Men on the Rocks

The Formation of Nabataean Petra

M. Mouton & S. G. Schmid (editors)

Men on the Rocks

The Formation of Nabataean Petra
Berlin 2013
Proceedings of a conference held in Berlin
24 December 2011
M. Mouton & S. G. Schmid (editors)

Layout and CAP by Pascale & Marc Balty ArtAir Edition

http://www.artair-edition.fr
All texts translated or edited by Isabelle Ruben
Jacket photography: S. G. Schmid
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliograie;
detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
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ISBN 978-3-8325-3313-7
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Supplement to the Bulletin of Nabataean Studies, 1
3
Table of contents
MICHEL MOUTON & STEPHAN G. SCHMID. Preface ....................................................................... 5
ROBERT WENNING. Towards Early Petra: an overview of the early history of the Nabataeans
in its context ......................................................................................................................
7
PIOTR BIENKOWSKI. The Iron Age in Petra and the issue of continuity with Nabataean
occupation ......................................................................................................................... 23
DAVID F. GRAF. Petra and the Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic period: the literary and
archaeological evidence ...................................................................................................... 35
FRANOIS RENEL & MICHEL MOUTON. The architectural remains and pottery assemblage from the
early phases at the Qasr al-Bint .......................................................................................... 57
JEAN-FRANOIS SALIGE , ANTOINE ZAZZO, CHRISTINE HATT & CAROLINE GAUTHIER. Radiocarbon
dating in Petra: limitations and potential in semi-arid environments .................................. 79
SEBASTIAN HOFFMANN. Indications for Early Petra based on pottery inds in the city centre:
El-Habis as a case study ..................................................................................................... 93
YVONNE GERBER. Archaeometric investigations on Nabataean common ware pottery ............... 107
LALA NEHM. The installation of social groups in Petra ............................................................ 113
CHRISTIAN AUG. Coin circulation in early Petra: a summary .................................................... 129
MICHEL MOUTON & FRANOIS RENEL. The early Petra monolithic funerary blocks at Rs Sulaymn
and Bb as-Sq ................................................................................................................... 135
THOMAS KABS. Bb as-Siq. The necropolis of Ancient Gaia? ....................................................
163
LUCY WADESON. The development of funerary architecture at Petra: the case of the Faade
tombs ................................................................................................................................ 167
KARIN PETROVSZKY. The infrastructure of the tomb precincts of Petra: preliminary results of the
tacheometrical survey in selected areas . ............................................................................. 189
LAURENT THOLBECQ & CAROLINE DURAND. A late second-century BC Nabataean occupation at
Jabal Numayr: the earliest phase of the Obodas Chapel sanctuary . .................................. 205
LAURENT GORGERAT & ROBERT WENNING. The International Ala Project (2010-2012):
its contribution to Early Petra . . ...................................................................................... 223
MARCO DEHNER. Continuity or change in use? Banqueting rooms in the so-called Soldier tomb
complex in Petra ................................................................................................................. 237
STEPHAN G. SCHMID. Foucault and the Nabataeans - or what space has to do with it ................... 251
WILL M. KENNEDY. The hills have eyes: GIS-based studies on a possible watchtower on Umm
al-Biyara ...........................................................................................................................
271
LAURENT THOLBECQ. The hinterland of Petra (Jordan) and the Jabal Shara during the Nabataean,
Roman and Byzantine periods ............................................................................................ 295
4
BRIAN BECKERS & BRIGITTA SCHTT. The chronology of ancient agricultural terraces in the
environs of Petra ................................................................................................................ 313
PAULA KOUKI. The intensiication of Nabataean agriculture in the Petra region ......................... 323
ROBERT WENNING. North Arabian deities and the deities of Petra: an approach to the origins of the
Nabataeans? ...................................................................................................................... 335
ROBERT WENNING. Nabataean niches and Early Petra ............................................................ 343
VEIT VAELSKE. Isis in Petra. Chronological and topographical aspects .......................................
351
205
The so-called Obodas Chapel in Petra, is a
Nabataean religious complex located to the east of
Jabal Numayr and about 1 km south of the theatre
(ig. 1). This meeting place was accessed via steps
that begin at the head of Wadi Numayr. The main
complex consisted of several rock-cut and built
structures, disposed around a large, main rock-
cut triclinium, known as the Obodas Chapel
because of a long Nabataean inscription dedicated
to the god Obodas (CIS II 354), dated to 20 AD.
The site has been excavated since 2001 by the
French Archaeological Mission to Petra, directed
by Chr. Aug (CNRS, Amman). The project, set up
by L. Nehm (CNRS, Paris), has continued under
the direction of L. Tholbecq since 2002 (Nehm
2002; Tholbecq & Durand 2005; Tholbecq et
al. 2008; Tholbecq 2011). This article presents a
preliminary analysis of the earliest remains and
of the associated pottery. We will also take this
opportunity to present the general phasing of the
remains.
PHASING
Three main phases have been identiied.
1
The
earliest (Phase 1) was found under an open-air
triclinium (cf. infra) and around a small rock-cut
chamber open to the west, which looks out towards
the central terrace of the site (n
o
7, ig. 2). Here
stand, in particular, the remains of a structure that
1. This description will clarify the general dating suggested in
2011: Tholbecq 2011, p. 37-43. It reines the analysis of the
phase 1 remains: however, wall PN2007.23024 is excluded
since it belongs to the foundation of the irst phase of the built
triclinium (phase 2, cf. infra).
was removed (US23041), exposed over an area of
1.80 m (N/S) by 1 m (E/W) (ig. 3). Only the
foundations of its northeastern corner are visible
(US23043), its southern and western limits being
obliterated by the western bench of the later
open-air triclinium (US23011).
2
The excavation
uncovered deposits of powdery grey ash across
the whole width of the area between structure
US23041 and the small rock-cut chamber
mentioned above. These deposits, up to forty
centimetres thick, also pre-date the construction
of the open-air triclinium. Their base sloped
slightly to the east and the upper layer was exactly
level with the top of the existing remains of the
structure that has disappeared. The conclusion
is that they represented the successive waste
associated with the use of this structure, and
that the structure and its adjacent deposits were
levelled when the open-air triclinium was built. In
some places these deposits have been cut through
by levels associated with the use of the benches of
the open-air triclinium (e.g. US23018 and 23021
west side). The majority of the material discussed
2. The surface of structure PN.2007.23041 (alt. 970.608 m)
contained chips of white sandstone, interpreted as evidence
of the removal of a surface and/or of the re-cutting of the
blocks re-used in the foundations of the open-air triclinium;
the corner foundation PN.2007.23043 consists of a single
course of roughly dressed stones 17 cm high resting on
mortar. No stones marked its northern edge but its location
was clear during the excavations because of the presence of
white chips instead of sterile sand. Area 23000 was excavated
in 2007 by B. Vergnaud (Univ. of Bordeaux III) and in 2008
by D. Aguilar San Feliz (ULB, Brussels); area 22000 was
excavated in 2007 by M.-J. Lanthier (U. Laval, Quebec) and
in 2008 by S. Ville (ULB, Brussels).
A late second century BC Nabataean
occupation at Jabal Numayr: the earliest
phase of the Obodas Chapel sanctuary
Laurent Tolbecq & Caroline Durand
Laurent Tholbecq & Caroline Durand
206
in this article comes from these contexts. As it
stands, the elevation of the missing structure can
not be reconstructed. At this stage in the analysis
it seems plausible to interpret this structure as a
bench or, because of the 2.80 m available up to the
rock wall to the west, as a wide platform. In this
case, the hypothesis of a cultic platform of archaic
type such as is found, for example, in the initial
phases of the sanctuary at Khirbet edh-Dharih and,
further aield, in various Near Eastern contexts of
the Hellenistic period comes to mind; we might
have here an example of an ancient, free-standing
mtab which is not integrated into a monumental
setting (at Kh. edh-Dharih: Villeneuve & Muheisen
2000: 15311535; the series can be extended to
Yanouh, Tel Dan, etc.; Charpentier 2009: 109
111). The presence of small cultic elements in the
foundation walls marking the north side of the
terrace of the complex in Phases 2 and 3 reinforce
the hypothesis.
3

3. Additionally, there was a door here giving access to the
complex: Tholbecq & Delcros, forthcoming.
These original remains were obscured by an open-
air triclinium (Phase 2). Initially, the triclinium
was 6.30 m wide and had two benches opposite
one another, each 10.50 m long and 1.80 m wide
(n
o
3, ig. 2). The foundations of the benches were
mediocre, except towards the north where it was
necessary to compensate for the slope on which
the triclinium is built (ig. 4). This explains the
presence, at the north end of the eastern bench,
of aligned blocks laid edgeways extending the
internal face: they form the foundation wall of the
eastern bench in this sloping northern part (ig. 5).
At a time yet to be determined, but probably at
the same time as the collapse of the irst terrace
wall mentioned above, the northern ends of the
triclinium benches were destroyed, which is
demonstrated by the subsidence of the foundations
of the western bench (ig. 4). Subsequent to this
event, a new terrace wall was rebuilt on the
rubble of the previous wall (Tholbecq & Delcros,
forthcoming) and the lateral benches of the
triclinium were shortened: repairs were carried
out on the western bench in the shape of a small
wall of mediocre build surrounding a basin, the
Fig. 1. View of the Obodas Chapel area (photo French archaeological Expedition at Petra / CNRS).
A late second century BC Nabataean occupation at Jabal Numayr
207
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
restitution Wall
northern access
1. Southern Access
2. Stibadium ? Niches Brnnow 289
3. Obodas Triclinium Brnnow 290
4. Northern annex room
5. Southern annex room
6. Northern building
7. Impeding rock-cut chamber
8. Built triclinium
9. Rock-cut triclinium Brnnow 289
10. Rock-cut chamber Dalman 296
11. Cistern Dalman 297
12. Biclinium Nehm 19
Mission Archologique Franaise de Ptra - CNRS
0 5 m
N
Fig. 2. Plan of the Obodas Chapel area (S. Delcros).
north part of the bench probably going out of use.
The eastern bench was shortened in the same
way: the blocks that remained in situ from the irst
stage were re-cut (ig. 5), and a wall that limited
the length of the bench to 7.70 m was built (ig. 6).
It was only partly and poorly founded, and in its
elevation there are re-used three facing stones of
different sizes that came from the tumble of the
previous stage. Since these remains were visible
on the surface prior to the excavation, the contexts
Laurent Tholbecq & Caroline Durand
208
970 m
971 m
972 m
PN2008.22079
PN2008.22074
PN2008.
22070
PN2008.22072
22071 22073
22075
22076
22081
Fondation
23024
0 1 m 2 m
Mission Archologique Franaise de Ptra - CNRS
S. Delcros
Fig. 6. Elevation of the northern end of the eastern bench,
in its shortened state (S. Delcros / L. Tholbecq).
Fig. 3. Remains of the Phase 1 platform, looking southwest
(photo L. Tholbecq).
in the slope must have been partly washed away
or disturbed by the fall of the strong walls that
bordered the terrace on the north side.
4
Thus, two stages of the triclinium can be identiied:
an open-air triclinium and a terrace wall were built,
at a date that has yet to be clariied but that for
now we place towards the middle of the 1
st
century
BC, which constitute Phase 2. The site then
underwent the violent destruction of the terrace
wall and the front parts of the triclinium, following
which a new terrace wall was built on the tumble of
the previous one and the triclinium benches were
shortened. The available stratigraphic data suggest
that these transformations occurred around the
turn of the 1
st
century BC/AD, which would make
them contemporary with the construction of the
Obodas complex that constitutes our Phase 3. At
that time, the small rock-cut chamber mentioned
above, whose loor level was shown to correspond
with the walking level of the open-air triclinium,
went out of use, all the rock-face being re-carved
in order to produce a forecourt giving access to
the new triclinium of Obodas the god (Tholbecq
2011: 4243). A pit that disturbed all the area is
4. Before the excavation, the area had a south-north slope of
15 (17%), and a general dip to the northwest. The lowest
point of the site was on the west side of the central area
and was formed by the outlow of winter torrents coming
from the heights of the massif and falling down into Wadi
Numayr. The northern end of the benches, in their reduced
state, reached the surface. The remains and sediments that
would have been further north had been washed away. It
was precisely to counter these effects of erosion that two
successive terrace walls were built, cutting off the area to the
north, immediately to the south of the outlow of the water
catchment; their successive destruction (cf. infra) opened
the way to slope wash, which carried the exposed sediments
away towards Wadi Numayr.
associated with these works (US22070/22074); it
can probably be explained by the need to create a
corridor that allowed circulation between the built
triclinium and the new monument (ig. 6).
Thus, Phase 3 was the main occupation period of
the complex. During this phase, the main rock-
cut triclinium (Obodas Chapel) was built. This
construction can be dated to the irst quarter
of the 1
st
century AD thanks to the presence of
the dedication mentioned above. To the north
of this large banqueting room which is half
rock-cut and half built there are three small
adjoining secondary rooms (n
o
4, 5, 6, ig. 2). Of
these, room 4 has been interpreted as a place for
butchering and cooking because of the presence
of two stands against the north and east walls.
Study of the pottery from this room showed that
it was used during the whole of the 1
st
century
AD and into the irst half of the 2
nd
century AD
(Tholbecq & Durand 2005). It is clear that the
cistern D 297 (n
o
11, ig. 2) was used during the
same period, as shown by the large quantity of
pottery mainly jugs and vessels for drawing
water found during its excavation (Tholbecq et
al. 2008: 242246). At this stage in the analysis,
one is tempted to distinguish two periods within
Phase 3. In the irst (Phase 3a), the open-air
triclinium (n
o
8, ig. 2) was still functioning, in
parallel with the Obodas triclinium. Then in the
second stage, apparently in the late 1
st
century,
(Phase 3b), the open-air triclinium was abandoned
and illed in. It is possible that the second rock-
cut triclinium (Brnnow 291; n
o
9, ig. 2), which is
smaller, was then carved out to replace the older,
A

l
a
t
e

s
e
c
o
n
d

c
e
n
t
u
r
y

B
C

N
a
b
a
t
a
e
a
n

o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n

a
t

J
a
b
a
l

N
u
m
a
y
r
2
0
9
970 m
971 m
972 m
973 m
Mission Archologique Franaise de Ptra - CNRS
S. Delcros
PN2007.23011
PN2008.23041
0 1 2 m
Fig. 4. Open-air triclinium, elevation of the inner, west face (in 2007, architectural drawing S. Delcros).
970 m
971 m
972 m
973 m
PN2008.2338 = PN2007.23017
PN2008.23039B
PN2007.23010 PN2007.23024
PN2007.23019
PN2008.23035/35B
PN2008.23039
PN2008.23040
Mission Archologique Franaise de Ptra - CNRS
S. Delcros
0 1 2 m
Fig. 5. Open-air triclinium, elevation of the inner, east face (in 2008, architectural drawing S. Delcros).
Laurent Tholbecq & Caroline Durand
210
Q
0 5 cm
E
I
M
D
N
H
K
C
A
O
G
J
L
P
R
F
B
T
U
S
Fig. 7. Unpainted ine ware, Phase 1 (C. Durand).
A late second century BC Nabataean occupation at Jabal Numayr
211
Inventory Description Diameter (cm)
A PN 2008.23034.02
Bowl with everted rim; pale red fabric, small white inclusions; dark brown
slip on exterior
14
B PN 2008.19052.03
Bowl with everted rim; pale red fabric, small white and grey inclusions;
no traces of slip
14
C PN 2008.23034.01
Bowl with everted rim; light beige to pinkish fabric, small white, red and
grey inclusions; reddish-brown slip on exterior
14
D PN 2007.23021B.07
Bowl with everted rim; pale red fabric, small white, red and grey inclusions;
no traces of slip
14
E PN 2007.23017A.05
Bowl with everted rim; pale red fabric, small white inclusions; red slip on
interior
20
F PN 2007.23017.12
Ring base of a bowl with central depression, ish-plate type; ine pale
red fabric; interior and exterior red slip
7,5
G PN 2008.23035.10 Bowl with incurving rim; ine pale red fabric; red slip on interior 16
H PN 2007.23021B.08
Bowl with incurving rim; pale red fabric, small white and grey inclusions;
no traces of slip
18
I PN 2007.23017A.07
Bowl with incurving rim; pale red fabric, small white and grey inclusions;
traces of red slip on the outer rim
18
J PN 2008.23035.11
Bowl with incurving rim; pale red fabric, small white inclusions; no traces
of slip
18
K PN 2007.23021B.10
Deep bowl with bevelled rim with ine internal groove; ine pale red fabric;
red slip on interior
14
L PN 2008.23035.03
Deep bowl with upright rim; ine pale red fabric; grey band with traces of
whitish slip on the outer rim
12
M PN 2007.23017A.06
Ring base of a miniature vessel (closed); ine pale red fabric; traces of
reddish-brown slip on exterior
1,5
N PN 2007.23021B.05
Bowl with incurving rim; pale red to pale brown fabric, small white
inclusions; no traces of slip
14
O PN 2008.23034.04
Bowl with incurving rim; pale red fabric, small white, red and grey
inclusions; traces of red slip on exterior
14
P PN 2008.23042.03
Bowl with incurving rim; pale red fabric, small white and grey inclusions;
greyish exterior surface
14
Q PN 2007.23017.24
Bowl with incurving rim and ring base; ine pale red fabric; interior and
exterior red slip, whitish band on the outer rim
14
R PN 2008.23044.01
Bowl with incurving rim; pale red fabric, small white, red and grey
inclusions; traces of reddish-brown slip on the outer rim
12
S PN 2008.22079.01 Bowl with incurving rim; pale red fabric 12
T PN 2008.22076.05 Bowl with incurving rim; pale red fabric 12
U PN 2008.22076.06 Bowl with incurving rim; pale red fabric 14
Unpainted ine ware, Phase 1.
open-air triclinium. Phase 3 ends with the violent
destruction of the complex towards the middle of
the 2
nd
century AD (Tholbecq & Durand 2005:
310). Subsequently only the cistern (n
o
11, ig. 2)
seems to have remained in occasional use, as well
as the small rock-cut chamber adjoining it (n
o
10,
ig. 2), near to which a few sherds of Late Roman
and medieval pottery were found.
Laurent Tholbecq & Caroline Durand
212
E
B
A
C
D
F
H
K
L
0 5 cm
I
J
G
POTTERY FROM PHASE I
The pottery presented below provides a glimpse
of the rich material found in the levels of the irst
phase of occupation in the area of the Obodas
Chapel (Phase 1). This material comes mainly
from levels situated below the foundations of the
open-air triclinium,
5
and from deep levels situated
under the destruction of the terrace wall to the
north.
6
With the exception of a few rare imports,
the majority of this pottery is of local production,
representative of early Nabataean ine and com-
mon wares already identiied in Petra. So far, these
5. US (stratigraphic units) US23017, US23017A, US23021,
US23021B, US23034, US23035 and US23039B were
between the two benches; US22076, US22079/23040 were
levels from under the east bench of the triclinium.
6. Essentially US19052.
early Nabataean productions have been found in
the monumental centre of the town: initially in the
deep soundings carried out by Parr in the temenos
of the Qasr el-Bint; then in the lower levels of the
excavations in the domestic quarter of Ez-Zantur;
and inally, more recently, in the soundings carried
out in the Qasr el-Bint area (Parr 1970 & 2007;
Schmid 1996 & 2000; Mouton et al. 2008; Renel
et al. 2012). To these must be added the excavation
of a house at the foot of Jabal al-Khubta, which
was dated to the 1
st
century BC by the pottery
(Zeitler 1990).
These early Nabataean productions are character-
ised by their pale fabric, from pale brown to light
red, and by the thickness of the walls, relatively
thick by comparison to the later productions
of Nabataean ine ware (eggshell type). The
majority of fragments recovered belong to open
Fig. 8. Painted ine ware, Phase 1 (C. Durand).
A late second century BC Nabataean occupation at Jabal Numayr
213
Inventory Description Diameter (cm)
A PN 2008.23034.05
Small deep bowl; ine pale red fabric; painted decoration on interior: a thin
red band around the rim and a thin, straight red line running from the rim
to the bottom
10
B PN 2007.23021B.13
Deep bowl; ine pale red fabric; painted decoration on interior: series of
red drips around the rim
12
C PN 2008.23034.06
Deep bowl; ine pale red fabric; painted decoration on interior: ine red
band around the rim and a series of red drips; greyish surface of the outer
rim
14
D PN 2008.23035.09
Bowl with slightly incurving rim; ine pale red fabric; painted decoration
on interior: two parallel, thick, straight red lines
14
E PN 2007.23017.16
Deep bowl with ine, almost upright walls; ine pale red fabric; painted
decoration on interior: ine red band around the rim and a series of small
red dots; red slip on exterior
12
F PN 2007.23029.03
Ring base of a bowl; ine pale red fabric; painted decoration on interior:
two pairs of parallel, straight red lines, which intersect in the bottom of
the bowl
5
G PN 2008.23035.08
Carinated bowl with small upright rim; ine pale red fabric; painted
decoration on interior: ine red band around the rim and red drips
12
H PN 2008.23033.03
Wide bowl with incurving rim; ine pale red fabric; painted decoration on
interior: ine red band around the rim and small drips, row of dots framed
by two straight red lines running from the rim to the bottom of the bowl
16
I PN 2008.19052.06
Wide bowl with incurving rim; ine pale red fabric; painted decoration
on interior: ine red band around the rim and a series of small, regularly
spaced drops, line of dots framed by two straight red lines running from the
rim to the bottom of the bowl
18
J PN 2008.19052.07
Wide bowl with incurving rim; ine pale red fabric; painted decoration
on interior: ine red band around the rim and a series of small, oblique,
regularly spaced thin red wavy lines running from the rim to the bottom
of the bowl
20
K PN 2008.23039B.04
Thick-walled bowl (6 mm) with straight, slightly incurving rim; pale red
fabric, small white inclusions; red slip on exterior and thick, irregular red
line around the inner rim
16
L PN 2008.23039B.05
Thick-walled bowl (8 mm) with everted rim; pale brown fabric, small
white inclusions; painted decoration on interior: thick, irregular red line
around the rim and one or two red lines running from the rim towards the
bottom
14
Painted ine ware, Phase 1.
Fig. 9. Various decorative motifs on the Nabataean painted
ine ware, Phase 1 (photo C. Durand).
forms (bowls and cups), in painted and unpainted
ine wares (ig. 7, 8, 9 & 11). The unpainted ine
wares mostly it into the typological categories
corresponding to Phase 1 deined by S. Schmid in
his study on the pottery from Ez-Zantur (Schmid
1996 & 2000, in particular Schmid 2000: ig. 97).
First and foremost, there are numerous bowls with
incurving rims, rather low and wide (diameter
ca. 16/18 cm; ig. 7, GJ) (Schmid 2000, group 1:
ig. 117; Parr 1970: 355, ig. 2, n
o
14; Renel et al.
2012: 46, ig. 7, n
o
2; Zeitler 1990: ig. 10, n
o
5 & 7)
or deeper with a smaller diameter (ca. 12/14 cm;
ig. 7: NU) (Schmid 2000, groups 2 & 5: ig. 18
21 & 4043; Mouton et al. 2008: 66, ig. 20, n
o
13;
Renel et al. 2012: 46, ig. 7, n
o
1; Zeitler 199: ig. 10,
Laurent Tholbecq & Caroline Durand
214
0 5 cm
F
L
J
B
H
O
M
A
I
G
N
K
E
C
D
Fig. 10. Common ware (cooking pots and dishes), Phase 1 (C. Durand).
A late second century BC Nabataean occupation at Jabal Numayr
215
Inventory Description Diameter (cm)
A PN 2007.23021.05
Cooking pot with lat rim turned outwards; pale red fabric, small white and
dark inclusions; greyish slip on exterior and on the upper part of the rim,
red on the inside rim (fold)
20
B PN 2007.23023.04
Cooking pot with straight, slightly everted rim; pale red fabric, small white
and grey inclusions; whitish to greyish slip on exterior
14
C PN 2008.23039B.03
Cooking pot with slightly lared neck, small, irregular protruding rim;
traces of missing handle; pale red fabric, white inclusions; reddish slip on
exterior
11
D PN 2008.23039B.08
Jar or cooking pot (?) with rounded, slightly everted rim; pale red fabric;
reddish-brown slip on exterior
12
E PN 2008.19052.01
Jar or cooking pot (?) with applied inger-impressed design on outer rim;
pale red fabric, numerous white and grey inclusions; no traces of slip
12
F PN 2007.23017A.02
Cooking pot with upright, bevelled rim; pale red fabric, white and red
inclusions (chamotte); red slip on exterior
12
G PN 2007.23021B.03
Cooking pot with upright, slightly lared rim with rounded lip; pale red
fabric, small white and grey inclusions; reddish slip on exterior
12
H PN 2008.19052.02
Cooking pot with upright, slightly incurving rim with thickened lip; pale
red fabric, grey and white inclusions; no traces of slip
14
I PN 2007.23021B.02
Cooking pot with upright rim and lattened lip; pale red fabric, small white
and grey inclusions; whitish slip on exterior
12
J PN 2008.23035.04
Cooking pot with upright rim and a groove on its upper surface; pale red
fabric, numerous white and grey inclusions; red slip on exterior
14
K PN 2008.23035.05
Cooking pot with small upright rim and a groove on its upper surface; pale
red to light brown fabric; traces of grey slip on exterior
10
L PN 2007.23021B.04
Cooking pot with small upright, slightly incurving rim and a groove on its
upper surface; light red fabric, small white and grey inclusions; traces of
reddish slip on the exterior
14
M PN 2007.23017A.01
Cooking pot with small upright rim and a wide groove on its upper surface;
pale red fabric, white and grey inclusions; greyish slip on the exterior
18 ?
N PN 2008.23035.01
Wide cooking pot with upright, slightly incurving rim and a groove on
its upper surface; pale brown to pinkish fabric, white and red inclusions
(chamotte); traces of greyish slip on the exterior
22
O PN 2007.23017.35
Wide dish with thickened rim; pale brown to pinkish fabric; white slip on
exterior
36
Common ware (cooking pots and dishes), Phase 1.
n
o
2). Another category comprises bowls with
everted rims (diameter 14 to 20 cm) and a wide
ring base, reminiscent of Hellenistic ish-plates
(ig. 7: AF) (Schmid 2000, group 3: ig. 2237;
Mouton et al. 2008: ig. 20, n
o
89; Renel et al.
2012: 46, ig. 7, n
o
4; Zeitler 1990: ig. 9, n
o
68).
Amongst the numerous fragments of ring bases
found, one example has a small central depression
or cupule, characteristic of ine ware productions
widely distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean
basin in the 3
rd
2
nd
centuries BC (ig. 7: F) (in
Petra see Renel et al. 2012: ig. 6, n
o
9). Finally,
and more rarely, there are a few small, deep bowls
(diameter ca. 12/14 cm) with very thin walls and
straight sides, sometimes with a groove on the
inside face (ig. 7: KL) (Schmid 2000, group 4:
ig. 3839; Zeitler 1990: ig. 10, n
o
15).
In the Hellenistic period, these different types
of bowls were commonly used during banquets
(symposia). They were the standard dishes used
by each participant, individually, which would
explain their particularly high frequency amongst
the material recovered. Other types of open ine
ware containers were present in lesser quantities:
amongst these was a carinated bowl with small,
pinched, horizontal handles, a distant relative
of the Greek skyphoi of the classical period
(ig. 11: G) (Schmid 2000: ig. 118119; similar to
Mouton et al. 2008: 66, ig. 20, n
o
11 / Renel et al.
Laurent Tholbecq & Caroline Durand
216
0 5 cm
M
B
D
I
C
K
O
P
L
J
A
F
E
N
G
H
Fig. 11: Common ware (kraters, jugs and cups) and imported amphorae, Phase 1 (C. Durand).
2012: 46, ig. 7, n
o
3); a carinated bowl with everted
rim (ig. 11: F) (Schmid 2000: ig. 148); a small
hemispherical bowl with lared sides (ig. 11: E)
(Schmid 2000: ig. 114) and a large bowl with two
handles (ig. 11: H) (similar to Mouton et al. 2008:
ig. 20, n
o
13/ Renel et al. 2012: 46, ig. 7, n
o
12; see
also Zeitler 1990: ig. 11, n
o
8). Also noteworthy is
the presence of a small ring base from a miniature
vessel (ig. 7: M). It is now well established that
the formal repertoire adopted by the Nabataean
craftsmen was strongly inspired by Hellenistic
traditions that spread throughout the Near East.
The painted ine ware (ig. 89), characteristic
of Nabataean productions in Petra, is present
in smaller quantities. The repertoire of forms is
similar to that of the unpainted pottery. The most
common vessels are small, deep, hemispherical
bowls (diameter ca. 12/14 cm) with a ring base
(ig. 8: F) (Schmid 2000: ig. 7375; Mouton et al.
2008: ig. 20, n
o
4, 6, 7; Renel et al. 2012: 46, ig. 7,
A late second century BC Nabataean occupation at Jabal Numayr
217
Inventory Description Diameter (cm)
A PN 2008.22076.02 Wide krater with horizontal rim; grey fabric 28 (ext.)
B PN 2007.23017.41
Wide krater with out-turned rim; grey fabric, black and white (calcite)
inclusions; burned?
25
C PN 2007.23.021.28
Krater with out-turned rim and moulded edge; ine pale red to pinkish
fabric; reddish-brown slip on exterior and on upper part of lip
22
D PN 2007.23017.48
Krater with out-turned rim and moulded lip; ine pale red fabric; reddish
slip on interior and exterior
15
E PN 2008.19052.04
Bowl with out-turned rim; ine pale red fabric; traces of whitish slip on
exterior
16
F PN 2008.22076.04 Bowl with sharp carination and everted rim; pale red fabric 18
G PN 2007.23023.19
Wide carinated bowl with small, upright rim and small horizontal
handles (skyphos type); pale red fabric, small white inclusions; red slip
on exterior
20
H PN 2008.23033.10
Wide bowl with small, out-turned rim; two small, wide handles; pale red
fabric; white slip on exterior
22
I PN 2007.23017A.03
Jar/pitcher with everted rim; pale red fabric, small white and grey
inclusions; traces of reddish-brown slip on exterior
10
J PN 2008.23035.12
Jar/pitcher with rounded, out-turned rim; pale red fabric, small white and
grey inclusions; white slip on exterior
8
K PN 2007.23021B.09
Small jar/juglet with rounded out-turned rim; pale red fabric, small white
and grey inclusions; traces of whitish slip on exterior
6
L PN 2008.23035.07
Jar/pitcher with slightly everted rim and thickened lip; pale red fabric,
numerous small white and grey inclusions; traces of whitish slip on
exterior
8 ?
M PN 2007.23017.40
Jar/pitcher with carinated neck and small incurving rim; pale red to
brownish fabric; greyish slip on interior and exterior
11
N PN 2008.19052.05
Small jar/juglet with carinated neck and small upright rim; ine pale red
fabric; traces of white slip on exterior
6
O PN 2007.23021B.01
Amphora with beaded rim; ine light brown fabric, whitish exterior
surface; Rhodian import
10
P PN 2008.23034.07
Amphora with beaded rim; ine light brown fabric, whitish exterior
surface; Rhodian import
10
Common ware (kraters, jugs and cups) and imported amphorae, Phase 1.
n
o
56; see also Parr 1970: ig. 2 n
o
16, ig. 3 n
o
26
28; Zeitler 1990, ig. 10, n
o
34). On the inside they
have a variety of decorations in red paint (ig. 9),
the most frequent motif consisting of two parallel
lines (straight or wavy), going from the rim to the
base and crossing each other in the bottom of the
bowl. A horizontal red line usually runs around the
rim of the bowl, punctuated at regular intervals by
drops or drips (ig. 8: AD). A few examples with
similar decoration have a carination and a small
upright rim (ig. 8: G) (Schmid 2000: ig. 77, 89,
91). At Ez-Zantur, this decorative motif has been
identiied as characteristic of the irst phase of
painted ine ware production, dated to between the
middle of the 2
nd
and the middle of the 1
st
century
BC (Schmid 2000: ig. 98; Stucky et al. 1994: 281
and ig. 11). Fragment PN 2007.23017.16 (ig. 8: E)
has a rarer decoration composed of several
series of small red dots, identiied at Ez-Zantur
as belonging to the same phase of production
(Schmid 1996: pl. 3, n
o
1).
A few fragments of shallower, wider bowls (ca.
16/18 cm) show a slightly different decoration:
the two parallel straight lines are iner and are
associated with a series of small dots between
the lines (ig. 8: HI). Occasionally there is a
motif consisting of a single wavy line, also very
ine (ig. 8, J). Based on their proile, fabric and
dimensions but not their decoration these
bowls belong to productions from phase 2a
which, at Ez-Zantur, Schmid considers beginning
around 50 BC (Schmid 2000: ig. 98; Stucky et
Laurent Tholbecq & Caroline Durand
218
Fig. 12: Stamped amphora handle, Rhodian import
(photo L. Tholbecq).
al. 1994: 281 and ig. 11).
7
They could represent
a transitional phase of production, lying between
the end of phase 1 and the beginning of phase 2
identiied at Ez-Zantur, in other words around the
irst half of the 1
st
century BC.
8
Also, two painted
sherds (ig. 8: KL) came from US23039B, which
represents the oldest occupation level in area
23000 (ig. 5). They have a particularly thick wall
and a fairly coarse decoration inside, consisting
of a wide and irregular red line along the rim, and
perhaps one or two other lines going from the rim
to the bottom (for fragment PN 2008.23039B.05).
These fragments, for which no parallels have been
found, seem to be older than the earliest phase of
production of painted ine ware identiied so far in
Petra, dating at the latest to the irst half of the 2
nd

century BC.
In addition to the ine painted and unpainted
wares, the common wares and cooking pots are
relatively numerous in this assemblage (ig. 10
11). As with the ine wares, there are types that
have already been identiied in Petra, by Gerber,
in levels dated to the 1
st
century BC at Ez-Zantur
(Gerber 1994, 1997) and under the main church
(the Petra Church) (Gerber 2001). The cooking
pots are characterised by their thick walls, with
large inclusions of quartz and calcite, and by their
smooth or very slightly ribbed outer surface. The
7. Productions from this phase are particularly characterised
by their stylised decoration of palm leaves spreading from the
bottom of the bowl up to the rim.
8. US23033 is on the slope and was disturbed by looting that
occurred between the 2007 and 2008 seasons. It is, therefore,
not stratigraphically reliable. However, US19052 is located
below the fall of the irst terrace wall and represents the last
occupation level of phase 1.
most common proile has a very slightly incurving
rim, with a lattening or a slight groove on the upper
part for supporting a lid (ig. 10: FN) (Stucky et
al. 1994: 288, ig. 15, CF & PU; Gerber 1997:
408, ig. 12; Gerber 2001: 360, ig. 1, 1011; see
also Parr 1970: 359, ig. 3, n
o
38; Zeitler 1990: ig.
11, n
o
13 & ig. 13, n
o
110). These closed vessels
(diameters between 10 and 22 cm, ca. 12/14 cm
on average) were used for cooking, in particular
for boiling food. A few examples have a coarser
proile, with a straight rim (ig. 10: B) (Stucky et
al. 1994: 288, ig. 15 A; Gerber 2001: 360, ig. 1, 1)
or a very slightly lared rim (ig. 10: CD) (Gerber
2001: 360, ig. 1, 4), which is sometimes folded
outwards almost horizontally (ig. 10: A). It is
possible that these are slightly older prototypes.
One pot has a inger-impressed decoration on the
outside of the rim and it might have been used
as a storage vessel rather than as one designed
for cooking (ig. 10: E).
9
Equally, several types
of closed vessels, with smaller diameters (6 to
11 cm), might have been used for liquids or for
food storage: one can distinguish the jars or
jugs with out-turned rounded rims (ig. 11: IK)
(Schmid 2000, ig. 289, 293295. Figure 11, I is
similar to Parr 1970: 355, ig. 2, n
o
4; this fragment
could be a little older than the others) and the
pitchers / small, carinated pitchers with straight or
incurving rims (ig. 11: MN) (Schmid 2000: ig.
301302; Zeitler 1990: ig. 10, n
o
12). Finally, only
one large plate (diameter 35 cm), with thick walls,
was found (ig. 10: O). It might have been used as
a serving dish.
The common ware repertoire for this period also
includes a certain number of small kraters or
table amphorae, characterised by their out-turned
moulded rim, and usually with one or more
grooves on the upper exterior face (ig. 11: AD)
(Zeitler 1990: ig. 11, n
o
6; Schmid 1996: pl. 1, n
o
2;
Schmid 2000: ig. 306309). These vessels, whose
form is once again borrowed from the Hellenistic
repertoire, were probably used in Petra, as in
the Eastern Mediterranean, for mixing wine and
water during banquets.
10
The consumption of
9. This type of decoration is found on many local productions
from Madain Saleh / Hgra between the 2
nd
/1
st
century BC and
the 1
st
/2
nd
century AD: Durand 2011: 339, ig. 4 (10257_P03),
see also p. 347, ig. 12 (91003_P01) and p. 349, ig. 13bis
(91021_P01).
10. The adoption of individual kraters to replace the large . The adoption of individual kraters to replace the large
communal krater is an innovation of the Hellenistic period;
A late second century BC Nabataean occupation at Jabal Numayr
219
Inventory Description
A PN 2007.23017.37
Pierced lamp handle; ine light grey fabric, black surface; two grooves on top; probably
imported (Aegean region)
B PN 2007.23017.46 Small, moulded lamp handle; pale red fabric, traces of red slip; two grooves on top
C PN 2008.23038.05 Small, moulded lamp handle; pale red fabric; two grooves on top
D PN 2008.23038.20 Small fragment of moulded lamp; dark grey fabric; radial decoration and small thumb-piece
Fig. 13: Lamps, Phase 1 (C. Durand).
wine during Nabataean banquets is conirmed by
the discovery of fragments of imported Rhodian
amphorae (ig. 11: OP), exactly like those found
in the deep levels excavated under the Qasr
el-Bint (Mouton et al. 2008: ig. 21, p. 67; Renel
et al. 2012: ig. 7, n
o
8, 9, 10, p. 46; Renel &
Mouton, in this volume

) and associated with the
monolithic funerary monuments of Petra (Mouton
& Renel, in this volume). These wine amphorae,
widely distributed during the Hellenistic period
(Empereur & Hesnard 1987), are characterised
by their beaded rim, their ine, light red to light
brown fabric, and the pinkish-beige to whitish
surface. The handles stamped with the name of
the manufacturer and of the current archon (or
ruler) can be dated very accurately: this is the
case for the stamped handle found in US23017
(ig. 12), dated to 132121 BC.
11
Apart from these
amphorae, the imports are limited to a single
small fragment of Eastern Sigillata A, the proile
of which remains indeterminate and the date
Schmid 2006: 75 and n. 452.
11. Alexandrian centre for the study of amphorae ( . Alexandrian centre for the study of amphorae (www.
amphoralex.org): archon Nikasagoras II, period Vb. This
amphora provides a terminus post quem for US23017, with
the understanding that the length of time taken for it to reach
Petra is ignored (without mentioning the question of the
primary or subsequent secondary uses of these Aegean wine
amphorae in the Near East).
of which falls somewhere between the mid-2
nd

century and the late 1
st
century BC.
12

Finally, this assemblage also produced a few lamps
(ig. 13), one of which might be an import of the
Hellenistic period from the Aegean region (ig. 13:
A).
13
The three other recorded fragments (ig. 13:
BD) are early local productions (1
st
century BC
at the latest), moulded and characterised by their
small, unpierced handle decorated with grooves
on the top side (types Grawehr B.3 and A.4,
Grawehr 2006: 279280, 275 n
o
18). Unguentaria
are, unsurprisingly, completely absent from this
corpus: only a few examples imported from the
Hellenistic world have been recorded in Petra, in
contexts from the 1
st
century BC (Murray & Ellis
1940: pl. 27 n
o
54; Horsield & Horsield 1942:
119, pl. 9 n
o
33, pl. 14 n
o
70, pl. 43 n
o
379; Schmid
2000: 75, ig. 315; Schmid 2004: 421422), the
local productions only starting at the end of that
century (Johnson 1990; Schmid 2004: 421).
12. Eastern Sigillata A, produced in Asia Minor in the . Eastern Sigillata A, produced in Asia Minor in the
Gulf of Iskenderun region, were widely distributed in the
Near East beginning at the end of the Hellenistic period.
In Alexandria, they became the main imports beginning in
the late 2
nd
century BC and throughout the irst half of the
1
st
century BC (laigne 2007: 203).
13. Type Broneer I (so-called Ephesus lamp). . Type Broneer I (so-called Ephesus lamp).
These lamps were produced between the second half of
the 2
nd
century BC and the irst half of the 1
st
century AD.
Cf. Grawehr 2006: 355-356, n
o
551.
Laurent Tholbecq & Caroline Durand
220
CONCLUSION
The study of the pottery from the lower levels
of the Obodas Chapel area demonstrates an
early Nabataean occupation in the southern part
of Petra, in a particularly rugged area, near the
top of the Jabal Numayr. This tribal or family
sanctuary was far from the banks of Wadi
Musa, where the monumental centre of the town
developed and where today the oldest traces of the
Nabataean occupation of the site go back to the
very beginning of the Hellenistic period (to the 4
th

century BC in phase I: Mouton et al. 2008: 69;
Renel et al. 2012: 51).
The pottery productions found in the oldest levels
of the Obodas Chapel are similar to those
identiied by the excavators of the Qasr al-Bint
area in their phase II, dated to between the 3
rd

and the mid-1
st
century BC (Mouton et al. 2008:
69). However, the excavators of Ez-Zantur prefer
a lower dating for these same productions, not
pushing them back beyond the mid-2
nd
century
BC (Phase 1 at Ez-Zantur = 15050 BC; cf.
Schmid 1996 and 2000; Gerber 1994, 1997 and
2001; Grawehr 2006). At the Obodas Chapel,
the chronological indicators are more in line with
this latter, lower dating. No coins were found
in the lower levels, but the C
14
analysis of three
samples of carbonised plant remains from locus
US23017 (ig. 5) produced supporting results with
a date between the late 2
nd
and mid-1
st
century BC
(ca. 11550 BC)
14
. This date span is corroborated
by the presence of the stamped Rhodian amphora
mentioned above, which dates to the last third of
the 2
nd
century BC. Thus we can date US23017 to
between the years 115 and 50 BC and, depending
14. Analysis were inanced by the ANR Early Petra, and . Analysis were inanced by the ANR Early Petra, and is were inanced by the ANR Early Petra, and s were inanced by the ANR Early Petra, and Early Petra, and Early Petra, and , and , and and
carried out for Charlne Bouchaud (Natural History Museum,
Paris) by the C
14
dating laboratory of Queens University,
Belfast. Sample 23017_1: 2070 +/- 35BP, cal. 184 BC-3 AD
at 2 sigma (100%), 116-44 BC at 1 sigma (77.4%); Sample
23017_2: 2082 +/-31 BP, cal. 194-38 BC at 2 sigma (98.8%),
117-51 BC at 1 sigma (73%); Sample 23017_3: 2079 +/- 30
BP, cal. 186-37 BC at 2 sigma (97.8%), 115-50 BC at 1 sigma
(76.4%).
on the time it took for a Rhodian amphora produced
around 131/121 to arrive, we can postulate a date at
the end of the 2
nd
century BC or, at the latest, at the
turn of the century. The lowest levels (US23039;
US23039B; US23040) might be older, somewhere
in the second half of the 2
nd
century BC.
What was the nature of this irst occupation
phase in the Obodas Chapel area? The only
structures associated with this oldest phase are the
small rock-cut room, which was blocked during
the second phase (ig. 2, n
o
7), and the platform
described above, interpreted as a bench or cultic
platform. The thick ashy layers that accumulated
near this platform seem to represent dumps linked
to hearths since they include the remains of plant
fuel and, in addition to faunal material, mainly
table wares and cooking pots.
15
It is, therefore, tempting to see in these structures
rooms and associated platforms evidence of an
initial meeting place where communal meals were
held, the precise nature and religious dimensions
of which unfortunately escape us.
Laurent Tholbecq
Universit libre de Bruxelles
Av. FD Roosevelt, 50, CP 175
B - 1050 Brussels (Belgium)
laurent.tholbecq@ulb.ac.be
Caroline Durand
Institut Franais du Proche-Orient
PO Box 830413
11183 Amman (Jordan)
c.durand@ifporient.org
15. The faunal study is currently underway. . The faunal study is currently underway. The faunal study is currently underway. .
A late second century BC Nabataean occupation at Jabal Numayr
221
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