Final Project On Power Plant

D.T.P.
S
SUBMITTED BY
SOURAV DAS
SHILAJIT SAHA
SEACOM ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We Shilajit Saha and Sourav Das of Seacom Engineering College, Howrah affiliated to
West Bengal University of Technology are honored and thankful to Damodar Valley
Corporation for letting undergo this training program at Durgapur Thermal Power Plant
at Waria for 28 days from 24
th
June 2013 to 20
th
July 2013.
We are also thankful to The Personnel Manager (B) Mrs Gopa Chakaravarty for selecting
us for this Training Program.
We pay our sincere gratitude to the following persons who have guided us in this training
program.
Mr C. Mondal (ES-II)
Mr A. Bhattacharjee (Exec. Engg)
Mr Vivek (Exec. Engg)
Mr D. Mondal (Asst. Engg)
Mr Santosh Kumar (Asst. Engg)
Mr N. Banerjee (Senior Engg)
Mr S. R. Chatterjee (Asst. Controller, Mechanical Dept.)
For lending their precious time in enhancing my technical knowledge
We are also thankful to all other Employees of this concern for clarifying my doubts in this
training program.
And at last but not the least we are also thankful to our Principal Dr Rajiv Bag for granting
us this training.

__________________________
Mr C.Mondal
Electrical Superintendent II

CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS
ABOUT DAMODAR VALLEY CORPORATION
DURGAPUR THERMAL POWER PLANT
INTRODUCTION
COAL HANDLING PLANT
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
DEMINARALIZATION PLANT
BOILER AND ITS AUXILARIES
TURBINES
ASH HANDLING PLANT
GENERATOR COOLING SYSTEM
MAIN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS
MOTORS IN IMPORTANT FANS
IMPORTANT MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS
SWITCH YARD SYSTEM
INSTRUMENTATION AND SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
LABORATY AND SECURITY
COMPARISON B/W U#3 AND U#4
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
CONCLUSION

ABOUT DAMODAR VALLEY ABOUT DAMODAR VALLEY ABOUT DAMODAR VALLEY ABOUT DAMODAR VALLEY
CORPORATION (DVC) CORPORATION (DVC) CORPORATION (DVC) CORPORATION (DVC)
History:
DVC, a legacy to the people of India, emerged as a culmination of the attempts made over a whole
century to control the wild and erratic Damodar River. The river spans over an area of 25,000 km 2
covering the states of Jharkhand & West Bengal.
The Corporation came into existence on 7 July 1948, by the Damodar Valley Corporation Act (Act
No. XIV of 1948) passed by the Central Legislature in March 1948, as the first multipurpose river
valley project of independent India.
Power Generation:
Entrusted with the responsibilities of providing the vital input power for industrial growth in the
resource rich Damodar Valley region, DVC has been practically operating as a pioneer, using latest
available technologies to supply bulk power at reasonable rates to the major industries.
DVC has maintained its lead role in the eastern region by adopting itself to the challenges of time and
technology during the course of last 64 years. DVC has been generating and transmitting power since
1953 and has succeeded not only in meeting the needs of consumers but has also helped to increase
the demand of power which itself is an index of development.
DVC Plants:
Thermal- Coal based:

SL. No Name Units Total Capacity(MW)
1 Durgapur Thermal Power Station 2 350
2 Chandrapura Thermal Power Station 5 390
3 Bokaro Thermal Power Station 3 210
4 Mejia Thermal Power Station 8 960
5 Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station 2 500
6 Koderma Thermal Power Station 2 500
7 Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station 2 600

Hydel Power Plants:
Sl. No Name Capacity(MW)
1 Tilaiya Dam 4
2 Maithon Dam 63.2
3 Panchet Dam 80
Gas Based Power Plants:
1 Maithon Gas Turbine 82.5
Thermal-Coal Based (Joint Ventures):
1 Bokaro Power Supply Corporation Ltd. 302
2 Maithon Power Limited 1050
Joint Venture Projects :
Maithon Power Limited
A joint venture company by DVC and Tata Power has been formed to implement 1050 MW Maithon
Right Bank Thermal Power Project for meeting the energy needs of power deficient regions on export
basis.
Bokaro Power Supply Corporation Limited (BPSCL)
A joint venture company of DVC and SAIL has been established to operate and maintain the captive
power and steam generation plant, hived off by SAIL and its Bokaro Steel Plant and supply power
and steam exclusively to Bokaro Steel Ltd.
DVC EMTA Coal Mines Limited
A joint venture company formed with Eastern Minerals & Trading Agency for development and
operation of Captive Coal Mine Blocks and supply o f coal exclusively to DVC Thermal Power
Projects of 10th and 11th plan.
Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation (MAMC)
The Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation (MAMC) in Durgapur one of the PSU's in India set up
under the rupee -rouble agreement and enjoying Soviet patronage in the early sixties. Bharat Earth
Movers has the highest stake (48%) in the consortium while the other two PSUs DVC and Coal India
have 26% stake each.

Durgapur Thermal Power Station Durgapur Thermal Power Station Durgapur Thermal Power Station Durgapur Thermal Power Station
(D.T.P.S), DVC (D.T.P.S), DVC (D.T.P.S), DVC (D.T.P.S), DVC

D.T.P.S is one of the many power stations under DVC and it is located at Waria, Durgapur. This
powerplant is presently installed wit h a capacity of 350 MW, comprising U#3 of 140 MW and U#4
210 MW.
U#3 is provided with M/S ABL make boiler & M/S GE, USA make T.G, was commissioned in Dec,
1966 and U#4 of M/S BHEL make boiler & T.G commissioned in Oct, 1982. It may be noted that
U#1 and U#2 of D.T.P.S was decommissioned in Oct. 1985 due to severe fire damage.
The U#3 is capable of generating at 56% PLF. For further improvement, R&M/LU action has been
taken up, so that it can generate at about 70% PLF.
The U#4 is running at an average PLF of 50% or more. D.T.P.S is located near the Grand Trunk
Road, Waria railway station, and River Damodar. Thus, it is well connected by rail and road for
bringing coal, oil and other raw materials and river Damodar supplies adequate water for the smooth
running of the plant.

The main input materials are: -
1 . Coal (Supplied by Eastern Coalfields Limited at Raniganj , Jharia, etc. )
2 . Crude Oil, Viscous Oil ( Supplied by Indian Oil Corporation Limited)
3 . Water (From river Damodar through Durgapur Barrage)
The main components of the power plant are: -

1. Intake Pump House 9. Boiler, Turbine, Generator, Transformer and Auxillaries
2. Water Treatment Plant 10. Switch Yard
3. Demineralisation Plant 11. Instrumentation and Control
4. Cooling Tower 12. Compressor House
5. C W Pump House 13. Pumps
6. Coal Handling Plant 14. Stores
7. Ash Handling Plant 15. Ancillary Facilities
8. Fuel Handling Plant 16. Laboratory & Workshop
Introduction: Thermal Power Plant Introduction: Thermal Power Plant Introduction: Thermal Power Plant Introduction: Thermal Power Plant
A power plant is assembly of systems or subsystems to generate electricity, i.e, power with economy
and requirements.
A thermal power station is one that takes chemic al energy and forms heat (therm) and then converts
that heat into electrical energy. Here, the prime m over is mainly steam driven. Water is heated, turns
into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After the steam passes
through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser. This principle is known as Rankin e
Cycle. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam in a combined cycle plant that
improves overall effectiveness.

But for better performance and greater efficiency, a modification of Rankine Cycle, i.e. Regenerative
Cycle is used. In this case, ste am is extracted at certain points during its expansion and using this
steam, the feed water is heated, due to which, the amount of overall heat rejection decreases, and so
the efficiency of the power plant increases. For this reason, D.V.C D.T.P.S uses Regenerative feed
heating process for running their power plant.

COAL HANDLING PLANT COAL HANDLING PLANT COAL HANDLING PLANT COAL HANDLING PLANT
In a Thermal Power Plant, the electrical energy is generated from the chemical energy stored in the
coal. The coal used in D.T.P.S is mainly Indian bituminous type.
We need approximately 10 tons of coal for the generation of 1 MW of electric. So keeping in mind
the capacity of the plant, U#3 needs 1400 tons of coal and U#4 needs 2100 tons of coal per day.
In Coal handling Plant, the coal, coming from the mine is suitably prepared for plant use through a
number of steps. The steps are following:

Coal Fields (ECL) Waria Rail
Station
D.V.C Sidings
Loco Wagon Wagon Tripler
Raw Coal Yard
(By Conveyer Belt)
Stackers / Dumpers
Via Conveyer Belt And
Magnetic Separator
Vibrator
Ring Hammer
Type Crasher
Crash Coal Yard
By Conveyer Belt
(Size of coal not more than 1 inch)
By conveyer Belt
(3 Stage type)
To Bunker
(6 Numbers)
Raw
Coal
Feeder
Coal Pulverize
To Furnace. By Coal Carrying Pipes
(Sprayed By Coal Nozzles)
Pulverized Coal
DIFFERENT PARTS OF C.H.P DIFFERENT PARTS OF C.H.P DIFFERENT PARTS OF C.H.P DIFFERENT PARTS OF C.H.P
1. COAL HOPPER: Coals, from colliery, come to the loco wagon by rail and road.
From rail wagon, coal is tripped by using wagon trippler to the coal hopper. The hopper
is equipped with the vibrator which places the coal on the conveyer in a controlled
manner. The hopper does not allow the larger sized coals to pass through and they are
needed to be broken manually using a hammer. The conveyer, carrying the coal from
hopper, allows it to fall through a chute (generally telescopic) when dozing operation is
done. Then it falls through another hopper & the 2
nd
conveyor belt carries the coal to
the crusher. The capacity of the belt is 250 tons/hr.

2. CRUSHER: In the crusher the coal is broken into pieces of dimension of about
25mm when the ring hammers suspended from the suspension bars of the rotors heat
the coal on the breaker plate mounted on cage frame in the crusher body. Ring
hammers may be teethed or plain. The teethed ones guide the coal & plain ones break
them. In unit -4 the crusher rotor has 84 no. of ring hammers with equal no of each type.
Crushed coal is supplied by the conveyor to 6 bunkers. From bunkers coal is supplied to
the coal feeder which controls the amount of coal supplied to the mill. There are
suspension magnets to the separate magnetic material from coal before feed into mills.

3. COAL MILLS: In unit-4, 5 out of 6 mills are always in service. The purpose of coal
mill is to pulverize the coal employing in 3- heavy rollers in each mill. The pulverized coal
is flown away by the primary air & injected in the furnace. For better combustion
pulverized coal is preheated by primary air. Cold primary air is used to prevent over
heating & burning of coal in the mill. In the furnace, first oil is burnt by using a spark plug
for initiation & then coal firing is started & when coal starts burning, oil firing is
withdrawn.

4. COAL FEEDER: From bunker, the coal comes to the coal feeder. In D.T.P.S, the U#3 and
U#4 has two different types of coal feeders. The Unit #3 has Drag Link type and
Pressure type Ball feeder and Race Mill. The Unit #4 has Over-slot Rotary Type with
Shear Pin Safety Device to protect the mill (Pulverizer) from large size stones or metallic
impurities.

5. CONVEYOR BELT: Conveyor belts are used to carry the coal, first, from wagon tippler
to the raw coal yard, then from raw coal yard to crusher house, and from crash coal yard
to the coal bunker. The belts rest over rollers. The rollers are placed in a V shape in
forward direction, and flat rollers are used in reverse direction. A Dead weight is hanged
from two pulleys to allow the extension and contraction of the belt.

Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Plant
The water treatment plant is an important sector of a thermal power plant. It is here the raw
river water is treated and made gradable for usage in plant boiler and other auxiliary purposes
in the plant and area around.
In D.T.P.S the main source or the river water is river Damodar. The water of the river,
known as the Raw water, contains many impurities, like
1. Gases causing erosion and corrosion of metal
2. Hard salts leading to overheating by forming hard scales.
3. Soft salts forming scales and dissolved solids.
4. Organic matters, silt, clay, silica and other impurities in colloidal form.
Various steps are taken to eliminate these impurities and prepare usable water.
In DTPS, Unit #3 and Unit#4 has almost identical type of Water Treatment Plant, but that of
Unit #4 is a bit of modernized.
Sectors of the Water Treatment Plant :-
Raw water Pump house or intake pump house
Aereator
Chlorination & Alum solution sector
Clariflocculator chamber
Gravity filter bed
Filter water & clear water storage tank
Then to the different required sectors

Layout of the Water Treatment Layout of the Water Treatment Layout of the Water Treatment Layout of the Water Treatment
Plant Plant Plant Plant

CHLORINATION+ALUM SLUDGE TO CANEL

AEREATOR

CLEAR WATER

C.T .make up C.T. filling

Back wash filter

Colony water supply
Plant filter water
Seal water tank

Intake pump
house
Clarifloc
culator
Clarifloc
culator

Clear
water
tank
Gravity Filter
Bed
Filter Water
Storage Tank
FILTER WATER
PUMP HOUSE

DEMINE DEMINE DEMINE DEMINERALIZATION PLANT RALIZATION PLANT RALIZATION PLANT RALIZATION PLANT
This Plant is used to remove all the minerals in the form of silicates chlorides and sulphates
from the water. These salts are responsible for the hardness of the water. If they are not
removed, then they form scales on the surface. Maintaining the Ph level is also one of the
important reasons of demineralization. It is the last step, through which water passes before
reaching the dematerialized water tank. The steps are as follows:
1. ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER: It is a closed tank, that has
activated carbon within, that absorb residual chlorine and other non volatile gases
present in the water. It has three steps, backwash, rinse and Service.

2. CATIONIC EXCHANGER: As the name suggests, it exchanges cation
(Ca
++
and Mg
++
ion) present in the water in the form of their salts with H
+
ions.
The exchanger is fed with Resin (R-SO
3
-H). As Water comes in contact with it, the
hydrogen ion of resin gets replaced with calcium or magnesium ions resulting in free
hydrogen ion, that causes the water to be slightly acidic.

2R-SO
3
-H + X
2+
(R-SO
3
)
2
X + H
3
O
+

After some period, the resin gets deactivated due to replacement of all the hydrogen
atoms. At that time Sulphuric Acid or Hydrochloric Acid is needed to be added to
activate the resin back.

(R-SO
3
)
2
X + H2SO4

XSO
4
+ 2R-SO
3
H

After this, water is sent for service. So Cationic exchanger has four steps, Backwash,
Regeneration, Rinse, and Service.

3. ANIONIC EXCHANGER: This exchanger works similarly like a
cationic exchanger except that it removes anions like chlorides, sulphates, silicates
etc. The functional group of resin here is OH. Like cationic exchanger, it also has 4
steps, i.e. Backwash, Regeneration, Rinse and Service.
R-SO
3
-OH + HCl R-SO
3
-Cl + H
2
O
In anionic exchanger, resin is re generated by using NaOH.
R-SO
3
-Cl + NaOH R-SO
3
-OH + NaCl

4. MIXED BED TYPE: In actual practice, both the cationic and anionic
exchangers are not able to completely remove the cationic and anionic parts,
therefore a further processing is needed in the form of a mixed bed which removes
both the cationic and anionic part. This bed contains both type of resins. It has seven
steps.

N.B: In reality, completely 100% pure water is not achievable but however a
certain industrial level of purity and quality is maintained that is
1. Ph of 6.8
2. Hardness of Zero
3. Silica level of 0.01 ppm.
The D.M. water is sent to the boiler for steam generation.

BOILER & ITS AUXILARIES BOILER & ITS AUXILARIES BOILER & ITS AUXILARIES BOILER & ITS AUXILARIES

In Boiler, steam is generated from D.M water by addition of heat. The heat has two
part.viz sensible & latent heat. The boiler is based on Modern Rankine Cycle with
regenerative and reheating process. The sensible heat raises the temperature & pressure
of both water & steam. The latent heat converts water into steam. This conversion
depends on pressure & temperature.

DEAERATOR: In the D/A, the condensate, while flowing, gets exposed in the trays
to maximum the surface for efficient scrubbing for liberation of gases (mainly oxygen)
when the steam flows in opposite direction. Condensate is heated up and liberated
gases move upward with steam & later escape to atmosphere, while the steam gets
condensed. The condensate is admitted at the top of the deaerating columns and flows
downwards through the spray valves.

DEAERATOR STORAGE TANK: Deaerator storage tank serves as storage for
feed water in between the condenser hot well and boiler drum, the boiler drum and
condenser hot well levels are independently maintained within a preset limit at all
loads. Therefore, in case of a sudden change of load either some amount of water is to
be added in the cycle or some amount is to be removed. Deaerator storage tank
provides this extra amount of water to the feed pump when required due to higher
system demand and also absorbs some amount of water from the cycle when the load
demand is reduced.
DEAERATOR RECIRCULATION: To ensure proper and initial mixing and heating
of the deaerator tank water with pegging steam, a recirculation is provided from D/A
discharge (BFP suction header) to steam space of the condenser with isolating and
regulating valves. The condensate pump, when the recirculation is put into service,
must be kept running. It also helps in cooling down deaerator quickly on unit trip outs
to eliminate dangerous line and D/A water hammering, and also the danger of losing
the required NPSH for feed pumps.

ECONOMISER: The purpose of the economizer is to preheat the boiler feed water
before it is introduced into steam drum and to recover some of the heat from the flue
gases leaving the boiler feed water is supplied to the economizer inlet header via the
feed control and check valve. From the economizer outlet header, feed water is fed to
the drum via economizer outlet links. Feed water from economizer outlet header
reaches the boiler drum from where it comes to the bottom ring header through the
six down comers. Then it is returned to the boiler drum as a two phase fluid (water
and steam) through the riser and water walls. Saturated steam from boiler drum
passes to low temperature super heater and final super heater through 1 to 14 super
heater headers. From super heater steam flows to the H.P turbine then it returns to
the boiler for reheating.
There are two reheater headers (RHH-1 & RHH-2). After being reheated the steam
goes for further expansion in the I.P stages of turbine. From the outlet, the I.P.T steam
moves to the L.P.T, where it is further expanded. The exhaust steam from the L.P
stages of turbine is collected by the condensers where it is condensed by the cooling
water to produce the condensate.

BOILER DRUM: Boiler drum contains water and steam and it is provided with
steam stop valve, safety valve and water level indicator and pressure gauge. The
water indicator helps in checking whether water level has fallen below a specific mark.
Pressure gauge helps in detecting whether the pressure within the drum is under the
safety level or not. Water, that flows through the down comer to the bottom ring
header returns to the drum through riser in the form of steam and there is a cyclone
separator inside the drum to separate steam from water. Steam flows from drum
towards super heater.
SUPER HEATER: Super heater is composed of four stages or sections, a platen
section, pendent section, rear horizontal section and steam cooled wall and roof and
roof radiant section. Each of these is composed of several assemblies spaced at given
distance and enters across the width of furnace.
REHEATERS: The reheaters are composed of two stages or sections, the front
pendant vertical spaced section and the rear pendant vertical section. The front section
has 59 assemblies and rear has 89.
MAIN EJECTOR:- The purposes of main ejector is to maintain vacuum in the
condenser (approximately 696 mm. ).This is done by auxiliary steam, which when
flows through the nozzle of ejector creates a pressure drop that sucks the air inside
condenser. In the process the auxiliary steam is condensed by water from CEP& is sent
to hot well. The water from main ejector flows towards gland coolers.
GLAND COOLER-1:- Gland cooler-1 is provided to suck & cool air steam mixture
& condense the steam from gland seals of HP, IP & LP (front & rear). It employs
auxiliary steam and nozzle to create the necessary vacuum for suction. The steam is
condensed by condensate from ejector. In the process water is heated & steam is
condensed into water is heated & steam is condensed into water & retained in the hot
well & air is exhausted.

LP HEATER-1: LPH-1 is divided into 2 parts, each of which is located inside upper
part of each condenser. Water from GC-1 comes to LPH-1 & after heating to a certain
level passes to GC-2.

GLAND COOLER-2: This gland cooler has been designed to condense the steam
from gland seals HP 3&2, IP 2&1 (F&R). The construction of this cooler is identical
with LPH-2, 3, 4. The Gland coolers are directly fitted without any valve. That means,
if the gland cooler stops functioning, then the whole unit will trip.

LOW PRESSURE HEAT ER (2, 3, 4): These heaters are vertical surface type
where condensate flow through U shaped tubes & steam flows over the tubes. In this
process the condensate is heated and steam is condensed.

L.P HEATER DRIP: The drip of L.P heater 1 is transferred to hotwell by means of a
5 M loop seal. The drip from LP heaters (2,3,4) is cascaded from one heater to next low
pressure heater. I this way, drip from LP heater No.4 is cascaded to LP heater No.3,
drip from LP heater no.3 is cascaded to LP heater No.2. In case the next low pressure
heater is out of service, then the drip can be transferred to the subsequent low pressure
heater. The total drip collected in the LP heater No.2 is fed back into the main
condensate cycle after LP heater No.2 during normal operation through two 100%
capacity drip pumps. Normally one pump is adequate. The pump control system is
designed in such a way that pump can be on remote manual or on automatic. The
discharge valve of the drip pump is controlled by one low level controlled by one of the
drip pumps is running. During low load operation, drip level in LP heater No.2 is
controlled by a separate high level controller and the drip is drained into the condenser.
LP heater No.4 normally operates with steam from turbine Ext.No.4. It also receives
steam from Aux. steam heater a pressure regulator. Drip level in GC NO.2 is
controlled by its own controlled by its own controller and the drip is drained to the
main condenser hot well. Drip level in GC NO.1 is maintained by a loop and drained to
the drain expander; drip from main ejector is cascaded to the next two pressure stage
through suitable loops 8M and 5M and finally drained to condenser by a 3M loop. LP
heater No.1 is a horizontal surface type heater in two halves, each half has been located
inside the upper part of each condenser. Two halves have been installed in parallel &
the steam to both is supplied from the same extraction point. The U shaped tubes are of
solid drawn admirality brass. 19 mm external dia, 1 mm and .75 mm thick and are
expanded by rolling into the tube plate at both the ends. Partitions have been provided
in the water box to make it a 4 path design. The main condensate flows through the
tubes in four paths before leaving the heaters. L.P. heater 2, 3, 4 are identical in
construction of LP heater No. 1, but are of vertical surface type.
CONDENSER: In D.T.P.S, there are two condensers one for unit #3 and the other for
unit #4. The condenser of the Unit #3 runs in an open cycle, whereas that of unit #4
runs in a closed cycle.
In open cycle, water comes from river Damoder, cools, and then goes back to the river.
Its a simple process. But as the water comes from river, it often carries garbage that
blocks the condenser. For that reason, the unit #3 has reverse flow facility for cleaning
operation.
In closed cycle condensation, cooling water comes from cooling tower. For that reason,
it does not need any reverse flow provision.
The condenser is divided into two parts. The first part being divided into upper half and
lower half. The steam coming out of the Low Pressure Turbine has to be condensed.
This condensed water has to be fed into the main power cycle so that the cycle carries
out uninterrupted.

COOLING CYCLE AND COOLING TOWER: The condensing phenomenon has
to be brought about by a separate cycle known as Cooling Cycle. The Cycle consists of
a condenser along with a cooling tower and a storage tank. A.C.T make up pump is
also needed to counter the loss of cooling water in the cycle.
With the help of C.W pump, the water from the storage tank comes to the lower right
half of the condenser compartment. This water gets heated and cools the steam. The
heated water then moves to the adjoining compartment and as a result of force due to
the pressure and decrease in density due to increase in heat addition.
FURNACE FURNACE FURNACE FURNACE

It is main part of power plant in which water is heated and converted into steam. In
D.T.P.S. U- draft type furnace is used in unit #4.
There are six mills, each mill have four coal feeding pipes. These pipes are sent to each
vertical edge of furnace. With the help of these pipes, coal is fired tangentially into the
furnace. The coal is easily sucked into the furnace from mill because furnace is kept in
Negative Pressure with the help of I.D Fan.
In D.T.P.S, vertical edge furnace is divided into 12 parts. If mill 1 is in service, then oil
gun would be in service. Near oil gun mouth electric igniters are arranged.
An industrial furnace or direct fired heater is equipment used to provide heat for a
process or can serve as reactor which provides heats of reaction..

Furnace designs vary as to its function, heating duty, type of fuel and method of
introducing combustion air. However, most process furnaces have some common
features.
Fuel flows into the burner and is burnt with air provided from an air blower. There can
be more than one burner in a particular furnace which can be arranged in cells which
heat a particular set of tubes. Burners can also be floor mounted, wall mounted or roof
mounted depending on design. The flames heat up the tubes, which in turn heat the
fluid inside in the first part of the furnace known as the radiant section or firebox. In
this chamber where combustion takes place, the heat is transferred mainly by radiation
to tubes around the fire in the chamber. The heating fluid passes through the tubes and
is thus heated to the desired temperature. The gases from the combustion are known as
flue gas. After the flue gas leaves the firebox, most furnace designs include a
convection section where more heat is recovered before venting to the atmosphere
through the flue gas stack. (HTF=Heat Transfer Fluid. Industries commonly use their
furnaces to heat a secondary fluid with special additives like anti-rust and high heat
transfer efficiency. This heated fluid is then circulated round the whole plant to heat
exchangers to be used wherever heat is needed instead of directly heating the product
line as the product or material may be volatile or prone to cracking at the furnace
temperature.)

OIL GUN: Oil Gun is made of two concentric cylinders. The oil comes from outer
cylinder and steam comes from inner cylinder. Then they are mixing in a mixing
chamber, due to this inter mixing, oil gets atomized. This atomized oil is easy to burn
because it has large surface area.

PROCESS OF FIRING INSIDE FURNACE: Pulverized coal doesnt catch fire
easily. Hence coal needs specific heat to burn. It gets the specific heat due to burning of
crude oil. When the mill is in service, then coal is fed to it through proper path. At the
same time hot air is passed through that keeps the pulverized coal in the air for some
time. At this same time the oil gun comes into function and provides the specific heat.
Therefore, coal starts to burn. After that, oil feeding is controlled. The hot air sent to
furnace together with coal is called primary air and extra hot air sent to furnace through
the passes is called secondary air.

Turbines Turbines Turbines Turbines

TURBINES: There are 3 stages of turbines are used. They are high pressure
turbine, intermediate pressure turbine and low pressure turbine. The H.P.T is the
smallest and the L.P.T is the largest. The boiler of unit #3 is ABL make, and that of
unit #4 is BHEL make. The IPT and HPT of unit #4 has control valves, which are cam
operated, where as only H.P.T of unit #3 has control valves attached to it. The turbines
are well insulated and they are free at both top and bottom to allow their expansion.
Steam, coming from the last super heater, flows in the main stream line and is divided
in two sub lines and enters the L.P.T via double entry mechanism. From there, it comes
to the I.P.T and from there; it comes to the H.P turbine. The pressure gradually
increases throughout the process and it enters H.P turbine at 146 kg/cm
2
and 540
o
C.
H.P turbine has 12 stages. The directions of steam flow in H.P turbine and I.P turbine is
opposite to each other. This reduces axial thrust on the bearings. The number of stages
in I.P.T is 11. The L.P turbine is a double action and has 4x2 numbers of stages. The
steam flow rate through the turbines is 670 ton/ hr. The turbines are L.M.W type in
DTPS unit #4. HP & LP bypass system are also present in the turbine for protection
purposes of generator.

TURBINE TURBINE TURBINE TURBINE SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENT SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENT SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENT SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENT: :: :
The Turbine Supervisory Equipment or Turbovisory equipments are to provide in
formations relating to the operating condition of a turbine. Continuous supervision of
different parts, which determine the operating reliability of the machine together with
operational safety is essential for smooth running of the power plant.
In Turbovisory, the following main parameters are measured:
1. Axial shift
2. Differential expansion of H.P, I.P, L.P turbine
3. Overall expansion of turbine H.P, I.P casing
4. Speeder gear position measurement
5. Shaft eccentricity
6. Speed
7. Control valve servo motor position (CVSM)
There are also certain inter locking system inside the power plant.

ASH HANDLING PLANT ASH HANDLING PLANT ASH HANDLING PLANT ASH HANDLING PLANT

The furnace is a dry bottom furnace characterized by a huge amount of fly ash (about
80%) removed by the suction of Induced Duct fan (I.D Fan) and about 20% bottom ash
that falls through furnace bottom. The exit temperature of gases must be less than
ash fusion temperature. Different components of ash handling plant are ash hopper,
scraper conveyor, clinker grinder, Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP), flushing
apparatus, sump, ash slurry pump, ash pond, etc.

SECTORS OF THE ASH HANDLING PLANT
BOTTOM ASH HOPPER: It is a water filled hopper placed below the furnace water wall ring
headers to receive bottom ash generated out of combustion of coal.
BAH is generally of two types Dry Bottom and Wet Bottom. In Dry bottom type, the BAH is kept
empty prior to receiving Bottom ash and quenched by separate spray arrangement from inside. In this
system continuous ash evacuation and disposal take place through and handling devices like Scrapper
conveyer.
The bottom ash hopper is generally filled with water which reduces the temperature of deposited hot
ash and clinkers. Sudden quenching also helps in disintegration of clinkers. The deposited ash in the
form of granules & clinkers is taken out periodically.

ELECTROSTATIC PRCIPETATOR: A small part of fly ash gets deposited in the economizer
hoppers before it takes entry to the ESP, majority fly is separated out.
In ESP there are two sets of electrodes viz. collecting & emitting electrodes. The collecting electrodes
is made up of steel sheets pressed or rolled to a special profile. The emitting electrode is in helical
form, they are arranged in alternative rows. A unidirectional high voltage from a rectifier is applied
between these two electrodes connecting its negative polarity to the emitting electrodes and positive
polarity to the collecting electrodes which are earthed because of the physical configuration, the
neighbourhood of the emitting electrode is very high. The dust laden flue gas from boiler passes
between rows of collecting and discharge electrodes.The gas molecules, which are normally neutral,
are ionized in presence of high electric field. The ionized positive charges travel towards the
discharge electrode and the negative charges to the collecting electrodes. On the way to the collecting
electrodes, the negative charges get attached to dust particles. Thus the dust particles are electrically
charged negatively. In presence of high negative voltage between the emitting and collecting
electrodes , the charged dust particles experience a force which causes the particles to move towards
the collecting electrodes and finally get deposited o them. A minor portion of particles, which have
acquired positive charge, get deposited on the emitting electrodes also. Periodically these particles are
dislodged from the electrodes by rapping system. The particles then fall into the hopper at the bottom
from where evacuation takes place through ash disposal system.
The optimum collection efficiency is achieved when the maximum possible electrical power for a
given set of operating conditions is absorbed by the precipitation process. During the operation of
precipitator, the applied voltage is reduced by potential drops across the deposited dust layer on the
collecting electrodes due to corona current flowing through it.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
High voltage transformer rectifier (HVR) with electronic controller (EC):-
The transformer rectifier supplies the power for particulate charging and collection. The basic
function of the EC is to feed the precipitator with maximum power input under constant current
regulation. Should there be any flash over between collecting and emitting electrodes, the EC
will sense the flash over and quickly react by bringing the input voltage to zero and blocking it
for a specific period. After the ionized gases are cleared and the dielectric strength restored, the
control will quickly bring back the power to a preset value and raise it to the original non-
sparking level. Thus the EC ensures adequate power input to the precipitator while reckoning
the electrical disturbances within the precipitator. Regulated ac power from EC is fed to the
primary of the transformer, which is stepped up and rectified to give a full wave power output.
The transformer rectifier is mounted on roof of the precipitator while the EC is located in an air-
conditioned control room.
Microprocessor based ESP controller: -

BAPCON OPERATION: -

The ESP is pre-dominantly not a constant load to the thyristor control panel. The electrical field
between the electrodes and thereby the ESP current' and 'voltages are influenced by the gas
composition, temperature and by the electrical properties of the dust Too high voltage, considering the
condition of the ESP. may cause very high spark rate. On the contrary a too low voltage will give a
low precipitation:

BAPCON controls the precipitator power by changing, ignition angle of the thyristors. ESP Current,
ESP voltage and zero crossing point of the primary voltage are used as input data. On switching 'ON'
the T/R set, the BAPCON slowly increases the filter current towards the set current limit The T/O
action over rides the start up time slightly at start. When a spark occurs the set current is reduced to
zero and the thyristors are: blocked for 20ms. After restart of the thyristors. The current quickly'
increases to a value which is slightly lower than the current at which the spark occurred. This current
decrease is called STEP. After that, the current will rise slowly as per the setting in T- Control. The
values of S control and T control will decide the spark Rate.

SPARK RATE :-
The spark rate is determined by the. settings of S - Control' and T - Control.
Suppose T - Control is set at 20% which corresponds to 2 minutes, the time required by the
RECTIFIER to reach the rated current after a spark, from zero current will be 2 minutes. BAPCON
will however increase the current very fast up to S - Control level, and there after will follow T -
control.

.Suppose S - control is set to 5% of the rated current, the time from S.- control break point to
next spark ill then be 5% of the T - control time (5% of 2 minutes), that is 6 seconds. If we do not
account for the thyristor block time (20mS) then 6 Secs. is the statistical interval between sparks
in the ESP. Thus, to summarize.

Spark Rate = __________1000_________________
S - Control (%) x T-control (%)

As S - Control & T - control are affected neither by the absolute value of current nor of the
voltage at which a spark occurs, the spark rate is constant.

INTERMITTENT CHARGING:-

To get an effective dust collection, a high voltage is required to give an even and dense ion
formation at the emitting electrode. Abnormally high electrical field strength in high resistivity
dust layers due to high current on collecting electrodes may cause spurious discharges or back
corona to occur. This results in decreased voltage between the electrodes, despite a higher
current input. To avoid back corona formation in the collecting electrode a low average current
is required.
The intermittent charging mode in the BAPCON, supplies the current in pulse which provides a
dense corona for a short time and at the same time gives a low average current to avoid back
corona. Some of half cycles are skipped in the thyristor firing to achieve this. The pulse current
maximum limit is allowed up to 200% of the normal mode current in the ESP, but the average
current will be much lower. The longer time between the pulses, the lower the average current.

The above figure illustrates the intermittent charging option. To decide the number of half cycle
periods (pulses) the thyristor should be fired, the charge ratio setting is to be adjusted. The
number I indicate that the thyristors should be fired at every half cycles. The number S
indicate that the thyristors should be fired at one half cycle out of 5 half cycles. With
intermittent charging, energy saving will be substantially high apart from increase in collection
efficiency of the ESP.
BASE CHARGING: -
In the intermittent charging, the longer the time between each current pulse the lower is the
average current as may be required for the high resistivity ash. However, the ESP valley voltage
also reduces pulling down the average voltage. T improve the valley voltage / average voltage
small current pulses proportional to operating current pulses are pumped during OFF periods of
main current pulses. This maintains the average ESP voltage always near about the best possible
voltage, thus the collection efficiency also is further increased. This also protects the T/R set
against possible core saturation during higher charge ratios.
To set base charge, Pot P should be adjusted in such a way that the base charge current pulses
should not give any excess average current. The base charge current measured can be seen in
the L display.

CHARGE RATIO OPTIMISATION: -

With continuous varying conditions of the ESP, it will be very tedious for the operator to vary
frequently set the optimum charge ratio in each field for the entire ESP. The BAPCON does the
job systematically and continuously. When optimizer mode is selected, the VI characteristics of
the field are studied by the BAPCON and optimum charge ratio is selected automatically. The
process is repeated periodically at a preset interval. To accomplish this operator has to following
procedure while commissioning the BAPCON.
a. Set a charge ratio close to the optimum value, by studying the trend of the optimization of
BAPCON in each field, starting from the field at the ESP inlet.
b. Set the stabilization time using Pot No.4. This is the time allowed for stabilization at each
value of the current set by the Optimiser during VI characteristics study.
c. Set the repeat time using pot. No. 8. This is the time interval of the Optimiser takes for
repeating the VI characteristics measurement of the field to select optimum charge ratio.
d. Select the optimizer mode ON.
The optimizer status is available in two LEDs.

i. The LED inset in the OPTMR MODE push button glows permanently when optimizer mode
is selected.
ii. The LED OPTIMUM REACED has three statuses.

a. OFF : Optimiser not selected/optimum not reached.
b. BLINKING : Optimiser is measuring the VI characteristics of the field.
c. ON : OPTIMUM reached.

NOTE:

The optimizer searches the optimum charge ration within 10 charge ratios of the original set
charge ratio in steps of 2, if it is less than or equal to 49 and if the range is 20 in steps of 4.

The BAPCONs of all fields of the ESP should not be selected simultaneously in Optimiser mode.
Hence while selecting the Optimiser mode there should be minimum 20 minutes time staggering
in between each BAPCON, as this will cause all fields to go for VI measurement simultaneously,
which will affect the optimizing process as well as ESP emission for a few minutes.
The optimization will take place only when the previous sparking current is more than 13% of
the maximum current.

AUXILIARY CONTROL PANEL (ACP):
The ACP controls the power supply to the EP auxiliary viz rapping motors and heating elements
Dampers, etc. The complete ACP is of modular type with individual modules for each feeder,
each module houses the power and control circuits with meters, push buttons, switches and
indicating lamps.

Following are the modules for the outgoing feeders:
Hopper heaters for each field
Support insulator heaters
Shaft insulator heaters
Collecting electrodes rapping motor for each field

The program control circuit for the sequence and timing of operation for rapping motors is
included in the ACP. For continuous operation of the rapping motors, the programmer can be
bypassed through a switch. Thermal overload relay is provided for overload protection to the
rapping motors. Local pushbuttons are available for tripping the motors to meet the exigencies
and for maintenance purposes.
Ammeters with selector switches to indicate line currents of motor and heating element feeders
are provided. Indicating lamps are provided for main supply on, programmers on, rapping
motor on, overload trip, local push button actuated, space heater on, and control supply
on.
Potential free contacts are provided for remote indication of rapping motor trip due to overload.

HYDROVECTOR: The Hydrovector is used to create necessary vacuum for producing
air flow to convey dry ash particles through transport lines of pneumatic material handling
systems.
Wetting Head: this is used to mix conveyed material with water before entering into
sump.
Disposal of Fly Ash: the fly ash is deposited in two ways viz. wet deposition, where the
ash is mixed with water in the ration water:ash is 7:1 then to slurry trench where the ash is
sent to ash ponds. Other is dry ash deposition where the ash is blown away from the hopper
to the ash storage container which is used for the prevention of water pollution.
Waste water Recovery: The huge amount of water that is used in transportation of ash is
recycled back into ash water system in order to reduce the water consumption.

The various processes that take place in Ash Handling Plant are:

REMOVAL OF BOTTOM-ASH: The ash collected in bottom hopper is
quenched by spraying water and continuously discharging water through impounded
scraper conveyor. The ash is then transported to respective clinker grinder to reduce
the lump size. The crushed ash falls below ash sluice trench and then transported to
ash slurry pump by gravity associated with high pressure water jet.

REMOVAL OF FLY-ASH: Fly ash collected in each of the E.S.P hopper,
economizer hopper, air pre heater hopper and stack hopper drops continuously to
flushing apparatus where water mixes with ash and the resulting slurry drops into ash
sluice trench. The ash slurry is later transported to ash slurry sump in the same way as
bottom ash.

DISPOSAL OF ASH SLURRY: Three ash slurry pumps have provided for
disposal of slurry sump to the disposal area .Each set comprise two stage of pumping.
Two streams of disposal pipe lines of 250dia and length about 3 km are provided for
three slurry pump sets, out of which one pipe line will be stand by.

GENERATOR GENERATOR GENERATOR GENERATOR COOLING COOLING COOLING COOLING SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM

Generator :
An Electric Generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. The generator
remains directly couple d with the steam turbine. It has a stator as well as rotor parts, which are the
windings and shaft respectively.
The generator of DTPS is side supported, that it is free to expand at the top and bottom. It is
supplied by four vertical coolers at the four corners .
The generator is cooled by Hydrogen gas.
The generator of Unt#3 DTPS, DVC has fans at both its ends for cooling purpose.

But the generator of Unit#4 DTPS, DVC has a system known as the Generator Stator Winding
Cooling System .
The main features of this system are:
Generator is Hydrogen cooled
Hot Hydrogen in turn water - cooled.
Windings also water- cooled.
In this case, cold D.M water is circulated through the windings by hollow copper pipes.
Generator of Unit#4 has 2 oil seals and thrust seals , while that of Unit#3 has axial seals instead of
thrust seals. The oil seals get their supply through 4 pumps: Main Oil Pump of turbine, Starting Oil
Pump, A.C Oil Pump and D.C Oil Pump.
Generator lubricating oil is supplied from Dumper Oil Tank (Yellow in colour).

HYDROGEN COOLING SYSTEM OF GENERATOR

STATOR WATER COOLING SYSTEM

MAIN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS MAIN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS MAIN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS MAIN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS

210MW TURBO GENERATOR UNIT #4 210MW TURBO GENERATOR UNIT #4 210MW TURBO GENERATOR UNIT #4 210MW TURBO GENERATOR UNIT #4
SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONS

Rated KW Capacity : 210000 KW
Rated KVA Capacity : 247000 KVA
Rated Terminal Voltage : 15750 V
Rated P.F. : 0.85 Lag
Rated Stator Current : 9050 A
Rated Stator Voltage : 15750 V
Rated Rotor Current : 2600 A
Rated Rotor Voltage : 310 V
Rated Speed : 3000 rpm
Rated Frequency : 50 Hz
Efficiency : 98.4%
Excitation Current : 2600 A
Excitation Voltage : 310 V
Insulation Class : B
Phase Connection : Double Star (Y-Y)
Cooling Type : Hydrogen & Water Cooled
Gas Pressure : 35 Kg/cm
2

Serial Number : 10017
Makers Name : BHEL, HARDWAR (1977)
250 MVA GENERATOR 250 MVA GENERATOR 250 MVA GENERATOR 250 MVA GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER UNIT #4 TRANSFORMER UNIT #4 TRANSFORMER UNIT #4 TRANSFORMER UNIT #4

Rated Output : 250 MVA
KV at High Voltage : 230 KV
KV at Low Voltage : 15 KV
Current Ratings HV : 627 A
LV : 9623 A
Frequency : 50 Hz
Impedance Voltage : 13 78 V
Connection Type : Yd1
Cooling Type : Air and Oil Cooled
Serial No : 6004124
Makers Name : BHEL, BHOPAL (1979)

12.5/15 MVA UNIT 12.5/15 MVA UNIT 12.5/15 MVA UNIT 12.5/15 MVA UNIT AUXILIARY AUXILIARY AUXILIARY AUXILIARY
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

Rated Output : 12000/15000 KVA
Rated Output Voltage
HV : 15750volt
LV : 6900volt
Current Ratings
HV : 458.21/586.5A
LV : 1045.9/1338.8A
Frequency : 50Hz
Connection Type : Dy11
Cooling Type : ONAN/ONAF
Total Weight : 30,000K.g.
Manufacturers Name : BHEL, BHOPAL

12.5/15MVA STATION RESERVE 12.5/15MVA STATION RESERVE 12.5/15MVA STATION RESERVE 12.5/15MVA STATION RESERVE
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

Rated Output : 12.5/15 KVA
Frequency : 50 Hz
HV Star KVA : 50000
(No-load) Volts : 138000
Rated Current : 209A
MV Star KVA : 45000
(On-load) Volts : 33000
Rated Current : 787A
LV Delta KVA : 125000
Basic Impedance Level (KV) :
HV Line : 650
HV Neutral : 110
MV Line : 200
LV Line : 50
Impedance (Volts) :
HV Line : 145000 KVA, 14.00%
HV-LV Line : 25000 KVA, 6.85%
MV-LV Line : 2500 KVA, 2.52%
Insulation Type : HV Winding Insulation Graded Down to Neutral
Cooling Type : OFB

6.6 KV SWITCH GEAR 6.6 KV SWITCH GEAR 6.6 KV SWITCH GEAR 6.6 KV SWITCH GEAR

Rated Voltage : 6.6 KV
Max Voltage of breaker operation : 7.2 KV
Frequency : 20 Hz
Current Ratings of Breaker :
Continuous : 2000 & 788 A
3 Sec r.m.s. : 44KA & 38 KA
Interacting Capacity :
Symetrical : 44KA
MVA (symmetrical) : 500 MVA
Asymmetrical capacity : 53 KA
Making Current : 123 KA
No. of Breaks per Phase : One
Insulation Level of Breakers :
1 min dry withstands : 35 KV
Impulse withstands : 75 KV
Type of closing : Electro-phenmatic Spring
Type of tripping : Shunt trip Electro-phenmatic
Operating air pressure : 16 Kg/cm
2

Storage air Pressure : 30 Kg/cm
2
Makers Name : Hindustan Brown Boveri Ltd.

AUTO AUTO AUTO AUTO- -- -TRANSFORMER RATINGS TRANSFORMER RATINGS TRANSFORMER RATINGS TRANSFORMER RATINGS

Rated Output (KVA) :
HV : 75000/105000/150000
MV : 15000/21000/30000
LV : 15000/21000/15000
Volts At No-Load :
HV : 230000
MV : 138000
LV : 7500
Current Ratings :
HV : 188/264/377A
MV : 314/439/628A
LV : 1155/1617/2309A
Type of Cooling : ON/OB/OFB
Frequency : 50 Hz
Impedance Voltage :
HV-MV : 17.04%
HV-LV : 61.56%
MV-LV : 43.17%
Connection /type : Y, y0, d1
Makers Name : Transformers & Electricals Kerala Ltd.

EXCITATION TRANSFORMER EXCITATION TRANSFORMER EXCITATION TRANSFORMER EXCITATION TRANSFORMER
RATINGS RATINGS RATINGS RATINGS
SPECIFICATIIONS SPECIFICATIIONS SPECIFICATIIONS SPECIFICATIIONS

HV : 15000 KV
Terminals : H1/H2/H3
LV : 495 V
Terminals : X1/X2/X3
Volts : 15750/15375/15000 /14625/14250
Amperes : 38.9/39.8/40.8/41.8/42.9
%Rated Voltage : 105/102.5/100/97.5/95
Connect Each Phase : 1-2//2-3/3-4/4-5/5-6
Rated Output : 1060 KVA
Frequency : 50 Hz
% Impedance at 150 deg : 6.04
Base KVA : 1060
Type (K) Class : ANN
Encl. Type : NEMA2
Cooling Type : Air-Blast Cooled
Makers Name : Hammon Power Solution

Motors in Important Fans Motors in Important Fans Motors in Important Fans Motors in Important Fans

Name of
the fans

Types
of
cooling

Makers
Name

KW/HP

Volt
(KV)

Full
load
current
(A)

RPM

Insulation
Class

Connection
Type

Induced
Draft
Fan

CACA

BHEL

1300

6.6

140.5

740

F

Y, Squirrel
cage induction
motor with
D.O.L starter

Forced
Draft
Fan

CACA

BHEL

800

6.6

85.4

1490

B

Y, Squirrel
cage induction
motor with
D.O.L starter

Primary
Air Fan

CACA

BHEL

1250

6.6

132

1485

B

Y, Squirrel
cage induction
motor with
D.O.L starter

Important Motor Specifications Important Motor Specifications Important Motor Specifications Important Motor Specifications

Raw water pumps Motor:
Voltage : 3.3 K.V.
Power : 285 KW
Current : 68 A
RPM : 1000
Connection : Y
Insulation Class : Y
Makers Name : Kirloskar Electric Ltd.

Boiler Feed Pump Motor:
Rated Voltage, Phase, Frequency : 6.6 KV, 3 phase, 50Hz
Output : 4000 KW
F.L. Current : 421 A
F.L. Efficiency : 96.5%
Power Factor : .87
Starting Current : 480% of F.L. current
Starting : Direction line
Insulation Type : B
Connection Type : Y
Manufacturer : BHEL, HARDWAR

C.W. Pump Motor:
Output : 1200 KW
RPM : 490
F.L. Current : 140 A
No load Current : 54 A
F.L. Efficiency : 99.8%
Starting Current : 500% of F.L. current
Starting : DOL
Insulation Type : B
Connection Type : Y
Manufacturer : BHEL, BHOPAL

Ash Water Pump Motor:
Output : 243 KW
RPM : 1000
F.L. Current : 26.5 A
Insulation Type : B
Connection Type : Y
Cooling Type : CACA
Manufacturer : Kirloskar Electric Ltd.

Coal Mill Motor:
Output : 320 KW
RPM : 1000
F.L. Current : 37 A
Power Factor : .83
Insulation Type : B
Connection Type : Y
Cooling Type : CACA
Manufacturer : BHEL

SWITCH YARD SYSTEM SWITCH YARD SYSTEM SWITCH YARD SYSTEM SWITCH YARD SYSTEM

BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS
DIFFERENT LAYOUT SCHEMES OF SWITCH-YARD ARE AS FOLLOWS :
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS:
All the incoming and outgoing lines are connected with the main bus through their respective
breakers. Each circuit is also connected with the transfer bus through isolators. In case the circuit
breaker of any circuit is shut down for maintenance, this circuit is connected to the transfer bus and is
controlled by the bus-bar coupling circuit breaker.
It provides facility for breaker maintenance but does not permit bus shutdown or maintenance.
DUPLICATE BUS WITH OR WITHOUT BY-PASS ISOLATOR:
Each circuit has its own circuit breaker and can be connected to either of the bus by bus-selection
isolator. Each circuit, in addition, may be provided with a bye-pass isolator, enabling it to be
connected directly to one of the bus bar, by-passing its controlling circuit breaker. The circuit in that
case can be energized through the bus bar coupler circuit breaker as in the main and transfer bus
scheme.

THREE BUS SCHEME:
Two nos. main bus and one no. transfer bus gives greater degree of shutdown flexibility and
continuity of service in case of bus outage by discriminative tripping of faulty bus. However, such
scheme is used where the extra cost is justified for this extra reliability.
ONE AND HALF BREAKER SCHEME : FIGURE
For every two circuits only one spare breaker is provided. The protection is however complicated
since the central common breaker should associate with the right feeder, whose breaker is to be taken
out of service.
TYPE OF BUS BARS
Rigid bus bar: In this type, tubular conductors are used for bus-bars and for making connection
between different equipments. Such bus bar has high rigidity, ease of clamping, resistance to
swinging, reduced corona loss etc. but suffers from high comparative cost, traveling vibration along
jumpers, bus and equipments.
Strain bus-bar: ACSR conductors are strung with sag compensating spring between supporting
structure, spanning ground mounted equipments and circuits. Bundled conductors are used for high
ratings of bus-bars and reduced corona. However, aluminium pipes are employed whenever rigid
connections to different equipments are needed.
Care should be taken to use suitable bi-metal connectors / strips, whenever copper to aluminium
connection are needed.
SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS :
Isolators: Isolators are used for no-load opening and closing of circuits. They can be operated from
remote by motorized, hydraulic or pneumatic mechanism. Three poles are either mechanically or
electrically ganged and may be provided with earth switch having either mechanical or electrical
interlock or both for safe operation only during de-energized condition. The isolators are interlocked
with circuit breaker for their operation while breaker status is Off only. This electrical interlock is
achieved by isolation of D.C control power of isolator at ON position of breaker. The isolators are of
two types :-
Centre-break type: Two arms rotate in horizontal plane to engage or disengage the contacts.
Centre rotating type: It makes a very stable contact, but the cost is higher than that of the centre
break type for use of three insulators.
Isolators have their positional switches at their mechanism boxes for development of a set of contacts
according to ON or OFF status of the isolators and these contacts are employed for different
safety and operational interlocks as well as selection of proper voltage and current sources for
protection and metering.
CIRCUIT BREAKER: Circuit breakers are designed to operate in faulty condition of circuit, and
have rated making and breaking capacities in MVA. Making capacity is decided by consideration of
asymmetrical making current during closing of circuit breaker in an already short circuited line.
Therefore, calculation of fault MVA by network analysis is essential for selection of circuit breaker to
be of adequate capacity.
According to arc quenching medium, circuit breaker is of three types for switch-yard application.
MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: Arc is extinguished in axial/cross jet explosion pot, where
arc is interrupted by axial / cross jet of oil produced by pressure developed due to vaporization of oil.
Thus the energy of arc extinction is developed by the medium itself and no secondary arrangement is
required. By cascading the interrupter units, voltage grade of such breaker can be increased.

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER: Arc is extinguished by blast of compressed air, which takes
away heat and deionizes the medium. Therefore, compressed air plant and piping system are required
for this type of breaker and add to the maintenance vagaries by leakage of air, breakdown of
compressor etc.
SF-6 CIRCUIT BREAKER: As SF-6 is the strong electro-negative gas, it is de-ionized and recovers
breakdown voltage rapidly, and arc extinguishes at natural current zero. Zero current interruption is
the excellent feature, which makes it free from any current chopping, high TRV and restriking.
Therefore, no damping resistance is required to control TRV. However, pre-closing resistor are used,
when such breaker are employed in long transmission line of comparatively high voltage, to control
voltage surge during closing of breaker.

On the contrary, MOCB and ABCB are having inherent problem of current chopping and need of
damping resistance.
Breaker are operated by spring energy or where more energy is required either by hydraulic or by
pneumatic energy.
As pressure of gas, hydraulic oil or compressed air affects the performance of breakers, some safety
interlocks are provided to inhibit operation of breakers, when such pressures drop below the safety
limit. Such condition is called lock-out of breaker, and according to different set values of pressure,
there are some closing lockouts and some tripping lockouts. Immediately, after appearance of any
tripping lock out, the breaker should be by-passed by the bus-tie breaker and transfer bus, and the
defective breaker should be taken out of service.
SF
6
Gas Circuit Breaker Ratings:
Rated Voltage : 145 KV
Rated Impulse withstand Voltage : 650 KV
Rated power Frequency Voltage : 275 KV
Rated frequency : 50 Hz
Rated Normal Current : 2500 A
Rated Short time Current : 40 KA
Rated Short Circuit Duration : 3 Sec
Clear Factor : 1.5
Breaking Capacity :
Symmetrical : 40 KA
Equivalent : 10000 MVA
Symmetrical : 40 KA
Line charging Current : 50 KA
Rated Making Current : 100 KA
Rated Trip Coil Voltage : 250 VDC
Rated Closing Coil Voltage : 250 VDC

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR / SURGE DIVERTER : Over voltages may occur in sub-station by
incident of traveling wave from transmission line due to lightning impulse with steep wave front in
the range of 1/50 s.
Temporary over-voltages (TOV) may be caused by a number of system events such as line to
ground fault, circuit back feeding, load rejection, ferro-resonance etc. There may also be other
internal surges known to be switching surges due to current chopping, successive restrike by
interruption of capacitive current etc.
A lighting arrestor resembling a safety valve of the system diverts these over-voltages to ground by
lowering its resistance, and also interrupts power frequency follow up current by developing its own
resistance to high value as soon as the voltage comes to normal value.
LAs are of two different types:-
(a) The old valve type arrestor consists of a stack of spark gaps and resistor discs. This resistance,
which goes by different names like metrosil, thyrite etc. has a non-linear volt-ampere characteristic,
and its ohmic value decreases very rapidly with increase of voltage. The power frequency follow-up
current reduces after subsidence of voltage to normal value and is broken by the spark gaps at the first
current zero.
(b) In modern gapless arrestor zinc oxide valve elements are used, which are composed of a
compound of zinc oxide and small amount of other selected metal oxides. These ingredients are
mixed in powdered form, pressed and sintered to form a polycrystalline ceramic disc. The
molecular structure is a matrix of highly conductive zinc-oxide grains surrounded by resistive
inter-granular metal oxides. Under electrical stress, this inter-granular layer conducts giving highly
non-linear characteristic.
The residual discharge voltage of a LA is the most important characteristic, which decide the
protective margin the LA provides to sub-station equipments, and must be below the BIL of the Sub-
station. The difference of residual voltage and BIL denoting the protective margin should be at least
20%. The residual voltage is the voltage across the LA while discharging an approaching wave and
specified by the manufacturer for different wave front shapes and current values like lightning
impulse voltage (8x20s, 5,10 & 20 KAP) , switching impulse voltage (30 x 60 s, 1000 AP), steep
current impulse at 10KAP.
The arrestor rating is selected on the basis of highest system voltage (MCOV =1.1 x nominal line to
line voltage) and the co-efficient of earthing, where the value of the latter is 0.8 for effectively earthed
system and in between 0.8 & 1.0 for non-effectively earthed system. In a 220KV effectively earthed
system, the rating should not be less 245 x 0.8 =196 KV.
The distance of LA from transformer is important on the consideration of whether the maximum
voltage attained at the transformer terminal remains within safe limit after reflection at the terminal. A
wave with a same rate of voltage rise as the original wave and with a magnitude equal to arrestor
residual discharge voltage builds up at double rate until it reaches to a maximum value of twice the
discharge voltage or to whatever voltage can build up during the period the reflected wave travels
back to LA and a reflection travel back to the transformer.
Modern LAs are very fast to interrupt the follow-up current. The time taken for this function to be
completed is hardly half-cycle before the sensing time of tripping relays.
EARTHING: There are two types of earthing (a) System earthing (b) Equipment or body earthing.
The neutral point of a starconnected system is earthed to avoid floating neutral condition and
consequent over stressing of equipment by over voltage during unbalanced loading. Such earthing
also ensures effective relaying and protection by increased fault current. An ungrounded high voltage
system will lead to a capacitive fault current through earth, which gives rise to a condition known as
arcing ground, in which cycle of charging and discharging of the system capacity through the fault
results in high frequency oscillation and a build up of high voltage.
In an unearthed system, insulation level to ground should be of high value approaching to line to line
voltage to cope with the voltage during single phase to ground fault condition and therefore the cost of
insulation is higher.
When the system neutral is directly grounded without any impedance, the system is said to be
effectively grounded. Here the combined impedance of equipment, circuit and earth return path is
considered sufficient to limit the-fault current.
However, when a current limiting device like resistance, reactance or arc suppression coil is used in a
grounding circuit, the system is said to be non-effectively earthed.
Reactance acts as a neutralizer of capacitive component of the fault current, and as an arc suppressor
and ensures satisfactory relaying, partial grading of apparatus insulation, and reduced communication
interference as compared to that in effectively grounded system.
EQUIPMENT EARTHING: Under fault condition, the non-current carrying metal parts attains a
high potential at the fault location, and a potential gradient is developed along the path of the fault
current which includes metallic part of the equipment and earth return path through soil. To limit the
touch voltage along the metallic surface of the equipment and step voltage along the soil surface
around the equipment, the non-current carrying metallic parts are connected to the general mass of
earth by multiple electrodes.
In a sub-station, where the fault current is very high, it is seldom possible to keep the above potentials
within safe limit without modifying the soil resistance by construction of earth grid. Equi-spaced MS
rods, which are horizontally buried at a depth of one meter in mutually perpendicular direction are
interconnected by welding at the points of intersection and are also connected to equally distributed
earth electrodes driven to a depth of 3 meter to form an electrically integrated mat. Design
consideration involves thermal stability of the mat at calculated fault level and fault clearing time,
number of electrodes , length of grid , grid conductor size and checking of step, touch, transfer and
mesh potentials.
LIGHTINING MAST: Switchyard is protected from lightning by installation of lightning masts
having suitable height and distance between them so that the highest point of any equipment or
conductor remains within the calculated protective zone under the masts.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER : A basic element of relaying and metering, CT is a series
connected transformer having single bar primary, several protection cores and one metering core of
respective accuracy classes and secondary. Illustratively saying for a 400KV CT, four protection cores
belong to main protection-1, main protection-2 and two bus differentials each in main and check zone.
Transient saturation, DC offset is the ruling factor in the design and deciding accuracy of CT, and
pose problem where the relaying scheme operates on current balance principle. The performance
characteristic of distance relaying is also affected by those factors. The entire transformer element is
kept in porcelain case with transformer oil in sealed condition and is pressurized by nitrogen for
reducing corona. The salient particulars of a protection class current transformer are current ratings,
VA burden, accuracy class (viz 5P, 10P, 15P), accuracy limit factors (ALF viz 5, 10, 15, 20, 30), short
time factor, knee point voltage etc.
The cables from CT are taken to a nearby CTJB (Junction box) where shorting links and earth
connections are provided and then to control room panels.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (VT) :
(a)
Electromagnetic voltage transformer (EMVT) is common up to 220KV and its insulation is
economically designed by cascade connection of several VTs in which their primaries are in series.
Coupling windings alongside the primary windings equalize the voltage. Secondary connections from
VT are taken through fuses.

(b) Capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) is a combination of capacitive voltage divider and conventional
EMVT measuring a reduced proportional voltage. However, a reactor (choke) is connected in series
with EMVT element to tune the arrangement at 50Hz for reduction of ratio and phase angle error with
variation of VA burden and frequency. As CVT consist of inductance with iron core and of
capacitance, it would characteristically be subjected to ferro-resonance oscillation and transient
phenomenon. Therefore, ferro-resonance suppressor device, which consists of an impedance and a
self-extinguishing spark gap prevents the occurrence of stable oscillation with absolute safety, and
suppresses transient oscillations (due to network short circuit) within a few periods.
CVTs are used in EHV substation both as voltage transformer as well as coupling capacitor for power
line carrier application. H.F. connection is taken from the ground side lead of the capacitor to line
matching unit.

OUTDOOR COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT:
(a) Line or wave trap, an air cored inductance is connected in series with the line at the entry point of the
switchyard and offer a high impedance block to carrier frequency (15 to 450/500 KHZ) preventing it
from entering switchyard equipments. Thus the carrier frequency is led to the electronic equipment
through coupling capacitor (CVT), which offers low impedance to h.f but high impedance to power
frequency. Line traps may be tuned or un-tuned. The tuned type is a parallel L-C network with
provision of variation in the tuning circuit or tuning pack, which provides the choice of single
frequency, double frequency or wide band according to frequency it blocks. Tuning capacitor is
protected by LA against momentary over voltages entailed
(b) Line matching unit (LMU): Characteristics or surge impedance is the ratio of voltage and current of
traveling wave on a line of infinite length. It is constant impedance expressed in per unit length and
independent of length of line. Its value as calculated from the equation
Zo =

L
(Approx).
C

are 300-600 ohms for overhead transmission line and 60-125 ohms for h.f cable, and thus transition
of impedances at the junction of overhead line and cable cause substantial reflection of wave and
mismatch loss. Therefore an impedance matching transformer (i.e.LMU) is incorporated at the
junction point to match the characteristic impedance for minimizing loss.
A 3-element protective device consisting of drainage coil, lightning arrestor and earthing switch is
connected across the LMU to protect the communication equipment against dangerous over voltages.

(c) REACTORS: As transmission lines generate capacitive VAR, Compensation of the same by shunt
reactor is necessary for control of increasing voltage. This capacitive VAR increases with increasing
order of system voltage used, length of line and depends on spacing and configuration of conductors,
and becomes predominant, when the line is under-loaded. As lagging VAR demand from system
reduces during off-peak hours, the leading VAR generated in the line is compensated by switching in
reactor, which generates high inductive current.
As reactor draws high lagging VAR, generator needs more excitation current to supply the VAR and
this increased field forcing increase the stability of the system by minimizing the chance of pole-
slipping particularly during low load condition of the system.
The reactor resembles a single winding transformer with a large air gap in its magnetic core to
increase its magnetizing current. Coreless reactors are also in use, where three windings having
relatively short height for a decided air core length are placed in triangular configuration in a
magnetic shield.
Series reactor is the variant, but here this is used in generator or feeder circuit as a current limiting
reactor for short circuit in line.
NEUTRAL GROUNDING REACTOR : Neutral grounding reactor which is a single phase reactor
and connected between neutral point of a transformer / reactor and ground is also a current limiting
reactor or in case of its specific use it serves the purpose of a resonance earthing. As a current limiting
reactor, it reduces the secondary arc current and consequent de-ionization time at the point of ground
fault and help successful auto-reclosing of single pole, which is important on the consideration of
transient stability.
INTER-BUS TIE TRANSFORMER (IBT): For inter-connection of buses of two different system
voltages, inter-bus tie transformer is used with appropriate voltage terminals, through which power
flows in both directions as good as normal bus. It is normally a single winding auto-transformer
having voltage taps corresponding to bus voltages at the two sides and is either in 3 or in 1
construction. As the ratio of bus voltages is near 1, auto-transformer is the economic solution
of voltage transformation by saving of copper. The saving increases as the ratio approaches to one.
The scheme envisages saving also in core for less window area and in volume of tank. While having
the same constructional and protective features as that of a conventional power transformer, IBT is
normally equipped with on-load tap changer to control voltage and consequent reactive power flow.
As the two voltage sides of such auto transformer are in star-star configuration, a delta connected
tertiary winding is incorporated for equalization load in three phases during unbalanced load, as
attained by circulation of induced current through closed delta. The delta tertiary also provides a
closed path for third harmonic current, which reduces distortion of wave shape. Power may also be
drawn from tertiary windings.
PROTECTION: Different protection schemes employed in EHT Substation are typically as follows.
The schemes vary according to equipments, the bays are equipped with.
INTER BUS TIE TRANSFORMER :
(a) Transformer percentage biased differential relay - The relay operates on current balance principle.
However, as such relay suffers from instability by inaccuracies of CTs of two ends with resulting
difference of magnetizing current during through-fault or even during normal load condition; such
relay is biased with restraining winding. Percentage bias setting varies from 5-50% and relay current
10-100% of full load. Sometimes stabilizing resistances are also used in series with the operating coil
to eliminate the use of restraining winding. Such biasing leaves certain percentage of winding
unprotected and taken care of by restricted earth fault relay.
As magnetizing in-rush current during energisation of transformer tends to operate a differential relay,
stability is attained by providing 2
nd
harmonic restraint feature, where 2
nd
harmonic filtered current is
fed to a restraint coil.
(b) Circulating current differential relay It also operates on circulating current principle, though only
on three terminal currents of single winding. As there is no isolation between primary and secondary
windings in this case, the phenomenon of magnetizing current in rush does not affect its operation,
and no harmonic restraint is required. Also instead of any restraining coil, a resistance is put in series
with the operating coil for stabilization of the relay.
(c) Over-current and earth-fault relay
O/C & E/F relay with both IDMT and instantaneous features are incorporated at both voltage sides
and tertiary side.
(d)
Neutral O/C relay The IDMT O/C element measures the current through neutral of the transformer
to protect against earth fault.
(e)
Over fluxing relay This relay, which measures the ratio of voltage and frequency ( = K.E/f) is
provided with time delay element at the both voltage sides of the transformer.
LINE PROTECTION:
Distance Relay: It is a stepped distance scheme with three time delayed zones of protection. The
zone-1 is set to reach about 80%, zone-2 130% and zone-3 200%. One set of two mho elements for
1st & 2
nd
zones and one offset mho for 3
rd
zone is used for phase fault and another separate set for
ground fault. All the ground distance functions are provided with zero-sequence compensation, so that
only positive sequence impedance is measured during ground fault.
With carrier aided protection scheme, the state of the local substation is transmitted to the remote
substation via transmission line by means of high frequency carrier signal, and carrier inter-tripping
and acceleration schemes are achieved.
The selection of inter-tripping speed up in fault clearance for an internal fault, falling within initial
portion of zone-2. The basic idea is to trip the remote end breaker through a carrier signal, when fault
occurs close to the near end.
However, direct connection of R
x
contact (carrier receive contact) to trip-circuit may cause mal-
operation due to noise signal in carrier channel, and in the permissive inter-trip under
reaching scheme, relay contact R
x
is put in series with 3
rd
zone impedance contact. Thus, in this case
the carrier receiver relay can only trip the breaker, if zone-3 contact is also closed indicating a firm
fault.
In the permissive inter-trip over reaching scheme, the primary distance protection is a zone-2
protection extending beyond the remote end. The transmitter relay is energized by this relay. For fault
within protected line section, receiver relay contact R
x
is also energized through carrier signal, thus
causing immediate tripping.
In case of 400KV line, two nos. distance protection having designation Main-1 & Main-2 are used,
though in 220KV line, where back-up protection philosophy is adopted, directional O/C & E/F relay
is used as back up to distance protection. Directional feature is incorporated as a part of double feeder
protection.
AUTO RECLOSER RELAY: For improvement of transient stability, auto-reclose relay is used.
This relay is initiated by the distance relay and can be operated either in check-
synchronizing or in dead line mode. However, auto-reclose is blocked in case of operation of LBB
relay (i.e. breaker failure relay), bus differential relay or carrier failure.
OVER VOLTAGE RELAY: Alarm and trip.
Direct trip to remote end of the line :-
The trip signal is initiated during
- Manual open command from control switch
- Over voltage trip.
- Bus-bar protection operated
- LBB relay operated.

400KV REACTOR (BUS & LINE) :
(a) Impedance relay
(b) Circulating current differential relay
(c) Restricted earth fault relay
(d) Reactor internal protection like Buchholz, PRV, etc.

STATION TRANSFORMER:
(a) Percentage Biased differential relay with harmonic restraint
(b) Over current relay with IDMT and instantaneous element
(c) Neutral over current IDMT relay for earth fault protection
(d) Transformer internal protection.
HIGH IMPEDANCE BUS BAR PROTECTION :
Based on Kirchhoffs 1
st
law, the currents entering the bus are always equal to the currents leaving in
case of all normal load or through-fault condition i.e. vector sum of current is zero. However, during
external fault, the current balance is upset not only due to CT saturation by a.c flux but also due to d.c
saturation of faulty feeder. This problem is taken care of by high impedance relaying. Also (in case of
two zones system) trip signal is initiated to the faulty bus zone (main zone-1 or 2); if the overall
differential of the two zones together (check zone) operates.
As the relay operates very rarely, continuous supervision of CT secondary and connected bus
protection scheme is adopted by use of bus-bar protection supervision relay.
BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION :
In case the breaker fails to open and the current continues to flow inspite of trip command, the other
breakers, which are connected to the same bus and feeds the fault current should be isolated, and this
is achieved by breaker failure relay or LBB (Local breaker backup) relay. All the breakers will trip,
if LBB relay along with respective time delay and lock-out relay have operated.
WAVE TRAP :
Cylindrical shaped device which consist of circular inductor coil and a capacitor is present inside. It as
a L-C filter which allows only the transmission frequency to follow through the line and
communication frequency which is much higher frequency is let into the communicator box to the
contact room for communication purpose.

INSTRUMENTATION & SAFETY INSTRUMENTATION & SAFETY INSTRUMENTATION & SAFETY INSTRUMENTATION & SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS PRECAUTIONS PRECAUTIONS PRECAUTIONS
DVC DTPS is well equipped with the instrumentation system. The instrumentation system Is an
important part of the plant and without it the power plant cannot run. There are thousands of pressure
sensors, temperature measuring instruments in the plant. The temperatures are sensed by sensors.
There are also oxygen sensors, and conductivity sensors. All these sensors are example of
instrumentations. Again it is almost impossible to keep all the meters under notice since there are lots
and lots of measuring meters in the whole power plant. To avoid this problem, a control panel is
established. This control panel takes notice of all the measuring meters and gives feedback to the
concerning body and the person who is in charge. These sensors are generally equipped with micro
processor and microchip.Amongst many, an important instrumentation unit is the Turbine Supervisory
Equipment.
LABORAT LABORAT LABORAT LABORATOR OR OR ORY AND SECURITY Y AND SECURITY Y AND SECURITY Y AND SECURITY
DTPS is well equipped with laboratories. There is a Coal Analysing Laboratory, A Chemical analysis
Laboratory an several others. These laboratories help is analyzing the characteristics of the water and
the coal and also oil. There are equipments to measure the grain fineness of the coal. There are also
instruments that help is measuring the amount of volatile materials in the coal. The main equipment in
the coal analysis laboratory is Autoproximiser. There is also a VM Analyser, Bomb calorimeter for
measurement of calorific value of coal and an Ash calorimeter. Ash determination is also done by
muffle furnace. These instruments and laboratories are essential part of DTPS and its proper
functioning.

The security system of the plant is controlled by CISF. They take care of any unwanted hazards and
also give the safe guard for fire prevention through their Fire Station unit.

COMPARISON B/W U#3 & U#4 COMPARISON B/W U#3 & U#4 COMPARISON B/W U#3 & U#4 COMPARISON B/W U#3 & U#4

UNIT #3
1. The furnace has double down
shot type coal burners, and fixed
type.
2. Coal feeders are drag link type.
3. The P.A fan are individual. The
boost up is air only boost up.
4. The F.D fans are radial flow,
IGV Control.
5. The Bottom ash is removed time
to time by Hydro ejector.
6. The Fly ash is removed by
vacuum system.
7. The HRH, CRH, M.S are single
pipe.
8. No PRDS system for auxiliary
steam taken from boiler drum
outlet.
9. No HP-LP Bypass System.
10. Three stage economizer with
water cooled second pass.
11. Reheat convection type.
12. ID Fan is only Hydro coupling
controlled.
13. No I.P Turbine Control Valve
and no turbine stop valve at
ESV.
14. Double casing in H.P and L.P
turbine. So no flange and stud
heating and no rotor heating.
15. L.P.H 1 and 2 are coupled.

UNIT #4
1. The furnace has tilting tangential
type coal burners.
2. Coal feeders are over shot rolling
feeder.
3. Here partly air passes through the
trisector and direct atmospheric
air is taken.
4. Here F.D fan is pitch control axial
flow type.
5. Removal of bottom ash is done
continuously by scraper conveyer.
6. Fly ash removal is water dilution
type.
7. HRH, CRH, MS are double
system.
8. PRDS System is present for
auxiliary steam.
9. HP-LP bypass system is present.
10. Single stage economizer with
steam cooler.
11. Reheat radiant type.
12. ID fan is I.G.V and scoop
controlled.
13. I.P control valve is present and so
is turbine stop valve at ESV.
14. Single casing in H.P and L.P
turbine.
15. L.P.H 1 and 2 are separated and
are different unit.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT

DTPS always takes care of the environment and makes sure that
no environmental policies are violated. The thermal power plant
emits ash, CO
2
, SO
2
, NO
x
etc and discharge liquid effluents
containing oil, grease, chemicals, resins, and dirt. The emits
pollute the air and the foul air causes sore throat, respiratory
trouble, stinging eyes etc. Thermal inversion during winter causes
the cooler polluted air trapped near the ground by the warmer
upper layer to get cooked by the sun rays to form a layer of O
3

which damages vegetation and effects human lungs. SO
2

chemically reacts with marble and lime stone and tends to destroy
buildings. Organic effluents may contaminate aquifers and
surface water bodies. Untreated sewage and hot water may spoil
aquatic living creatures In water courses. Liquid effluents may
contaminate land and water, destroying the fertility of land and
portability of water.

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

The practical experience that we gathered during the training is
very helpful in our coming practical life. It gives us very wide
spectrum to utilize the theoretical knowledge to put into practice.
The trouble shooting activities during the operation and decision
making in case of crisis make us confident to work in industrial
atmosphere.
Moreover, working in the industry along with Engineers, workers,
staff members, and superiors give us a chance to enhance our
interpersonal relationship.

D.T.P.S, D.V D.T.P.S, D.V D.T.P.S, D.V D.T.P.S, D.V.C. .C. .C. .C.

Final Project On Power Plant

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