Transport i n

Li vi ng Thi ngs
LOWER SEC SCIENCE
MASTERY LEARNI NG CENTRE
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Descri be di f fusion.
Descri be osmosi s.
Expl ain the i mportance of di f fusion and osmosi s.
Descri be the ci rcul atory system i n ani mals.
Descri be the transport system i n pl ants.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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The parti cles of al l matter can move about randomly.
In sol i ds, the movement i s l i mited to vi brating about a fi xed
posi ti on.
In l i quids, the parti cles are abl e to move freely wi thi n the
boundaries of the l i quid.
In gases, the parti cles are abl e to move i n al l di rections
wi thout l i mi tations.
MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES
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The movement of parti cles i s i mportant to l i vi ng cel l s.
Cel l s need water, ai r, nutrients and other useful thi ngs. These
have to be brought to them and be abl e to enter through the
cel l membrane.
At the same ti me, waste products produced by cel ls need to
be abl e to move out of the cel l s and be carri ed away and
di sposed of.
Parti cles move i n and out of the cel ls through two mai n ways:
di f fusions and osmosis.
A transport system carri es useful substances to the cel l s and
takes away harmful waste substance from the cel l s.
MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES
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In di f fusion, the parti cles move from an area of hi gh
concentration to an area of l ow concentration ti l l they are
evenly di stributed (homogenous).
Di f fusion usually occurs i n sol uti ons.
No energy i s required for di f fusion.
Di f fusion can occur wi th or wi thout a parti ally permeable
membrane to separate the parti cles.
Di f fusion occurs when there i s a concentration gradient .
Di f fusion stops when the sol ution becomes homogenous.

DIFFUSION
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EXAMPLE OF DIFFUSION
A bottl e of perfume i s opened at one corner of the room. Af ter
some ti me, a person standi ng on the other si de of the room i s
abl e to smel l the perfume.
Thi s shows that parti cles from the perfume have di f fused
through the ai r.

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In osmosi s, water mol ecules move from a regi on of more
water mol ecules to a region of l ess water mol ecules through a
partially permeable membrane.
Osmosi s stops when the concentration of water mol ecules i s
equal on both si des of the membrane.
Osmosi s cannot occur wi thout a parti ally permeable
membrane.
No energy i s needed for osmosi s.
OSMOSIS
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A di l ute sol ution has more water mol ecules than a
concentrated sol ution.
So i n osmosi s, water moves from a di l ute to a concentrated
sol uti on.
OSMOSIS
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OSMOSIS IN ANIMAL CELLS
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OSMOSIS IN PLANT CELLS
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DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS IN LIVING THINGS
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DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS IN LIVING THINGS
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The transport of substances from one part of the ani mal to
another part takes pl ace i n the ci rculatory system.
The ci rculatory system ensures that useful materials are
brought i nto the cel l s and waste materials are carri ed away to
be di sposed of.
The ci rculatory system consi sts of the heart, bl ood vessels
and bl ood.
The heart i s a muscular pump that provi des the force that
pushes the bl ood through the bl ood vessels.
TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS
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The heart keeps pumping throughout the l i fe of an ani mal.
Bl ood fl ows through the bl ood vessels i n one di rection onl y.
Bl ood vessels that carry bl ood towards the heart are cal l ed
the heart are cal l ed veins.
Bl ood vessels that carry bl ood away from the heart are cal l ed
arteries.
Vei ns and arteri es meet through capil lari es.
TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS
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HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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The heart has four chambers. 2 upper chambers atria
(si ngular atri um) and 2 l ower chambers ventricles.

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
vein
right atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
muscle
left atrium
vein
arteries
(1) De-oxygenated blood
from the body enters the
right atrium and then
into the right ventricle
(2) This blood passes
from the right ventricle,
then out to the lungs
(3) Oxygenated
blood from the
lungs enters
the left atrium
and then into
the left
ventricle
(4) This blood passes
from the left ventricle,
then out to the rest of
the body again
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THE BLOOD
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RED BLOOD CELLS
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS
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PLATELETS
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PLASMA
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The transport system i n pl ants consi sts of two types of ri gid
tubes that run through the stem.
Xyl em tubes carry water and mi neral sal ts from the roots to
the l eaves.
Phl oem tubes that carry food produced duri ng photosynthesis
from the l eaves to the roots.
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
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TRANSPORT IN PLANTS