Solving the Yang-Baxter Algebra for Vertex

Models
Marcio J. Martins
Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Departamento de Fsica
June 17, 2013
Two-dimensional Vertex Models
The Boltzmann Weights on Square N N Lattice:
W
,
,
=


, , , = 1, , q.

The Lax operator:

L
0k
(w) =
q

,,,=1
W
,
,
e
(0)

e
(k)

, for k = 1, , N.
The Transfer Matrix:
T(w) = Tr
0
[L
0N
(w)L
0N1
(w) L
02
(w)L
01
(w)] .
Integrability
Baxter Condition:
_
T(w

), T(w

)
_
= 0, w

, w

.
Invertible R-Matrix:
R
12
(w

, w

)L
1k
(w

)L
2k
(w

) = L
2k
(w

)L
1k
(w

)R
12
(w

, w

).
Bihomogenous Polynomials:
F
j
(
1
w

,
2
w

) =
D
1
1

D
2
2
F
j
(w

, w

),
1
,
2
= 0.

We have to solve a large number of polynomial functional equations

in the projective space CP
m
CP
m
where m is the number of
nonzero weights.

This is the typical problem one nds in Algebraic Geometry.

Polynomial Property
We require that the R-matrix satises unitarity:
R
12
(w

, w

)R
21
(w

, w

) = I
q
I
q
,
where I
q
is the q q identity matrix.
This is motivated by the following facts:

We assure that the R-matrix has an inverse.

Fundamental for the algebraic Bethe ansatz solution (Melo

and Martins, NPB 2009).
Unitarity together with the Yang-Baxter algebra impose:
F
j
(w

, w

) +F
j
(w

, w

) = 0.
Special Polynomial Form

They are Factorized:

F
j
(w

, w

) = H
j
(w

)G
j
(w

) H
j
(w

)G
j
(w

),
where H
j
(w) and G
j
(w) are degree D homogeneous polynomials.

Always admit a special solution in which the distinct group of

weights w

and w

are decoupled from each other:

H
j
(w

)
G
j
(w

)
=
H
j
(w

)
G
j
(w

)
=
j
,
where
j
are free parameters.

Play the role of divisors giving rise to the variety X:

X = Y
1
Y
2
Y
#
where the subvariety Y
j
associated to a given divisor is,
Y
j
= {[
0
: . . . :
m
] CP
m
|H
j
(
0
, . . . ,
m
)
j
G
j
(
0
, . . . ,
m
) = 0}.
The General Framework

Begin by eliminating the R-matrix elements out of linear

systems of equations.

This leads one to dene a number of divisors and therefore

many free parameters
j
.

When the functional equations are not factorized we impose

the basic property F
j
(w

, w

) +F
j
(w

, w

) = 0.

Either the polynomials vanishes directly or they can be

brought in the factorized form by xing the free constants
j
.

Perform the intersection of the divisors that do not contain

any linear Boltzmann weights. This gives the main variety
dening the integrable vertex model.

Describe the geometric properties of the manifolds: the

plurigenera structure and hopefully uniformization!!!.
Fundamental Solutions

Trigonometric R-matrices (Jimbo, CMP 1986):

w
2
0
+ w
2
1

0
w
0
w
1
w
2
2
= 0.
which is just a rational curve.

Elliptic R-matrices (Baxter, Ann.Phys. 1972; Belavin NPB

1981):

0
w
2
0
w
2
1

1
w
0
w
1
w
2
2
+ (w
2
0
+ w
2
1
w
2
2
)w
2
2
= 0.
which can be brought into the Jacobis form of a genus one curve.

Chiral Potts Model (Au-Yang, Baxter, McCoy, Perk, Sah,

Tang, Phys.Letts.A 1986-1988):
w
q
0
+ cos(
0
)w
q
1
sin(
0
)w
q
3
= 0
cos(
0
)w
q
0
+ w
q
1
sin(
0
)w
q
2
= 0.
whose intersection is a spatial curve of genus q
2
(q 2) + 1.
Ice Vertex Models

Weights invariant by one U(1) symmetry:

W
,
,
= 0, for + = +.
For q = 3 the Lax operator and the R-matrix structures are:
_

_
a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 b 0 c 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 f 0 d 0 h 0 0
0 c 0

b 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

d 0 g 0 d 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

b 0 c 0
0 0

h 0

d 0 f 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 c 0 b 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a
_

Broken parity-time reversal symmetry once b =

b.
The Functional Relations

Fifty-four distinct relations subdivided as:

Number of Equations Number of Terms
2 two
15 three
25 four
12 ve

The two terms relations are very simple:

c(

) = 0 and (

dd

)c

= 0.
providing us the following divisors,

d
d
=

d
d
=
0
.

They are however generated by an Ideal having only eighteen

independent polynomials.
The Three Terms Ideal

We end up with nine independent functional relations:

ac

bc

ca

= 0, cc

+ ba

ab

= 0,
ad

cb

bd

f

= 0, bb

af

d

+ cd

f

= 0,

bd

fd

= 0, d

+ fb

bf

c

= 0.
c

ca

bc

= 0,
cf

f

= 0,
df

a

fd

= 0.

The rst six equations form a consistent homogeneous system:

_
(b
2
a

f

)c

(b
2
a

f

)c

_ _
a

f

b

_
.

We now need to solve only three remaining relations.

Examples of Divisors

The Branch Divisor:

b
2
af
cd
=
1
_

0
.

The Linear Divisor:

bc
1

bd
ad
=
2
_

0
.

Non-Linear divisors:
a
_
b
2

2
a

b
1
2

b
2

b
_

2
ab +
1
b

b
1
c
2

=
3
,

2
a
2
(
2
2

b
2

2
3
b
2
) +
1

b
3
(2
2
a +
1

b) + b
2
(
3
3

b
2

2
b
2
)

bb
2
(
1

b +
2
a)
=
4
.

Coupling Constrain:

2

1
2
1 = 0.
The Intersection of Divisors

A Cubic Surface:
S
1
= a(b
2
+

b
2
) + (
1
a
2
+
2
b
2
)

b
2
bc
2
,
where
1
and
2
are free constants. This surface is rational.

A Quartic Surface:
S
2
= a
2
(
2
1

b
2

2
2
b
2
) + (2
1
a +

b)

b
3
(
1

2

2
2
2)b
2

b
2
(
1

2
1)b
4
(
2
1

2

1

2
2
2
1
+
3
2
)ab
2

b,
having two non coplanar singular lines,
l
1
= [a : 0 : 0 : 1] and l
2
= [a : 0 :
1
a : 1].

This means that S

2
is a cone over an elliptic curve (ruled
surface).

Intersection Theory:
deg(S
1
)deg(S
2
) =

(S
1
, S
2
)C

.
The Algebraic Curve

An Octic Curve:
C(a, b, c) = (
1

2
1)[a
4
+ a
2
b
2
+ b
4
]
2
+ (2 +
2
1

1

2
+
2
2
)
_

2
(a
4
+ a
2
b
2
+ b
4
) + abc
2

abc
2
(
1

2
2)a
4
c
4
+ (2
1

2
+
2
2
)b
4
c
4
(
2
2
a
2
b
2
+ 2
2
abc
2
+ c
4
)c
4
.
This degree eight curve has twelve singular points on the projective
plane [a : b : c]:

There are eight singular points in the ane plane

P
A
= [a
s
: b
s
: 1],
which behave as ordinary singularities.

In addition we have four singularities at innity

P

= [exp(i

3
) : 1 : 0] and [exp(i
2
3
) : 1 : 0],
carrying innitely neighboring singular points.
The Geometric Properties

The Resolution of Singularities:

C

2

C

1
C(a, b, c).
where
1
and
2
are two consecutive blowing-ups and the smooth
normalization is represented by C.

The Geometric Genus:

g(C) =
7 6
2
12 1
. .

1
4 1
. .

2
= 5.

The Commutative Diagram:

C

Q

_
1

_
1

2
C(a, b, c)

Q(x, y, z).
where is the morphism induced by the map and Q(x, y, z) is a
curve of genus one.
Conclusions

The chiral Potts model is not more

alone as high genus YB solutions.

There is no need to break U(1)

invariance to obtain high genus
solution.

Families of nineteen vertex models

sitting on the moduli space of
genus 5 bielliptic curves.

Existence of reference state enables

the Algebraic Bethe ansatz
framework.

Makes it possible the study of the

behavior of Bethe roots in high
genus.
Is This Just a Tip of an Iceberg?