LITERATURE OF TREFLAM

Origin of Trifluralin(treflam)
Tri+fluor+aniline
Trifluralin, a Group D dinitroanaline herbicide, was first introduced into the
Australian cereal market in the 1960s.
Trifluralin was first registered in the United States in 1963 as a selective
preemergent herbicide.
In 1963 Dallyn and Sawyer reported that when this herbicide was applied
to the soil surface prior to transplanting tomato plants ,It caused the formation of
a corky abscission like layer in the transplanted plants at the ground level.
In 1965, Standifer and Thomas have shown that when the herbicide is
incorporated to various depths lateral root information does not occur in cotton
plants in the soil region ,where the herbicide is usually found. Kempen in 1965
noted the effect of treflam on weeds in cotton fields stated that treflam controls
weed primarily by preventing the development of thermal root growth.In the
same year HM Worth and R C Anderson worked on the toxicity of treflam ,whch
was an herbicide to mammals and chickens.
Treflam is a soil active compound and the best results are obtained when it
is incorporated in to the soil to depths of 2 to 4 inches as a preemergence control
for annual weeds kempen(1965) states that ,miller and carter (workers at the
shafter USDA cotton research station) have shown that where treflam was mixed
with the soil the lateral root system of cotton was inhibited . Its ability to control
grass weed populations, and the fact that alternatives did not exist, trifluralin was
adopted extensively. It remained the dominant grass herbicide in cereals
throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
Trials were carried out on an alluvial meadow soil in 1966-67 by V Rankow
and E Elenkov . Treflan (trifluralin) at 0.4 and 1.8 kg a.i./ha, applied in May-June
on plots with and without French beans, stimulated soil microflora and increased
the ammonifying, nitrifying and cellulose-decomposing activities of the soil; the
effect lasted about 6-7 weeks.Herbicide inhibition of nodulation increased with
varietal sensitivity but nodulation of the cvs. Logon, Saxa, Wax Kwitlinga and
Processor was increased 2.4-2.9 times 40 days after treatment with trifluralin at
0.7 kg/ha. In 1966 The Effects of Treflan and Meloidogyne Hapla on the Growth of
Periwinkle (Vinca Major). LH Fuchigami from University of Minnesota
, In 1967 MR Vega, JD Ona, FL Punzalan Evaluated of Herbicides for Weed Control
in Lowland Rice,In 1967 Effect of Incorporating Treflan with Four Common Tillage
Tools was been studied by FE Edwards from Mississippi State University,In 1970
Trials with Treflan in cabbage seed beds were done by PS VASILENKO.
In 1972 TP Wu from Taiwania studied cytological effects of treflan and
mitomycin C on root tips of Vicia faba L.In 1974 GN Tyunyaeva, AK Minenko, LA
Pen'kov from Agrokhimiya studied The effect of treflan on the bioloical
properties of soil.In 1975 DM Weatherspoon, WL Curre Evaluation of Treflan,
Lasso and Ronstar herbicides for use in woody ornamental nurseries
.In 1977 RL Cooper an Agronomy journal studied the Response of soybean
cultivars to narrow rows and planting rates under weed-free conditions.In 1978 R
Ross, J Morrison, DH Fine - Journal of agricultural and food , Assessed the
dipropylnitrosamine levels in a tomato field following application of Treflan EC. In
1979 A Kabarity, A Nahas Induction of polyploidy and C-tumours after
treatingAllium cepa root tips with the herbicide Treflan. EPA initiated a Special
Review of trifluralin in August, 1979 because it was found to contain N-nitroso-di-
n-propylamine (NDPA or nitrosamine) at levels that met or exceeded the Agencys
oncogenic risk criterion.
In the 1980s, a raft of new grass herbicides were introduced to the
Australian winter cereal market. They included diclofop-methyl (Hoegrass) and
chlorosulfuron (Glean). Given the post emergent activity of these products and
high levels of efficacy achieved at that time, they displaced much of the trifluralin
market, and, a raft of new grass herbicides were introduced to the Australian
winter cereal market. They included diclofop-methyl (Hoegrass) and
chlorosulfuron (Glean). Given the post emergent activity of these products and
high levels of efficacy achieved at that time, they displaced much of the trifluralin
market. In 1982 RD Riggs, LR Oliver the Journal of Nematology studied the Effect
of trifluralin (Treflan) on soybean cyst nematode. In concluding the Special Review
in 1982, EPA required registrants to achieve a 0.5 ppm upper limit for
nitrosamines in their technical products. As part of the reregistration eligibility
decision on trifluralin, the Agency is requiring that all technical and
manufacturing-use registrants submit nitrosamine analysis data to confirm that
levels remain at or below the 0.5 ppm limit
In 1985 SM Naqvi, VO Davis, RM Hawkins Percent mortalities and LC 50 values for
selected microcrustaceans exposed to treflan,and cutrine-plus herbicides.In 1986
MA Pilinskaia from TSitologiia i genetika studied on Evaluation of the cytogenetic
effect of the herbicide treflan and of a number of its metabolites on mammalian
somatic cells, and J Altman a Phytopathologist studied the Enhancement Of
Verticillium Wilt on solananaceous vegetables by treflam.
A Registration Standard for trifluralin was issued in April 1987 and a Data
Call-In for reentry protection data and mixer/loader/applicator exposure
monitoring data for trifluralin products used on turf was issued in March 1995.
Over reliance of these, and other highly selective Group A and Group B
grass killers throughout the 1980s and 1990s resulted in annual ryegrass
populations developing resistance to this chemistry. The industry now has largely
turned back to trifluralin to underpin ryegrass population control in winter
cropping systems
In 1995 RU Khan, NA Khan, M Ahmad the Sarhad Journal of Agriculture
worked on the Performance of Treflan: a preplant applied herbicide in rapeseed
and mustard.
In 1996 G Ribas, J Surralles, E Carbonell, N Xamena evaluated the herbicide
treflam for genotoxicity in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Sister-
chromatid exchanges (SCE), chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronuclei (MN)
were scored as genetic endpoints. To detect eventual metabolic modification in
the genotoxicity of this herbicide, the cultures for SCE and MN demonstration
were also treated with S9 fraction. From our results we can conclude that
trifluralin was able to exert a weak cytotoxic effect, reducing both the
proliferative rate index (PRI) and the cytokinesis block proliferation index (CBPI),
and also to induce a slight but statistically significant increase in the frequency of
SCE. Under our conditions of testing, no genotoxic effects of trifluralin were
observed in the CA and MN assays.
In 2000 In Sri Lanka, the active promotion of chemical products to prevent
disease in shrimp hatcheries has led to an increase in the use of drugs and
chemicals without much emphasis on understanding their efficacies. A survey was
carried out to evaluate trends in the use of drugs and chemicals as therapeutic
treatments for shrimp-hatchery diseases. A wide range of chemicals and drugs are
being used, both for prophylactic treatment and to prevent or control parasitic,
fungal and bacterial diseases in hatcheries. Without proper scientific investigation
into treatment regimes, there has been a tendency for individual hatcheries to
select their own treatment regimes and to do their own experimentation. Little
knowledge exists among hatchery operators as to the hazardous effects of the
chemicals in use. Lack of legislation on the use of chemotherapeutants in
aquaculture has led to the uncontrolled use and improper selection of chemicals
for use in shrimp hatcheries.
In 2001 NU Khan, SU Khan, G Hassan, IH Shah, Q Nawaz Studied on weed
control in cotton .In 2002 RM Brand, C Mueller studied the Transdermal
penetration of atrazine, alachlor, and trifluralin: effect of formulation.In 2003 S
Hashim, KB Marwat, G Hassan studied the Chemical weed control efficiency in
potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar.In
2004 CA Judge, JC Neal, JB Weber the JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL studied the
Dose and concentration responses of common nursery weeds to Gallery, Surflan
andTreflan.
In 2005 MM Loux, D Doohan, AF Dobbels, WG Johnson wrote a book on
the Weed control guide for Ohio and Indiana. In 2006 SA Uddin, MA Kade studied
The use of treflam as antibiotics in shrimp hatcheries in Bangladesh,and SH
Lancaster, RL Haney, SA Sensema Journals of agricultural studied the Soil
microbial activity is affected by Roundup WeatherMax and pesticides applied to
cotton .In 2007 IA Khan, G Hassan, VM Salokhe studied the Chemical weeds
control in canola.In 2008 S Knen, T ava - Environmental and molecular
mutagenesists worked on the Genotoxicity testing of the herbicide trifluralin and
its commercial formulation Treflan using the piscine micronucleus test, IA Khan, G
Hassan, KB Marwat, I Daur studied the Efficacy of some pre and post emergence
herbicides on yield and yield components of canola in 2008.In 2010 SD Miller, JD
Nalewaja studied the Fall preplant Treflan applications in wheat.
In 2011 Field trial was conducted by IS Alsaadawi, A Khaliq, AA Al-Temimi,
A Matloob in brazil with the aim of utilizing allelopathic crop residues to reduce
the use of syntheticherbicides in broad bean (Vicia faba) fields. Sunflower residue
at 600 and 1,400 g m
-2
and Treflan (trifluralin) at 50, 75 and 100% of
recommended dose were incorporated into the soil alone or in combination with
each other. Untreated plots were maintained as a control. Herbicide application
in plots amended with sunflower residue had the least total weed count and
biomass, which was even better than herbicide used alone. Integration of
recommended dose of Treflan with sunflower residue at 1,400 g m-
2
produced
maximum (987.5 g m
-2
) aboveground biomass of broad bean, which was 74 and
36% higher than control and recommended herbicide dose applied alone,
respectively. Combination of herbicide and sunflower residue appeared to better
enhance pod number and yield per unit area than herbicide alone. Application of
50% dose of Treflan in plots amended with sunflower residue resulted in similar
yield advantage as was noticed with 100% herbicide dose. Chromatographic
analysis of residue-infested field soil indicated the presence of several phytotoxic
compounds of phenolic nature. Periodic data revealed that maximum suppression
in weed density and dry weight synchronized with peak values of phytotoxins
observed 4 weeks after incorporation of sunflower residues. Integration of
sunflower residues with lower herbicide rates can produce effective weed
suppression without compromising yield as a feasible and environmentally sound
approach in broad bean fields.

In 2012 Zohrabi, A.; Naderidarbaghshahi, M, Jalalizand studied on the
Chemical weed control of autumnal rapeseed in Isfahan (Iran).In 2013 S
Komanduri studied the Effects of Treflan and Thiram and their interaction on
nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and yield of inoculated and uninoculated garden
beans. In 2014 SMH Nejad - Journal of Applied Science and Agriculture studied the
Effect of different tillage methods on the amounts of treflan upon parts
productionand production application seedling canola cultivar Hayola in the
climatic conditions of DEZFUL Seyed Mohammad Hashemi Nejad in iran ,and HR
Miri, R Rastegar, B Jafari - International Journal of Biosciences studied the
Separate and combined application of herbicide in bean weeds control and its
yield.

Raw Materials Required : Paracholorobenzoltrifluroide.

Applications: Used to dry field herbicides,it is extensively used to control the
growth of weeds and grasses in the agricultural fields,


Why we choose treflam ??
As we all know that India is mainly an agricultural country,but still we use
conventional methods for crop irrigation purposes and the yield which we get is
not up the desired valve so we have to go for non conventional method of crop
irrigation.
Since treflam is mainly used to control the growth of weeds and grasses in the
agricultural fields and thus facilitating the proper supply of nutrients to the crops,
The proper modifications in the use of treflam might help in getting the drastic
changes in the agricultural methods followed in India ,and which intern will be
resulting in the economic growth of the country ,became the main reason to
choose Treflam as the topic to study on