com C1C2Q#Q$Q%Q&
CA C/ I1 4hat is the mass o' molecules
mol %ram
No nee to
calculate
this molecules
Ans$er " A/!01C %rams
I' your ans$er is %rams+ you mae a mistake!
*ou press the calculator this $ay "
C!D 9 A0 L // M 1 9 A0 L //
*ou shoul press the calculator this $ay "
C!D 9 A0 L // M
'
1 9 A0 L //
(
5o$'s the e9ercise %oin% G =asy+ isn't itG
So no$ you're reay to solve these &uestions!
This time+ I on't provie the ia%ram!
CA C/ ID
at room temperature an pressure G
CA C/ IE 4hat is the volume occupie by
moleculses o' o9y%en %as in
room temperature an pressure G
CA C/ IF 5o$ many ma%nesium 'lourie molecules
are there in CC!E %rams G
Ans$er " CA C/ ID /E!F %ram
CA C/ IE
CA C/ IF
o' iron (II) chlorie+ 3eCl
/
G
m
@
4hat is the mass o' B0!E m
@
N5
@
%as
CD!1 m
@
5.710
22
1.4410
24
5.410
23
1.206510
47
www.singaporestudent.com C1CQ1
CA C@ Other Commonly use units
m% an tonnes! These units is use by people to
'urther complicate the &uestions!
A 8 A000
A 8 A000
Alitre 8 A
Ak% 8 A000%rams
A%rams 8 A000m%
Atonnes 8 A000k% 8 %rams
CA C@ IA 3ill ini the blanks !
substance name 8 Chlorine %as
chemical 'ormula 8
conition 8 rtp
M: 8
mass 8 %ram
mass 8 @C!C k%
volume 8
volume 8
number o' molecule 8
k%
mol %ram
molecules
Ans$er " M: 8 DA+ mass 8 @CC00 %rams+ C00 mol
molecules
,esies m
@
an %rams+ there are other units 'or
volumes an mass like " cm
@
+ m
@
+ litre+ k%+
m
@
cm
@
m
@
m
@
m
@
Cl
/
m
@
m
@
m
@
m
@
volume 8 A/000 m
@
8 A/ m
@
+
10
6
1000 1000
310
26
www.singaporestudent.com C1CQ2
CA C@ I/ 3ill ini the blanks !
substance name 8 potassium hyro9ie
chemical 'ormula 8 JO5
M: 8
mass 8 @1!B tonnes
mass 8 %ram
mol 8 mol
volume 8
number o' molecule 8
tonnes
mol %ram
molecules
Ans$er " M: 8 C1+ mass 8 %rams+ 1C0000 mol
molecules
volume can not be etermine because JO5 is not a %as!
m
@
m
@
m
@
10
6
1000
3.6410
7
3.910
29
www.singaporestudent.com C1CQ
CA C@ I@ 3ill ini the blanks !
substance name 8 lithium o9ie
chemical 'ormula 8
M: 8
mass 8 k%
mass 8 %ram
mol 8 mol
volume 8
number o' molecule 8
k%
mol %ram
molecules
Ans$er " M: 8 @0+ mass 8 AC1000 %ram 8 AC1 k%
mol 8 C/00
volume can not be etermine because Li/O is not a %as!
Li
/
O
m
@
m
@
m
@
1000 1000
3.1210
27
www.singaporestudent.com C1CQ!Q"
CA C@ IB Calculate the volume o' C!FC tonnes o'
tonnes
mol %ram
not aske by the &uestion!
molecules
Ans$er "
CA C@ IC
io9ie %as at rtp in tonnes G
tonnes
mol %ram
not aske by the &uestion!
molecules
Ans$er " 0!/E1 tonnes
ammonia (N5
@
) in m
@
at room temperature an pressure!
m
@
m
@
EB00 m
@
4hat is the mass o' AC1 m
@
o' carbon
m
@
m
@
www.singaporestudent.com C1CQ#Q12
CA C@ I1 3ill in the blanks!
substance name 8 carbon io9ie
chemical 'ormula 8
M: 8
mass 8 k%
mass 8 %ram
mol 8 mol
volume 8
volume 8 D/
number o' molecule 8
Ans$er "
mass 8 0!A@/ %ram 8 k%
number o' molecule 8
CA C@ ID Calculate the mass o' molecules o'
CA C@ IE Calculate the mol o' 0!/D@1 tonnes o'
CA C@ IF
CA C@ IA0 Calculate the mass o' @1000 mols o'
CA C@ IAA 4hat is the volume o' molecules
CA C@ IA/ 4hat is the mass o' 0!000E mol o'
Ans$er "
CA C@ ID 0!/A/C tonnes CA C@ IA0 @!FF1 tonnes
CA C@ IE AE00 mol CA C@ IAA
CA C@ IF BBE m% CA C@ IA/ A0E!E m%
CO
/
m
@
cm
@
M: 8 BB+ mol 80!00@+ volume 8 0!0D/ m
@
soium nitrate (NaNO
@
) in tonnes !
iron (II) sulphate+ 3eSO
B
!
Calculate the mass o' A1E cm
@
o' sulphur
io9ie + SO
/
%as+ in rtp in mili%rams !
calcium chlorie+ CaCl
/
+ in tonnes !
o' hyro%en %as + 5
/
+ in cm@ at rtp G
Calcium sulphate+ CaSO
B
+ in m% G
A/ cm
@
1.3210
4
1.810
21
1.510
27
310
20
www.singaporestudent.com C1CQ1Q1!
CA C@ IA@ 3ill in the blanks!
M: o' JCl 8
A!BF tonnes o' JCl 8 k% o' JCl
8 %rams o' JCl
8 mol o' JCl
8 JCl molecules
$hich contains J atoms an Cl atoms!
CA C@ IAB 3ill in the blanks!
8
8
8
8
$hich contains Ca atoms an 3 atoms!
Ans$er "
CA C@ IA@
M: 8 DB!C+ ABF0 k% 8 %rams 8 /0000mols
molecules! Contains J atoms
Cl atoms
CA C@ IAB
M: 8 DE+ @0B/ k% 8 %rams 8 @F000 mol 8
molecules! Contains Ca atoms
3 atoms
M: o' Ca3
/
8
@!0B/ tonnes o' Ca3
/
k% o' Ca3
/
%rams o' Ca3
/
mol o' Ca3
/
Ca3
/
molecules
1.4910
6
1.210
28
1.210
28
1.210
28
3.04210
6
2.3410
28
2.3410
28
4.6810
28
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1
C/ CA ,alancin% Chemical =&uation
4hat is a chemical e&uation G
A chemical e&uation is an e&uation that escribe
:eactants are chemical substances you must have
'or the reaction!
-roucts are chemical substances you $ill %et 'rom
the reaction!
=9ample " consier this chemical e&uation!
6 /5Cl
N
6 /
These are reactants These are proucts
*ou must put the reactants on L5S (Le't 5an Sie)
o' the arro$!
*ou must put the proucts on :5S (:i%ht 5an Sie)
o' the arro$!
ho$ reactants chan%e into proucts!
M%(O5)
/
M%Cl
/
5
/
O
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1coe)icient
4hat are coe''icients G
Coe''icients are numbers that you put in 'ront o'
the substances in chemical e&uations!
=9ample "
/ 6 D
N
B 6 1
These are coe''icients
coe''icient o' 8 /
coe''icient o' 8 D
coe''icient o' 8 B
coe''icient o' 8 1
=9ercise " 4hat are the coe''icient o' substances in
this chemical e&uationG
/ JCl 6
N
6 /
substances coe''icients
JCl
Note " I' there is no number in 'ront o' the
substance+ it means that the coe''icient is A!
C
/
5
1
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
/
5
1
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
-b(NO
@
)
/
-bCl
/
JNO
@
-b(NO
@
)
/
-bCl
/
JNO
@
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q1
Calculatin% the number o' atoms
The number o' atoms in a compoun is inicate as
subscripts (small numbers printe sli%htly lo$er)!
=9ample "
C 8 /atoms
5 8 1atoms
C/ CA IA 3in the number o' atoms in these compouns!
(a) (b)
Na 8 atoms J 8
S 8 atoms Mn 8
O 8 atoms O 8
(c) ()
- 8 5 8
Cl 8 S 8
O 8
(e) (')
Li 8 C 8
Al 8 5 8
5 8 O 8
(%)
J 8
- 8
O 8
Note " i' there is no number a'ter the name o' the
elements+ it means that the number o' atoms in
the element is A!
C
/
5
1
Na
/
S
/
O
@
JMnO
B
- Cl
C
5
/
SO
B
LiAl5
B
C
@
5
E
O
J
@
-O
B
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q2
Calculatin% the number o' atoms i' there is a
coe''icient
I' there is a coe''icient+ the number o' atoms o'
an element in the compoun must be multiplie
by the coe''icient!
=9ample " @
-b 8 atoms
N 8 atoms
O 8 atoms
C/ CA I/ Calculate the number o' atoms in these
compouns "
(a) (b)
J 8 atoms C 8
Cr 8 atoms 5 8
O 8 atoms O 8
(c) ()
Na 8 A% 8
C 8 S 8
O 8 O 8
(e) (')
Ca 8 Al 8
,r 8 S 8
O 8 O 8
(%) (h)
C 8 Li 8
5 8 - 8
O 8 O 8
-b(NO
@
)
/
@ J
/
Cr
/
O
D
C C
@
5
E
O
/ Na
/
CO
@
C A%
/
SO
B
/ Ca(,rO
@
)
/
@ Al
/
SO
B
C C
/
5
B
O
/
/ Li
@
-O
B
31=3
32=6
332=12
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1 *+, -+,
Calculatin% the number o' atoms on L5S an :5S
The number o' atoms in L5S an :5S shoul be e&ual!
I' it is not e&ual+ then the e&uation is not balance!
=9ample " check $hether this chemical e&uation
is balance!
/ JO5 6
N
6 @
/ JO5
Total L5S
J / 0 /
S 0 A A
O / @ C
5 / / B
@
Total :5S
J / 0 /
S A 0 A
O B @ D
5 0 1 1
Ans$er " The e&uation is NOT balance because
the number o' O an 5 are i''erent in
L5S an :5S
5
/
SO
@
J
/
SO
@
5
/
O
5
/
SO
@
J
/
SO
@
5
/
O
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1QQ!
Check $hether these chemical e&uation is balance "
C/ CA I@
6
N
6 /
Total Total
/
L5S :5S
N
C
,a
Cl
5
O
The e&uation is (balance M not balance)!
C/ CA IB
6 E
N
1 6 @
L5S :5S
1 @
C
5
O
The e&uation is (balance M not balance)!
(N5
B
)
/
CO
@
,aCl
/
,aCO
@
N5
B
Cl
(N5
B
)
/
CO
@
,aCl
/
,aCO
@
N5
B
Cl
C
1
5
1
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
1
5
1
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q"Q#Q$
Check $hether these chemical e&uation is balance "
C/ CA IC
6
N
6 /
L5S :5S
/
,a
N
Li
S
O
The e&uation is (balance M not balance)!
C/ CA I1
/ Al 6 B
N
6 B Cu
L5S :5S
Al
Cu
S
O
The e&uation is (balance M not balance)!
C/ CA ID
6 / J ,r
N
/ J3 6
L5S :5S
J
3
,r
The e&uation is (balance M not balance)!
,a(NO
@
)
/
Li
/
SO
B
,aSO
B
LiNO
@
,a(NO
@
)
/
Li
/
SO
B
,aSO
B
LiNO
@
CuSO
B
Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
3
/
,r
/
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1.lement
,alancin% an element
4hen you balance an e&uation+ you are allo$e to
chan%e the CO=33ICI=NT only!
To balance an e&uation+ you shoul balance one
element at a time by chan%in% the coe''icient!
=9ample " balance C in this e&uation "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
C @ A
5 E /
O / @
There are @ C on L5S an A C on :5S!
There are / $ays to balance C in this e&uation"
Chan%e Chan%e
to to @
This is better because
you shoul avoi usin%
'ractions as coe''icients!
So the e&uation becomes "
6
N
@ 6
Note " In this e9ample+ $e i%nore other elements!
4e only balance C!
Other elements is still not balance
C
@
5
E
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
@
5
E
CO
/
C
@
5
E
CO
/
C
@
5
E
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
1
3
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1./ample
=9ample " ,alance ,r in this e&uation "
J ,r 6
N
6 J3
L5S :5S
J A A
,r A /
3 / A
There are / $ays to balance ,r in this e&uation"
Chan%e Chan%e
J ,r
to to /
J ,r
This is better because
you shoul avoi usin%
'ractions as coe''icients!
So the e&uation becomes "
/ J ,r 6
N
6 J3
L5S :5S
J A / A
,r A / /
3 / A
So ,r is balance no$! 7on't bother about J an 3!
The &uestion 2ust ask you to balance ,r only!
3
/
,r
/
,r
/
,r
/
3
/
,r
/
1
2
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q%Q&
C/ CA IE ,alance Al in this e&uation "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
Al
S
5
O
The ne$ e&uation is "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
Al
S
5
O
C/ CA IF ,alance C in this e&uation "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
C
5
O
The ne$ e&uation is "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
C
5
O
Al(O5)
@
5
/
SO
B
Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
5
/
O
C
C
5
A0
O O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1.0uation
Usually the &uestion on't ask you to balance one
element only! 5ere is ho$ you o it "
balance one element at a time.
=9ample " ,alance this e&uation "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
- A /
Ca A @
5 C /
O 1 F
Step A " ,alance - "
/ 6
N
6
L5S :5S
- A / / Ca+ 5 an O are
Ca A @ still not balance
5 C E /
O 1 A0 F
Step / " ,alance Ca "
/ 6 @
N
6
L5S :5S
- A / / 5 an O are still
Ca A @ @ not balance
5 C E A/ /
O 1 A0 AB F
Step @ " ,alance 5 "
/ 6 @
N
6 1
L5S :5S
- A / /
Ca A @ @
5 C E A/ / A/
O 1 A0 AB F AB
No$ everythin% is balance!
5
@
-O
B
Ca(O5)
/
Ca
@
(-O
B
)
/
5
/
O
5
@
-O
B
Ca(O5)
/
Ca
@
(-O
B
)
/
5
/
O
5
@
-O
B
Ca(O5)
/
Ca
@
(-O
B
)
/
5
/
O
5
@
-O
B
Ca(O5)
/
Ca
@
(-O
B
)
/
5
/
O
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q11
C/ CA IA0 ,alance this e&uation "
6
N
6 6
L5S :5S
J
N
Ca
5
O
Step A " balance J "
6
N
6 6
L5S :5S
J
N
Ca
5
O
Step / " balance N "
6
N
6 6
L5S :5S
J
N
Ca
5
O
No$ everythin% is balance!
5NO
@
J
/
CO
@
JNO
@
5
/
O CO
/
5NO
@
J
/
CO
@
JNO
@
5
/
O CO
/
5NO
@
J
/
CO
@
JNO
@
5
/
O CO
/
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q11
C/ CA IAA ,alance this e&uation "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
C
5
O
Step A " balance C "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
C
5
O
Step / " balance 5 "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
C
5
O
Step @ " balance O "
6
N
6
L5S :5S
C
5
O
=verythin% is balance by no$!
C
B
5
E
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
B
5
E
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
B
5
E
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
B
5
E
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q12Q1
:ecycle the table
*ou on't have to rera$ the tables on every step
o' your $orkin%! :euse the table to o it 'aster!
=9ample " This is ho$ you o the previous &uestion
i' you recycle the table
6 1
N
B 6 B
L5S :5S
C B A B
5 E / E
O / A/ @ F A/
C/ CA IA/ ,alance this e&uation "
6
N
6
Step A " balance N Step / " balance 5
L5S :5S
N
5
Ca
O
C/ CA IA@ ,alance this e&uation "
6
N
6
Step A " balance Al Step / " balance S
Step @ " balance 5
L5S :5S
Al
S
5
O
C
B
5
E
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
Ca(O5)
/
5NO
@
Ca(NO
@
)
/
5
/
O
Al(O5)
@
5
/
SO
B
Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
5
/
O
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q1!Q1"
C/ CA IAB ,alance this e&uation "
3e 6
N
6
Step A " balance Al
Step / " balance S
Step @ " balance 5
L5S :5S
Al
S
5
O
,y no$ you can balance a chemical e&uation easily!
3or the ne9t &uestions+ I o not provie tables a%ain!
C/ CA IAC ,alance this e&uations "
6
N
Step A " balance N
Step / " balance 5
LiO5 6
N
6
Step A " balance Li
Step / " balance -
Step @ " balance 5
6
N
6 JCl
Step A " balance J
5
/
SO
B
Al(SO
B
)
@
5
/
O
N
/
5
/
N5
@
5
@
-O
B
Li
@
-O
B
5
/
O
,aCl
/
J
/
SO
B
,aSO
B
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1eas2 )irst
So 'ar I %ave you the steps to o the balancin%!
5o$ o you kno$ $hich element shoul be balance 'irstG
Balance the element that are easy to balance first
=9ample "
6
N
6
L5S :5S Note
C =asy
5 =asy
O + 7i''icult
O is i''icult to balance because on the :5S+
there are t$o compoun that contain O!
C an 5 are easy to balance because they are
containe in one compoun in L5S an :5S!
So you shoul balance C an 5 'irst+
then balance O last!
C
/
5
B
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
/
5
B
CO
/
C
/
5
B
5
/
O
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q1#
C/ CA IA1 ,alance these chemical e&uations
NaO5 6
N
6
6
N
6
N
6 A%Cl
6
N
6 6
NaI 6
N
Na,r 6
6 Na3
N
53 6
6
N
6 6
6
N
6
Al 6 5Cl
N
6
CO
/
Na
/
CO
@
5
/
O
-
B
O
A0
5
/
O 5
@
-O
B
M%Cl
/
A%
/
SO
B
M%SO
B
(N5
B
)
/
SO
B
M%(O5)
/
M%SO
B
N5
@
5
/
O
,r
/
I
/
5
/
SO
B
Na
/
SO
B
Li
/
CO
@
5
@
-O
B
Li
@
-O
B
5
/
O CO
/
C
@
5
E
O
/
5
/
O CO
/
AlCl
@
5
/
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1)raction
Am I allo$e to use 'ractions as coe''icients G
*es! temporarily! ,ut a'ter that you must multiply
all the coe''icients $ith a number such that you
o not have 'ractions as coe''icients!
=9ample " ,alance the e&uation belo$ "
6
N
6
balance C "
6
N
@ 6
balance 5 "
6
N
@ 6 B
I' you chan%e to then everythin% is balance!
6
N
@ 6 B
Then you must multiply all the coe''icients by /
so that there $ill be no 'ractions!
/ 6 F
N
1 6 E
C
@
5
E
O O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
@
5
E
O O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
@
5
E
O O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
O
/
O
/
C
@
5
E
O O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
@
5
E
O O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
9
2
9
2
www.singaporestudent.com C2C1Q1$
C/ CA IAD ,alance these chemical e&uations "
N
6
6
N
6
N
6
N
6
6
N
6
4ell+ that's about it 'olks! I' you can o these
&uestions+ you're %oo!
5
/
O
/
O
/
5
/
O
5
/
O
/
5
/
O
SO
/
O
/
SO
@
C
C
5
A0
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
1
5
AB
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
*ou kno$ ho$ to balance e&uations!
www.singaporestudent.com C2C2
C/ C/ Amount o' Substances in chemical reactions
In a reaction+ N; o' substances that reacts are e&ual!
5ence i' you are %iven the amount o' a substance in
a reaction+ you can %et the amount o' other substances
that reacts!
=9ample " 5o$ many mols o' is neee to react
$ith 0!B mol o'
/ 6 AC
N
A0 6 A0
mol 0!B mol @
coe''icient / coe''icient AC
N; 0!/ N; 0!/
O
/
C
C
5
A0
C
C
5
A0
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
C
C
5
A0
O
/
NV =
mol
coefficient
www.singaporestudent.com C2C2Q1Q2
C/ C/ IA 5o$ many mols o' is neee to prouce
0!1mol o' G
/ 6
N
mol mol
coe''icient coe''icient
N; N;
Ans$er " A!/ mol!
C/ C/ I/ 4hat is the mass o' NaCl prouce
$hen 0!@ mol o' is reacte $ith e9cess 5Cl G
4hat is the volume o' prouceG
6 / 5Cl
N
/ NaCl 6 6
mol
coe''icient
N;
NaCl
N; N;
coe''icient coe''icient
mol mol
M: volume
mass
Ans$er " @C!A %rams o' NaCl
D!/ o'
N5
@
(N5
B
)
/
SO
B
N5
@
5
/
SO
B
(N5
B
)
/
SO
B
N5
@
(N5
B
)
/
SO
B
Na
/
CO
@
CO
/
Na
/
CO
@
5
/
O CO
/
Na
/
CO
@
CO
/
m
@
CO
/
www.singaporestudent.com C2C2QQ!
C/ C/ I@
/ 6 @
N
6 1
4hat is the mass o' prouce $hen
0!/C mol o'
is reacte $ith e9cess
G
mol N;
coe''icient coe''icient
N; mol
M:
mass
Ans$er " B/!DC %rams
C/ C/ IB
/ 3e 6 @
N
/ 6 @ -b
4hat is the mass o' neee to react
completely $ith @!F/ %rams o' 3e G
4hat is the mass o' -b prouce G
3e
-b
mass N;
M: coe''icient
mol mol
coe''icient M:
N; mass
Ans$er " @B!DCC %rams
/A!D@C %rams -b
Al(O5)
@
5
/
SO
B
Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
5
/
O
Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
Al(O5)
@
5
/
SO
B
Al(O5)
@
Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
-b(NO
@
)
/
3e(NO
@
)
@
-b(NO
@
)
/
-b(NO
@
)
/
-b(NO
@
)
/
www.singaporestudent.com C2C2Q"Q#
C/ C/ IC
6 / 5Cl
N
6 6
B %rams o' calcium carbonate is reacte $ith e9cess
hyrochloric aci! Calculate the mass o'
calcium chlorie prouce!
mass N;
M: coe''icient
mol mol
coe''icient M:
N; mass
Ans$er " B!BB %rams
C/ C/ I1
6 / 5Cl
N
6 6
Calculate the mass o' calcium carbonate neee to
N;
volume coe''icient
mol mol
coe''icient M:
N; mass
Ans$er " 0!/C %rams
CaCO
@
CaCl
/
CO
/
5
/
O
CaCO
@
CaCl
/
CaCO
@
CaCl
/
CO
/
5
/
O
prouce 10 cm
@
o' carbon io9ie at rtp!
CaCO
@
CO
/
www.singaporestudent.com C2C2Q$toQ11
I think no$ you are reay to o the calculations
$ithout the help o' any table!
C/ C/ ID 4hat is the mass o' silver chlorie
A%Cl +prouce $hen B!1E %ram o' soium chlorie+
NaCl
+ reacts $ith silver sulphate+ !
4hat is the mass o' silver sulphate neee to react
completely $ith soium chlorie!
/ NaCl 6
N
6 / A%Cl
Ans$er "
C/ C/ IE
prouce $hen /!1 %ram o' <inc reacts completely $ith
hyrochloric aci G
On 6 / 5Cl
N
6
Ans$er "
C/ C/ IF 4hat is the mass o' calcium carbonate
temperature an pressure reacts $ith calcium hyro9ie!
4hat is the mass o' calcium hyro9ie neee G
6
N
6
Ans$er "
C/ C/ IA0
4hat is the mass o' sulphuric aci neee G
6 /
N
Ans$er "
C/ C/ IAA
/ 6 A@
N
E 6 /
Ans$er " 0!A@DDC %ram
A%
/
SO
B
A%
/
SO
B
Na
/
SO
B
AA!BE %ram A%Cl+ A/!BE %ram A%
/
SO
B

4hat is the volume o' hyro%en %as + 5
/
+
OnCl
/
5
/
0!F1 m
@
prouce $hen ABB cm
@
o' carbon io9ie at room
Ca(O5)
/
CO
/
CaCO
@
5
/
O
0!1 %ram CaCO
@
+ 0!BBB %ram Ca(O5)
/
4hat is the volume o' SO
@
at rtp neee
to prouce F!D0A k% o' oleum (5
/
S
/
O
D
) G
SO
@
5
/
SO
B
5
/
S
/
O
D
A01E/ %ram 5
/
SO
B
+ A@0E m
@
SO
@
4hat is the mass o' butane (C
B
5
A0
) neee
to prouce //E cm
@
o' carbon io9ie at rtp G
C
B
5
A0
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
www.singaporestudent.com C2C
C/ C@ Calculatin% The Limitin% :ea%ent
Chemistry is like cookin%! Choose the reactants
I am %oo at chemistry because $ith the lo$est N;
I am a %oo cook! as limitin% rea%ent!
>N; reacts? o' all
Accorin% to the recipe " proucts are e&ual
I' you 'ry A e%% 6 A plate o' rice+ to the lo$est N; o'
you'll %et A plate o' 'rie rice! the reactants!
6
N
Ae%% Arice A 'rie rice
I' you have C e%% an / plate o' rice+
ho$ many plate o' 'rie rice are you %oin% to %et G
6
N
G
C e%% / rice
@ e9cess e%%
limitin%
rea%ent
www.singaporestudent.com C2Ce/plain
In this case you have e9cess e%%! @ o' them!
:ice is the limitin% rea%ent!
To illustrate the situation+ I put the ia%ram here!
It's very easy to unerstan!
Limitin% rea%ent
reactant A reactant /
e%% 8 C rice 8 /
e9cess reacts
e%% 8@ e%% 8/
prouct
'rie rice 8 /
www.singaporestudent.com C2Ce/ample
Sample &uestion "
6 /5Cl
N
6 /
4hat is the mass o' ma%nesium chlorie prouce $hen
0!/C mol o' ma%nesium hyro9ie is reacte $ith 0!B
mol o' 5Cl G
5Cl
mol 0!/C 0!B
coe''icient A /
N; 0!/C 0!/
=9cess
0!0C
N; 0!/
coe''icient A
mol 0!/
M: FC
mass AF
M%(O5)
/
M%Cl
/
5
/
O
M%(O5)
/
M%(O5)
/
M%Cl
/
www.singaporestudent.com C2CQ1Q2
C/ C@ IA
6 /NaO5
N
6
Calculate the mass o' soium sulphate+ +
reacte $ith 0!1 mol o' NaO5
NaO5
volume mol
mol coe''icient
coe''icient N;
N;
=9cess
N;
coe''icient
mol
M: Ans$er "
mass B/!1 %rams
C/ C@ I/
/ 6AC
N
A/ 6 1
mass volume
M: mol
mol coe''icient
coe''icient N;
N;
=9cess
N;
Ans$er " coe''icient
mol
volume
SO
@
Na
/
SO
B
5
/
O
Na
/
SO
B
prouce $hen A/ m
@
o' SO
@
%as at rtp is
SO
@
Na
/
SO
B
SO
@
C
1
5
1
O
/
CO
/
5
/
O
Calculate the volume o' CO
/
prouce in rtp $hen
AC!1 %rams o' C
1
5
1
is burnt usin% B/ m
@
O
/
%as!
C
1
5
1
O
/
CO
/
O
/
/E!E m
@
www.singaporestudent.com C2CQ
C/ C@ I@
6
N
6
4hat is the mass o' barium sulphate prouce $hen
/@B!F %rams o' barium nitrate is reacte $ith A@1!E
%rams o' alumunium sulphate G
,alance the above reaction to %et your ans$er!
mass =9cess
M:
mol
coe''icient
N;
N;
coe''icient
mol
M:
mass
Ans$er " /0F!D %rams
,a(NO
@
)
/
Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
Al(NO
@
)
@
,aSO
B
,a(NO
@
)
/
Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
,aSO
B
www.singaporestudent.com C2CQ!
C/ C@ IB
3e 6
N
4hat is the mass o' iron (III) o9ie prouce $hen
at rtp
,alance the above reaction to %et your ans$er!
3e
mass volume
M: mol
mol coe''icient
coe''icient N;
N;
=9cess
N;
coe''icient
mol
M:
mass
Ans$er " 1!B %rams
O
/
3e
/
O
@
B!BE %rams o' iron reacts $ith A!1E m
@
O
/
%as
O
/
3e
/
O
@
O
/
www.singaporestudent.com C2CQ"
C/ C@ IC
6
N
6
4hat is the mass o' ma%nesium sulphate prouce $hen
,alance the above reaction to %et your ans$er!
mass volume
M: mol
mol coe''icient
coe''icient N;
N;
N;
coe''icient
mol
M:
mass
Ans$er " 1/!B %rams
M%(O5)
/
SO
@
M%SO
B
5
/
O
C/!/ %rams o' ma%nesium hyro9ie reacts $ith ABB00 cm
@
SO
@
at rtp G
M%(O5)
/
SO
@
M%SO
B
www.singaporestudent.com C2CQ#
C/ C@ I1
6
N
6
<inc nitrate + G
,alance the above reaction to %et your ans$er!
mass
M:
mol
coe''icient
N;
N;
coe''icient
mol
M:
mass
Ans$er " 1/!C %rams
On(NO
@
)
/
J
/
CO
@
OnCO
@
JNO
@
4hat is the mass o' OnCO
@
prouce $hen
F1!1 %rams o' J
/
CO
@
reacts $ith FB!C %rams o'
On(NO
@
)
/
On(NO
@
)
/
J
/
CO
@
OnCO
@
www.singaporestudent.com C2CQ$Q&
I think you unerstan all these calculations!
This is easy! ,y no$ you have mastere C0P o' the
materials in this book!
Try these &uestions! I o not provie any tables no$!
*ou can make the tables yoursel' i' you like!
C/ C@ ID
M% 6
N
6
4hat is the volume o' hyro%en %as prouce at rtp
$hen A!F/ %rams o' ma%nesium is reacte $ith @!F/
Ans$er "
C/ C@ IE
6
N
A%Cl 6
4hat is the mass o' A%Cl prouce $hen AC1 %rams o'
Ans$er "
C/ C@ IF
6
N
6 6
4hat is the volume o' carbon io9ie prouce $hen
D!EE %rams o' barium carbonate reacts $ith @!DE %rams
nitric aci G
Ans$er "
5
@
-O
B
M%
@
(-O
B
)
/
5
/
%ram o' 5
@
-O
B
G
A!BB m
@
A%
/
SO
B
,aCl
/
,aSO
B
A%
/
SO
B
reacts $ith 1/!B %rams o' ,aCl
/
G
4hat is the mass o' ,aSO
B
prouce G
4hat is the mass o' e9cess A%
/
SO
B
G
1F!F %rams ,aSO
B
+ 1/!B %rams e9cess A%
/
SO
B
,aCO
@
5NO
@
,a(NO
@
)
/
5
/
O CO
/
4hat is the mass o' e9cess ,aCO
@
G
4hat is the mass o' ,a(NO
@
)
/
prouce G
D!E@ %rams ,a(NO
@
)
/

A!FD %rams e9cess ,aCO
@
+ 0!D/ m
@
CO
/
!
www.singaporestudent.com C
C@ Concentration O' Solution
4hat is a solution G
Solvent is a 'lui! 3lui is a substance that can 'lo$!
Kasses an li&uis are 'luis!
So solvent is either a %as or a li&ui!
=9amples o' solvent " $ater+ alcohol+ oil+ nitro%en %as!
Solute is another substance that issolves $ith solvent!
Solute may not be a 'lui!
Solute by itsel' may NOT be able to 'lo$!
=9amples o' solute " su%ar+ salt+ 5Cl+ etc!
4hen you mi9 solvent an solute+ you %et a solution!
A solution is 'lui (it can 'lo$)!
=9ample " $ater is a solvent! 4ater is 'lui!
su%ar is a solute! Su%ar is NOT 'lui!
$ater 6 su%ar 8 su%ar solution!
$ater su%ar
There are a lot o' substances that can be use as
solvents like " alcohol+ oil+ %asses+ etc!
In this book+ I only use $ater as solvent+
to make easy calculations 'or you!
A solution is a mi9ture bet$een solvent an solute!
sugar
solution
www.singaporestudent.com CC1
C@ CA 5i%h an Lo$ Concentration
I' you put a lot o' solute in a solution+ you $ill have
a hi%h concentration solution!
hi%h concentration lo$ concentration
solution solution
I' you put a lot o' su%ar I' you put a small amount
to a small amount o' $ater+ o' su%ar to a lot o' $ater
you $ill %et a hi%h you $ill %et a lo$
concentration su%ar concentration su%ar
solution solution
in this case " solute 8 su%ar
solvent 8 $ater
solution 8 su%ar solution
Concentration is a number that represent the amount
o' solute in a certain volume o' solvent!
Sometimes hi%h concentration solution is calle >thick?!
Lo$ concentrations solution is calle >thin?!
Thick co'ee means that you put a lot o' co''ee into
small amount o' $ater!
*ou have hi%h concentration co'ee solution!
water
water
sugar
sugar
www.singaporestudent.com CC2
C@ C/ Simple Concentration Calculation
The concentraton is e9presse as the mol o' solute
over the volume o' solution!
The 'ormula is very simple "
The 'ormula is so simple such that you o not have to
memorise it! Intuitively you kno$ ho$ to make
a hi%h concentration solution or a lo$ concentration
solution!
I' you increase this+
you %et hi%her concentration!
I' you increase this+
you %et lo$er concentration!
*ou kno$ that i' you put a lot o' su%ar (solute)
into $ater (solvent)+ you %et a >thick?
(hi%h concentration) su%ar solution!
the unit o' concentration is " mol m
#@
or
concentrationof solution=
mol of solute
volume of solution
mol
dm
3
concentrationof solution=
mol of solute
volume of solution
www.singaporestudent.com CC2units
C@ C/ Simple Concentration Calculation
mol volume concentration
unit 8 mol
I sai you on't even nee to memorise the 'ormula!
*ou can ans$er &uestions simply by lookin% at the unit!
3or e9ample+ someone ask you "
*ou on't even hear the &uestion! *ou 2ust take note
o' the numbers an the units "
an
4hat are you %oin% to o $ith the t$o numbers G
Multipy it G Or 7ivie it G
*ou shoul multiply them+ because i' you multiply
*ou %et the mol!
so the mol o' NaO5 8
8 0!01 mol
m
@
mol m
#@
>5o$ many mol o' NaO5 are there in 0!@ mol m
#@
NaO5 solution $ith volume o' 0!/ m
@
G?
0!@ mol m
#@
0!/ m
@
mol m
#@
an m
@
+ you $ill cancel o'' the m
@
!
0.30.2
www.singaporestudent.com CC2Q1Q2Q
C@ C/ IA Calculate the mol o' soium nitrate
nitrate solution
3ill up the table belo$ to %et your ans$er "
solute 8 soium nitrate
solvent 8 $ater
mol o' solute 8 mol
volume o' solution 8
concentration o' solution 8
Ans$er " 0!A/ mol
C@ C/ I/ 4hat is the volume o' soium sulphate
contains 0!0/ mol o' soium sulphate G
3ill up the table belo$ to %et your ans$er "
solute 8
solvent 8
mol o' solute 8 mol
volume o' solution 8
concentration o' solution 8
Ans$er "
C@ C/ I@ No$ I on't %ive you the table!
4hat is the concentration o' ma%nesium nitrate solution
ma%nesium nitrate G
Ans$er "
C@ C/ IB 5o$ many mol o' iron (III) chlorie are
Ans$er " 0!00DC mol
C@ C/ IC
solution that contains 0!0A/ mol o' lithium carbonate G
Ans$er "
neee to prouce @00 cm
@
o' 0!B mol m
#@
soium
m
@
mol m
#@
solution $ith concentration o' 0!B mol m
#@
that
m
@
mol m
#@
0!0C m
@
i' /00 cm
@
o' the solution contains 0!0C mol
0!/C mol m
#@
there in /C0 cm
@
solution $ith the concentration o'
0!0@ mol m
#@
G
4hat is the concentration o' a @00 cm
@
0!0B mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC
C@ C@ I' the solute is not in mol
Then you have to chan%e the units accorin%ly!
C@ C@ IA Calculate the mass o' soium nitrate
soium nitrate solution!
solvent 8
solute 8
concentration o' solution 8
volume o' solution 8
mol o' solute 8 mol
%ram
Ans$er " A0!/ %rams
C@ C@ I/ 4hat is the concentration o' solution
prouce 'rom A/!DDC %rams o' hyrochloric aci
solvent 8
solute 8
mass o' solute 8 %ram
M: o' 5Cl 8
mol o' solute 8 mol
volume o' solution 8
concentration o' solution 8
Ans$er "
neee to prouce @00 cm
@
o' 0!B mol m
#@

mol m
#@
m
@
M: o' NaNO
@
8
mass o' NaNO
@
8
issolve into $ater to 'orm D00 cm
@
solution G
m
@
mol m
#@
0!C mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CCQQ#
C@ C@ I@
volume o' solution 8
concentration o' solution 8
mol o' solute 8 mol
Ans$er "
C@ C@ IB 4hat is the mass o' JCl neee to prouce
concentration o' solution 8
volume o' solution 8
mol o' JCl 8 mol
M: o' JCl 8
mass o' JCl 8 %ram
Ans$er " @!D/C %rams
C@ C@ IC Calculate the concentration o' solution
prouce by issolvin% 0!DEB %rams o' JO5 to make
Ans$er "
C@ C@ I1
Ans$er " /!DC %rams
4hat is the volume o' ,r
/
%as at rtp
neee to prouce C00 cm
@
,r/ (a&) solution $ith
concentration o' 0!A/ mol m
#@
G
m
@
mol m
#@
vol o' ,r
/
at rtp 8
m
@
A!BB m
@
/00 cm
@
solution $ith concentration o' 0!/C mol m
#@
G
mol m
#@
m
@
/0 cm
@
solution!
0!D mol m
#@
4hat is the mass o' Li
/
SO
B
neee to
prouce /C0 cm
@
solution $ith concentration o'
0!A mol m
#@
G
www.singaporestudent.com CC!
C@ CB Thin%s *ou Can 7o To A Solution
,asically there are B thin%s you can o to a solution "
A *ou can a $ater (solvent) to it
/ *ou can a solute to it
@ *ou can evaporate the $ater (solvent) in it
(by heatin% it up)
B *ou can take a portion out o' it
=ach o' these actions $ill have some e''ect on the
solution!
5ere is the summary o' $hat $ill happen to the solution
$hen these actions are taken "
mol volume concentration
o' o' o'
solute solution solution
ain% $ater no chan%e increase ecrease
ain% solute increase no chan%e increase
evaporatin% the $ater no chan%e ecrease increase
takin% a portion smaller smaller no chan%e
www.singaporestudent.com CC!Q1
C@ CB IA 5o$ much $ater is neee to a to
be'ore a'ter
mol mol
volume
concentration
a $ater
So volume o' $ater ae is
Note " remember that $hen you a $ater to a solution+
the mol o' solute remain the same!
Ans$er "
0!C mol m
#@
+ B00 cm
@
soium sulphate solution to
reuce its concentration to 0!/ mol m
#@
G
m
@
m
@
mol m
#@
mol m
#@
m
@
0!1 m
@
o' $ater!
www.singaporestudent.com CC!Q2
C@ CB I/ 4hat is the mass o' soium chlorie (NaCl)
to increase its concentration
be'ore a'ter
volume
concentration
mol mol mol
NaCl to be ae " mol 8 mol
M: 8
mass 8 %ram
a NaCl
Note " 4hen you a solute (NaCl) to the solution+
volume o' the solution practically remain
the same
Ans$er " 0!EDDC %rams
to be ae to @00 cm
@
o' NaCl(a&) solution
'rom 0!/ mol m
#@
to 0!/C mol m
#@
G
m
@
mol m
#@
mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC!Q
C@ CB I@
4hat is the ne$ concentration G
I' the solution is heate until all the $ater is
be'ore a'ter
volume
concentration
mol mol
mol 8 mol
M: 8
mass 8 %ram
heat heat
ry
Note " 4hen you heat the solution+ the mol o' solute
remain the same!
Ans$er "
B00 cm
@
o' (N5
B
)
/
SO
B
solution $ith
concentration o' 0!/ mol m
#@
is heate
until its volume become /00 cm
@
!
evaporate+ $hat is the mass o' (N5
B
)
/
SO
B
that remainsG
m
@
m
@
mol m
#@
mol m
#@
(N5
B
)
/
SO
B
that remains "
B00 cm
@
/00 cm
@
ne$ concentration 8 0!B mol m
#@
!
(N5B)
/
SO
B
8 A0!C1 %ram!
www.singaporestudent.com CC!Q!
C@ CB IB
4hat is the concentration o' the ne$ solution G
mass
M:
mol
A , C
mol mol mol
volume
concentration
here+ you are $ron%
take a a $ater
portion
A , C
Note " 4hen you take a portion o' a solution+
you have the same concentration as the ori%inal
solution!
D!1E %ram o' ammonium carbonate+(N5
B
)
/
CO
@
is issolve into B00 cm
@
o' $ater! A00 cm
@
o' this
solution is takin an mi9e $ith @00 cm
@
o' $ater!
(N5
B
)
/
CO
@
m
@
m
@
m
@
mol m
#@
mol m
#@
Ans$er " 0!0C mol m
#@
I' you put 0!@ m
@
www.singaporestudent.com CC"
C@ CC Mi9in% solutions $ithout any reactions
4hen you mi9 t$o or three solutions $ith the same
solute+ you must o t$o thin%s "
AA the mol o' the solute
/A the volume o' the solution
The concentration o' the ne$ solution is calculate
the usual $ay "
Notation 'or concentration "
I' you put the name o' a substance insie a s&uare
bracket+ it means that is the concentration o'
the substance!
=9ample "
+ means the concentration o'
+ means the concentration o'
Q NaCl R 8 0!@ mol m
#@
NaCl solution is 0!@ mol m
#@
Q M%(NO
@
)
/
R 8 0!A mol m
#@
M%(NO
@
)
/
solution is 0!A mol m
#@
concentrationof solution=
mol of solute
volume of solution
www.singaporestudent.com CC"Q1
C@ CC IA 4hat is the concentration o' solution
concentration concentration
volume volume
mol mol
solution A solution /
mol 6 8
volume 6 8
concentration
combine
solution
Ans$er "
prouce $hen 0!B mol m
#@
5Cl
C00 cm
@
is mi9e $ith 0!E mol m
#@
5Cl @00 cm
@
!
0!CC mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC"Q2Q
C@ CC I/ 4hat is the concentration o' solution
solution A solution / combine
solution
mol o' NaCl
volume o' solution
concentration
Ans$er "
C@ CC I@
solution A solution / combine
solution
volume o' solution
concentration
Ans$er "
prouce $hen /00 cm
@
o' NaCl (a&) 0!C mol m
#@
is mi9e $ith @00 cm
@
o' NaCl (a&) 0!B mol m
#@
G
0!BB mol m
#@
4hat is the concentration o' M%(O5)
/
solution prouce $hen /C0 cm
@
o' M%(O5)
/
0!A/ mol m
#@
is mi9e $ith DC0 cm
@
o' M%(O5)
/
0!@ mol m
#@
G
mol o' M%(O5)
/
0!/CC mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC#
C@ C1 T$o Solute in One Solution
*ou can put t$o solutie in one solution!
Use the same volume to calculate th$ t$o concentration!
=9ample "
mass
M:
mol
volume
concentration
Use the same volume
'or both solute
Not only you can put / solute in the same solution+
you can also put @+ B+ C+ !!!! solute in a solution!
There is no limit on the number o' solute you can
put in a solution!
Ans$er "
@1!E %rams o' M%,r
/
an D!1/ %rams o'
3eCl
/
is mi9e $ith $ater to 'orm C00 cm
@
solution!
4hat are the concentrations o' M%,r
/
an 3eCl
/
G
M%,r
/
3eCl
/
0!C m
@
0!C m
@
Q M%,r
/
R 8 0!B mol m
#@
Q 3eCl
/
R 8 0!A/ mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC#Q1
C@ C1 IA 4hat are the concentrations o'
solution G
J3
mass
M:
mol
volume
concentration
The &uestion mention that volume
Ans$er "
C@ C1 I/ 4hat are the concentrations o'
NaO5
mass
M:
mol
volume
concentration
Ans$er "
C@ C1 I@
Ans$er "
On(NO
@
)
/
an J3 i' AA!1 %ram o' J3 an C1!D %ram
o' On(NO
@
)
/
is issolve in $ater to prouce C00 cm
@
On(NO
@
)
/
is 0!C m
@
! Shoul you put
0!/C m
@
'or each o' these G
Q On(NO
@
)
/
R 8 0!1 mol m
#@
Q J3 R 8 0!B mol m
#@
NaO5 an M%Cl
/
i' E %rams o' NaO5 an /E!C %rams o'
M%Cl
/
is issolve to prouce E00 cm
@
solution G
M%Cl
/
Q M%Cl
/
R 8 0!@DC mol m
#@
Q NaO5 R 8 0!/C mol m
#@
4hat are the concentrations o' NaNO
@
an
AlCl
@
$hen AD %rams o' NaNO
@
an A@!@C %rams o' AlCl
@
is issolve to prouce /C0 cm
@
solution G
Q AlCl
@
R 8 0!B mol m
#@
Q NaNO
@
R 8 0!E mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC#ions
Concentration o' Ions
,esies compouns+ sometimes the &uestions also ask
'or concentration o' ions! It is very easy to
calculate! =ach ionic compoun is mae up o' a
certain number o' cations an anions!
=9ample
/ an A
A an /
A an @
=9ercise " 3ill in the table "
compoun cation anion
J
/
SO
B
is mae up o'
J
6
ions
SO
B
/#
ion
Ca(NO
@
)
/
is mae up o'
Ca
/6
ions
NO
@
#
ion
AlCl
@
is mae up o'
Al
@6
ions Cl
#
ion
So A mol o' AlCl
@
is mae up o' A mol o' Al
@6
ions
an @ mol Cl
#
ions!
0!@ mol 5
@
-O
B
SSSS mol 5
6
SSSS mol -O
B
@#
0!/C mol JNO
@
SSSS mol J
6
SSSS mol NO
@
#
0!E mol Ca,r
/
SSSS mol Ca
/6
SSSS mol ,r
#
0!@ mol Al
/
(SO
B
)
@
SSSS mol Al
@6
SSSS mol SO
B
/#
www.singaporestudent.com CC#ions_2
These thin%s also applie to concentrations
=9ample "
then
=9ercise " 3ill up the table "
compoun cation anion
i' QJ
/
CO
@
R 8 0!B mol m
#@
QJ
6
R 8 mol m
#@
QCO
@
/#
R 8
0!B mol m
#@
QNa
/
SO
B
R 8 0!@ mol m
#@
QNa
6
R 8 SSSS
QSO
B
/#
R 8 SSSS
QCa(O5)
/
R 8 A!/ mol m
#@
QCa
/6
R 8 SSSS QO5
#
R 8 SSSS
Q3e(CN)
@
R 8 0!C mol m
#@
Q3e
@6
R 8 SSSS QCN
#
R 8 SSSS
QTiCl
B
R 8 0!/C mol m
#@
QTi
B6
R 8 SSSS QCl
#
R 8 SSSS
Q,aSO
B
R 8 SSSSS mol m
#@
Q,a
/6
R 8 0!A
QSO
B
/#
R 8 SSSS
20.4=0.8
www.singaporestudent.com CC#Q!
C@ C1 IB
solution A solution A combine
solution
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
volume
Ans$er "
C@ C1 IC / %rams o' soium hyro9ie+ NaO5+ an
NaO5
mass mass
M: M:
mol o' NaO5
volume
Ans$er "
C@ C1 ID
an 0!F1 %ram lithium hyro9ie+ LiO5+ are issolve
prouce G This time I o not provie the table!
Ans$er "
/00 cm
@
o' JNO
@
solution 0!/ mol m
#@
is mi9e $ith @00 cm
@
J
/
SO
B
solution 0!@ mol m
#@
!
4hat is the concentration o' J
6
in the ne$ solution G
QJNO
@
R
mol o' JNO
@

QJ
/
SO
B
R
mol o' J
/
SO
B

mol o' J
6
QJ
6
R
QJ
6
R 8 0!BB mol m
#@
A0!1 %ram o' soium carbonate+ Na
/
CO
@
+ are issolve in
$ater to prouce /C0 cm
@
solution!
4hat is the concentration o' Na
6
ion in the solution G
Na
/
CO
@
mol o' Na
/
CO
@
mol o' Na
6
mol o' Na
6
mol o' Na
6
QNa
6
R
QNa
6
R8 A mol m
#@
/!// %ram calcium hyro9ie+ Ca(O5)
/
in /00 cm
@
$ater! 4hat is the concentration o' O5
#

QO5
#
R 8 0!C mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC$
C@ CD :eaction involvin% solution
I' you encounter a &uestion in $hich a solution is
involve+ then you shoul o the usual mol calculation+
2ust that you nee to use the 'ormula "
=9ample "
/5Cl 6
N
6 6
5Cl
concentration
volume
mol
coe''icient
N;
volume o' %as
mol
coe''icient
N;
Ans$er " A!1E
Calculate the volume o' CO
/
%as at rtp
prouce $hen e9cess calcium carbonate (CaCO
@
) is put
into B00 cm
@
5Cl (a&) 0!@C mol m
#@
!
CaCO
@
CaCl
/
5
/
O CO
/
CO
/
m
@
concentration=
mol of solute
volume of solution
www.singaporestudent.com CC$Q1
C@ CD IA
6
N
6
0!F EE!1C %rams o'
,alance the above reaction an 'ill up the tables
belo$ to %et your ans$er
mass
M:
mol
concentration coe''icient
volume N;
mol
coe''icient
N;
Ans$er " 0!C
J
/
CO
@
,a(NO
@
)
/
,aCO
@
JNO
@
4hat is the volume o' J
/
CO
@
(a&)
mol m
#@
neee to prouce
,aCO
@
$hen it is reacte $ith e9cess ,a(NO
@
)
/
G
,aCO
@
J
/
CO
@
m
@
www.singaporestudent.com CC%Q1
C@ CE :eaction by mi9in% solution
C@ CE IA
6 5Cl
N
6
4hat is the mass o' calcium chlorie prouce $hen
@00 0!C
mi9e $ith /00 A
,alance the above reaction an 'ill up the tables
belo$ to %et your ans$er
5Cl
concentration
volume
mol
coe''icient
N;
=9cess
N;
coe''icient
mol
M:
mass
Ans$er " AA!A%rams
Ca(O5)
/
CaCl
/
5
/
O
cm
@
o' calcium hyro9ie mol m
#@
is
cm
@
o' hyrochloric aci mol m
#@
G
Ca(O5)
/
Ca(O5)
/
CaCl
/
www.singaporestudent.com CC%Q2
C@ CE I/
6 JO5
N
6
4hat is the concentration o' potassium nitrate
prouce $hen C00 0!/
mi9e $ith @00 0!B
,alance the above reaction an 'ill up the tables
belo$ to %et your ans$er
JO5
concentration
volume
mol
coe''icient
N;
N; Shoul you 'ill this
coe''icient
mol
volume
concentration
Ans$er " 0!A/C
5NO
@
JNO
@
5
/
O
cm
@
JO5 mol m
#@
is
cm
@

5NO
@
mol m
#@
!
5NO
@
JNO
@
$ith 0!C m
@
+ 0!@ m
@

or 0!E m
@
G
mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC%Q
C@ CE I@
6
N
6
Calculate the concentration o'
prouce 'rom reaction bet$een
/00 0!C an
@00 0!/
.
concentration
volume
mol
coe''icient
N;
N; Shoul you 'ill this
coe''icient
mol
volume
concentration
Ans$er " 0!01
Ca(O5)
/
5
@
-O
B
Ca
@
(-O
B
)
/
5
/
O
Ca
@
(-O
B
)
/
cm
@
Ca(O5)
/
mol m
#@
cm
@
5
@
-O
B
mol m
#@
Ca(O5)
/
5
@
-O
B
Ca
@
(-O
B
)
/
$ith 0!/ m
@
+ 0!@ m
@

or 0!C m
@
G
mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC%Q!
C@ CE IB
6 5Cl
N
6
Calculate the concentration o' calcium chlorie+
5Cl
concentration
volume
mol
coe''icient
N;
5Cl
N; be'ore
N; react
N; a'ter
N;
coe''icient
mol
volume
concentration
Ans$er "
Ca(O5)
/
CaCl
/
5
/
O
CaCl
/
+ an the concentration o' e9cess calcium
hyro9ie+ Ca(O5)
/
+ $hen /00 cm
@
o' Ca(O5)
/
0!B mol m
#@
is mi9e $ith 100 cm
@
5Cl 0!/ mol m
#@
!
Ca(O5)
/
Ca(O5)
/
CaCl
/
5
/
O
Ca(O5)
/
CaCl
/
QCa(O5)
/
R 8 0!0/C mol m
#@
QCaCl
/
R 8 0!0DC mol m
#@
www.singaporestudent.com CC&
C@ CF Con'usion ,et$een ;olume o' Kas an
;olume o' Solution
In the ia%ram that I put+ you see that the volume
o' %as shoul be ivie by /B to %et mol!
volume
o' mol
%as
Some stuents are con'usin% this volume $ith the
volume o' a solution! To calculate the mol o' solute
in a solution+ you shoul use the 'ormula "
=9ample o' $ron% calculation "
=9ample A "
contains 8 0!0A mol NaO5
this is $ron% because NaO5
is not a %as!
=9ample / "
%as can not be calculate+ because $e o not kno$
the concentration!
the concentration is not neee!
carbon io9ie is a %as!
so at rtp " mol o' CO/ 8
8 0!/ mol
/B0 cm
@
soium hyro9ie solution 0!/ mol m
#@
At rtp+ the number o' mol o' B!E m
@
carbon io9ie
24
24
concentrationof solution=
mol of solute
volume of solution
0.24dm
3
24
4.8dm
3
24
www.singaporestudent.com C!
CB -ercenta%e o' -urity
'ormula to calculate percenta%e o' purity "
or
or
CB CA Calculation o' purity $ithout reaction
CB CA IA Calculate the percenta%e o' purity o' /!C
%ram o' copper (II) sulphate sample+ i' it prouce
/ %ram o' pure copper (II) sulphate!
mass o' pure substance %ram
mass o' sample %ram
percenta%e o' purity P
Ans$er " E0P
purity=
mass of pure substance
mass of impure substance
purity=
mol of pure substance
mol of impure substance
purity=
volume of pure gas
volume of mixture of gasses
www.singaporestudent.com C!C1Q2
CB CA I/
Air contains /0P O9y%en %as! 4hat is the mass
o' o9i%en in A o' air in rtp G
volume o' air
percenta%e o' purity P
mol
%rams
Ans$er " /11!11 %rams
CB CA I@
present in 1/!C %rams o' iron (III) chlorie sample
$ith percenta%e o' purity 1CP G
mass o' sample %rams
percenta%e o' purity P
%rams
mol
Ans$er " 0!/Cmol
4ell+ that's very easy! Too easy! I' you %et bore+
%o to CBC/! I' you still $ant some e9ercises+
o the ne9t &uestions!
m
@

m
@
volume o' O
/
m
@
mol o' O
/
M: o' O
/
mass o' O
/
5o$ many mols o' iron (III) chlorie (3eCl
@
) is
mass o' pure 3eCl
@
M: o' 3eCl
@
mol o' 3eCl
@
www.singaporestudent.com C!C1Q!
CB CA IB
'rom D0!/F %rams o' sample $ith percenta%e o' purity
D0P
Ans$er " 0!@ mol
CB CA IC
4hat is the percenta%e o' purity o' A/!E %rams sample
Ans$er " DCP
CB CA I1
4hat is the volume o' helium %as at rtp taken 'rom
D!0CF k% o' %as mi9ture that contains EC P helium %as
by mass G
Ans$er "
4hat is the mol o' soium phosphate (Na
@
-O
B
) prouce
o' copper (II) sulphate (CuSO
B
) that prouce 0!01 mol
o' pure CuSO
B
G
@1000 m
@
www.singaporestudent.com C!C2Q1
CB C/ Calculation o' purity i' there is reaction
CB C/ IA
6 NaO5
N
6 6
AA %rams o' a sample o' ammonium sulphate
Calculate the percenta%e o' purity o' the sample!
NaO5
concentration
volume
mol
coe''icient
N;
N;
coe''icient Ans$er " 10P
mol
mass (pure)
mass (sample)
P purity
(N5
B
)
/
SO
B
Na
/
SO
B
N5
@
5
/
O
reacts completely $ith /00 cm
@
NaO5 0!C mol m
#@
(N5
B
)
/
SO
B
www.singaporestudent.com C!C2Q2
CB C/ I/
6 5Cl
N
LiCl 6 6
F!AA %rams o' a sample o' lithium carbonate+ +
reacts $ith e9cess hyrochloric aci to prouce AF/0
o' at rtp!
Calculate the percenta%e o' purity o' the sample!
volume
mol
coe''icient
N;
N;
coe''icient
mol
mass (pure)
mass (sample)
P purity
Ans$er " 1CP
Li
/
CO
@
5
/
O CO
/
Li
/
CO
@
cm
@
CO
/
CO
/
Li
/
CO
@
www.singaporestudent.com C!C2Q
CB C/ I@
6
N
6
C %rams o' a sample o' calcium hyro9ie
reacts completely $ith @00 nitric aci+
$ith the concentration o' 0!@ !
4hat is the percenta%e o' purity o' the sample G
volume
concentration
mol
coe''icient
N;
N; be'ore
N; react
N; a'ter
N;
coe''icient
mol
M: Ans$er " 11!1P
mass (pure)
mass (sample)
P purity
Ca(O5)
/
5NO
@
Ca(NO
@
)
/
5
/
O
Ca(O5)
/
cm
@
5NO
@
mol m
#@
5NO
@
Ca(O5)
/
5NO
@
Ca(NO
@
)
/
5
/
O
Ca(O5)
/
www.singaporestudent.com C"C1
CC =mpirical an Molecular 3ormula
CC CA =mpirical 3ormula
I' they ask you to 'in the empirical 'ormula+
2ust 'in the mol ratio bet$een elements!
CC CA IA A hyrocarbon is mae up o' E@!@@P mass
o' carbon! 4hat is the empirical 'ormula o' the
hyrocarbon G
C 5 A00P #E@!@@P
M:
mass (P)
mol
mol ratio
mol ratio
Ans$er "
Note " a hyrocarbon is a compoun that contains only
carbon an hyro%en
CC CA I/ 1!0C %ram o' iron is prouce 'rom E!1B o'
its o9ie! 4hat is the empirical 'ormula o' the iron
o9ie G
3e O i' you ans$er E!1B
M: here+ you are $ron%
mass
mol
mol ratio
mol ratio
Ans$er "
CC CA I@ @E %rams o' titanium chlorie contains F!1
%rams o' titanium! 4hat is the empirical 'ormula G
Ans$er "
CC CA IB C!1 %rams o' a hyrocarbon contains B!/
%rams o' carbon! 4hat is its empirical 'ormula G
Ans$er "
C
C
5
A/
3e
/
O
@
TiCl
B
C5
B
6.94
5
0.108
2
www.singaporestudent.com C"C2
CC C/ Molecular 3ormula
=mpirical 'ormulas are 2ust mol ratios bet$een
elements in compouns!
Molecular 'ormulas e9press the number o' atoms in
the molecules!
=9ample " This is the molecular 'ormula an empirical
'ormula o' ethene!
Molecular 3ormula =mpirical 3ormula
Note " there are / C Note "ratio bet$een
atoms an 1 5 atoms in mol o' C an mol o' 5
a molecule o' C/51 is A " @
In the &uestions+ usually they ask empirical 'ormula
'irst+ then they ask 'or molecular 'ormulas!
To 'in the molecular 'ormula+ use the M: o' the
substance!
C
/
5
1
C5
@
www.singaporestudent.com C"C2./ample
4hat is the empirical 'ormula o' a hyrocarbon that has
EC!DAP mass o' carbon G
4hat is the molecular 'ormula o' the hyrocarbon
i' its M: is C1
4e o the usual empirical 'ormula calculation!
7o you kno$ ho$
C 5
to %et this number G
P mass EC!DA AB!/F
M: A/ A
mol D!AB AB!/F ivie by D!AB
mol ratio A /!0A
mol ratio A / roun o''
5ere is ho$ you calculate molecular 'ormula "
M: o' C Mr o' 5
molecular 'ormula
is B times o'
empirical 'ormula
The empirical 'ormula is C5
/
!
C5
/
Molecular 'ormula is C
B
5
E
!
MR=56=n11221
56=n122=14n
n=
56
14
=4
41 42
www.singaporestudent.com C"C2Q1Q2
=9ample "
An or%anic compoin contain B0P mass C+ C@!@P mass O+
an 1!1DP mass 5!
4hat is its empirical 'ormula G
4hat is its molecular 'ormula i' its M: is 10G
4e o the usual empirical 'ormula calculation!
C 5 O
P mass
M:
mol
mol ratio
mol ratio
The empirical 'ormula is
The molecular 'ormula is
It's too easy! Ne9t &uestion I o not %ive you the
table!
CC C/ I/
A compoun contains /@!D1P mass C+ D0!/FP mass Cl an
the rest is hyro%en!
4hat is its molecular 'ormula i' its M: is C0!1 G
Ans$er " CC C/ IA empirical 8
molecular 8
CC C/ I/
C5
/
O
C
/
5
B
O
/
C5
@
Cl
www.singaporestudent.com C"C2 3ndirect
Sometimes the on't %ive you the M: irectly!
They tell you IN7I:=CTL* by %ivin% the volume an mass
o' the %as!
They o all these to make the &uestions more
complicate!
,ut you still can o it because you're %oo!
=9ample " A hyrocarbon contains EC!DAP mass o' C!
at rtp! 4hat is the molecular 'ormula o' the
hyrocarbon G
C 5
P mass EC!DA AB!/F
M: A/ A
mol D!AB AB!/F ivie by D!AB
mol ratio A /!0A
mol ratio A / roun o''
volume at rtp B!E
mol 0!/mol
mass C!1%ram
M: /E
M: o' C Mr o' 5
molecular 'ormula is
/ times empirical 'ormula
C!1 %rams o' the hyrocarbon occupies BE00 cm
@
The empirical 'ormula is C5
/
!
(C5
/
)
n
m
@
C5
/
Molecular 'ormula is C
/
5
B
!
ec
28=n122=14n
n=
28
14
=2
MR=28=n11221
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CC C/ I@
An or%anic compoun contains @1!@1P C+ 1!01P 5 an
CD!CEP 3 by mass!
4hat is its molecular 'ormula i' A!A %rams o' the
C 5 3
P mass
M:
mol
mol ratio
mol ratio
The empirical 'ormula is "
volume at rtp
mol mol
mass %ram
M:
The molecular 'ormula is "
CC C/ IB
4hat is the molecular 'ormula o' an or%anic compoun
that has //!//P C+ @!D0P 5+ an DB!AP ,r by massG
Ans$er " CC C/ I@
CC C/ IB
compoun occupies B00 cm
@
G
C5
/
3
m
@
1!BE %rams o' the compoun occupies D/0 cm
@
at rtp!
C
/
5
B
3
/
C
B
5
E
,r
/