Infancy

Infancy
Physical
New born adjusts to the temperature changes, breathing, sucking,
swallowing, and elimination.
Motor skills of infancy is universal, but average ages can be a
little deceptive. Each infant has his or her own:
-genetically programmed timetable of physical maturation
-developmental readiness to master different motor skills
like rolling over, sitting up, and standing
Cognitive
Sensorimotor Stage
- ecogni!e relations between sensations and motor.
- "bject #ermanence $pg%&'
( ) & &*+
Infancy
Infancy
Psychological
trust vs. mistrust
,nfants whose needs are met and who are cuddled, fondled and
shown genuine affection evolve a sense of a world as a safe, and
dependable place.
,n contrast, when a child is chaotic, unpredictable and rejecting as
brought about by his environment, he approaches the world with
fear and suspicion. the world is inconsistent and unpredictable
infancy
infancy
Emotional
Dependence -, need you.
/elplessness in the sense that the newborn is completely
dependent on the parents and hast the need to adjust to this new
environment he is born in.
Social/Moral
Newborns start to become aware of their environment particularly
people.
Preconventional Morality
"bedience to being righteous on objects and events in order to
avoid the punishment of pain, an0iety and prohibition of
independence.


Babyhood
Babyhood
Physical
apid development of body control, which enables the baby
to sit, stand, walk, and manipulate objects at will. $pg&+1'
2earning to take solid foods.
Cognitive
Sensorimotor Stage
- 2earning through active interaction with the environment
- 3ecoming aware of cause-effect relationships
- 4oncepts develop through association of meanings to
objects, people and situations.
- ,mitating crudely the actions of others
& 5 - +


Babyhood
Babyhood
Psychological
Autonomy vs. shame & doubt
6s baby begins to crawl, walk, climb and e0plore, a new conflict
confronts them: whether or not to assert their wills. 7hen parents
are patient, cooperative and encouraging, children ac8uire a sense
of independence and competence.
,n contrast, when children are not allowed such freedom and are
over protected, they develop an e0cessive sense of shame and
doubt.
babyhood
babyhood
Emotional
Dependence -, need you.
6bsence of a mother or motherly figure may lead to protest.
4ommon emotional patterns shown are: anger, fear, curiosity, joy
and affection.
Social/Moral
9riendship involves an element of choice. #refers to have one
particular child over all other kids.
Preconventional Morality
3abies are neither moral nor immoral but nonmoral since they
have not yet formed a scale of values and a conscience. $pg


Childhood
Childhood


(Early Childhood)
(Early Childhood)
Physical
4hildren can create things with their hands by +-:. ;hen by % to
:, they begin to show the skills necessary for starting or
succeeding in school. 3y age :-1, children continue to refine fine
motor skills and build upon earlier skills.
Cognitive
Preoperational
- 3egins with child being very egocentric
- 2anguage and mental representations develop
- "bjects are classified by just one characteristic at a time
+ - 1
6ttach video


Childhood
Childhood


(Early Childhood)
(Early Childhood)
Psychological
Initiative vs. guilt
<uring the preschool years, children begin to assert their power
and control over the world through directing play and other
social interaction.
4hildren who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to
lead others. ;hose who fail to ac8uire these skills are left with a
sense of guilt, self-doubt and lack of initiative.
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Childhood
Childhood
(Early Childhood)
(Early Childhood)
Emotional
Dependence -, need you.
4haracteri!ed by heightened emotions specially fear.$pg&=:'
6ttitudes in communicating towards the child have a lasting effect
on the emotion.
Social
<evelops self-concept through other people.
9orms a primary group called significant others$pg&=1'
6t age :, a child has a fairly well defined concept of who he is.
$pg&=1'
emember:
#arent>s remarks about the child usually reinforce that which the
child hears about himself. $pg &=1'


Childhood
Childhood


(Late Childhood)
(Late Childhood)
Physical
/e is the master of a great variety of skills both locomotor
and manipulative.
,nterested in a variety of hobbies and leisure time activities.
E0pected development of fine motor coordination.
Cognitive
Concrete operational
- <evelops conservation of volume, length, mass, etc.
- "rgani!es objects into ordered categories
- ?nderstands relational terms $e.g., bigger than, above'
- 3egins using simple logic
1 - &+


Childhood
Childhood


(Late Childhood)
(Late Childhood)
Psychological
Industry vs. ineriority
;hrough social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of
pride in their accomplishments and abilities.
4hildren who are encouraged and commended by parents and
teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills.
;hose who receive little or no encouragement from parents,
teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to be successful.
Childhood
Childhood
(Late Childhood)
(Late Childhood)
Emotional
Dependence -, need you.
Emotions are developed in the conte0t of social groups.
#ositive, caring environment, praise and encouragement, all
e0perience success $including parent support of these needs', will
help children develop healthy ways of e0pressing their emotion.
Social
#eer interaction and friendship are important contributors to a
child>s development during late childhood.
Conventional Morality
@tage %, ?phold conventional laws and values by favoring
obedience to parents and authority figures.
adolescence
adolescence
Physical
Airls:
Airls may begin to develop breast.
#ubic hair, armpit and leg hair.
Menarche $the beginning of menstrual periods'
Airls have a rapid growth in height
3oys:
3oys may begin to notice that their testicles and scrotum
grow. @oon, the penis begins to lengthen.
#ubic hair growth -- as well as armpit, leg, chest, and facial
hair.
/aving regular nocturnal emissions $wet dreams' marks the
beginning of puberty in boys.
3oysB voices change at the same time as the penis grows.
Nocturnal emissions occur with the peak of the height spurt
&+ - &C
adolescence
adolescence
Cognitive
!ormal operational "pg #$%&
- ;hinking becomes abstract and symbolic
- easoning skills develop
- 6 sense of hypothetical concepts develops
Psychological
Identity vs. role conusion
<uring adolescence, children are e0ploring their independence
and developing a sense of self.
;hose who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement
through personal e0ploration will emerge from this stage with a
strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control.
;hose who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will insecure
and confused about themselves and the future.
Adolescence
Adolescence
Emotional
Independence -, don>t need you.
<uring adolescence, it is normal for young people to begin to
separate from their parents and establish their own identity.
6s adolescents pull away from their parents in a search for their
own identity, their friends become more important.
Social/Moral
#eer group acceptance
<evelop varied interests depending on their se0, intelligence,
environment and opportunities given to them.
Postconventional Morality
;his is the level of self accepted principles.$pg +&:'


Adulthood
Adulthood


(Early Adulthood)
(Early Adulthood)
Physical
D#eak of strength, energy, and endurance
D3ody functions are fully developed by mid twenties
@enses are sharpest
Eouthful appearance fades rapidly.
Cognitive
!ormal operational
,ntellectual development is affected by education, social status,
occupation, health and life e0periences.
9luid intelligence likely decline in adulthood, whereas
crystali!ed intelligence appears to increase or continue.$pg+%&'
&C - :(


Adulthood
Adulthood


(Early Adulthood)
(Early Adulthood)
Psychological
Intimacy vs. isolation
;his stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are
e0ploring personal relationships.
Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close,
committed relationships with other people. ;hose who are
successful at this step will develop relationships that are
committed and secure.
emember that each step builds on skills learned in previous
steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity
was important to developing intimate relationships. @tudies have
demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have
less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer
emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.
adulthood
adulthood
( Early Adulthood)
( Early Adulthood)
Emotional
Interdependence
6n individual is concerned with developing the ability to share
intimacy, seeking to form relationships and find intimate love.
2ong-term relationships are formed, and often marriage and
children result. ;he young adult is also faced with career
decisions.
Social/Moral
@ocial convoy, a social network which includes relatives, friends
and ac8uaintances.
Post Conventional Morality
;he ethics of principle.
9ocuses on the principles underlying society>s rules.


Adulthood
Adulthood


(Middle Adulthood)
(Middle Adulthood)
Physical
/earing, eyesight and breathing declines during middle
adulthood. 3reathing becomes 8uicker and shallow, but the
8uality of breathing can be prolonged with cardiovascular
e0ercises.
6ging process is caused by a number of factors such as
molecular aging, aging <N6, decline of the immune system and
limit in cell reproduction.
Cognitive
!ormal operational
;wo categories of intelligence - crystalli!ed and fluid
intelligence. ;hese researchers argued that fluid intelligence, or
the ability to process new concepts and facts 8uickly and
creatively decline.
"n the other hand, crystalli!ed intelligence, or the stored
knowledge gained from e0perience and education, becomes
higher as people age. 9acts like mathematical or chemical
formulas, vocabulary si!e and history dates are all e0amples of
crystalli!ed intelligence.
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Adulthood
Adulthood


(Middle Adulthood)
(Middle Adulthood)
Psychological
'enerativity vs. sel( absorption
<uring adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on
our career and family.
;hose who are successful during this phase will feel that they are
contributing to the world by being active in their home and
community. ;hose who fail to attain this skill will feel
unproductive and uninvolved in the world.
3y generativity, Erickson means a reaching out beyond one>s
own immediate concerns to embrace the welfare of society and
of future generations, Aenerativity entails selflessness. ,n
contrast, stagnation is a condition in which individuals are
preoccupied with their material possessions or physical well-
being, a self centered, embittered individual, e0emplifies
stagnation.


adulthood
adulthood


(Middle Adulthood)
(Middle Adulthood)
Emotional
Midlife crisis, supposedly this is a time of great emotional
upheaval, an0iety, and drastic changes in behavior
7hat many consider a FcrisisF might stem from a personality trait
that makes coping with lifeBs stresses difficult.
Interdevelopmental
More on values
Social/Moral
6chieving adult social and civic responsibility
<eveloping leisure-time activities
Post Conventional Morality
@tage 1: Moral decisions should be made in terms of self-chosen
ethical principles. "nce principles are chosen, they should be
applied in a consistent way.
Old age
Old age
Physical
6ging inevitably means physical decline,
Energy reserves dwindle.
;he immune system is no longer as capable as it once was in
guarding against disease.
6ging in senesence profoundly affects appearance, sensation,
and motor abilities.
Cognitive
!ormal operational
4an reason about purely verbal or logical statements.
"lder people see art and nature in a deeper, more appreciative
way.

1( - above
Old age
Old age
Psychological
integrity vs. despair
;his phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting
back on life.
;hose who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their
life has been wasted and will e0perience many regrets. ;he
individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair.
;hose who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense
of integrity. @uccessfully completing this phase means looking
back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. ;hese
individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death
old age
old age
Emotional
6n0iety about death decrease tends to decrease during senescence*
old age.
Interconnectedness
@elf actuali!ation, self reali!ation, more on spiritual values
Social/Moral
6ffiliation needs are more important than achievement needs.
@everal social theories about old age are disengagement theory,
activity theory, continuity and discontinuity theories and diversity
thoery.
Post Conventional Morality
Moral development possesses sustained responsibility for the
welfare of others.