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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacle such as body of water, valley, or road.
There are many different designs that all serves unique purposes and apply to different
situations. Design of bridges varies depending on the function of the bridges, where the
bridge is constructed, material used to make it and the funds available to build it.
There are four major types of bridges that are arch, beam, suspension and truss bridges.
Beam types of bridges are the simplest bridges and also the most common. Beam bridges are
commonly built from concrete and steel or a mixture of steel and concrete. The supported for
this type of bridges are pillar or column.

Figure 1.1.1: Beam bridges
Second types of bridges are arch bridges. Arch as a main structural component and always
located below the bridge never above. They are made with one or more hinges, depending on
what kind of load and stress forces they must endure. In the arch bridges, weight is carried
outward along two paths, curving toward the ground. Examples of arch bridges are Old Bridge
in Mostar, Bosnia Herzegovina and The Hell Gate Bridges in New York.

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Figure 1.1.2: Arch bridges
Suspension bridges are bridges that use ropes or cables from the vertical suspender to
hold the weight of bridge deck and traffic. In a suspension bridge, cables which are
suspended via towers which support them hold up the road deck. The weight is transferred by
the cables to the towers, which then in turn transfer the weight to the ground. Example of
suspension bridge is Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.

Figure 1.1.3: Suspension Bridges
The last major type of bridges is truss bridges. Truss bridges are very popular bridge
design that uses diagonal mesh of posts above the bridges. The two most common designs
are the king post with two diagonal posts supported by single vertical post in the center.
Second most common design is queen post with two diagonal posts, two vertical pots and
horizontal post that connect two vertical posts at the top.

Figure 1.1.4: Truss bridges
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1.2 Objectives
i. To build and test model bridges designed to carry a fixed load.
ii. To apply mathematical, science and computer technology as problem solving tools.
iii. To learn how real bridges are designed and built.
iv. To develop student creativity in making bridge design.
v. To build suitable concept of bridge that have higher withstand
1.3 Scope
Our research project will focus on designing bridges that can stand a load of 50N. This
design aspect is including the concept design, concept selection, detail drawing, and
Finite Element Analysis to get the best result.
1.4 Organization
This project focuses on how to design a bridge and the most suitable type of
bridges that can stand 50N load. First, a short introduction on how the types of bridge
affect withstand of bridges. After that, the problem has been on what the major problem
that bridges can easily breakdown. Next, several concept of design has been choose
before selecting the best concept to design the bridges. Finally, the findings are presented
and conclusion is drawn. Four creative and hardworking students will be ideal for a team
to this project. The team name is Getok Corporation where getok stand for bridge in
Kelantan dialek. Each group member will look after the design and fabrication of
specific parts and coordination from the team leader is critical to the success of this
project.





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2.0 FORMULATION
2.1 Problem Statement
Based on the outcome of the discussion and description of this bridge design
identified a number of problems such as:
i. Durability is the major problem for most of the bridges

ii. Bridges component break down and soils becomes unstable.


iii. Replacing bridge can be costly, time consuming and disruptive to traffic.

2.2 Product Design Specification

Preparing design specification was important to provide design guidelines for the
engineers of the product. The PDS is a document that contains all of the facts related
to the outcome of product development. Creating the PDS finalizes the process of
establishing the customer needs and want, prioritizing them, and beginning to cast
into a technical framework so that design concepts can be established. Pughs
checklist (Pugh 1997) was used to determine relevant issues of the product. These
issues were later transformed into a set of design requirement. The most relevant
requirement in the design of bridges was the following:

Physical Description
External dimension
i. Length = 600mm
ii. Height = 100mm
iii. Height of support = 50mm
iv. Deck width = 100mm
Material
i. Balsa wood (10 x 5)mm
ii. Hot glue gun
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Performance
Can stand 50 N of load
Durability
Financial requirements
Time to complete project & key project deadlines = 1months
Warranty policy = none

















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2.3 House of Quality (HOQ)


















Importance weight factor Relationship matrix (CR EC)
1 through 5where 9 - strong
1 - Least important 3 - medium
5 - Most important 1- weak



Engineering Characteristic (EC)
Improve direction
Unit





Customer
requirement (CR)
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Cost 4 - 3 - 1 9 3
Durability 5 9 1 - - 9 3
Can withstand heavy load 5 9 - - 9 9 9
Stable 5 9 9 9 3 3 9
Long lasting 5 - - - - 9 -
Design 4 - 9 - - 3 3
Safety 5 3 - - - 1 9
Raw Score 150 98 45 64 203 174
Relative Weight % 20.4 13.4 6.1 8.7 27.7 23.7
Rank Order 3 4 6 5 1 2
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House of quality (HOQ) constructed for bridge can be used as a references and guide for
entire project. Among the most important factor in development of this bridge is material,
structure of bridges, maximum load, dimensional of bridges, weight of bridges and center of
gravity.
The type of material use to design a bridge is an important factor in ranking of engineering
characteristics. Engineering characteristics are variable for the design and can put unlimited
number of variable. Relationship between engineering characteristic and customer requirement is
from 9 for strong, 3 for medium, and 1 for weak. Type of material use is very important because
it will affect the maximum load that bridge can stand.
Next, the second important factor is structure of bridges. This is because there are many type
structures of bridges such as truss, arch, beam and suspension. The third important factor is
dimensional of bridges. Size of bridges must be stable with the load to make it stand in long
time.
The less important on function of the bridge according to engineering characteristics is center of
gravity. Other observation from the need consumer in HOQ chart has shown that consumer are
more focused on the requirements of can withstand in heavy load and stable. It can be conclude
that consumers want that the bridge can be long lasting and stable with withstand heavy load.









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3.0 CONCEPT DESIGN
3.1 Morphological Chart

Component Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3 Idea 4



Span


Support


Deck


Span = Idea 2
Support = idea 4
Deck = Idea 1
The idea for this comes from the bridge that already built in real life. It has three common
things that important in making bridge that is span, support, and deck. Ideas 2 have been chose in
making span of bridge because it can support heavy load and it has a lot of truss that carry on
high force. Span is part above the bridge.
Secondly is support and idea 4 have been chose because their structure and has 2 support beam at
left and right of bridge. Lastly is deck that use as a road in bridge. Idea 1 is choose because it has
suitable part for heavily load to use. For example at center of the bridge it has thick deck than
other part.
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3.2 Concept Design
1
st
concept


Figure 3.2.1: First concept
This is the first concept as shown in Figure 3.2.1. The advantage for this concept is has more
support. It also easy to build but their disadvantages is no support at the bottom part.

2
nd
concept

Figure 3.2.2: Second concept
The second concept is as shown in Figure 3.2.2. This design is inspired from titanic story.
Their design is almost like a titanic ship. The different from other concept is their rods are at
above of support.

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3
rd
concept

Figure 3.2.3: Third concept
Based on the Figure 3.2.3 above it has been shown the third concept of bridge design. This
concept is from the type of truss bridge. It has two supports to withstand the heavy load.

4
th
concept

Figure 3.2.4: Fourth concept
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Based on the Figure 3.2.4 above it shows that the fourth concept of bridge. This concept is
from the type of truss bridge. It also have two sting that use to tightly hold the bridge and use
suspension concept of bridge.

3.3 Concept selection
Concept selection is a part to choose the best concept from among concept that has been
listed. It considers the three import part of bridge that is span, desk and support. Other than
that it also consider the customer requirement and engineering characteristic before choose
the best concept. After consider all the important thing concept three have been choose
because it concept relevant with the entire requirement. The final concept is as shown in
Figure 3.3.1.

Figure 3.3.1: Final concept




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4.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS


Figure 4.1: Boundary condition
Design analysis has been made for final concept that has been chosen. Figure 4.1 show the
boundary condition of the bridge that need to analysis. Since the load are put at the center, so
the clamp are use at the right and left side. The table 1 shows that the bridge properties
during analysis. This includes the material used, young modulus, Poisson ratio, density,
coefficient of thermal expansion and yield strength.

Table1: Bridge properties.

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Figure 4.2: The translational displacement
The Figure 4.2 shows the translational displacement of the bridge analysis. The translational
displacement also can be known as the beam deflection. The figure show the minimum
translational displacement that shown by the blue (navy) area that is 0mm. The maximum
displacement is 0.0161mm as shown in the red area in figure above.

Figure 4.3: The principal stress distribution



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The Figure 4.3 shows the stress principle tensor or the principle stress distribution. The
value obtains at the end of bridge or at the bridge boundary condition. The maximum stress
distribution is 2.24 MPa show at the red area while the minimum stress distribution is -4.37 MPa.
The maximum value located at upper edge of the bridge and the minimum edge located at the
lower edge of the bridge.

Figure 4.3: The Von Mises stress
The Figure 4.3 shows the Von Mises stress of the beam. Von mises suggest that the yielding
of the material begins when the second deviatoric stress invariant reaches a critical value. The
Von Mises can be also formulated in terms of the equivalent tensile stress a scalar stress value
that can be computed from the stress tensor. The Von Mises stress also used to predict yielding
of materials under any loading condition from results of the simple uniaxial tensile tests. The
Von Mises stress satisfies the property that stress states with equal distortion energy have equal
Von Mises stress. In this case, the maximum Von Mises stress is 5.08 MPa while the minimum
Von Mises stress is 5.17 MPa. The maximum Von Mises located at the edge of the bridge while
the minimum Von Mises located at the blue (navy) area at the figure above.
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Figure 4.4: The estimated local area
The Figure 4.4 shows the value of estimated local error .The maximum value is

J
and the minimum value is

J.















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5.0 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, we found that our bridge can stand with the load of 5kg or 50N without
any deflection. There are several problems in process of designing and developing this
bridge. Among the problems that occur during the designing of bridge is in terms of
expertise, time and cost. To produce a good and perfect bridge, developers must have strong
spirit, creative, innovative, and not easily to give up and endure a possibility problem that
will occur. Also throughout this project we have learned that the teamwork very important
role to make this project successful.























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6.0 APPENDIXES


Figure 6.1: Prototype

Figure 6.2: Real Bridge
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Figure 6.3: Group member Getok coporation

















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7.0 REFRENCES
I. Tagarielli, V. L., Deshpande, V. S., Fleck, N. A., & Chen, C. (2005). A constitutive model for
transversely isotropic foams, and its application to the indentation of balsa
wood. International journal of mechanical sciences, 47(4), 666-686.

II. Comp, T. A., & Jackson, D. (1977). Technical Leaflet 95. Bridge truss types: a guide to dating
and identifying. History news, 32(5).

III. Ng, S. F., & Kulkarni, G. G. (1972). On the transverse free vibrations of beam-slab type
highway bridges. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 21(3), 249-261.