Ra & Mechanies 2, i 23- - 137 (1970)

@ by Spr i nger - Ver l ag 1970

Ti me- Dependent Behavi our of Fractured Rock
By
Z. T. B i e n i a ws k i
Wi t h l 0 Fi gures
(Reeeived on March 9, 1970)
Summary - - Zus ammenf as s ung - - Rsum
Ti me- Dependent Behavi our of Fract ured Rock. Knowl edge of t he t i me-dependent
behavi our of f r aet ur ed rock is par t i eul ar l y i mpor t ant in desi gni ng rock st r uet ur es f or l ong-
term st abi l i t y. Thi s paper is an at t empt to det ermi ne the t i me- dependent behavi our of
f r aet ur ed rock as it mi ght pr evai l under i n- si t u eondi t i ons. The fol l owi ng eascs are eon-
si dered:
(i) Gr adual l y i ncr easi ng eompressi on at di f f er ent but eonst ant rat es of def or mat i on;
(ii) Gr aduMl y i ncr easi ng eompressi on at ehangi ng rat es of def or mat i on;
(iii) Censt ant l oad appl i eat i on for var i ous t i me durat i ons.
It is shewn t hat f r aet ur ed rock does have a l ong- t er m st r engt h and while its resi st anee
and deformat i on are i ni t i al l y affeet ed by time, st abi l i t y is reached at a eert ai n stage. I t
is t hus possi bl e to det ermi ne l ong- t er m st abi ]i t y eurves for f r aet ur ed rock. Thi s may yi el d
desi gn dat a for st abl e rock st r uet ur es subj eet ed to low rates o.f loading.
Das zei t abhngi ge Verhal t en von gebroehenem Gestei n. Fr den Ent wur f von Fel s-
konst r ukt i onen, die ber l ange Zei t r~ume st abi l sein sollen, ist es besonders wichtig, das
zei t abhngi ge Verhal t en von gebrochenem Gestein zu kennen. In der vorl i egenden Ar bei t
wi rd versucht, das zei t abhngi ge Ver hal t en von gebr o&enem Gestein zu ermi t t el n, wie es
unt er unt er t gi gen Bedi ngungen in Er schei nung t ret en knnte.
Fol gende Fl l e werden behandel t :
(i) Al l mhl i ch steigende Druckbel ast ung bei verschiedenen, jedoch konst ant en Ver-
formungsgeschwi ndi gkei t en ;
(ii) Al l mhl i ch steigende Dr uckbel ast ung bei vernderl i chen Verformungsgeschwi n-
di gkei t en ;
(iii) Konst ant e Las t auf br i ngung whr end verschi eden l anger Zei t rume.
Es wi rd na&gewi esen, da gebrochenes Gestein eine Langzei t fest i gkei t besi t zt und da
St abi l i t t zu einem gewissen Zei t punkt errei cht wi rd, obwohl Wi der s t and und Ver f or mung
anfngl i ch durch die Zei t beei nf l ut werden. Es i st daher mglich, Langzei t st abi l i t t skur ven
f r gebroehenes Gestein zu best i mmen. Dies kann zur E. rarbei t ung von Ent wur f sdat en fiir
st abi l e Fel skonst r nkt i onen fhren, die geri ngen Bel ast ungsgeschwi ndi gkei t en ausgeset zt sind.
Le comport ement de l a rache fraeture en f onet i on du t emps. La eonnai ssanee du eom-
portement de l a rache f r aet ur ee en fonet i on du temps ost par t i eul i er ement ut i l e au ealeul
de la st abi l i t prol onge des st r uet ur es rocheuses. Aussi a-t -on cherch dt er mi ner le eom-
port ement probabl e, en fonct i on du temps, d' une rache fraet ure en rgime nat urel . On a
envi sag les vent ual i t s sui vant es:
(i) une eompressi on eroi ssant e avee di ffrent es vi t esses de dformat i on eonst ant es;
(ii) une eompressi on eroi ssant e avec des vi t esses de dformat i on var i abl es;
(iii) une eha.rge de gr andeur eonst ant e de dure vari abl e.
Rock Mechanics, Vol. 2/3 9
124 Z. T. B i e n i a ws k i :
On a d6montr6 que l a roehe fraeture po ss~de en effet une st abi l i t de longue dure.
Bien qu' au dbut sa rsistance et sa d6f ol ~at i on soient affectes par le temps - - sa st abi l i t
est atteinte une certaine poque. I1 est ainsi possible de dterminer des courbes de st abi l i t
de longue dure des roches fractures. Ceci pour r ai t fourni r des donnes pour le calcul de
st abi l i t de st ruct ures rocheuses soumises des tanx de chargement modrs.
l nt roduct i on
Knowl edge of t he b e h a v i o u r of f r a e t u r e d rock i s of eons i der ' abl e p r a e t i e a l
i nt er es t . F o r i ns t anee, at gr' eat dept hs , f r a e t u r i n g of rock a r o u n d exeava~i ons is
u s u a l l y una voi da bl e . I n ot he r eases, f r a e mr e d rock ma y e r e n be de s i r a bl e ; f r a c mr e d
rock i s l ess p r o n e t o sudd. en a nd vi ol ent f a i l u r e t ha n s t r ong, s ol i d rock and henee
t he fo. rmer i s l ess l i k e l y t o l e a d t o r ockbur s t s . Fu r t h e r , i f i n t he ease of r oom-
a n d - p i l l a r s t opi ng wi t h pa ne l s , y i e l d i n g of i n d i v i d u a l p i l l a r s i n a pa ne l i s i nt r o-
dueed b u t t he s t a b i l i t y of t he pa ne l as a who.le i s not endanger ed, gr e a t e r extrae~;ion
of or e wi l l be aehi eved. Thus, p r o v i d e d t he b e h a v i o u r of f r a e t u r e d rock ean be
u n d e r s t o o d a nd eont ro. l l ed, i t s pr es enee e oul d r eduee h a z a r d s a nd e r e n r e s ul t i n
s i gni f i e a nt eeonomi e advant ages .
One o.f t he mos t us ef ul appr oaehes t o s t udi es of f r a e t u r e d rock i s t he det er -
mi n a t i o n of t he so eal l ed " e ompl e t e l oad- def o. r mat i on eur ves " (B i e n i a w s k i et al ,
1969; J a e g e r a nd C o o k , 1969, p. 167). Di a g r a mma t i e a l l y , t hi s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n
Fi g. 1: Up t o t he s t r e ngt h f ai l ur e, ma r k e d A, t he r ock r e ma i ns p r a e t i e a l l y i nt aet .
The r ock b e h a v i o u r b e y o n d p o i n t A i s gover ned b y t he s t i f f nes s of t he l oa di ng
PB
j
A
\
O
4 S
~c
Fig. 1. Speeimen resi st anee-deformat i on di&gram and testing machine l oad-deformat i on
di agrams for soft (AB) and stiff (AD) machines
X = l oad P or resistanee R; Y = deformation
Wi derst ands-Verformungs-Di agramm von Prfkrper und Last-Verformungs-Diagramm von
Prfmaschinen f r ,weiche" (AB) und , st ei f e" (AD) Maschinen
X = Last P oder Wi der st and R; Y = Verformung
Graphique rsistanee-dformation d' un ehantillon et graphi ques charge-dpla.eement pour
des machines d'e.ssai molle (AB) et rai de (AD)
X = &arge P ou rsista.nee R; Y = dplaeement
maehi ne, r e pr e s e nt e d b y l i nes AB a nd AD, r es peet i vel y, f or a s of t a nd a s t i f t
maehi ne. Be yond s t r e ngt h f ai l ur e, i ne r e a s e i n s peei men de f or ma t i on, As, r e s ul t s
i n de e r e a s e d r es i s t anee, Re. I n t he ease of t he sof t ( convent i onal ) l oa di ng maehi ne
( about 50 MN/ m s t i f f nes s ) , t he a p p l i e d l oa d PB woul d be higher t ha n t he speei -
men r e s i s t a ne e Rc. The s peei men t hus f ai l s vi ol e nt l y at poi nt A - - a b e h a v i o u r
of t en obs e r ve d i n rock. I n a s t i f f l oa di ng maehi ne ( mor e t ha n 500 MN/ m s t i f f nes s ) ,
t he a p p l i e d l oa d PD woul d be lower t ha n t he s peci men re. si st anee Re. Thi s s i t ua t i on
Time-Dependent Behaviour of Practured Rock 125
is "stable" and with increasing specimen deformation, the resistance of the speei-
men gradually decreases along line ACE in Fig. 1.
Sinee the ro& material is in a fracmred state after strength failure, having
passed its maxi mum load bearing capacit.y, a valuable mea.ns of obtaining an
insight into the behaviour of fraetured rock is provided by studying the eom-
plete "load-deformation" or rather "resistanee-defornlation" eurves obtained in
stift testing maehines.
The eoncept of eomplete Ioad-deformation eurves originated in studies on
concrete in compression conducted by Rs e h (1960) in Germany. He also
obtained the first complete load-deformation curves in tension, again for eoncrete
( Rs eh, 1963). The desirability of obtaining information on the behaviour of
rock after strength failure was first pointed out by Cook (1965), followed up by
Fa i r hur s t and Cook (1965). The first complete load-deformation cuIa~es for
rock were obtained by Bi e ni a ws ki (1966) and by Cook and Hoj e m (1966).
Since then rauch attention has been devoted in rock mechanies to this subject and
besides extensive l aborat ory tests ( Bi e ni a ws ki , 1967; Wa we r s i k, 1968;
Bi e ni a ws ki , 1969) the first underground tests have now also been undertaken
( Bi e ni a ws ki , 1970).
It now only remains to establish the faetors whieh influence the behaviour
of fracmred rock.
Factors of Inf l uence on t he Behavi our of Fract ured Rock
The behaviour of fraetured rock is charaeterized by the resistance-deformation
curve after strength failure, in the region where the curve has a negative slope.
As diseussed above (see Fig. 1), the specimen will fail violently if the negative
slope of the rock resistance-deformation cui~:e is steeper than the (negative) slope
rcpresenting the stiffness of the loading machine. Knowledge of the faetors which
determine the solpe of the resistance-deformation eurve after strength failure is
therefore of part icular importance if violent failure of fractured rock is to be avoided.
Results of reeent studies have shown ( Bi e ni a ws ki , 1969) that increasing
confining pressure tends to flatten the negative slope of the rock. Thus, a frae-
tured rock seeimen is more stable in triaxial compression than in uniaxial com-
pression. In addition, it was found then that a change in specimen shape, for
example, a higher width to height ratio, also results in a flattening of the negative
slope. A reetangular (oblong) speeimen is more stable than a eubieal specimen
having the same cross-section.
It was also reeently shown ( Bi e ni a ws ki , 1970) that rock materials having
a higher uniaxial compressive strength er a higher modulus of elasticity, or both,
have steeper negative slopes than materials with lower strength or modulus values.
Consequently "hard" high-strength rock will be more prone to violent failure than
' soft", low-strength rock.
The factor whi& has not as yet been investigated is the influenee of time
on the behaviour of fractured rock. This faetor is of particular interest as it is
associated with the !ong-term stability of fractured rock. It is the purpose of
this paper to contribute to the knowledge of this aspeet.
While no information on time-dependent behaviour of fractured rock eould
be found on the literature, some data of interest to the present study have been
reported for eoncrete by Rs e h (1960). In Fig. 2, after Rs c h, stress-strain
relationships are given for concrete subjeeted to various constant strain rates. It
will be noted from this figure that, with increasing rate of straining, the uniaxial
compressive strength as well as the modulus of elasticity (in the unfraemred stare)
increase. It is interesting to reeall that identical behaviour is also typical of rock
( Se r de nge c t i and Booz e r , ]961).
9*
126 Z. T. Bi e ni a ws ki :
The most i mport ant observatio.n to be made from Fig. 2 is t hat the negative
slope of the st.ress-strain curves after st rengt h fai l ure gradual l y becomes flatter
as the rate of st r ai ni ng deereases. Shoul d a si mi l ar t rend be also observed for
rock, this could be of consi derabl e pract i cal signifieance, as will be diseussed Iater.
25
20 ~ s e c
I YEAR
15 ~ I MONTH
s e e
X z
10 1670xi ~ IDAY
1 0 0 0 0 x 10-
5 ~ 1HOUR
10 MINUTES
i
o ~ ~ - ; ~ , ~ 6
Y
Fig. 2. St r ess- st r ai n r el at i onshi ps fo,r eoncret e for var i ous eonst ant st r ai n rat es (a,f~er
Rs c h, 1960)
X = uniaxial eompressive stress (MN/m2); Y = axial strain (10-~); Z = loading dara.tion
needed to attain 6" 10 .3 strain with the strain rates indieat.ed
Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm fr Beton unter verschiedenen konstanten Dehnungs-
ges.ehwindigkeiten (nach R s e h, 1960)
X = einaehsige Druekspannung (MN/rn2); Y = axiale Dehnung (10-a); Z = erfo.rderliehe
Belastungsdauer zur Erreiehung einer Dehnung vo.n 6 10 3 bei den angegebenen Dehnungs-
geschwindigkeiten; year = Jahr; mont.h = Monat; day = Tag; hour = Stunde
Courbes eontrainte dfo.rmation d' un bton pour diffrentes vitesses de dformation
eonstantes (d'aprs R s e h, 1960)
X = eontrainte de compressio,n monoaxiale (MN/m2); Y = dformation axiale (10-~);
Z = dure de &arge ncessaire [out atteindre une dformation de 6' 10 -a aux vitesses
indiques; yea.r = an; month = mois; day = jour; hcur = heure
An i nvest i gat i on was therefore i ni t i at ed the purpose of whieh was to derer-
mi ne the l oad-deformat i on behavi our of fraet ured rock at vari ous st rai n rates and
at eonst ant load for var' ious durat i ons. Thre,e eases were eonsidered, believed to
be appl i eabl e to i n-si t u behavi our of rock st ruet ures:
(i) gradual l y i nereasi ng eompression at di fferent but eonst ant st rai n rates.
(ii) gr adual l y i nereasi ng eompression at ehanging st rai n rates.
(iii) eonst ant load. appl i eat i on for vari ous time durat i ons.
Experi ment al Procedures
The equi pment omd teehniques used i n this st udy have been deseribed i n
detail eisewhere ( Bi e ni a ws ki et al, 1969). Briefly, the equi pment eonsisted of
a speeially designed eompressive l oadi ng ma~hine with vari abl e l ongi t udi nal stift-
ness o.f up to l i 0O MN/m. The axial load on the speeimen as weil as its axial
deformat i on were aut omat i eal l y plotted on a high sensi t i vi t y X- Y reeorder. No
measurement,s o.f lateral deformat i on were mode. All tests were eonducted i n uni -
axial eompression.
The rock mat eri al used was a fi ne-grai ned sandstone. The speeimens, after
bei ng aecurat el y prepared, were plaeed for over one mont h under eondi t i ons of
eonst ant temperatur' e (20C) and eonst ant humi di t y (50 /0). Some 30 speeimens
Time-Dependent Behaviour of Fractured Rock 127
were test ed, the specimens bei ng cyl i ndri cal i n shape and havi ng a di amet er of
21.6 mm and a height of 10.8 mm, thus yi el di ng a di anet er to heigh~ ratio of 2.
This geometry was ehosen sinee mi ne pi l l ars i n South Afri ea have general l y wi dt h
to height ratio of 2 and are square i n pl an.
f i radual l y l nc r e as i ng Compres s i on at Const ant St rai n Rat es
The condi t i on of gradual l y i ncreasi ng compressi on at a const ant st rai n rate
is orten encount ered i n mi ni ng such as, for example, i n mi ne pi l l ars dur i ng the
systematic extraction of ore i n the panel i n which they are sit.uated.
In order to dct ermi ne the i nfl uence of st rai n rate on the eomplete load-
deformat i on curve of ro& subjected to gradual l y i nereasi ng eompressive deforma-
tion, a series of tests - si mi l ar to those eondueted by Rs e h (1960) for eoncrete
-- was undert aken.
The experi ment al procedure was as follows. Pr el i mi nar y tests ware fi rst eon-
dueted to det ermi ne the average maxi mum speeimen deformat i on at rupt ure. This
deformat i on was found to be 0.15 mm. Then speeimens were subjeeted to graduat l y
i ncreasi ng eompressive deformat i on at c ons t ant st rai n rates such t hat 0.15 mm
deformat i on would be at t ai ned after 7 mi nut es, 2 hours al d 9 hours respeetively.
This eorresponded to st rai n rates of 33 10-6/see, 1.94" 10-6/ see and 0.43 - I 0 -6
per sec respeetively or to rates of deformat i on of 22 10-3 mm/ mi n, 1.25 l 0 -'~ mm
per mi n and 0.28 mm/ mi n, respectively. In this manner, dat a for rock eomparabl e
to those obt ai ned for eonerete by Rs e h (see Fig. 2) -- were obtained.
The results are given i n Fig. 3, i n which eaeh eurve, for a specifie st rai n
rate, represent s an average of a number of tests.
50
3C / ~ / 0 -
X { ~ ,
2G
0 0 5 0'10 0"15
Y
Fig. 3. hffluence of rate of strain on the complete load-deformation curves of sandstone
in uniaxiM eompression
X = load (kN); Y ~ deformation (min)
Einflu der Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit auf die vollstndigen Last-Verformungskennlinien von
Sandstein bei einaehsigem Druck
X = La.st (kN); Y = Verformung (mm)
Effet de la vitesse de dformation sur les eourbes effort-dformation eomp]tes pour un
grs en eompression monoaxiale
X = &arge (kN); Y = dplaeement (min)
128 Z. T. Bi e ni a ws ki :
It will be seen from Fig. 3 that a higher st rai n rate results i n a hi gher modul us
of elastieity (steeper positive slope before st rengt h failure) and i n a higher st rengt h
fai l ure stress of the speeimens. The mo,st i mport ant obsmwation is, however, that
the lower the st rai n rate (longer durat i on of loading), the fl at t er is the slope o.f
the load-defo,rmation eurve after st rengt h failure. This is a very si gni fi eant fi ndi ng
as it indieates t hat the likelihood of violent fai l ure of fraet ured rock, if the st rai n
I o
.o~iI~_ _ - I l -~ - - I l ; ~,ooo
8 0 8 0
X I e o so
/+20 / * 0
' 3
1 0 - 1 0 1 0 - a 1 0 - 6 i 0 ~~' i O - ~ I O s I a
Y
Xz
" ~ t l f i ' i
' - ~ ' " - ~ ' - ' " - ~ ' " ' ' ~ : I I T X - U F ~ t t - ~ - q ~ . , o
i o 1 0 - g l O - e I 0 - 7 I 0 - s 1 0 - ] f ~
Y
~~I ; ; 4 ~ b ~ l ~ ' : i ~ - ~ J ~ ~~~
3 : 1 - - - ] ] I l ] ] I l i s i
1 0 " ~ o I t T 9 1 0 - a i 0 - ~ 1 0 - r , l f f 5 1 O - ~
Y
Fig. 4. Inflnenee of strain rate oll strength f~ilure, strain at strength failure and modulus of
clasticity for sandstone in uniaxial eompression
X 1 = strength failure (MN/m2); X 2 = strain at strength failure (10-3); X 3 = modulus
of elastieity (GN/m2); Y = strain per seeond
Einflu der Dehnungsgesehwindigkeit auf Bruehfestigkeit, Bruehdehnung und Elastizitts-
modul von Sandstein bei einaehsigem Dru&
X~ -- Bruehfestigkeit (NM/m2); X2 = Bruehdehnung (10 a); X~ = Elastizittsmodul (GN/m'~);
Y = Dehnung pro Sekunde
Effet de la. vitesse de dformation sur la rsistanee la rupture, la dformation la rupture
et le module d'lasfieit pour un grs en eompression monoaxiale
X 1 = rsistanee la rupture (MN/m2); X2 = dfo.rmation la rupture (10-3); X~ = module
d'lastieit (GN/m2); Y = dformation par seeonde
increases -- as found i n yi el di ng mi ne pi l l ars left st andi ng for a long peri od of
time -- will be less the slower the rate of st rai n. Fraet ured ro& subjeeted to slow
st rai n rates is, therefore, more stable t han t hat subjeeted to hi gher ones. This
can also now expl ai n why rock subjeet to a sudden and vi ol ent energy release,
such as i n a rockburst, fails uneont r ol l abl y -- its st abi l i t y is di mi ni shed due to
its steep l oad-deformat i on eharaet,eristies after st rengt h failure, at high rates of
st rai n.
The results given i n Fig. 3 are applieable to rates of st rai n down to 0.43 10 -
per seeond (0.15 mm def onnat i on after 9 hours). This is, of course, not eom-
parabl e to i n si t u eondi t i ons where rauch smal l er rates of st.rain are eommon sinee
the pi l l ars may be subjeeted to prol onged l oadi ng with i nereasi ng st rai n over
many years.
Time-Dependent Behaviour of Fr act ur ed Rock 129
I t woul d, t her ef or e, be d e s i r a bl e t o de t e r mi ne such d a t a f or rock f or ve r y sl ow
s t r a i n r at es (in t hi s ease 0. 15 mm de f or ma t i on i n one year ) , as was achi eved f or
concr et e b y R s e h (see Fi g. 2). Thi s woul d u n f o r t u n a t e l y be a v e r y t i me eon-
s umi ng pr oces s a nd woul d al so p r e s e n t c ons i de r a bl e e xpe r i me nt a l di f f i eul t es . I n
fact , t he a u t h o r ' s a p p a r a t u s is not e q u i p p e d to dem wi t h such s mal l st r an r at es .
Due to t he i mpor t a nc e of t he ma t t e r , however , e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t he r e s ul t s
was at t empt ed. I t was t hought t hat i f def i ni t e t r e nds eoul d be e s t a bl i s he d eon-
c e r ni ng t he i nf l uenee of s t r a i n r at e on s t r e ngt h f ai l ur e, modul us of el as f i ei t y,
s t r a i n at f a i l ur e a nd t he negat i ve s l ope of t he l o a d - d e f o r ma t i o n eur ve a f t e r s t r e ngt h
f ai l ur e, t hen t he r e l e va nt d a t a f or s l ower s t r a i n r at es eoul d be pr e di e t e d.
Ex t r a p o l a t i o n of t he da t a on t he f i r s t t hr e e va r i a bl e s , as obt a i ne d f r om Fi g. 3,
i . e . s t r e ngt h f a i l ur e s s t r es s , s t r e ngt h f a i l ur e s t r a i n a nd modul us of el as t i ei t y, i s
shown i n Fi g. 4 ( exper i ment al d a t a - - s ol i d l i nes, e xt r ~pol a t e d d a t a - - b r o k e n
l i nes) . Thi s f i gur e shows a def i ni t e t r e nd i n t hes e qua nt i t i e s , t hus e na bl i ng t he i r
de t e r mi na t i on f or ve r y s ma l l r at es of s t r a/ n.
To r eeogni s e a t r e nd t ha t woul d p e r mi t e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t he negat i ve s l ope a f t e r
s t r e ngt h fa, i l ure to v e r y s mal l s t r a i n r at es , t he r e s ul t s on s a nds t one ar e e ompa r e d,
i n Fi g. 5, wi t h t hose obt a i ne d f or eoner et e b y R s e h ( 1960) , who t es t ed down
2 t
1 0 1 0 - u 10-9
1 ~ s 1 ~ ~ ~o ~ I f f '1 t 0 . 6
Y
t O s
10'~ . .
X
1 3 '~ " ~ -
Fig. 5. Effeet of st rai n rat e on st ress-st rai n slope aft er strength failure for sandstone and
eonerete in uni axi al eompression
X = slope of st ress-st rai n eurve after strength fai l ure (MN/m2); Y = st rai n per seeond
Einflu der Deb~nungsgeschwindigkeit auf die Neigung der Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve nach
erfolgtem Bruch fr Sandstein und Beton bei einachsigem Druck
X = Neigung der Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve nach berschreiten der Bruchfestigkeit
(MN/m2); Y = Verformung pro Sekunde
Effet de l a vitesse de dformation sur l a pente de la eourbe effort-dformation aprs l a
r upt ur e pour un grs et un bton en eompression monoaxiale
X = pente de la eourbe effort -dformat i on aprs l a rupt ure (MN/me); Y = dformation
par seeonde
to a st . rai n r at e of 0. 19 - 1O- 9/ sec, i . e . l oa di ng d u r a t i o n of one ye a r , as s hown i n
Fi g. 2. I t wi l l be seen f r om Fi g. 5 t ha t i t i s r e a s ona bl e to as s ume t ha t t he d a t a
f or s a nds t one ( exper i ment al - - s ol i d l i ne, e xr a pol a t e d - - b r o k e n l i ne) woul d gi ve
130 Z. T. Bi e ni a ws ki :
a si mi l ar t rend as t hat for eonerete, par t i cul ar l y i n view of the phenomenological
si mi l ~ri t y between eonerete and rock.
Based upon the dat a present ed i n Figs. 4 and , an attempt was made to eon-
st ruet the curves depieting the i nfl uence of st rai n rate on the eomplete stress-
st rai n for rock. The results are given i n Fig. 6. The dat a are present ed i n terms
125
0.127 X lO}sec
10 /sec
-9
~5~10 / sec
33 300 xl O /sec
e(lrs
lyelr
Imonth
I d a y
thour
I0 m i n
5 10 15 20
Y
Fig. 6. St ress-strain rel~tionships for sa~dstone for various constant strain rates
X = uniaxial eompressive stress (MN/me); Y = axial strain (10-s); Z = duration of
loading needed to attain 20" 10 -3 strain with the strain rates indieated
Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramme fiir Sandstein bei verschiedenen konstanten Dehnungs-
geschwindigkeiten
X = einaehsige Druckspannung (MN/m 2); Y = axiMe Dehnung (10-s); Z = erforderliche
Belastungsdauer zur Erreiehung einer Dehnung von 20' 10 s bei den angegebenen Deh-
nungen; year = Jahr; month = Monat; day = Tag; hour = Stunde
Courbes eontr~inte-dformation d' un grs pour diverses vitesses de dformation eonsta~ntes
X = eontrainte de eompression monoaxiale (MN/m2); Y = dformation axiale (10-~);
Z = dure de ehargement ncessaire pour atteindre nne dformation de 20- 10 -3 aux
vitesses de dformation indiques
of stress versus st rai n to facilitate compari son with Fig. 2 for conerete. In Tab. 1,
bot h st ress-st rai n and l oad-deformat i on dat a are summari zed for eonvenience.
It will be seen from Fig. 6 t hat a five-year l oadi ng durat i on at the const ant
st rai n rate of 0. 127' 10-9/sec, yields a much fl at t er slope of the eurve after
st rengt h fai l ure thax4 t hat for l 0 mi nut es l oadi ng durat i on at the const ant st rai n
rate of 33 300 10-9/sec. I n faet, from Tab. 1, there is a change from 509.5 MN/ m
for 33300" 10-9/ sec to 42.1 MN/ m for 0. 127- 10- 9/ s ec -- this is over 12-fold
i mprovement . It is also i nt erest i ng to note from the last eol umn of Tab. 1 t hat
there is a gradual increase i n the radio of the positive to negative slope with i n-
ereasi ng rate of strain. It is believed t hat these dat a will be of praet i eal signi-
fieaaaee for det ermi ni ng the long-telzn st abi l i t y of st ruct ures i nvol vi ng fraet ured
rock,
Time-Dependent Behaviour of Fr act ur ed Rock 131
Tabl e 1. l n f I u e n e e of s t r a i n r a t e on s t r e n g t h a n d d e f o r ma t i o n e h a r a e t e r i s t i e s
o f s a n d s t o n e
( ext r apol at ed f r om t est s wi t h st r ai n r at es down t o 0.43 10-6/see)

10 mi nut es
1 hour
1 day
1 mont h
1 ye a r
5 years
St r ai n
r at e
10 ' / s e e
33 300.00
5 560.00
232.00
7.72
0.64
0.13
St r es s - s t r ai n behavi onr
IN/m ~
115.1
106.4
101.5
96.7
94.8
92.1
r D
10 -3 !GN/m 2
5.4 ] 29. 1
6. l 26.7
7.3 22.8
8.6 19.0
9.6 15.9
10.2 13.5
Z
GN/m
15.1
11.7
8.4
4.2
2.1
1.3
Load-deformat i on behavi om
~ ~ ~
kN mm MN/m
42.1 0.058 981.8
38.9 0.066 900.9
37. 1 0.079 769.3
35.4 0.093 641.1
34.7 0.104 536.5
33.6 0. 111 455.1
MN/m
509.5
494.7
283.4
141.7
70.9
42.1
O g
~ s
1.92
2.28
2.71
4.52
7.57
10.83
Gradually Increasing Compression at Changing Strain Rates
I n mi ni ng, t he s t opi ng ope r a t i ons may, i n t he case of pi l l a r s , eaus e r e d i s t r i b u -
t i on of t he l oad over t he p i l l a r s such t hat t hese ma y be s ubj e e t e d to i ne r e a s i ng
or de c r e a s i ng r a t e s of s t r a i n. I t i s, t her ef or e, of p r a c t i c a l i nt e r e s t t o exami ne
t he b e h a v i o u r of rock u n d e r g r a d u a l l y i ne r e a s i ng c ompr e s s i ve de f or ma t i on at v a r y -
i ng s t r a i n r at es .
To expl or e t he r e a c t i on of f r a c t u r e d t o & to a s udde n ehange i n s t r a i n r at e,
two ser i es of t est s wer e c a r r i e d out :
(i) Speci mens wer e l oa de d at t he c ons t a nt s t r a i n r at e of 33 10- 6/ s e e b e y o n d
s t r e ngt h f ai l ur e, up to an a r b i t r a r i l y chosen de f or ma t i on of 0. 08 mm. Then t he
s t r a i n r at e was ehanged t o 0 . 4 3 ' 10- 6/ s e e a nd ke pt e ons t a nt t her eaf t er . Loa d a nd
de f or ma t i on wer e r e e or de d t hr oughout t he t est .
(it) Speei mens wer e l oa de d at t he e ons t a nt s t r a i n r a t e of 0. 43 1 0 - 6/see b e y o n d
s t r e ngt h f ai l ur e, up t o an a r b i t r a r i l y cho,sen de f or ma t i on of 0. 12 mm. Then t he
s t r a i n r at e was changed to 33" 10- 6/ s e e a nd kept c ons t a nt t her eaf t er . Loa d and
de f or ma t i on were r e e or de d t h r o u g h o u t t he t est .
The eompl et e l o a d - d e f o r ma t i o n eur ves de pi e t i ng t he r e s ul t s of t hi s s t u d y ar e
gi ven i n Fi g. 7, f r om whi ch t he f ol l o wi ng obs e r va t i ons ar e ma de :
Compa r i ng t he ease of ehangi ng t he s t r a i n r at e f r om 3 3 ' 10- 6/ s e e to
0. 43" 10- 6/ s e e ( f ul l eur ve A) wi t h t he ease of ke e pi ng t he s t r a i n r at e e ons t a nt
at 33" 10- 6/ s e e t h r o u g h o u t t he t est ( dot t ed eur ve A) , shows t ha t a s udde n
decr eas e i n t he s t r a i n r at e r e s ul t s i n an i ni t i a l s t eepeni ng of t he negat i ve s l ope of
t he l oa d de f or ma t i on eur ve, f ol l owed b y a f l a t t e ni ng of t hi s sl ope. The r e a s on f or
t he i ni t i a l s t eepeni ng i s t ha t f or a deer eas e i n t he r at e of s t r a i n, t he r esi st maee
of t he s peei men al so deer eas es (see Fi g. 6). Subs e que nt f l a t t e ni ng i n t he s l ope i s
due to t he f aet t ha t as t he deer eas ed s t r a i n r at e t a ke s effeet , t he e onf i gur a t i on
of t he eur ve i s t y p i c a l f or t hi s r at e of s t r a i n. As Fi g. 7 shows, t he e ur va t ur e s of
t he f ul l a nd dot t e d eur ves f or 0. 43" 10- 6/ s e e s t r a i n r a t e ar e t he same.
Compa r i ng t he ease of changi ng t he s t r a i n r at e f r om 0 . 4 3 - 1 0 - 6 / s e e t o
3 3 ' 1 0 - 6 / s e e ( f ul l eur ve B) wi t h t he case of ke e pi ng t he s t r a i n r at e cons~aa~t at
132 Z. T. Bi e ni a ws ki :
0. 43- 10- 6/ s e c t hr oughout the t est (dot t ed curve B), an i ni t i al i nerease in the
speci men resi st anee is appar ent , followed i mmedi at el y by a steep negat i ve slope.
This sl ope is appar ent l y the same as t hat of the 33" 10-6/ see st r ai n rat e eurve.
The cur vat ur es of the ful l and dot t ed eurves for 33 l 0 6/see st r ai n rat e are the
same.
It may be comment ed from the above observat i ons t hat a ehange in the rat e
of st r ai n pr oduees a t wo-fol d effeet on f r aet ur ed r e&:
(a) an i ni t i al deerease er i nerease in the resi st anee, eor r espondi ng to a de-
erease er i ncrease, respeet i vel y, in the st r ai n rat e;
(b) subsequent fl at t eni ng er st eepeni ng of the negat i ve slope, eor r espondi ng
to a deerease er i ncrease, respeet i vel y, in the st r ai n rate.
The fi rst effeet is due to the r el at i onshi p bet ween the resi st anee and the st r ai n
rat e (see Fig. 6 -- resi st anee decreases wi t h deereasi ng st r ai n rate) while the
seeond effect refl eet s the r el at i onshi p given in Fig. 3, i . e. the eur vat ur e of the
curve is eharaet eri st i e for a given st r ai n rate. In t hi s ease, eonsi deri ng Fig. 7,
3{
x
2C
lC
50
CURVE A
~;CURVE B
I
, ---%~
\ 'x~33 x 10-~/
0 i I
0.05 0.10 0.15 0-20
Y
Fig. 7. Effect of ehanging stra,in rate on the behaviour of fraetured rock
X = load (kN); Y = defonnation (mm)
Einflu der ver.ndeHi&en Dehnungsgesehwindigkeit auf das Verhalten von gebroehenem
Gestein
X = Last (kN); Y = Verformung (mm)
Effet d' un changement de vitesse de dformation sur le eomportement de la roehe fraemre
X = charge (kN); Y = dplaeement (mm)
if the dot t ed eurve A of 33 10- 6/ sec st r ai n rat e is shi ft ed to the ri ght and super-
i mposed and the sol i d curve B of 33 10-6/ sec, then be,th eurves will eoi nei de since
the cur vat ur es of t hese eurves are the same. In pract i ce be th effeets (a) and (b)
above, yi el d a gr adual t r ansi t i on from the resi st ance change to the cur vat ur e
change, due to the fact t hat the st r ai n rat e cannot be changed absol ut el y suddenl y.
Shoul d the rat e of st r ai n be changed r eal l y suddenl y from hi gher to lower, the
resi st ance shoul d i mmedi at el y drop to a vMue cor r espondi ng to the lower st r ai n
rat e and t hen the eurve shoul d i mmedi at el y follow the eur vat ur e t ypi cal of the
lower rat e of st rai n.
Time-Dependent Behaviour of Fractured Rock 133
Anot he r obser vat i on whieh ean be made f r om Fig. 7 is t hat as a r esul t of a
ehanged s t r ai n r at e f r om 33 10- 6/ s ec t o 0. 43" 10- 6/ see, at speei men def or mat i on
of 0. 15 mm t he r esi st ance of t he speci men is i ner eased f r om A~ to A 2 while, eon-
ver sel y, an i ncre~se i n t he s t r ai n rat e f r om 0. 43 10- 6/ s ec to 33 10- 6/ s ec yi el ds,
f or t he same speei men def or mat i on of 0. 15 mm, a deerease i n t he r esi st anee f r om
B s to B 1. Thi s phenomenon is, of course, due t o t he effect (b) above. Thi s eur vat ur e
effeet t hus yi el ds t he desi r abl e effeet of a decr eased r at e of st rai n, t hat is, when
t he eur vat ur e i nfl uenee t akes effeet i n such a ease, not onl y t he st abi l i t y of f r ae-
t ur ed rock is i ner eased (fl at t er negat i ve slope) but al so t he r esi st ance is hi gher.
On t he o.ther haad, i ner easi ng t he s t r ai n r at e r esul t s in an event ual decrease i n
st abi l i t y (st eeper negat i ve slope) as well as i n a deer eased resi st anee.
The above f i ndi ngs i ndi eat e t he undes i r abl e effeet t hat an i ncr eased r at e of
stra.in has on t he behavi our of f r aet ur ed rock. I n pr aet i eal desi gn of rock st r uct ur es
i nvol vi ng f r aet ur ed rock, care s houl d be t aken t o ensur e t hat , if a ehange i n s t r ai n
rat e is to t ake place, it s houl d be decr eased r at her t han i ncreased.
Constant Loading for Various Durations
The eondi t i on of cons t ant l oadi ng ( l ong- t er m l oadi ng at co ns t ant st ress level)
is ort en f ound i n praet i ee, pa r t i e ul a r l y i n mi ni ng when, af t er eompl et i on of ore
ext raet i on, rock st r uet ur es such as mi ne pi l l ar s are l eft f or an i ndef i ni t el y l ong
t i me t o s uppor t t he over bur den. I f t he pi l l ar s are of a yi el di ng t ype, i . e. i n
a f r aet ur ed state, t hei r behavi our unde r eons t ant load, over a l ong per i od of time,
is of par t i eul ar i nt erest .
I n or der to det er mi ne t hi s behavi our , tests were eonduet ed to est abl i sh t he
l ong- t er m s t abi l i t y of f r aet ur ed rock. The exper i ment aI pr oeedur e was as follows.
Rock speei mens were l oaded i n t he st i f t maehi ne be yond t hei r s t r engt h fai l ure.
At an a r bi t r a r y l oad level af t er s t r engt h fai l ure, t he appl i ed l oad was kept eon-
s t ant over some per i od of time. Since, however, t he r o& was i n a f r a e mr e d st at e
at t hat stage, it coul d be expeet ed t hat due t o f r aet ur e pr opagat i on, t he r esi st aaee
of t he speei men woul d decrease and its def or mat i on i ncrease, even i f t he appl i ed
l oad was mai nt ai ned const ant . The speei men resi st anee was meas ur ed b y a l oad
eell pl aeed i n seri es wi t h t he speci men while t he appl i ed l oad was i ndi eat ed by
t he st i f t maehi ne pr es s ur e gauge. Aut omat i e pl ot t i ng of t he speei men resi st ance
and i t s def or mat i on was af f ect ed b y an X-Y r ecor der . The appar at us used is f ul l y
deser i bed el sewhere ( B i e n i a ws k i et al, 1969).
I n Fig. 8 t ypi eal r esul t s of t hi s s t udy are shown. At poi nt A i n t hi s fi gure,
f ur t her ext ernal I oadi ng was s t opped and t he appl i ed l oad was mai nt ai ned eonst ant .
The speei men eont i nued t o deform, however, as i ndi cat ed b y l i ne AB. Thi s decrease
i n speei men r esi st ance t ook pl ace dur i ng 30 mi nut es, t he rat e of s t r ai n deerease
gr a dua l l y dr oppi ng as shown i n t he i nser t of Fig. 8, unt i l at poi nt B no f ur t her
ehange i n speei men r esi st ance and def or mat i on was observed. Obser vat i on was
cont i nued f or one hour , dur i ng which t i me no ehange oceurred. The appl i ed l oad
was t hen i ner eased and t he speci men r esi st anee and def or mat i on fol l owed t he eurve
BCD, r es mni ng its nor mal eharaet eri st i c at poi nt C. The faet t hat l i ne AB does
not eoi ndi ce wi t h l i ne AC is due t o t he speci men r esi st ance deer easi ng due to t he
decr easi ng r at e of st r ai n, as i ndi cat ed i n t he i nser t i n Fig. 8.
A si gni f i eant f i ndi ng of t hi s s t udy was t hat speci men r esi st ance and def or ma-
t i on r emai ned eons t ant at poi nt B. Thus, t he f r aet ur ed rock at t ai ned st abi t i t y and
beeame free f r om any f r aet ur e pr opa ga t i on and t i me effeets.
The quest i on now ari ses as to whet her poi nt B is one of a l ocus of poi nt s
f or mi ng a l ong- t er m st abi l i t y cur ve f or fraet. ured rock. I f such a eur ve does exist,
t he f ur t he r que s on is, whet her or not it depends upon t he r at e of st rai n.
134 Z. T. Bi e ni a ws ki :
I n order to answer these questions, furt her tests were conducted the results
of whieh are given i n Fig. 9 and 10.
I n Fig. 9 it is shown t hat a eurve does exist represent i ng a locus of poi nt s
at whieh fract ured ro& does not ehange its resistance and deformat i on with time.
The port i on of the curve after st rengt h fai l ure was found from a series of tests,
as per Fig. 8, all "poi nt s B as per Fig. 8" bei ng joined. For el ari t y of present at i on
SO
~ I & o ~ o ,~ ~.o ~o
0 0 0 5 0'10 0 ' 15 0'20
Y
Fig. 8. D c f o r m a t i o n a l h e h a v i o u r of fractured rock u n d e r constant ]oad in uniaxia,]
compression
X = load or resistance (kN); Y = deformation (mm); Z = changes in rate of strain
between points A and B; S = rate of strain (10-6/sec); T = time (minutes)
Verformungsverhalten von gebrochenem Gestein unter konstanter Last bei einachsigem Druck
X = Last (L) oder Widerstand (R) (kN); Y = Verformung (mm); L = R = Last =
Widerstand; Z = nderung der Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit zwischen den Punkten A und B;
S = Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit (10-8/sek); T = Zeit (Minuten)
Comportcment de la roche fracture sous une charge constante en compression monoaxiMe
X = charge ou rsistance; Y = dplacement (mm); Z = changement de la vitesse de
dformation entre A et B; S = vitesse de dformation (10-8/sec); T = temps (minutes)
onl y four of these "poi nt s B" are shown i n Fig. 9. The long term st rengt h of i nt act
rock, i ndi cat ed i n Fig. 9, was obt ai ned by subj ect i ng the specimens to long term
l oadi ng usi ng the techniques and apparat us described elsewhere ( Bi e ni a ws ki ,
1967, p. 435).
The l ong-t erm st abi l i t y curve (lower curve i n Fig. 9) for fract ured rock was
obt ai ned for specimens subjected to st andar d l aborat ory rate of l oadi ng (0.7 MN/ m 2
per sec = 100 l bf / i n u per sec) correspondi ng to a rate of deformat i on of 0.02 mm
per mi n or a st rai n rate of 31 10-6/sec.
It is i nt erest i ng to note from Fig. 9 t hat the negative slope of the l ong-t eri n
st abi l i t y curve is somewhat steeper t han t hat of the ori gi nal curve: 625 MN/ m as
compared with 510 MN/m. This difference, 22.5 /0, could perhaps be at t ri but ed
to an experi ment al error. It is t hus possible t hat the l ong-t erm st abi l i t y curve
has the same negative slope as the correspondi ng eurve for a given rate of defor-
Time-Dependent Behaviour of Fr act ur ed Rock 135
mat i on. On t he ot he r hand, t he r e eoul d be a s l i ght di f f er enee due to t he ef f eet of
g r a d u a l l y de e r e a s i ng s t r a i n r at e ( f r om p o i n t A to B i n t he i ns e r t i n Fi g. 8).
I t ma y f u r t h e r be not e d t ha t t he b r o k e n l i nes i n Fi g. 9 a r e p a r a l l e l a nd t he i r
s l ope of 1110 MN/ m i s el ose to t he s t i f f nes s of t he t es t i ng maehi ne used, na me l y,
l I 0 0 MN/ m. Cons equent l y, unde r a e ons t a nt a p p l i e d l oad, f r a e t u r e d rock eont i nues
5 O
~0
SL~
30
X
20
10
F I
0'04 0 0 8 0'}2 0'I
Y
Fig. 9. Long-term st abi l i t y of fract ured rock subjeeted to a rate of deformation of 0.02 mm
per minute
X : l oad (kN); Y = deformation (mm); SL = long term strength of solid t o&
Langzei t st abi l i t t von gebroehenem Gestein bei einer Verformungsgeschwindigkeit von 0,02 mm
pro. Minute
X ~ Last (kN); Y = Verformung (mm); SL = Langzeitfestigkeit von festem Gestein
St abi l i t long terme de l a roehe fraet ure soumise une vitesse de dplacement de 0,02 mm
par minute
X = &arge (kN); Y : dplacement (mm); S 1 = rsistance de longue dure de l a roehe
intaete
t o d e f o n n a nd decr eas es i n r e s i s t a nc e al ong t he c ha r a e t e r i s t i c of t he t e s t i ng machi ne.
Thi s f i ndi ng gi ves a conveni ent means of cheeki ng t he s t i f f nes s of t he l oa di ng
maehi ne.
The r e s ul t s gi ven i n Fi g. 9 t hus p r o v i d e l ong- t e r m d a t a on whi ch t he des i gn
of rock s t r u e mr e s ean be bas ed. The val ue of t hese r es ul t s l i es i n t he i r a p p l i e a b i l i t y
to t he p r e d i e t i o n of t he b e h a v i o u r of rock s t r ue t ur e s a f t e r a ve r y l ong p e r i o d of
t i me.
The data, i n Fi g. 9 a p p l y onl y to t he r at e of de f or ma t i on of 0. 02 mm/ mi n.
Does i t al s o a p p l y to ot he r r at es of de f or ma t i on, t ha t i s, i s i t a p p l i e a b l e to t he
t o & t ype as such?
Fi g. 10 i ndi e a t e s t ha t i t does not a p p l y t o ot he r r at es of de f or ma t i on a nd
t ha t eaeh r at e of de f or ma t i on ha s i t s own e ha r a e t e r i s t i e l ong- t e r m s t a b i l i t y eur ve.
Thi s is el ear f r om Fi g. 10 wher e t he l ong- t e r m st abi l i t , y poi nt s ( br oken l i nes) f or
s t r a i n r at es of 33" 10- 6/ s e e a nd 0. 43" 10- 6/ s e e ean be seen not t o eoi nei de.
I t ma y t hus be s t t ed t ha t u n d e r e ons t a nt a p p l i e d l oa d f r a e t u r e d rock even-
t u a l l y r eaehes s t a b i l i t y b u t i s af f eet ed b y t he pr e vi ous s t r a i n i n g hi s t or y. The l ong-
136 Z. T. B i e n i a ws k i :
t er m b e h a v i o u r of f r a c t u r e d r o & ma y be e s t a bl i s he d f r om a s ys t e ma t i c de t e r mi na -
t i on of p o s t - f a i l u r e s t r e s s - s t r a i n cur ves of rock, at va r i ous s t r a i n r at es.
5 0
4 0
30
2C
\',, \ X ' , ~ ~'0-~ ....
I - V ",1
0 ' 0 6 0 ' 1 0 0'1 "t 0 ' 1 8
Y
Fig. 10. Inf]uence of st rai n rat e o]1 long-term st abi l i t y of fract ured rock
X = l oad (kN); Y = deformation (mm); Z = long-term st abi l i t y
Ei nfl u der Dehnungsgesehwindigkeit auf die Langzei t st abi l i t t von gebro,ehenem Gestein
X = Last (kN); Y = Verformung (mm); Z = Langzeitstabilit~
Effet de l a vitesse de dformation sur l a st abi l i t de longue dure de l a rache fraeture
X ~ &arge (kN); Y = dplacement (mm); Z = st abi l i t de longue dure
Conclusions
(1) Un d e r g r a d u a l l y i nc r e a s i ng compres: si ve de f or ma t i on at c ons t a nt s t r a i n
r at es , decr eas es i n s t r a i n r at e r e s ul t i n a f l a t t e ni ng of t he s l ope of I oa d- de f or ma -
t i on cur ve of f r a c t u r e d r ock a f t e r s t r e ngt h f ai l ur e, t h~t i s, i n an i nc r e a s e d s t a b i l i t y
af t er s t r e ngt h f ai l ur e.
(2) Conver s el y, i nc r e a s i ng st ra. i n r at e r e s ul t s i n de c r e a s e d s t a b i l i t y of f r ac-
t u r e d rock ma n i f e s t e d b y a s t eepeni ng of t he negat i ve s l ope of t he l o a d - d e f o r ma t i o n
cur ve a f t e r s t r e ngt h f ai l ur e.
(3) Al t h o u g h r e s i s t a nc e a nd de f or ma t i on of f r a c t u r e d rock ar e t i me - de pe nde nt ,
a f t e r t he a p p l i c a t i o n of a c ons t a nt l oa d f or a r e l a t i ve l y s h o r t p e r i o d of t i me, s t a bi -
l i t y i s achi eved a nd no f u r t h e r r e duc t i on i n t he r es i s t ~nce o r i nc r e a s e i n de f or ma -
t i on, i s a ppa r e nt . Fr o m t hi s phe nome non i t i s p o s s i b l e to c ons t r uc t a r e s ul t a nt
cur ve of l ong- t e r m s t a b i l i t y of f r a c t u r e d rock.
(4) The l ong- t e r m s t a b i l i t y cur ve f or f r a c t u r e d r ock i s de pe nde nt on t he
pr e vi ous l oa di ng h i s t o r y of t he rock, i . e . t he r at e of de f or ma t i on p r e v i o u s l y
a ppl i e d.
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Key Words: effeet, st r ai n rate, i ner easi ng Ioad, eonst ant load, f r aet ur ed rock, sandst one,
conerete, uni axi al eompressi on, st i f t t est i ng maehine, t i me dependeney, l ong- t er m st abi l i t y,
eompl et e r esi st anee- def or mat i on eurve, eompl et e st r ess- st r ai n eurve, experi ment M data.
Addr ess of the aut hor : Dr. Z. T. B i e n i a ws k i , Head, Rock Meehanies Di vi si on,
Couneil f or Sei ent i fi e and I ndus t r i al Resea.rch, P. O. Box 395, Pret ori a, South Afri ea.