International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, Vol. 5, No.1, June 2012, 8!

"8#0

864

Fred West: Bio-Psycho-Social Investigation of Psychopathic Sexual Serial
Killer

______________________________________________________


Daniel Boduse!
"

Philip #yland
$




%&stract

This paper looks briefly at the case study of psychopathic sexual serial killer Frederick
Walter Stephen West. His criminal behaviour and other behavioural problems are often
assumed to be rooted in the home, inadequate discipline, or poor role models. However,
based on research aruments presented in this paper, it is obvious that the answer to what
sinificantly contributed to the development of this complex distorted personality and
subsequent violent behaviour is far more multifaceted. !t seems to be a result of a hihly
complex interaction of bioloical, psycholoical and socioloical factors.






Introduction

Serial murder seems to have occupied an interestinly privileed place in the modern forensic
psycholoy. "riminal behavioural science defines serial murder as a minimum of three to four
victims with an emotionally ##coolin off$$ period in between homicides %&uress, 'oulas (
)essler, *+,,- )essler, &uress, ( 'oulas, *+,./. The killer is usually a straner to the victim- the
murders appear unconnected or random. The murder is rarely ##for profit$$ and the motive is
psycholoical, not material. The victim may have a symbolic value for the killer, and the method of
killin may reveal this meanin. The killer often chooses victims who are vulnerable %children,
adolescents, women, prostitutes/. The averae serial killer profile is as follows- white, male, of low0
to0middle socioeconomic status, in his 12s or .2s, possessin a history of childhood abuse or nelect,
is sociopathic3psychopathic, a chameleon to his environment, and appears normal to others %4er,
*++2/. 5any serial killers are also sexual sadists %motivated primarily by sexual satisfaction obtained
throuh victim sufferin/ %6roth ( &uress, *+77- Ha8elwood ( &uress, *+,7/ and incorporate their
deviant sexual fantasies into their killins %4er, *++2- Holmes ( 'e&urer, *+,,- 9istorius, *++2/.
:ne such example of the sexual0sadist serial0killer is Fred West who, between *+;7 and *+,7,
toether with wife )osemary, tortured, raped, and murdered at least twelve youn women and irls.

1
<niversity of <lster, <=, bodusek0d>email.ulster.ac.uk
2
<niversity of <lster, <=, hyland0p.>email.ulster.ac.uk
International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, Vol. 5, No.1, June 2012, 8!"8#0

865


Fred West

Frederick Walter Stephen West %1+ September *+?* @ * Aanuary *++B/, was born into a poor family
of farm workers in &ickerton "ottae, 5uch 5arcle, Herefordshire, to Walter Stephen West and
'aisy Hannah Hill. He was the second of their eiht children. West would later claim that his father
had incestuous relationships with his dauhters %"rimelibrary, 122+/. !t has also been suested that
incest was an accepted part of the household, and that his father tauht him bestiality from an early
ae. West recounted durin police interviewin$s that his father had said on many occasions C'o
what you want, Dust don$t et cauht doin itC %5orris, 1227/. !t is also alleed that his mother 'aisy
bean sexually abusin Fred from the ae of *1.
Et school, West showed an aptitude for woodwork and artwork, but did not excel
academically. He left school at the ae of *B and bean work as a farm labourer. Two years later, in
Fovember *+B,, he suffered a fractured skull and a broken arm and le in a motorcycle accident. The
accident put him into an eiht0day coma. His family reported that after the accident he became prone
to sudden fits of rae. Two years later, he was unconscious for 1? hours after hittin his head in a fall
from a fire escape %&ioraphy "hannel, 1227/. Et ae 12, he was arrested for molestin a *.0year0old
irl. He was convicted, but escaped a sentence of imprisonment %"rimelibrary, 122+/. His family
effectively disowned him thereafter.
!n September *+;1, the 1*0year0old West became re0acquainted with a former irlfriend,
"atherine "ostello, who was now better known as )ena from her time workin as a prostitute.
"ostello was already prenant by another man, and she and West married on *7 Fovember before
movin to 6lasow. Her dauhter, "harmaine "arol, was born on 11 February *+;.. "ostello and
West claim they had adopted "harmaine, whose father was a 9akistani man. !n Auly *+;? "ostello
bore West a dauhter named Enne 5arie. 'urin this period in 6lasow, West worked as an ice
cream van driver. :n ? Fovember *+;B, he accidentally ran over and killed a four0year0old boy with
his van %"rimelibrary, 1227/.
The family, alon with !sa 5cFeill who looked after the coupleGs children and "ostelloGs
friend Enne 5cFall, moved into the Hakeside caravan park in &ishopGs "leeve, 6loucestershire at the
end of *+;B, when West feared for his safety followin the vehicular homicide incident. To escape
from WestGs sadistic sexual demands, "ostello and 5cFeill moved to Scotland in *+;; while 5cFall,
who had become infatuated with West, and the two children remained with him. "ostello continued
to visit the children every few months. !n Euust *+;7 5cFall, who was eiht months prenant with
WestGs child, vanished. 5cFall was never reported missin and her remains were found in Aune *++?.
!n September *+;7, "ostello returned to live with West, but left aain the followin year,
puttin the children in WestGs care. While still married to "ostello, 170year0old West met his next
wife, )osemary Hetts, on 1+ Fovember *+;,, on her *Bth birthday. :n her *;th birthday she moved
in with him and a few months later they moved from the caravan to a two0story house in 5idland
)oad, 6loucester. :n *7 :ctober *+72, )osemary ave birth to their dauhter, Heather Enne. Fred
West was imprisoned for theft on ? 'ecember *+72, and remained so until his release on 1? Aune
*+7*.

Biological %pproach

Elthouh past policy implications present a stron reason to stray from bioloical theory in
criminoloy, findins that support a enetic influence cannot be inored. Edoption studies have been
one of the maDor areas of focus in research that relates to criminal behaviour and enetic influence.
Edoption studies test the hypothesis that parents with a predisposition to antisocial behaviour may
pass on these enes to their offsprin, and these offsprin would then have an increased risk in
developin similar antisocial tendencies reardless of social factors %&rennan, Hall, &or, FaDman (
Williams, 122./. Eccordin to &artol ( &artol %122,/ it is possible that psychopaths are born with
bioloical predispositions to develop the disorder, independent of any enetic factors. !n line with the
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4ysenckien %*++;/ view, it could be that psychopaths have a nervous system that interferes with rapid
conditionin and associations between transression and punishment. &ecause of this defect, the
psychopath fails to anticipate punishment and, hence, feels no uilt.
5oreover, research suests that learnin and conditionin of behaviour occur differentially
amon individuals iven their neuroloical status. For example, psychopaths are relatively
unemotional, lackin of empathy, impulsive, immature, thrill0seekin, and unconditionable %Frick (
5orris, 122?- 5offitt, *++.- Iuckerman, *+,./. They have also been characteri8ed as havin low
levels of perceptible anxiety and physioloical responses durin stressful events %Jidin, &lair,
5offitt ( 9lomin, 122B/. Theoretically, psychopaths do not sufficiently experience the discomfort of
anxiety associated with a proscribed behaviour because they have a hypoaroused automatic nervous
system, and thus, they are not easily conditioned or deterred %Hare ( Schallin, *+7,/. They make a
rational choice based on the calculation that the benefits of the act %e.., monetary ain/ outweih the
costs %e.., anxiety and detection/. Eccordinly, one would expect that psychopaths encountered by
the criminal Dustice system would be resistant to most deterrence prorams.
When Fred was seventeen, he was seriously inDured in a motorcycle accident which left him
in a coma for a week and resulted in havin a metal plate put into his head. Some thouht that this
head inDury made him prone to sudden fits of rae and that he seemed to have lost control over his
emotions. This was followed by the accident at a local youth club. !n the fall, he baned his head and
lost consciousness.
The lastin impact on FredGs behaviour suested that between this incident and the
motorcycle accident, he had suffered some brain damae. Several empirical studies have suested a
link between brain inDury and both violent and non0violent criminal behaviour %Freedman (
Hemenway, 1222- Sarapata, Herrmann ( Aohnson, *++,- 6rafman, Schwab ( Warden, *++;/.
Sarapata et al %*++,/ reported a B2K prevalence of brain inDury in individuals convicted of non0
violent felony or misdemeanour crimes, compared to B0*BK in comparison samples. Freedman and
Hemenway %1222/ found that *1 of *; death row inmates had a history of brain damae, in many
cases due to multiple insults and inflicted by careivers and family members.
The link between brain inDury and crime is thouht to be damae to the frontal lobes of the
brain. Frontal lobe inDury has been associated with loss of control over sub0cortical and limbic
structures involved in primitive impulses %6rafman et al, *++;/. Hesions in these areas may influence
functions such as social perception, self0control and Dudement, as well as emotions and mood. Thus,
the link between brain inDury and crime may reflect the effects of brain inDury0related conitive and
emotional impairments on behaviour. En individual may misperceive elements of a situation, make
poor social Dudements, overreact to provocative stimuli, and lack the communication skills to
verbally neotiate conflict or strike out impulsively.

Psycho-Social %pproach

Fred West rew up in a family where his father was his primary role model %Sounes, *++B/, and this
man, accordin to Fred$s own personal accounts, had frequent sexual relationships with his dauhters
motivated by an attitude of extreme self0entitlement, encapsulated in his belief that, L! made you, so !
am entitled to have youM. Hirschi$s %*+;+/ model of the family, the school, and one$s peers as the
most important factors has become %and remains/ the Austice departmentGs model for considerin rant
applications. Families are primary aents of sociali8ation, and as such, are temptin to consider as
direct causal aents of crime %Enew, 122*- "anter, *+,1- 6orman0Smith, Tolan, Hoeber, ( Henry,
*++,- Hirschi, *+;+- Aan ( Smith, *++7- Sokol0=at8, 'unham, ( Iimmerman, *++7- Wells (
)ankin, *++*/. 9ediree studies have also found sinificant transmission rates for alcoholism, dru
dependence, mental disorder, and sexual deviance %Waldron, :G)eilly, )andall, Shevlin, 'ooley,
"otter, 5urphy ( "arr, 122;/.
!ncompetent, ineffective, or inconsistent parentin is most stronly related to larcenous
delinquency %)ebellon, 1221- Wilson ( Herrnstein, *+,B/, but certain studies %e.. 9atterson, *+,1/
indicate that erratic discipline is also directly related to the development of sociopathic personality
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disorder. The sinificance of this effect is even more alarmin when one reali8es it holds even if the
home is intact and only functionally discordant. Sociopathy, due to inefficient techniques of child0
rearin, has been termed 0 the best predictor of all in criminoloy %Enew, 122*- Hoeber ( 'ishion,
*+,./. Since some sociopathy traits subsume the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, some
have arued that the most important effect overall for broken homes, whether structural or functional,
is the inability to relate %)utter, *+71/.
6ottfredson and Hirschi$s %*++2/ Low Self-Control theory %HS"/ attempts to do this while
describin what is riht and wron within the field of criminoloy. 5ost tests of HS" theory are
essentially tests of HirschiGs social control theory %attachment, commitment, involvement, belief/ with
some additional personality variables included. !t is important to note that HS" theory makes
individualistic causal aruments- that is, each and every act of criminal behaviour is the result of
unique individual factors such as traits, which are semi0permanent endurin personality characteristics
%see "ale, 122;- "enter, Aackson ( =emp, 122B- Heaven, Fewbury ( Wilson, 122?- =emp and
"enter, 122.- Hevine ( Aackson, 122?- van 'am, Aanssen ( 'e &ruyn, 122B- Walker ( 6udDonsson,
122;/. !ndividuals possess three sets of traits, which are partially present in Fred$s personalityN %*/
traits composin low self0control- %1/ traits predictin involvement in crime- and %./ other traits that
are the result of sociali8ation. HS" traits appear in the first six or eiht years of life, and include only
factors affectin calculation of the consequences of oneGs acts. The second set of traits includes low
intellience, hih activity level, physical strenth, and adventurousness. These traits reflect Wansell$s
%*++;/ description of Fred West$s early years, in which he stated that Fred was not a promisin
student, constantly in trouble, and interested only in physical work. The third set of traits includes
impulsivity, insensitivity, and inability to delay ratification which was reflected in Fred$s criminal
behaviour.
!mpulsivity is sometimes defined as actin on impulse without reflectin upon consequences
%"haplin, *+,B/. !mpulsiveness connotes irrationality and an inability to profit from experience.
!nsensitivity, or lack of uilt, is a trait associated with psychopathy %'adds ( Salmon, 122./ and has
been included in scales measurin social control %Wiatrowski, 6riswold ( )oberts, *+,*- Enew,
*++B/. 6uilt is painful and lack of uilt is pleasurable. This modified hedonism in HS" theory is
consistent with control theories in eneral which assume that pleasures are constant and motivation
unproblematic. The authors are concerned, however, with the consequences of a lack of uilt for the
individual, not the emotional poverty from an inability to form relationships. They appear to be
sayin that individuals miscalculate or devalue the pain of uilt, and that this is somethin one ets
from their parents, and in terms of Fred$s case, from the father. !mmediate ratification is also
associated with psychopathy and means self0absorption in oneGs own needs which vehemently demand
satisfaction %&lanchard, &assett ( =oshland, *+77- 5c"ord ( 5c"ord, *+,./.
Edventurousness or spontaneity is defined as self0initiatin behavior occurrin without the
necessity of external stimulation %"haplin, *+,B/. !t is the only non0bioloical factor in this second
cateory of traits in HS" theory. !t is a personality trait that loosely differentiates between
delinquents and non0delinquents %4ysenck ( 6udDonsson, *+,+- Wilson ( Herrnstein, *+,B/. !t is
furthermore a valued trait iven the societal trend toward reater tolerance for self0expression and
assertiveness. While possibly related to extroversion, spontaneity per se is nothin more than a weak
predictor because it suests concern, not insensitivity, for others and also suests self0esteem, or a
concern for a positive imae of oneGs self.
Fred West can be cateori8ed as sadistic rapist and murderer. Sadistic rapists are very similar
to their aner@excitation rapist counterparts in that both are sexually aroused by the physical and
psycholoical sufferin of their victims %'oulas, &uress, &uress ( )essler, 122;/. However,
whereas aner rapists are viewed as bein motivated primarily out of aner, sadistic assailants are
motivated primarily by sexual satisfaction obtained throuh victim sufferin %6roth ( &uress, *+77-
Ha8elwood ( &uress, *+,7/. These offenders use excessive force, such as bondae, torture, rape
with obDects, sexual mutilation, and, in extreme cases, murder. !n addition, they may perform other
acts of deradation, such as cuttin hair, burnin with ciarettes, and sexual intercourse with a corpse
followin murder. )esearch suests that the attacks of sadistic rapists are carefully planned and
preventive aainst discovery %6roth ( &irnbaum, *+7+/ which was particularly evident in Fred$s
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868

criminal behaviour because some of the victims have never been found %Sounes, *++B/. Sadistic
offenders are likely to enae in multiple paraphilias %Errio ( 9urcell, 122*- 'iet8, Ha8elwood, (
Warren, *++2- 6rat8er ( &radford, *++B/, with onset typically occurrin durin adolescence
%&radford, *+++/. !n addition, these types of rapists enae in elaborate violent fantasies. This
imaery plays a sinificant role in their offenses. Eccordin to 'eit8 et al. %*++2/, sadistic rapists
reconi8e social constraints and are functional in society, but social norms and morals are overridden
by narcissism and eocentric self0interest.

'onclusion

This paper has looked at the case study of psychopathic sexual serial killer Frederick Walter Stephen
West. His criminal behaviour and other behavioural problems are often assumed to be rooted in the
home, inadequate discipline, or poor role models. However, based on research aruments presented
in this paper, it is obvious that the answer to what sinificantly contributed to the development of this
complex distorted personality and subsequent violent behaviour is far more multifaceted. !t seems to
be a result of a hihly complex interaction of bioloical, psycholoical and socioloical factors.


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