Tut22 PDF

Tutorial 22.
Using the Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model

with Heat Transfer
Introduction
This tutorial examines the ow of air and a granular solid phase consisting of glass beads
in a hot gas uidized bed, under uniform minimum uidization conditions. The results
obtained for the local wall-to-bed heat transfer coecient in FLUENT can be compared
with analytical results [1].
This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:
Use the Eulerian granular model.
Set boundary conditions for internal ow.
Calculate a solution using the pressure-based solver.
Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in FLUENT and that
you have completed Tutorial 1. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not
be shown explicitly.
Problem Description
This problem considers a hot gas uidized bed in which air ows upwards through the
bottom of the domain and through an additional small orice next to a heated wall. A
uniformly uidized bed is examined, which you can then compare with analytical results
[1]. The geometry and data for the problem are shown in Figure 22.1.
c Fluent Inc. September 21, 2006 22-1
Using the Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model with Heat Transfer
Pressure Outlet
101325 Pa
Insulated Wall
Heated Wall
T = 373 K
Uniform Velocity Inlet
u = 0.25 m/s
T = 293 K
Orifice
u = 0.25 m/s
T = 293 K
0.598
Volume
Fraction
of Solids
Figure 22.1: Problem Schematic
Setup and Solution
Preparation
1. Download eulerian_granular_heat.zip from the Fluent Inc. User Services Cen-
ter or copy it from the FLUENT documentation CD to your working folder (as
described in Tutorial 1).
2. Unzip eulerian_granular_heat.zip.
fluid-bed.msh and conduct.c can be found in the eulerian granular heat folder
created after unzipping the le.
3. Start the 2D double-precision (2ddp) version of FLUENT.
22-2 c Fluent Inc. September 21, 2006
Step 1: Grid
1. Read the grid le fluid-bed.msh.
File Read Case...
As FLUENT reads the grid le, it will report its progress in the console.
2. Check the grid.
Grid Check
FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report the progress in
the console. Make sure that the minimum volume reported is a positive number.
3. Display the grid with default settings (Figure 22.2).
Display Grid...
(a) Click Display and close the Grid Display panel.
Extra: You can use the right mouse button to check which zone number cor-
responds to each boundary. If you click the right mouse button on one of
the boundaries in the graphics window, its zone number, name, and type
will be printed in the FLUENT console. This feature is especially useful
when you have several zones of the same type and you want to distinguish
between them quickly.
Grid
FLUENT 6.3 (2d, dp, pbns, lam)
Figure 22.2: Grid Display of the Fluidized Bed
Step 2: Models
1. Enable the pressure-based unsteady solver.
The pressure-based solver must be used for multiphase calculations.
Dene Models Solver...
(a) Select Unsteady from the Time list.
(b) Select 2nd-Order Implicit from the Unsteady Formulation list.
(c) Click OK to close the Solver panel.
2. Enable the Eulerian multiphase model for two phases.
Dene Models Multiphase...
(a) Select Eulerian from the Model list.
(b) Click OK to close the Multiphase Model panel.
3. Enable heat transfer by activating the energy equation.
Dene Models Energy...
(a) Enable the Energy Equation and click OK.
An Information dialog box will open. Click OK to close the Information dialog
box.
4. Retain the default laminar model.
Experiments have shown negligible three-dimensional eects in the ow eld for the
case modeled, suggesting very weak turbulent behavior.
Dene Models Viscous...
5. Set the gravitational acceleration.
Dene Operating Conditions...
(a) Enable Gravity.
The panel will expand to show additional inputs.
(b) Enter -9.81 m/s
2
for the Gravitational Acceleration in the Y direction.
(c) Click OK to close the Operating Conditions panel.
Step 3: UDF
1. Compile the user-dened function, conduct.c, that will be used to dene the thermal
conductivity for the gas and solid phase.
Dene User-Dened Functions Compiled...
(a) Click the Add... button under the Source Files option to open the Select File
dialog box.
i. Select the le conduct.c and click OK in the Select File dialog box.
(b) Click Build.
FLUENT will create a libudf folder and compile the UDF. Also, a Warning
dialog box will open asking you to make sure that UDF source le and case/data
les are in the same folder.
(c) Click OK to close the Warning dialog box.
(d) Click Load to load the UDF and close the Compile UDFs panel.
Step 4: Materials
1. Modify the properties for air, which will be used for the primary phase.
The properties used for air are modied to match data used by Kuipers et al. [1]
Dene Materials...
(a) Enter 1.2 kg/m
3
for the Density.
(b) Enter 994 J/kg-K for Cp.
(c) Select user-dened from the Thermal Conductivity drop-down list.
The User Dened Functions panel will open.
i. Select conduct gas::libudf, and click OK to close the User Dened Func-
tions panel.
(d) Click Change/Create.
2. Dene a new uid material for the granular phase (the glass beads).
(a) Enter solids for Name.
(b) Enter 2660 kg/m
3
for the Density.
(c) Enter 737 J/kg-K for Cp.
(d) Retain the selection of user-dened in the Thermal Conductivity drop-down list.
(e) Click the Edit... button to open the User Dened Functions panel.
i. Select conduct solid::libudf in the User Dened Functions panel and
click OK.
A Question dialog box will open asking if you want to overwrite air.
ii. Click No in the Question dialog box.
(f) Select solids from the Fluent Fluid Materials drop-down list.
(g) Click Change/Create and close the Materials panel.
Step 5: Phases
1. Dene air as the primary phase.
Dene Phases...
(a) Select phase-1 from the Phase list.
(b) Click the Set... button to open the Primary Phase panel.
i. Enter air for Name.
ii. Select air from the Phase Material drop-down list.
iii. Click OK to close the Primary Phase panel.
2. Dene solids (glass beads) as the secondary phase.
(a) Select phase-2 from the Phase list in the Phases panel.
(b) Click the Set... button to open the Secondary Phase panel.
i. Enter solids for Name.
ii. Select solids from the Phase Material drop-down list.
iii. Enable Granular.
iv. Retain the default selection of Phase Property in the Granular Temperature
Model list.
v. Enter 0.0005 m for the Diameter.
vi. Select syamlal-obrien from the Granular Viscosity drop-down list.
vii. Select lun-et-al from the Granular Bulk Viscosity drop-down list.
viii. Select constant from the Granular Temperature drop-down list and enter
1e-05.
ix. Enter 0.6 for the Packing Limit.
x. Click OK to close the Secondary Phase panel.
3. Dene the interphase interactions formulations to be used.
(a) Click the Interaction... button in the Phases panel to open the Phase Interaction
panel.
i. Select syamlal-obrien from the Drag Coecient drop-down list.
ii. Click the Heat tab, and select gunn in the Heat Transfer Coecient drop-
down list.
The interphase heat exchange is simulated, using a drag coecient, the
default restitution coecient for granular collisions of 0.9, and a heat
transfer coecient. Granular phase lift is not very relevant in this prob-
lem, and in fact is rarely used.
iii. Click OK to close the Phase Interaction panel.
4. Close the Phases panel.
Step 6: Boundary Conditions
For this problem, you need to set the boundary conditions for all boundaries.
Dene Boundary Conditions...
1. Set the boundary conditions for the lower velocity inlet (v uniform) for the primary
phase.
For the Eulerian multiphase model, you will specify conditions at a velocity inlet
that are specic to the primary and secondary phases.
(a) Select air from the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Click the Set... button to open the Velocity Inlet panel.
i. Retain the default selection of Magnitude, Normal to Boundary in the Ve-
locity Specication Method drop-down list.
ii. Enter 0.25 m/s for the Velocity Magnitude.
iii. Click the Thermal tab and enter 293 for Temperature.
iv. Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet panel.
2. Set the boundary conditions for the lower velocity inlet (v uniform) for the secondary
phase.
(a) Select solids from the Phase drop-down list.
i. Retain the default Velocity Specication Method and Reference Frame.
ii. Retain the default value of 0 m/s for the Velocity Magnitude.
iii. Click the Thermal tab and enter 293 K for Temperature.
iv. Click the Multiphase tab and retain the default value of 0 for the Volume
Fraction.
v. Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet panel.
3. Set the boundary conditions for the orice velocity inlet (v jet) for the primary
phase.
(a) Select air from the Phase drop-down list.
ii. Enter 0.25 m/s for the Velocity Magnitude.
In order for a comparison with analytical results [1] to be meaningful, in
this simulation you will use a uniform value for the air velocity equal to
the minimum uidization velocity at both inlets on the bottom of the bed.
iv. Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet panel.
4. Set the boundary conditions for the orice velocity inlet (v jet) for the secondary
phase.
(a) Select solids from the Phase drop-down list in the Boundary Conditions panel.
ii. Retain the default value of 0 m/s for the Velocity Magnitude.
iv. Click the Multiphase tab and retain the default value of 0 for the Volume
Fraction.
v. Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet panel.
5. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (poutlet) for the mixture phase.
For the Eulerian granular model, you will specify conditions at a pressure outlet for
the mixture and for both phases.
The thermal conditions at the pressure outlet will be used only if ow enters the
domain through this boundary. You can set them equal to the inlet values, as no
ow reversal is expected at the pressure outlet. In general, however, it is important
to set reasonable values for these downstream scalar values, in case ow reversal
occurs at some point during the calculation.
(a) Select mixture from the Phase drop-down list in the Boundary Conditions panel.
(b) Click the Set... button to open the Pressure Outlet panel.
i. Retain the default value of 0 Pascal for the Gauge Pressure.
ii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet panel.
6. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (poutlet) for the primary phase.
(a) Select air from the Phase drop-down list in the Boundary Conditions panel.
i. Click the Thermal tab and enter 293 K for Backow Total Temperature.
ii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet panel.
7. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (poutlet) for the secondary
phase.
(a) Select solids from the Phase drop-down list in the Boundary Conditions panel.
i. Click the Thermal tab and enter 293 K for the Backow Total Temperature.
ii. Click the Multiphase tab and retain default settings.
iii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet panel.
8. Set the boundary conditions for the heated wall (wall hot) for the mixture.
For the heated wall, you will set thermal conditions for the mixture, and momentum
conditions (zero shear) for both phases.
(a) Select mixture from the Phase drop-down list in the Boundary Conditions panel.
(b) Click the Set... button to open the Wall panel.
i. Click the Thermal tab.
A. Select Temperature from the Thermal Conditions list.
B. Enter 373 K for the Temperature.
ii. Click OK to close the Wall panel.
9. Set the boundary conditions for the heated wall (wall hot) for the primary phase.
i. Select Specied Shear from the Shear Condition list.
The Wall panel will expand.
ii. Retain the default value of 0 for the X-Component and Y-Component.
iii. Click OK to close the Wall panel.
10. Set the boundary conditions for the heated wall (wall hot) for the secondary phase
same as that of the primary phase.
For the secondary phase, you will set the same conditions of zero shear as for the
primary phase.
11. Set the boundary conditions for the adiabatic wall (wall ins) for the primary phase.
For the adiabatic wall, you will retain the default thermal conditions for the mixture
(zero heat ux), and set momentum conditions (zero shear) for both phases.
i. Select Specied Shear from the Shear Condition list.
The Wall panel will expand.
ii. Retain the default value of 0 for the X-Component and Y-Component.
iii. Click OK to close the Wall panel.
12. Set the boundary conditions for the adiabatic wall (wall ins) for the secondary phase
same as that of the primary phase.
For the secondary phase, you will set the same conditions of zero shear as for the
primary phase.
13. Close the Boundary Conditions panel.
Step 7: Solution
1. Set the solution parameters.
Solve Controls Solution...
(a) Enter 0.5 for Pressure in the Under Relaxation Factors list.
(b) Enter 0.2 for Momentum.
(c) Enter 0.5 for Volume Fraction.
Scroll the Under Relaxation Factors list to view the under-relaxation factor for
Volume Fraction.
(d) Retain all the default Discretization schemes.
(e) Click OK to close Solution Controls panel.
2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.
Solve Monitors Residual...
3. Dene a custom eld function for the heat transfer coecient.
Initially, you will dene functions for the mixture temperature, and thermal conduc-
tivity, then you will use these to dene a function for the heat transfer coecient.
Dene Custom Field Functions...
(a) Dene the function t mix.
i. Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Field Functions
drop-down lists.
ii. Select air from the Phase drop-down list and click Select.
iii. Click the multiplication symbol in the calculator pad.
iv. Select Phases... and Volume fraction from the Field Functions drop-down
list.
v. Select air from the Phase drop-down list and click Select.
vi. Click the addition symbol in the calculator pad.
vii. Similarly, add the term solids-temperature * solids-vof.
viii. Enter t mix for the New Function Name eld.
ix. Click Dene.
(b) Dene the function k mix.
i. Select Properties... and Thermal Conductivity from the Field Functions drop-
down lists.
ii. Select air from the Phase drop-down list and click Select.
iii. Click the multiplication symbol in the calculator pad.
iv. Select Phases... and Volume fraction from the Field Functions drop-down
lists.
v. Select air from the Phase drop-down list and click Select.
vi. Click the addition symbol in the calculator pad.
vii. Similarly, add the term solids-thermal-conductivity-lam * solids-vof.
viii. Enter k mix for the New Function Name eld.
ix. Click Dene.
(c) Dene the function ave htc.
i. Click the subtraction symbol in the calculator pad.
ii. Select Custom Field Functions... and k mix from the Field Functions drop-
down lists.
iii. Use the calculator pad and the Field Functions lists to complete the de-
nition of the function.
k mix (t mix 373)/(58.5 10
(6)
)/80
iv. Enter ave htc for the New Function Name eld.
v. Click Dene and close the Custom Field Functions Calculator panel.
4. Dene the point surface in the cell next to the wall on the plane y = 0.24.
Surface Point...
(a) Enter 0.28494 m for x0 and 0.24 m for y0 in the Coordinates group box.
(b) Enter y=0.24 for the New Surface Name.
(c) Click Create and close the Point Surface panel.
5. Dene the surface monitor for the heat transfer coecient.
Solve Monitors Surface...
(a) Set the Surface Monitors to 1.
(b) Enable Plot, Print, and Write for monitor-1.
(c) Select Time Step from the When drop-down list.
(d) Click the Dene... button to open the Dene Surface Monitor panel.
i. Select Facet Average from the Report Type drop-down list.
ii. Select Flow Time from the X Axis drop-down list.
iii. Set the Plot Window to 1.
iv. Select Custom Field Functions... and ave htc from the Report of drop-down
lists.
v. Select y=0.24 from the Surfaces list.
vi. Enter htc-024 for File Name.
vii. Click OK to close the Dene Surface Monitor panel.
(e) Click OK to close the Surface Monitors panel.
6. Initialize the solution.
Solve Initialize Initialize...
(a) Select all-zones from the Compute From drop-down list.
(b) Retain default values and click Init.
(c) Close the Solution Initialization panel.
7. Dene an adaption register for the lower half of the uidized bed.
This register is used to patch the initial volume fraction of solids in the next step.
Adapt Region...
(a) Enter 0.3 m for Xmax and 0.5 m for Ymax in the Input Coordinates group
box.
(b) Click Mark.
(c) Click the Manage... button to open the Manage Adaption Registers panel.
i. Select hexahedron-r0 from the Registers list.
ii. Click Display and close the Manage Adaption Registers panel.
After you dene a region for adaption, it is a good practice to display it
to visually verify that it encompasses the intended area.
Figure 22.3: Region Marked for Patching
(d) Close the Region Adaption panel.
8. Patch the initial volume fraction of solids in the lower half of the uidized bed.
Solve Initialize Patch...
(b) Select Volume Fraction from the Variable list.
(c) Enter 0.598 for the Value.
(d) Select hexahedron-r0 from the Registers to Patch list.
(e) Click Patch and close the Patch panel.
At this point, it is a good practice to display contours of the variable you just
patched, to ensure that the desired eld was obtained.
9. Display contours of Volume Fraction of solids (Figure 22.4).
Display Contours...
(a) Enable Filled under Options.
(b) Select solids from the Phase drop-down list.
(c) Select Phases... and Volume fraction from the Contours of drop-down lists.
(d) Click Display and close the Contours panel.
10. Save the case le (fluid-bed.cas).
File Write Case...
11. Set a time step size of 0.00025 s and run the calculation for 7000 time steps.
Solve Iterate...
The plot of the value of the mixture-averaged heat transfer coecient in the cell
next to the heated wall versus time is in excellent agreement with results published
for the same case [1].
Contours of Volume fraction (solids) (Time=0.0000e+00)
FLUENT 6.3 (2d, dp, pbns, eulerian, lam, unsteady)
5.98e-01
5.68e-01
5.38e-01
5.08e-01
4.78e-01
4.49e-01
4.19e-01
3.89e-01
3.59e-01
3.29e-01
2.99e-01
2.69e-01
2.39e-01
2.09e-01
1.79e-01
1.50e-01
1.20e-01
8.97e-02
5.98e-02
2.99e-02
0.00e+00
Figure 22.4: Initial Volume Fraction of Granular Phase (solids).
Convergence history of ave_htc on y=0.24 (Time=1.7500e+00)
Flow Time
Values
Facet
of
Average
1.8000 1.6000 1.4000 1.2000 1.0000 0.8000 0.6000 0.4000 0.2000 0.0000
2750.0000
2500.0000
2250.0000
2000.0000
1750.0000
1500.0000
1250.0000
1000.0000
750.0000
500.0000
250.0000
0.0000
monitor-1
Figure 22.5: Plot of Mixture-Averaged Heat Transfer Coecient in the Cell Next to the
Heated Wall Versus Time
12. Save the case and data les (fluid-bed.cas and fluid-bed.dat).
File Write Case & Data...
Extra: If you decide to read in the case le that is provided for this tutorial on the
documentation CD, you will need to compile the UDF associated with this tutorial
in your working folder. This is necessary because FLUENT will expect to nd the
correct UDF libraries in your working folder when reading the case le.
Step 7: Postprocessing
1. Display the pressure eld in the uidized bed (Figure 22.6).
Display Contours...
(a) Select Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Contours of drop-down lists.
(b) Enable Filled in the Options group box.
(c) Click Display.
2. Display the volume fraction of solids (Figure 22.7).
(b) Select Phases... and Volume fraction from the Contours of drop-down lists of
the Contours panel.
(c) Click Display and close the Contours panel.
(d) Zoom in to show the contours close to the region where the change in volume
fraction is the greatest.
Contours of Static Pressure (mixture) (pascal) (Time=1.7500e+00)
7.76e+03
7.37e+03
6.98e+03
6.59e+03
6.20e+03
5.82e+03
5.43e+03
5.04e+03
4.65e+03
4.27e+03
3.88e+03
3.49e+03
3.10e+03
2.71e+03
2.33e+03
1.94e+03
1.55e+03
1.16e+03
7.76e+02
3.88e+02
-1.51e-03
Figure 22.6: Contours of Static Pressure
Note the build-up of static pressure in the granular phase.
Contours of Volume fraction (solids) (Time=1.7500e+00)
6.00e-01
5.70e-01
5.40e-01
5.10e-01
4.80e-01
4.50e-01
4.20e-01
3.90e-01
3.60e-01
3.30e-01
3.00e-01
2.70e-01
2.40e-01
2.10e-01
1.80e-01
1.50e-01
1.20e-01
8.99e-02
6.00e-02
3.00e-02
0.00e+00
Figure 22.7: Contours of Volume Fraction of Solids
Note that the region occupied by the granular phase has expanded slightly, as a result of
uidization.
Summary
This tutorial demonstrated how to set up and solve a granular multiphase problem with
heat transfer, using the Eulerian model. You learned how to set boundary conditions
for the mixture and both phases. The solution obtained is in excellent agreement with
analytical results from Kuipers et al. [1].
Further Improvements
This tutorial guides you through the steps to reach an initial solution. You may be able
to obtain a more accurate solution by using an appropriate higher-order discretization
scheme and by adapting the grid further. Grid adaption can also ensure that the solution
is independent of the grid. These steps are demonstrated in Tutorial 1.
References
1. J. A. M. Kuipers, W. Prins, and W. P. M. Van Swaaij Numerical Calculation
of Wall-to-Bed Heat Transfer Coecients in Gas-Fluidized Beds, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Twente University of Technology, in AIChE Journal, July
1992, Vol. 38, No. 7.

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Tutorial 22.

Using the Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model

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