Drinking Water Management

Environment Observer Page 1

ENVIORNMENT
O B S E R V E R

MAY / JUNE - 2014 Vol.- 20

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Dr. Mangesh Kashyap

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Society for Environment Education
Research And Management
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DRINKING WATER
MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

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Contents
S.No. Title Page No.
1
REVIEW: DRINKING WATER MANAGEMENT DURING
KUMBHA MELA - Dr. Asha Verulkar
5

RESEARCH PAPER:

2
WATER SUPPLY CHALLENGES AND IMPLEMENTATION
- Dr. D. M. More/A. N. Alawani
11
3 GREEN MARKETING & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- Sharadha Pardeshi
20
4 BIOREMEDIATION: SUSTAINABLE WAY TO CLEAN UP
POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS
- Sonia Ambade * / Richa Raut**
27
5 REVIEW OF WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES.
- Prof. R. V. Saraf
33
6
PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES OF URBAN WATER CYCLE
- Sandeep Joshi
45
7 STUDY OF MICRONUTRIENTS AS SOME TYPICAL
MINERALS,
- *G.V. Satpute
1
, P.M.Dighe
2
, V.M.Harpale
3
, A.M.Datir
4

55
8 ASSESSMENT OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL IN
AN URBAN MANAGED GARDEN IN THE PIMPRI-CHINCHWAD
- Nisha R. Choudhari
1*
, D.M. Mahajan
2
,
V.R. Gunale
3
and M.G. Chaskar
4

65
9 STUDY OF SOLAR-WIND HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS
- R. A. Bagade, A.B.Gholap, R.B. Bhise, K. C. Mohite
68
10 THE POWER OF MICROBES:
A REMEDY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Rajashree B. Patwardhan
1
Pragati S. Abhyankar
2
and Neha S. Vora
3

71
11 EFFICACY OF HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT IN DE-
ADDICTION OF ALCOHOL - Dr. Mrs. T. A. Khan
79
12 SPECIAL FEATURES: WAKE UP, THERES A CRISIS 88
13 DRINKING WATER: BEYOND RURAL INDIAS REACH - NSSO 90
14 THE THIRD WORLDS DRINKING PROBLEM 91
15 EVENTS: 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WASTE
WATER TECHNOLOGY FOR GREENING INDIA 2014
94
16 ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE ON
ECO-TREATMENT ZONE IN OPEN DRAIN
96
17 NEWS REPORT:
WATER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA NEEDS A RELOOK
98
18 WATER RESOURCE DAY
PUNE - FRIDAY, APRIL 11, 2014
99
19 SAFE DRINKING WATER - A CHALLENGE 102


EDITORIAL
It has been both nationally and internationally recognized that water management needs a paradigm
shift from being supply based to being demand based. It is now universally accepted that blue water
cannot be developed further than 1/3rd more from what it is today and that it will satisfy only 1/6th
of the need, and the world will have to depend on the green water for the satisfaction of the rest of
its needs.

In India water demand management therefore plays a crucial role, as India has only 4% of the
worlds fresh water resources, but 16% of the worlds population.

Infra-structure development therefore plays a key role, for many of the pipes that carry water are
more than 60 years old, with some more than 100 years old. Water main breaks and sinkholes from
leaking pipes are common in many cities; better infra-structure will halve water losses.

In a recent survey taken by water infrastructure company Xylem Inc. (NYSE: XYL), in India, 88%
of those polled said the government should be investing in water infrastructure, and 65% said they
would accept slightly higher monthly water bills to pay for it.

The only hope in this grey scenario is of Green technologies being developed which will target both
better supply and energy efficient management of grey water.

Pressure to spend more money on the nations water infrastructure is increasing. This week the
international association of water companies and U.S. Chamber of Commerce launched a campaign,
Water is Your Business, to draw more attention to the problem
Perhaps because water is among the most common of commodities, many dont even consider
investing in water. But the effort that goes into making water available to billions of people, storage,
making it potable, getting it to users reliably are all profit opportunities.

The industry involved in drinking water management & technology is currently highly fragmented
and unorganized in nature, government, policy makers, entrepreneurs,
NGOs, scientist, researchers, academicians need to come together to frame a vision document 2030
which will be focused on water management for all form of life. EO is bringing series of issues
focusing on various environmental socio economic aspects of Indian environmental industries.

I request you to be part of this knowledge sharing process.
Dr Mangesh Kashyap
Editor.


REVIEW: DRINKING WATER MANAGEMENT DURING
KUMBHA MELA
- Dr. Asha Verulkar

Water supply & water quality are major parameters of assessing the delivery of effective urban
management. The process of urbanization world over in general and in Asian countries in
particular has taken momentum during the last century. Sustainable urban development,
therefore is the biggest challenge before urban planners and decisions makers of cities. Effective
drinking water management is the precondition for better city, better life. At present, with more
than half of mankind living in cities, our planet has entered the urban age. Rapid
industrialization and consequent urbanization have offered to humanity the abuttal fruits of
modern civilization, but at the same time they have brought unprecedented challenges. Ensuring
consistent water supply and water quality to the inherits of cities is one of the biggest challenges.
Hence the local governments have to co-create innovative solutions to meet this challenge
particularly when the city is famous, highly industrialized, pilgrimage of historical and religious
importance.
About Nashik
Nashik is a rich historical town of legendary Lord Rama, who spent some time of his exile in
Nashik. Nashik has a unique blend of civilization of modernization. This city of temple is one of
the holiest places for Hindus inviting thousand of tourist every year. Nashik has scenic beauty of
Sahyadri range of mountains merged with vineyards and agricultural yields and a busy hub of
industrial activities. Nashik is a paradise for tourist with historical caves, temple, holy rituals,
museums, wet lands and lot more.

Geographical Location
Nashik district is located between 18.33o and 20.53o latitude and between 73.16o and 75.16o
East longitude of Northeast part of the Maharashtra state at 565 meters above sea level. North-
South length of the district is 120 km. and the total area is 15530 sq. km.


Rainfall
The average rainfall of the district is between 2600 and 3000 mm. and there is a wide range of
variation in the rainfall is received at various blocks. Most of the rainfall is received from June to
September.

Rivers and Dams
The district is drained by two rivers Godavari and Girna and their attributives, the watershed
between these being Satmala range. The Godavari is the most celebrated river not only of the
district but the whole of the peninsular India. The principal course lies just below the scarp of the
western side of Trimbakeshwar amphitheater, where a temple is reached by a flight of well built
steps. After a paving the town of Trimbak the Godavari turns to the West, cutting a deep and
rocky bed through the Ghat Matha. After about 15 km. it receives the tributary called Kikvi, on
the North. About 3 km. below Nashik the Godavari receives the Nasardi on the right, a small but
important stream rising 16 km. West of the town in Anjaneri range.
Major Dams
Gangapur Dam: This dam is near village Gangawadi and is 10 km. from Nashik city. This is a
earthern dam constructed in 1954. The total catchment area of the dam is 36.57 m. The total
gross storage of the dam is 215.88 MCM and total live storage is 203.76 MCM. There are total 9
radical gates having the discharge capacity of 2294 cumecs. The dam has two canals, the left
bank canal is 64 km. long and the right canal is 30 kms. long. Total irrigable area is 15960 HA.
The Nashik Municipal Corporation lifts its water mainly from this dam.
Darna Dam: This Dam is 20 km. from village Vadivarhe on Nashik Mumbai highway 15 km
from Nashik. This is a massonary Dam constructed by British Govt. in 1916. Length of the dam
is 1634 meters height 28 meters. The live storage of the Dams is 202.42 MCM and Gross
irrigation area 79697 HA. The NMC lifts a small past of its water supplies from this Dam.
Population and Demand for Water
Nashik has population of 17.50 lakhs as of 2011. The Nashik municipal corporation has
forecasted demand for water as under,


Year Population Demand for Water (Dash
Laksha Lt. Per Day)
Annual Demand
(Dash Laksha Lt. )
2011 17.50 337 4342
2021 26.00 500 6442
2026 31.85 613 7898
2031 37.50 721 9240
2041 52.50 1096 14113

It is a big challenge for the Nashik Municipal Corporation to plan for the above demand and
create necessary infrastructure. The NMC has received Rs. 50.53 crores under the Jawahar Nehru
Urban Development Plan and the corporation has started working as new water storage house
plans, laying main pipe line etc.
At present the corporation lifts 280 dash laksha per day water from Gangapur dam and 30 dash
laksha per day from Darna dam making a total of 310 dash laksha. This water is treated in 5
water treated plans and started to water tanks and supplied though 1400 km. of pipeline.
The corporation has 5 water tribunal plants,
Sr. No. Tribunal plants Capacity (Dash Lakhay Liter)
1 Nasik (Barabangala) 81
2 Panchavati 71
3 Gandhinagar 26
4 Nasik Road 73
5 Shivaji Nagar 97
6 Total 348
(At present the water supply in the Nashik city is 150 litre per day per person.)

Trimbakeshwar
Is one of the holy place of not only Maharashtra but the whole of India. It is 18 km. from Nashik
and is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas in India. Godavari river originates in this place.


The Sinhastha Kumbha Mela
The most spectacular of all the events in Nashik and Trimbakeshwar is the Kumbha Mela, a
religious festival that occurs every 12 years and is celebrated 4 major pilgrim centres around the
country. In Maharashtra, the festival is held in Nashik and Trimbakeshwar. The Nashik Kumbha
Mela is generally acknowledged to be the most sacred of all the festivals.

Why this festival is held every 12 years?
There is mythological story about this. Amrut had to be saved from Danavas. So Gods had to
hide it at different places-Swarglok, Mrutulok and Patallok. Gods were in Mrutulok (Earth) for
12 days. Gods 12 days are equal to 12 years of Mrutulok. Thus, Gods were on Earth with Amrut
for 12 years. Hence every 12 years Kumbha Mela is celebrated at four places where few drops of
Amrut had fallen.

Where and When?
Kumbha Mela is huge gathering of saints and devotees. Kumbha Mela is celebrated at four
places in India-Allahabad, Nashik, Haridwar & Ujjain. During Kumbha Mela, a dip in Godavari
river has attained and great significance.

The Kumbha Mela in 2015
Two main Parvas 29th August and 18th September.

Drinking Water Management during Kumbha Mela
The Nashik Municipal Corporation has estimated the population of Nashik of 18 lakhs in 2015-
2016. (i.e. in the years of Kumbha Mela). The NMC has also estimated that the devotees visiting
Nashik during Kumbha Mela would be 75 lakhs and saints and sadhus 3 lakhs. All the days of
Parvani according the NMC has planned its water resources as 370 MLD per day for residential
of Nashik, 30 MLD per day for devotees, making a total of 472 MLD during Parvani days. Out
of this, at present the NMC has capacity of water treatment plant 404.50 MLD per day. Which
means that the NMC will have to create new capacity for increased demand for water of 68 MLD
per day. Also the Nashik Municipal Corporation will have to create other supportive
infrastructure like construction of water tanks, new pipe lines, creating temporary water outlets
etc. The NMC has proposed the following work,

- Constructing new water treatment plant of the capacity of 50 MLD per day and new
water tank at Nilgiri Baug, Panchavati which is will be in sadhu gram.
- Laying raw water line from Bara Bangala Water Treatment Plant to proposed water
treatment plan in Panchavati.
- Increasing capacity of Nashik road water treatment plant by 18 MLD per day.
- Laying temporary pipe line for water supply to Sadhugram and devotee sector.
- Making provisions for temporary water supply at parking areas, various sectors in the city
for devotees and visitors during Kumbha Mela.
For all the above work the estimated expenditure is Rs. 96.23 corers and for construction work
which will take 12 to 18 months the corporation has issued tenders, for the above work.
The NMC is gearing up to meet the challenges of adequate supply of drinking water during
Kumba Mela. Fortunately the Parvani dates are in August and September 2015, when Nashik
experiences rain and hence the Gangapur dam, Darna dam and other small dams from where
NMC lifts water will be full or at least 80% to be expected by NMC. However, NMC has not yet
checked with the metrological department about estimated rain in 2015. The assumption is of
normal average rain that the district has experienced in last two years. The NMC has made
reservation with the Irrigation department for the increased lifting of water.
Another challenge in completing above mentioned work is stipulated time. One limitation is,
land for Sadhugram is made available to NMC only 6 months before the start of Kumbha Mela
and all the work in Sadhugram is to be finished in 6 months.
The last Kumbha Mela in Nashik was in 2003 and that time population of Nashik was 11 lakhs.
In addition, 25 lakh devotees and 1 lakh sadhus had visited Nashik during Parvani period. As
compared to this in 2015, the population of Nashik is expected to be 18 lakhs and the devotees
and sadhus visiting would be 75 lakhs and 2 lakhs respectively. Hence, the task before the NMC
is challenging as more number of devotees and sadhus will be served.
The most challenging task is to maintain quality of water to control waterborne diseases. The
NMC officials are confident that since they are lifting water directly from the dam and supplying
through water treatment plants there is no fear of waterborne diseases due to water pollution.

However, the river Godavari which comes from Trimbakeshwar to the dam is polluted all
through right from its origin. Since, the river is also polluted when it posses through Nashik the
fear of Waterborne diseases is there. The High Court, Bombay has given directions to NMC to
clean Godavari within 6 months. The NMC has prepared action plan for the same. But
implementing the plan and ensuring pollution free Godavari is the biggest challenge.
The Kumbha Mela at Trimbakeshwar is still is big challenge for the Collectorate of Nashik.
Trimbakeshwar is a small town with population of 15,000. The water supply for Trimbakeshwar
comes from Amboli dam, constructed on the river Kikvi. Trimbakeshwar will also experience
almost same number of devotees and sadhus during the Parvani dates as Nashik. Being a very
small town, Trimbakeshwar lacks the necessary infrastructure to meet the demand for water
during Kumbha Mela. The Municipality and the Collectorate are making all the efforts to meet
this challenge by undertaking various projects like Gautami Godavari Project to ensure supply of
water.
Conclusion
The Nashik Municipal Corporation and the Trimbakeshwar Municipality receives lot of funds for
Kumbha Mela with the help of which many new projects which include water supply projects as
well as undertaken. However, still the seriousness of this aspects of Kumbha Mela drinking
water is lacking sane where.


RESEARCH:
WATER SUPPLY CHALLENGES AND IMPLEMENTATION
- Dr. D. M. More/A. N. Alawani

Problem of supplying water to urban areas is getting more and more critical. So is the case of
rural areas where dependence on groundwater is no more sustainable. Disposal of liquid waste
is also an herculean task. In this respect complications and complexities involved, accompanied
by inadequate financially resources pose a serious threat. The real snag is that, over the years
these issues are being dealt with by way of the good-old conventional method while new
problems keep on cropping. The situation therefore calls for a radical change in the mind set,
approach and methodology of not only the people but also of the implementing agencies. Some of
such issues are discussed hereunder.
Water Demand: Urban
For domestic water supply the prevailing norm in the state for sewered towns is at 135 LPCD
and for un-sewered towns at 100 LPCD which is inclusive of treatment, transmission and
distribution losses, fire demand and institutional demand. In case of large cities the rate of
domestic supply as per Govt. of India norms can be 150 LPCD net (excluding losses at say about
15%). In addition the institutional, fire, minor commercial and small scale industrial demand is
required to be added.
It is suggested that time has come to shift from generalizing the issues and there is need to
review these norms in the context of changing situations. These changes could be area specific or
seasonal. For example, in sub-basins which are short of surface water, it may not be appropriate
to stick up to these norms. Further priority for supplying water for drinking purposes is
undisputed. However, one has to reconcile with the situation in summer or during scarcity
conditions. Important aspect is that difficulties faced by the farmers need to be shared by the
urban population also and lower supply should be accepted for a limited period.
The general experience is that, the local bodies go on abstracting more and more water (without
bothering to restrict the drawal by way of detection of leakages and reducing them) and produce
more and more waste water which is hardly treated to make it available for non potable use. Thus
on one side they are encroaching on valuable water resources and on the other side pollute the

water bodies making life miserable for the people residing downstream. Neglect and apathy on
the part of municipal administration is coming in the way of appropriate management of water
supply system.
Our approach in this respect should therefore be that the local bodies should essentially stick up
to the supply norms provided the conditions prescribed by CPHEEO manual are fulfilled. Till the
time this is achieved, they should be content with and accept a lower supply rate from the
municipal system. In other words, the local bodies, even for larger towns and cities should
manage their present demand with 100 LPCD supply. Concurrently they should take up
sewerage schemes and after the schemes are completed (which is a time consuming process)
proposals for augmentation of water supply for increasing supply rate from 100 LPCD to 135
LPCD (a requisite for sewerage schemes) can be initiated. It is possible that this would be
resisted by the urban people at large and also by the local Politicians. However in the larger
interest of the society this has to be insisted.
Under these circumstances the alternative for the local bodies could be to go in for a) Roof rain
water harvesting, b) Resorting to groundwater, c) Making best use of local wells which might
have been abandoned, d) Refusing permissions to use tap water from municipal system for
activities like construction of buildings, gardening etc. and e) Educate the masses as regards
conservation of water which is a precious natural source and about avoiding wastage of water.
Presently the urban local bodies are required to cater for the water needs of rural population in
the fringe areas defined as of radius of 5 km. While this is a remarkable policy, the reality is that
these rural bodies do not pay regularly for the water supply to them. No wonder if the urban
bodies opt to disconnect the supply.
Further, many of these towns have to depend on sources located far away for which pipe lines of
considerable length are required to be laid. It is likely that some villages and hamlets are located
by the side of these pipe lines. If satisfactory arrangements of water supply are not ensured for
this rural population they are tempted to resort to unauthorized tappings on these pipe lines.
As such, in future, when water supply to a town is to be made by bringing water from a far off
surface source, regular tappings should be provided on the transmission line for supplying water

to en route villages. This would help in avoiding unauthorized pilferages from air valves etc.
Charges there for should be recovered and in cases where payments are not made, the tappings
should be disconnected.
Urban local bodies should also take measures to harvest roof rain water and either store it in
tanks or recharge in to well/borewell. It will help in reducing the burden on piped water supply
scheme. There is a case study of meeting the years water requirements of the entire village by
way of roof rain water harvesting. This is the case of a village in Bhor taluka of Pune district, for
which the above works were undertaken under KFW (German Funding Agency) aided water
supply project.
It is unfortunate that after implementation of the piped water supply schemes the wells which
earlier proved to be dependable source have been neglected and have become defunct. These
wells need to be rejuvenated. In this respect the example of Rukhmini Apartment, Chetna Nagar,
Aurangabad can be sited where two tank system has been evolved. One tank is reserved for
storing water received from municipal system which is consumed for potable needs while the
second tank stores water pumped from the wells which can be used for non-potable purposes.
Separate Storage for Non-Irrigation Purposes
There are growing complaints that users of water for non-irrigation purposes encroach upon the
content of the storage. It would therefore be worth consideration to construct separate dams for
non-irrigation consumers. It is reported that there are some sites which have been abandoned by
Jal Sampada Department for technical reasons or where benefit cost ratio is less than prescribed.
Even if such storages may not be able to fulfil total requirements of a particular town or city, it
can certainly provide relief and reduce strain on Jal Sampada Department.

Water Demand: Rural
In case of rural areas, it has to be accepted that villages having populations more than 2,000
should have their water supply schemes preferably on surface water and not on groundwater.
Moreover groundwater sources often fail to provide sustainable supply to smaller villages.
Therefore villages should be encouraged to construct one village tank in each village as a
recharging device which would be an asset during scarcity period and in that case dependence on

surface water may not be necessary. It has also to be noted that schemes based on surface water
are not only costly but their operation and maintenance becomes difficult.
Groundwater sources are not dependable unless recharge measures and devices are provided.
Strengthening of groundwater sources suitably by measures such as rubble sand filling along the
periphery of the supply well, constructing bandharas, vanarai bandharas, continuous contour
trenches downstream as well as fracture seal cementation in critical areas enabling percolation at
deeper levels would be necessary. There is also a need to recognize the problem of villages
where the groundwater resources are either polluted or suffer from doubtful water quality. Such
villages would demand supply from surface water which has to be appreciated.
The Groundwater Act passed by Maharashtra Legislature had a provision that no well or bore
well for agriculture purposes shall be constructed within a radius of 500 meters from public well
for drinking purposes. This act has been recently amended with a provision that bore wells
exceeding 60 meter depth will not be allowed.
There are many villages in the state which have grown enough for several reasons and their
population exceeds 10,000. Such villages need to be provided a status of urban centres and their
problems should be solved by adopting supply norms and other aspects close to those of urban
areas. Present thrust is only on providing for water requirements of human population. Some
provisions for needs of cattle are also necessary. The requirements of water in rural areas should
therefore be worked out at 100 litres per capita per day of which 30 litre part could be earmarked
for cattle. This would also ensure parity in supply norms for both urban and rural areas.
Management: Rural
Current Situation: Current trend is to go in for new schemes as soon as problems crop up with
existing schemes. There is general neglect as regards operation and maintenance. Preventive
maintenance is totally absent and repairs as and when required are carried out. Rehabilitation of
the schemes is never attempted and ultimate result is that there is no participation of people and
consumer satisfaction is far away.
It is now time to reverse this cycle. People need to be involved in operation and maintenance
whereby their level of satisfaction could increase. Every attempt should be made for
rehabilitation of the schemes and only when it is concluded that the entire scheme (or some of
the components) deserves to be abandoned, new schemes should be thought of.

Recently in the past decade, sector reforms have been adopted by the GOM in this sector. In
these reforms there is a shift from the Top-Down approach to participatory and demand-driven
approach and is principally based on community involvement. The village community
represented by the Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) is involved in the
entire scheme cycle in all the phases viz. planning, implementation and operation maintenance of
the water supply. The VWSC is supported by the Zilla Parishad (ZP) and Groundwater Survey
and Development Agency (GSDA) in the process. The VWSC is empowered to hire the services
of expert agencies like support organization and or technical service providers.
This changed approach is expected to develop the sense of ownership within the communit y and
ensure better management of the resources and the system in the future.
Management: Urban
The urban water supply schemes are also now being managed by the local bodies Municipal
Councils or Municipal Corporations. Earlier Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) used to
plan, arrange finance from financial institutions/Govt., execute the scheme and also to manage
the schemes on behalf of a few local municipal bodies if specifically requested to do so by that
body. Most of the urban water schemes are based on surface water sources.
The water supply scheme management has now totally shifted to local bodies on implementation
of the reforms in view of implementation of 74th Constitutional Amendment. In addition to
above operational reforms at state level could include,
- Revision of bye-laws to make rainwater harvesting mandatory in all buildings to come
up in future and for adoption of water conservation measures
- Bye-laws on reuse of reclaimed water.
The reforms at the local level (Local Body) include,
- E-Governance Applications (using IT, GIS and MIS)
- Property Tax Reform, 2004/05
- Levy of User Charges for infrastructure services
- Services to the Urban Poor

The local bodies have started acting on their new role in this sector and are totally responsible for
the management of their water supply activity.
Distribution and Management (O and M)
In urban areas, the distribution of drinking water is through buried pipe network (C.I. pipes used
normally). The Zonal Elevated Service Reservoirs supply water to the network. Mostly, there is
limited time (3 to 4 hours/day) water supply and timing varies from area to area in the city.
There are no sincere efforts to quantify the line losses but these could be about 20% to 30% or
may be more in some towns. There is prime need to identify the leakage spots and rectify the
defects. In most of the cases there are no bulk meters which can measure water supply to the
cities. Further in few cities where water meters are provided in the premises of house owners,
these are not in working condition. In other towns and villages there are no water meters. End
consumer is charged as water tax from Corporation/Nagar Parishad on monthly basis. Therefore
universal metering for distribution system needs to be ensured. Similarly effective system for
calibration and repairs needs to be provided.
For rural area, usually the water supply is through stand post on supply lines. There are no water
meters and line losses are more but not definitely assessed.
Management Plan and Infrastructure
This should include,
- Survey of leak detection in the distribution system be taken up. In the mean time there
should be focus on replacement of old leaky distribution mains.
- Installation of ultrasonic flow meters for raw as well as treated water system.
Requirement of meters needs to be assessed and provided. In addition adequate staff for
measurement and maintenance needs to be provided by the local bodies.
- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to be adopted for main lines.
- Improve quality of service of old water supply system.
- Ensure connectivity to 100% area to totally eradicate tanker system.
Ultimate aim should be to adopt 24 X 7 water supply. For example Nagpur M.C. has taken up
project in selected wards for continuous water supply scheme i.e. 24 hours supply. In small size
Malkapur town of Satara district, such continuous supply is introduced which has shown

appreciable improvement in the system and thereby achieved consumers satisfaction. a) Supply
of water through piped system directly from source, which will protect from pollution and reduce
evaporation losses in river/ canals. b) Financial Management c) Telescopic Tariff d) Water
Quality Monitoring
Special Consideration for Rural Water Supply Schemes
It is a common experience that rural schemes are not properly operated and maintained. This is
observed both in case of individual as well as regional-multivillage schemes. Reasons are
however different. In case of individual schemes, apart from source getting dried up, there are
un-attended breakages and leakages and that electricity bills are not paid which is often the result
of poor recovery of water charges.
In case of multivillage schemes another aspect needs serious consideration. Since electric
charges are not paid, the system stops functioning but this is mostly due to differences among
villages covered, which is many times the outcome of politically oriented approaches.
Sustainability of the schemes is thus in danger. With the result valuable assets remain unutilized
and this is a serious case of wastage of public money. There are cases where, instead of finding a
solution, new individual schemes are proposed and implemented. This is essentially a sensitive
issue but nobody appears to pay any attention.
It is therefore, suggested that in case of multi-village schemes the statewide agency (like MJP)
shall be involved, which has a long standing experience and expertise. This agency shall take
responsibility of supplying water up to the point of bulk supply on the village boundary.
If required, an underground storage be constructed to store days requirement. The local body
shall be responsible for further pumping and distribution including additional disinfection if
required. The statewide agency shall bear all the expenses for bulk supply inclusive of electric
bills, so that the system does not stop functioning for non-payment of electricity bills. The
agency shall fix water charges to recover both the operating charges as well as capital cost.
The operating charges are around 8 to 10% of capital cost. Ideally State Government can set
aside required funds from budget allocation to ensure un-interrupted functioning of the scheme
in the context of larger interest of social and public health issues. State Government spends
considerable amount for provision of water supply to rural areas and it should not be difficult for

Government to make relatively small provisions for operation and maintenance part also. If
Government decides to provide financial assistance then proportionate amount of subsidy shall
be credited to the account of the agency. In cases where the local body does not pay the water
charges then the agency shall have freedom to cut off the supply. In that case the local body
cannot have the plea that the Government neglects the important aspect of rural water supply.
Industries
Major industries use surface water for their requirements while small scale industries scattered
across have to depend on groundwater. In MIDC, industrial estate the requirement of water is
worked out on per hectare basis. This is not a proper way to project water demand.
Requirement should be worked out on the basis of type of industries (actual consumption being
generalized) while maximum could be for water intensive industries.
Another aspect is that water is reserved from the storages for the full requirement but initially the
consumption is only 25 to 30%. Eventually substantial quantity of water remains unutilized.
Therefore basic reservation should be approved and thereafter increased quantity considered in
stages. Similarly large quantity of water is utilized by sugar industries. It is however possible to
reduce this consumption by adopting State of Art technology. National Sugar and Allied
Industries, Ranjani, in Osmanabad has proved that the requirement of water can be reduced by
about 90%.
Traditional Water Devices
India is benefited by the heritage of large number of conventional water devices. Though, these
are located in mainly rural areas, many devices are seen in urban areas also. Small wells (Aad),
stepped well (Barav), village tanks, malguzari tanks are some such types. Typical devices like
Kund or Pushkarni were developed on the background of religious locations. There are many
devices with Architectural presentation and are places of attraction. These have catered for the
needs of pilgrims on a large scale.
Ambazari Talav (Nagpur), Rankala Talav (Kolhapur), Masunda Talav (Thane) and Katraj Talav
(Pune) as well as Panchakki (Aurangabad) are remarkable devices which have met requirements
of human population. Good old underground systems known as Nahar are still seen in working
conditions. Devices in rural areas have served not only the human population but for the
agricultural purposes also. Such devices on a large scale were developed in Vidarbha region

known as Malguzari tanks. Most of these devices have served, may be to a limited extent, as
dependable water source in scarcity period.
Unfortunately in the British era the concept of dependence on government for water supply by
way of provision of piped water supply system has resulted in to neglect of these devices. It is
unfortunate that we dont appreciate the utility of such systems. Considering their importance
linkage is called for between modern water supply systems and the conventional devices. Many
of the conventional devices are now in a dilapidated condition and have become defunct. These
devices need renovation including desilting. While large size devices would need considerable
amount for renovation small units could be attended to at a nominal cost of Rs. 50,000 - Rs.
1,00,000. Government needs to pay attention to this requirement and should provide funds under
the programme of Eco Village Development. Elected representatives (MLAs) can also
contribute from their MLA fund.

GREEN MARKETING & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- Sharadha Pardeshi
Asst. Professor, Commerce Department
H.V.Desai College, Pune.
Contact details:9096859042 / sapardesi@gmail.com

Marketers always try to recognize the new opportunities and threats constantly presented by the
marketing environment and simultaneously they understand the importance of continuously
monitoring and adapting to that environment. Today main challenge before marketers is to think
creatively about how marketing can fulfil the needs of the most of the worlds population for a
better standard of living in the midst of sustainable development. To grasp the new emerging
opportunities and to ensure better standard of living with sustainable development, the new
concept Green Marketing has emerged. Green Marketing is a philosophy which primarily
advocates sustainable development. Realizing the importance of peoples concern for a healthy
environment to live and preferring environmental friendly products and services to consume,
marketers these days are trying to capitalize on the same to ensure sustainable development and
using these concepts in developing their strategies. This paper attempts to introduce the terms
and concept of Green Marketing. The paper tries to explain why Green Marketing is important
in current situation. This paper tries to depict the various challenges associated with Green
Marketing and suggests the required solutions. This paper also describes how Green Marketing
can be a means for sustainable development.
Objective
The main objective of the current study is to understand the concept of Green Marketing and
how Green Marketing is a means for sustainable development.

Research Methodology
The researcher has used the secondary data. This paper is an outcome of descriptive application.

Introduction
Today the concept of sustainability is almost ubiquitous by showing application in corporate
strategy, consumer choice, student education and academic research. The need for sustainable
business practices by corporations around the world is identified to be a result of overall increase
in the consumer awareness of lack of environmental protection and social inequities. Over the
last decade environmentalism has emerged to be a vital aspect due to increasing issues related to
acid rains, depletion of the ozone layer, and degradation of the land and many more pressing

environmental issues. This resulted in increase in consumer concern with regards to restoration
of ecological balance by presenting demands for eco-friendly products in countries around the
world. There has also been extensive growth in interest exhibited by marketing academics as
well as practitioners with regard to the impact of marketing on promoting and maintaining
ecological balance. All this has led to an increase in consumer and corporate awareness for green
marketing issues. Consumers from the developed countries including USA and Western Europe
were found to be more conscious about the environment. and are willing to pay more to Go
Green. The growth of Green Marketing research dates back to 1980s and has come a long way
since then.
Green Marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe.
Green Marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification,
changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. The
American Marketing Association (AMA) held the first workshop on Ecological Marketing in
1975. The proceedings of this workshop resulted in one of the first books on green marketing
entitled Ecological Marketing.
Different scholars and associations have defined Green Marketing in different ways. Some of
them are as below,
Green Marketing is defined by Charter (1992), as a holistic and responsible strategic
management process that identifies, anticipates, satisfies and fulfils stakeholder needs, for a
reasonable reward, that does not adversely affect human or natural environmental well-being.
Pride and Ferrell (1993), Green Marketing, also alternatively known as Environmental
Marketing and Sustainable Marketing, refers to an organizations efforts at designing,
promoting, pricing and distributing products that will not harm the environment. Polanski (1994)
has defined Green Marketing as all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges
intended to satisfy human needs or wants, such that the satisfaction of these needs and wants
occurs, with minimal detrimental impact on the natural environment. Peattie (1995) as, the
holistic management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying the
requirements of customers and society, in a profitable and sustainable way. According to Ottman
(2006) the Green Marketing satisfies two objectives: improved environmental quality and
customer satisfaction.

Thus, all the above definitions conclude that Green Marketing consists of all activities designed
to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs or wants, such that the
satisfaction of these needs and wants occurs, with minimal detrimental impact on the natural
environment.
Four Ps Of Green Marketing
To understand Green Marketing, one needs to know the four Ps of Green Marketing.
1. Green Products
There is no widespread agreement on what exactly makes a product green. Some general
guidelines include that a green product:
- Does not present a health hazard to people or animals
- Is relatively efficient in its use of resources during manufacture, use and disposal
- Does not incorporate materials derived from endangered species or threatened
environments
- Does not contribute to excessive waste in its use or packaging and
- Does not rely on unnecessary use of or cruelty to animals
- Other favourable attributes from the green point of view are the incorporation of recycled
materials into the product and the products own recyclability

2. Greener Pricing
A central concern of many environmentalists is that product prices do not reflect total
environmental costs. A number of companies have undertaken audits of their production
processes to identify hidden environmental costs and to provide better information for pricing
decisions. Emissions charges, carbon taxes, and increased fines are possible methods
governments might use to implement better environmental costing. European firms have been
particularly proactive in this area, developing a method of environmental auditing (the eco
balance) bridging the gap between standard accounting practice, in which data are expressed
solely in conventional monetary terms, and qualitative environmental impact reports.


3. Green Promotion
Perhaps no area of Green Marketing has received as much attention as promotion. In fact, green
advertising claims grew so rapidly during the late 1980s that the Federal Trade Commission
(FTC) 68 issued guidelines to help reduce consumer confusion and prevent the false or
misleading use of terms such as recyclable, degradable, and environmentally friendly in
environmental advertising. The FTC offers four general guidelines for environmental claims,
- Qualifications and disclosures should be sufficiently clear and prominent to prevent
deception
- Environmental claims should make clear whether they apply to the product, the package,
or a component of either. Claims need to be qualified with regard to minor, incidental
components of the product or package
- Environmental claims should not overstate the environmental attribute or benefit.
Marketers should avoid implying a significant environmental benefit where the benefit is,
in fact, negligible
- A claim comparing the environmental attributes of one product with those of another
should make the basis for comparison sufficiently clear and should be substantiated

4. Greener Distribution
Logistics and transportation costs are coming under greater scrutiny due to rising fuel prices,
congested highways, and global-warming concerns. Package redesign for lighter weight and/or
greater recyclability reduces waste while simultaneously reducing costs. In some countries,
marketers must also consider two-way flows, as governments pass legislation requiring
manufacturers to take back products at the end of their useful life (reverse logistics).

Why is it Important to Go Green?
The question of why Green Marketing has increased in importance is quite simple and relies on
the basic definition of Economics: Economics is the study of how people use their limited
resources to try to satisfy unlimited wants. Thus, mankind has limited resources on the earth,
with which she/he must attempt to provide the worlds unlimited wants. While the question
whether these wants are reasonable or achievable is important, this issue not is addressed in this
paper. In market societies where there is freedom of choice, it has generally been accepted that
individuals and organizations have the right to attempt to have their wants satisfied. As firms

face limited natural resources, they must develop new or alternative ways of satisfying these
unlimited wants. Ultimately Green Marketing looks at how marketing activities utilize these
limited resources, while satisfying consumers wants, both of individuals and industry, as well as
achieving the selling organizations objectives.

Benefits of Green Marketing
Green Marketing has some of the following important benefits:
Increased revenue: Every new and positive concept has a good look by the consumers.
Especially innovators are the important role of this segment. Because they are concentrated on
all new products, if they are satisfied with the products definitely the product very successful. If
the new concept may successful means the sales of the products also going to increase. If the
sales increase automatically revenue also increases.
Reduced cost: In Green Marketing, the raw material of the production is less, and also the setup
of the business for the long run. The cost of the raw material should be low. This helps to
increase the production and also save money.
Build brand value: Which company do well for the world and people, those companies will get a
good brand value in the heart of the consumers. In these way green practices companies also get
a good brand value among the consumers.
Control wastage: In main theme of the Green Marketing is reusable, re-compostable, natural
way. So the way of following green marketing the company can save and reduced of the
wastage.
World salvation: Increase of wastage of the products the world going to increase warmth. And
also now days the production process of the companies is sending more smoke to outside. Those
smokes are going to stay in the sky and change the climate and affect the environment. The way
of following green practices, the companies could save the world in the way of saving the health
of peoples and the environment.
Get tax breaks and loans: The government gives subsidies for innovative companies which help
the people who are living in a rural or unemployment. For example, if the company start in rural
area government gives loans and also tax breaks, because of taking risks of the company and also

give employment of the rural area peoples. Likewise in Green Marketing of the companies also
take risk and also they are saving the environment and also save health of the people, so they can
get loan and tax breaks from the government.
Challenges of Green Marketing
Many organizations want to turn green, as an increasing number of consumers want to associate
themselves with environmental-friendly products. Alongside, one also witnesses confusion
among the consumers regarding the products. In particular, one often finds distrust regarding the
credibility of green products which has rose to numerous challenges in the field of Green
Marketing. Some of the major hurdles are as following.
Need for Standardization: It is found that very less percentage of the marketing messages from
Green campaigns are entirely true and there is a lack of standardization to authenticate these
claims. There is no standardization to authenticate these claims. There is no standardization
currently in place to certify a product as organic. Unless some regulatory bodies are involved in
providing the certifications there will not be any verifiable means. A standard quality control
board needs to be in place for such labelling and licensing.
New Concept: Indian literate and urban consumers are getting more aware about the merits of
green products. But it is still a new concept for the masses. The consumer needs to be educated
and made aware of the environmental threats. The new green movements need to reach them
asap and that will take a lot of time and effort. By Indias ayurvedic heritage, Indian consumers
do appreciate the importance of using natural and herbal beauty products. Indian consumer is
exposed to healthy living lifestyles such as yoga and natural food consumption. In those aspects
the consumer is already aware and will be inclined to accept the green products.
Patience and Perseverance: The investors and corporate need to view the environment as a
major long-term investment opportunity, the marketers need to look at the long-term benefits
from this new green movement. It will require a lot of patience and no immediate results. Since it
is a new concept and idea, it will have its own acceptance period.
Avoiding Green Myopia: The first rule of Green Marketing is focusing on customer benefits i.e.
the primary reason why consumers buy certain products in the first place. Do this right, and
motivate consumers to switch brands or even pay a premium for the greener alternative. It is not

going to help if a product is developed which is absolutely green in various aspects but does not
pass the customer satisfaction criteria. This will lead to green myopia. Also if the green products
are priced very high then again it will lose its market acceptability.
Some other challenges ahead in Green Marketing are,
- Green products require renewable and recyclable material, which is costly
- Requires a technology, which requires huge investment in R & D
- Water treatment technology, which is too costly
- Majority of the people are not aware of green products and their uses
- Majority of the consumers are not willing to pay a premium for green products
Green Marketing and Sustainable Development
Economy and society are constrained by environmental limits. Our economic and social
activities should be framed for optimal utilization of natural resources and keeping the
environment safe. Sustainable development through green marketing is the form of development
which aims at in doing so. Green Marketing is one of the key business strategies of the
companies for gaining the competitive advantage, ensuring sustainable consumption of their
products in the markets and enjoying sustainable development in future. Marketers must realize
now that green marketing is not purely altruistic, it can be a profitable endeavor for sustainable
development. Marketers should analyze the changing consumer attitudes while recognizing the
role that companies can play in protecting the environment to ensure society's well-being. By
practicing the Philosophy of Green Marketing, Industries can contribute to economic growth,
social prosperity and environment protection. They will support in resolving the conflict between
the various competing goals and the simultaneous pursuit of economic prosperity, environmental
quality and social equity, the three dimensions of sustainability.

Conclusion
To ensure that development is sustainable over the long-term, marketers need to confront and
implement solutions to rising environmental challenges. If sustainable development is the need
of time then Green Marketing can fulfil this need and can become means for sustainable
development as Green Marketing incorporates people, profit and planet all together.


BIOREMEDIATION: SUSTAINABLE WAY TO CLEAN UP
POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS
- Sonia Ambade * / Richa Raut**
*Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, H. V. Desai College, Pune &
** Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, H. V. Desai College, Pune.
*Corresponding Author: Email- soniabele@gmail.com

Abstract
In recent years the pollution of the environment with toxic pollutants is spreading throughout the
world along with industrial progress. The anthropogenic activities have found to dump
intolerable quantities of toxic metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, dyes & many more leading to
deterioration of nature, ecosystem and human health. Microbe related technologies may provide
an alternative or addition to conventional method of waste treatment & housekeeping of
environment. Microbes can be highly efficient bioaccumulators of soluble and particulate forms
of pollutants and prove to be solution for degradation of xenobiotics. In addition to microbes,
plants prove to be green cure of pollution. This review deals with sustainable methods of
reclamation of environment by extraordinary capabilities of microbes and plants.

Keywords: Phytoremediation, Biosorption, Biofilm, Bioremediation, Oil Spillage.

Introduction
Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove
or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. According to the EPA, bioremediation is a
Treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less
toxic or non toxic substances. Technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ. In
situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site, while ex situ involves
the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere.
Bioremediation may occur on its own or may be enhanced encouraging the growth of the
pollution-eating microbes within the medium (biostimulation) or by addition of matched microbe
strains to the medium to enhance the resident microbe population's ability to break down
contaminants (bioaugmentation). These bioremediation and biotransformation methods
endeavour to harness the astonishing, naturally occurring, microbial catabolic diversity to
degrade, transform or accumulate a huge range of compounds including hydrocarbons (e.g. oil),
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceutical
substances, radionuclides and metals. Interest in the microbial biodegradation of pollutants has
intensified in recent years as mankind strives to find sustainable ways to clean up contaminated
environments.

Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation describes the bioremediation through the use of plants that solve the
environmental problem without the need to excavate the contaminant material and dispose of it
elsewhere. Phytoremediation lower down pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils, water,
or air, with plants able to contain, degrade, or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives,
crude oil and its derivatives, and various other contaminants from the media that contain them.
Phytoremediation may be applied wherever the soil or static water environment has become
polluted or is suffering ongoing chronic pollution. It may involve uptake and concentration of
substances from the environment into the plant biomass (phytoextraction), rhizofiltration,
chemical modification by plants or microbes and by enhancing soil microbial activity.
Table 1.Reported phytoextacting plants-

Root Zone Systems -Waste water
management by phytoremediation is achieved
by using these systems. Root Zone Systems
are artificially prepared wetlands (reef bed)
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation Microbial remediation
Pollutant
extracted
Name of plant
Arsenic Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus),
Cadmium Willow (Salix viminalis)
Lead Indian Mustard (Brassica
juncea), Ragweed (Ambrosia
artemisiifolia), Hemp
Dogbane (Apocynum
cannabinum), or Poplar trees
Caesium-
137 ,strontium-90
Sunflower
Cadmium and zinc, Alpine pennycress (Thlaspi
caerulescens)

comprising of clay or plastic lined excavation and emergent vegetation growing on gravel/sand
mixtures and is also known as constructed wetland. In North America, cattails (Typha latifolia)
are common in constructed wetlands.
Microbial Remediation
I. Bioremediation of metal-polluted sites:
Microbes are found to interact with metals either by mobilization or immobilization of them.
In bioremediation, mobilization provides a route for removal from solid matrices such as soils,
sediments, dumps and industrial waste. Immobilization provides heavy metals ions reduction
from waste water and also reduces bioavailability and toxicity.
Mobilization of metals: The solubility of heavy metals and radio nuclides can also be increased
by reduction and this may favour their removal from matrices such as soils. For example, iron-
reducing bacterial strains has found to solubilize 40% of the Pu present in contaminated soils
within 6-7 days through reduction of Pu(IV) to the more soluble Pu(III) and both iron and
sulphate - reducing bacteria were able to solubilize Ra from uranium mine tailings, although
solubilization occurred largely by disruption of reducible host minerals. The mechanism of
bacterial Hg2+ resistance is enzymatic reduction of Hg2+ to non-toxic volatile Hg0 by mercuric
reductase. Hg2+ may also arise from the action of organomercurial lyase on organomercurials.
Since Hg0 is volatile, this could provide one means of mercury removal.
Immobilization of metals: It is the process where reduction of a metal to a lower redox state
occurs due to which mobility and toxicity may be reduced, offering potential bioremediation
applications. Such processes may also accompany other indirect reductive metal precipitation
mechanisms. A diverse range of metal reducing bacteria can use oxidized species of metallic
elements, e.g. Fe(III), Cr(VI) or Mn(IV) as terminal electron acceptors For example, a strain of
Shewanella (Alteromonas) putrefaciens which reduces Fe(III) and Mn(IV) also reduces U(VI) to
U(IV), forming a black precipitate of U(IV) carbonate. Bacterial uranium reduction has also been
combined with chemical extraction to produce a potential process for soil bioremediation.
Desulfovibrio desulphuricans can reduce Pd(II) to cell-bound Pd(0).
II. Biosorption
Metals may also be removed from polluted waters by biosorption to living or non-living
biomass. The source of the biomass may be bacteria, fungi, or algae. Biosorption is the uptake of

organic and inorganic metal species, both soluble and insoluble, by physico-chemical
mechanisms such as adsorption or ion-exchange. Use of freely-suspended and immobilized
microbial biomass has received attention. Immobilized living biomass has mainly taken the form
of bacterial biofilms on inert supports and is used in a variety of bioreactor configurations
including rotating biological contactors, fixed bed reactors, trickle filters, fluidized beds and air-
lift bioreactors (Geoffrey M. Gadd, 2001). Bosecker (1993) found that, among various
filamentous fungi, Penicillium funiculosum was able to extract more than 50% Ni, and 75% Zn
from test solutions containing 100 mg/l of a metal at pH 6.6 and 6.5 respectively.

III. Biofilm Technology
Now a days use of biofilms in curing the environment is also in progress. These are complex
communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces or associated with interfaces. Bacterial
communities in nature play a key role in the degradation of many environmental pollutants. Most
of these natural processes require the concerted effort of bacteria with different metabolic
capabilities, and it is likely that bacteria residing within biofilm communities carry out many of
these complex processes. Studies in bioreactors and enrichment cultures have shown that
biofilms are involved in the processing of sewage, in the treatment of groundwater contaminated
with petroleum products, etc. (Mary Ellen Davey & George A. Otoole, 2000, Massol-Dey AA,
et. al, 1995)

IV. Bioremediation for Oil Spillage
The increasing number of marine oil spills asks for effective solutions for the environment.
Bioremediation techniques have become a major mechanism for removing oil residues on the
affected shorelines. First devastating oil spill occurred no less than ten years ago, when the
tanker Exxon Valdez ruptured in Prince William Sound. The number of oil tanker accidents is
increasing with the amount of oil transported on the seas. In 1988, 1050 billion tons of crude oil
has been on the road (Frees, 1992). A way to mitigate the effects of oil spills is bioremediation.
Several research studies have recently been performed to investigate the use of bioremediation
for oil-spill cleanup in seawater, freshwater and terrestrial areas. The technique has been found to
have a potential for broad applications in terrestrial and freshwater environments for treating
soils and sediments contaminated with oil and other substances, as well as for coastal
environments impacted by oil spills.

Biodegradation is a large component of oil weathering and is a natural process whereby bacteria
or other microorganisms alter and break down organic molecules into other substances,
eventually producing fatty acids and carbon dioxide (Hoff, 1993). The biodegradation of
petroleum in the marine environment is carried out largely by diverse bacterial populations,
including various Pseudomonas species. (Atlas, 1995).
V. Bio degradation of Dyes
Physico-chemical methods routinely employed for removal of color from effluents are
adsorption, coagulation, flocculation and chemical oxidation. These methods are
disadvantageous as they emit toxic substances, form sludge and are expensive. Hence, even if
methods other than biological ones are effective, they are not entirely practical.
Two major classes of dyes, Azo and Triphenylmethane are extensively used for textile dyeing.
Azo dyes contribute to about 70% of all used dyes. Several studies on azo dye degradation using
microorganisms have been reported. The microorganisms that have been reported for
degradation of triphenylmethane dyes include Bacillus firmus, Citrobacter SP. Pseudomonas,
Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia SP, Rhodotorula, Phanerochaete, Aeromonas
hydrophila, Kocuria rosea], Pleurotus, Polyporus, Gloelophyllum, Fusarium, Chryseomonas,
Burkholderia, Erwinia.
VI. Bioremediation of Pesticide Polluted Sites
Pesticides pollution is a consequence of the continuous agricultural expansion. Pesticides are
applied to soil surfaces or sprayed in environment and accumulate beneath the ground surface,
reaching rivers and seas. Its disastrous activity is enhanced by biomagnification. The natural
microbiota is continuously exposed to pesticides therefore, it is no surprise that these
microorganisms, that inhabit in polluted environments, show resistance and are equipped with
catabolic processes to remove the toxic compounds. Biological degradation by organisms (fungi,
bacteria, viruses, protozoa) can efficiently remove pesticides from the environment, especially
organochlorines, organophosphates and carbamates used in agriculture

Conclusion
Biodegradation and bioremediation have been used as an alternative green technology to solve
the problems related to the accumulation of contaminants in soil and water. Bioremediation
technique emphasizes on sustainable development of environment through highly efficient and

cost effective biological systems. The current scenario of waste management shows the
significance of Phytoremediation and Microbial remediation.

References:
- Andr Luiz Meleiro Porto, et al. Biodegradation of Pesticides ,Universidade de So
Paulo, Instituto de Qumica de So Carlos, Brazil
- B.Ramesh Babu, A. K. Parande, S. Raghu,
- T. Prem Kumar. Cotton Textile Processing: Waste generation and Effluent Treatment.
The Journal of Cotton Science. 2007;11:141-153.
- Bosecker K (1993) Biosorption of heavy metals by filamentous fungi. In: Torma AE, Apel
ML, Brierley CL (eds) Biohydro-metallurgical technologies, vol. II. The Minerals, Metals
and Materials Society, Warrendale, Pa, pp. 5564
- Cantafio A, Hagen KD, Lewis GE, Bledsoe TL, Nunan KM, Macy JM (1996) Pilot-scale
selenium bioremediation of San Joaquin Drainage water with Thauera selenatis. Appl
Environ Microbiol 62: 32983303
- Geoffrey M. Gadd, Microbial Metal Transformations, The Journal of Microbiology, June
2001, p.83-88 Vol. 39, No. 2 http;//ei.cornell.edu/biodeg/bioremed/
- Mary Ellen Davey & George A. Otoole Microbial Biofilms: from Ecology to Molecular
Genetics Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000 December; 64(4): 847867. PMCID: PMC99016
- Massol-Dey AA, et. al, Channel structures in aerobic biofilms of fixed-film reactors
treating contaminated groundwater. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Feb;61(2):769-77.
- Marchiol L., Fellet G., Perosa D., Zerbi G. (2007), Removal of trace metals by Sorghum
bicolor and Helianthus annuus in a site polluted by industrial wastes: A field
experience, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 45 (5): 379


REVIEW OF WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES.

Prof. R. V. Saraf
Chairman
Viraj Envirozing India Pvt. Ltd., Pune. sarafrv@virajenvirozing.com

Water is unique material on earth which is available in three phases as
water(liquid),vapor(gas),ice (solid).These three phases play an important role in hydrological
cycle. All forms are used by the human being for various activities & applications. Water is used
for drinking, cooking, washing & industries etc. Vapor (steam) has wide applications in
industries & domestic. Ice is being used in ice-cream, chilling & cooling etc. Surface &
underground water are main sources for water. Earlier water is used as such or after
sedimentation/Filtration. In India still the well water as such is used for drinking. By default
storage of water in the copper vessel used to disinfect water. 1990 was celebrated as water
decade. However yet, large population of India is not having access to safe potable water. There
are water treatment plants installed before independence. After independence most of small &
large municipal committees & corporations installed water supply & water treatment plants. This
is further extended to rural area. Most of the places water is pumped, stored & supplied as such
or after disinfectant with bleaching powder.
Concentrated growth of human population in urban areas & increasing industrialization resulted
into discharge of waste water into the receiving water bodies. The waste water is also disposed of
on land. Sewage is getting more contaminated due to increasing use of man-made chemicals &
their ultimate disposal into sewage. This has resulted into pollution of surface water &
underground water.
The quality & treatment of water is defined by the solids present in water. The natural solids
present in water & surface water are contributed by unpolluted catchment area. The solids in
underground water are determined by geochemistry of soil strata. Indiscriminate disposal of
untreated & treated sewage or effluent has grossly contaminated rivers & added spectrum of man
made soluble & insoluble solids. Many rivers in India are flowing through cities carries the
sewage rather than river water. Impact of grossly polluted Mula Mutha in Pune is felt till it joins
the Ujani Dam. Villagers residing on the banks of river downstream of Pune cannot use the river

water for drinking & domestic use. Pollution of river has increased dissolved solids in river
water. Dissolved solids are different from that of natural solids in unpolluted river. Fig. 1 shows
different types of solids present in water. Number below the solids (1 6) indicates difficulty in
its removal from water.

Simple size & gravity separation (screen & grit chamber, floatation etc.)
(1) Chemical (neutralization, coagulation, de-emulsification)
(2) Biological treatment (activated sludge, trickling filter, anaerobic)
(3) Disinfection (chlorination, ozonation)
(4) Advance methods {softening (ion exchange), ultra filtration, RO, electro dialysis}
(5) Difficult - incineration
Figure 1 Solids in water & waste water

Dissolved gases: -Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide, Methane are soluble gases in
water. Carbon dioxide & Hydrogen Sulphide are generated due to anaerobic conditions at the
bottom of reservoir. Sometimes the algal growth may add typical fishy smell into the water.
Aeration is use to drive away the soluble gases & increase the dissolved Oxygen in the water.
This helps to remove smell & make taste better. It is also observed that aeration followed by
flocculation gives the better results. Aeration is done by Cascade aeration or diffused aeration.

Insoluble solids
Suspended (settle-able & non settle-able) solids are contributed naturally from the catchment
area of water bodies. It contains the part of the soil & the organic matter that comes into water.
The man made suspended solids are also been added through sewage & effluent. Settle-able
solids settle downs by gravity due to higher density & larger size. During rainy days yellowish
Solids in Water
Soluble
Insoluble
Toxic
Organic Inorganic
Biological
(4)
Floating
(1)
Emulsion
(2)

Colloidal
(2)

Suspende
d (1)

Bio-Degradable (3)
Non-bio-Degradable (6)
Metal salts (6)
Non-settle-able Settle-able
Gases

river water becomes clear when it is kept for few hours. Non settle-able solids are negatively
charged & get flocculated with the help of flocculating agents like alum. Alum is well known
flocculating agent being used in water treatment plant. Poly aluminum chloride is also used for
Flocculation to have better efficiency. The polymer base & vegetable origin coagulant aid are
also use to enhance flocculation & reduced the consumption of flocculating agent. Various
forms of Polyacrylamide are available in the market as coagulant aid. Drumstick seed powder &
Guar gum are from vegetable origin coagulant aid. Flocculation followed by sedimentation in
settling tank (Clarifier) removes 90 -95 % of suspended solids. Turbidity of settle sewage
remains around 20-50 NTU. Aluminum Hydroxide along with settle sludge is drained out from
Clarifier. Since rivers are getting polluted, sludge is consisting of heavy microbial load & settled
pollutant. Sludge concentration is varies from 2 - 6 %. Sludge is simply drained out to join water
body again. A considerable amount of water is lost with the sludge. Therefore there is need to
dewater sludge & recover water. The dewatered sludge cake can be suitably disposed off as land
fill. Sludge concentration is increased to 6 8 % & then thickened sludge is dewatered on
conventional sludge drying bed, Decanter, Vacuum belt filter etc. Filtrate from dewatering
mechanism joins inlet of water treatment plant. Alum causes diseases like Alzheimer therefore it
is to be monitor in treated water. Alum is acidic because it is a salt of strong acid & weak base.
Therefore Alum addition essentially needs alkalinity in raw water to counter act acidity.
Alkalinity is also requires to form Aluminum Hydroxide. If pH
is
acidic & alkalinity is very low
then Alum cannot work. Lime or sodium carbonate is added to increase alkalinity.

Colloidal solids are negatively charged particles that contribute turbidity to water. It is removed
by coagulation followed by sedimentation. A Colloidal solid that escape sedimentation get trap
in filtration. For removal of solids less than 20 microns the cartridge filter or ultra filtration is
used.

Floating solids like leaves, twigs etc. are from natural origin & paper, plastic etc. are manmade
additions. It causes blockage of flow into pump & pipeline. Bar screen at the inlet of pumping
station is used to remove floating solids. Screen also obstructs the entry of aquatic species like
fishes. Floating algae in sheet form gets deposited on screen & block the flow of water. Screen is
to be cleaned regularly.


Emulsified solids are not contributed by catchment area. However excess algal growth may add
emulsified algal oil that comes after cell lysis. Emulsified solids are added by sewage & effluent.
Such source is not recommended to use as raw water for water treatment plant. Incase such
source to be used then De-emulsification with the help of Alum & Lime followed by skimming
of free oil in Clarifier is to be considered. Micro filtration can also trap the free oil globules.

Filtration
The solids left out after sedimentation are removed in filter. Filter media is consist of supporting
pebbles at the bottom & graded sand above. Water passes through filter by gravity (Rapid sand
filter) or under pressure (Pressure sand filter). The rapid sand filters are used in all water
treatment plant under public sector. The pressure sand filters are used for residential complexes
& industries. The fine particles are trapped in sand media. As particles get trapped, opening in
the filter bed for flow of water get reduced. This causes increase water height above sand media.
This ultimately causes head loss. When head loss reach to maximum, filter is due for backwash.
During backwashing flow of water is reverse i.e. from bottom to top. Backwash water flow is
higher than filtration flows & is closer to settling velocity of filtering sand media. Sand bed gets
fluidized & trapped particles are washed out. Aeration by compress air creates scoring of sand to
enhance removal of attached particles on sand. Backwashing is followed by rinse. Water flows
from top to bottom & goes to drain. This removes trapped particles in sand. Backwash water is
highly contaminated water with dust & microorganisms. Besides lot of water is drain out. Back
wash water & rinse water can be collected & settled. Settled water joins inlet of water treatment
plant & settle sludge is dispose along with Clarifier sludge.

Biological solids are mainly micro-organisms in the water. Sometimes worms, nematodes &
their eggs are also present in the water. Because of the larger size the worms are either gets
removed in sedimentation & filtration. The origin of biological solids is from the catchment area.
Sewage adds large numbers of microorganisms along with Pathogens. Man made contribution of
microorganism is rapidly increasing with discharge of sewage. E-Coli is considered as indicator
organism for contamination due to sewage & presence of pathogens. Sedimentation & filtration
remove the microorganism to certain extend however most of microorganism remain in filter
water.

Boiling water for 20 minutes at the household ensure 100% disinfection of water. However this
cannot be implemented on large scale. To kill/remove microorganism disinfection with Chlorine,
Ozone & Ultra Violet light is done. Table-3 gives comparisons of 3 different disinfectant agents.

Table: - 1 Comparison of disinfecting agents

Details Chlorine Ozone U. V. light
Available as Chlorine gas from Chlorine
cylinder, Calcium hypo chlorite
as beaching powder. Sodium
hypochlorite as liquid chlorine.
Ozone from ozone
generator.
From U.V. lamp fitted in the
Pyrex glass tube.
Disinfection Kill almost all pathogens,
microorganisms. Viruses &
spores escape chlorination.
100 % kill of all
pathogen & micro-
organism including
viruses & spores. Ozone
oxidizes organic matter
of cell.
100 % kill of all pathogen &
micro-organism including
viruses & spores.
Dozing Preparation of chlorine gas
solution for dozing. Preparation
of Calcium hypochlorite
solution by adding bleaching
powder into water. Dozing as
liquid. Sodium hypochlorite is
directly dozed as such or after
dilution
Ozone solution with
water is dozed into the
pipeline
Water passing through U. V.
housing where U.V. light is
on.
Dozing rate 1 -2 mg /l 0.05 0.1 mg /l Maximum 100 mm water
depth.
Residual
Effect
Residual chlorine remains in
water to counteract post
contamination during
distribution.
No residual effect.
Water is to be
consumed immediately
No residual effect. Water is
to be consumed
immediately
Drawback Gaseous Chlorine is hazardous.
10 -15% losses of chlorine along
with sludge form during
preparation of bleaching
powder solution. It adds
Calcium to water. Sodium
Hypochlorite adds sodium to
water & increases pH &
alkalinity. Dead microorganism
remains in water.
Required energy to
generate ozone.
Required energy to
generate U. V. light. The
mutation of micro-organism
due to inadequate
ultraviolet source cannot be
ruled out. Dead
microorganism remains in
water
Cost Low High Medium


Soluble solids
Toxic chemicals: -Water containing toxic chemicals is rejected to use for drinking & domestic
activity until & unless alternate source is not available. Toxic chemicals are contributed
naturally. These are mainly Fluoride, Arsenic, Iron and Manganese etc. There is a spectrum of
organic & inorganic man-made toxic chemicals are added by sewage & effluent. Reverse
Osmosis & Ultra filtration can be used for removal of man-made chemicals. Treatment
technologies base on principle of converting the soluble form into insoluble form for Fluoride,
Arsenic & Iron removal are available. With increasing pollution technologies are to be developed
for removal of soluble manmade chemicals in water.

Inorganic solids
Hardness is caused by salts of Calcium & Magnesium ions in water. Temporary hardness is
caused by bicarbonates. Alkaline hardness is contributed by carbonates & bicarbonates & non
alkaline hardness is caused by sulfates & chlorides. Hardness interferes with the action of soaps.
It causes sale in pipeline and promote galvanic corrosion. Temporary hardness is removed by
boiling of water. The most common methods for hardness removal are ion-exchange polymers or
Reverse Osmosis. Other approaches include precipitation methods (lime soda softening) and
sequestration by the addition of chelating agents. Devices which use magnetism or electrolysis as
a water softening technique claim to inhibit scale buildup without actually removing hardness
ions from water. Such devices have been marketed to consumers since the early 20
th
century, but
controversy persists over the validity of their claims. Lime soda softener generates lot of lime
sludge. Ion exchange resin is used to get water of commercial zero hardness. Ion exchange resins
are organic polymers containing anionic functional groups to which the dictations (Ca
++
) bind
more strongly than mono cations (Na
+
). Inorganic materials called zeolites also exhibit ion-
exchange properties. These minerals are widely used in laundry detergents. Zero hardness soft
wateris used for boiler & cooling tower in commercial complexes & industries. For domestic use
soft water from softener is blended with filter water to have hardness between 30 - 50 mg /l.
Softener is consists of ion exchange resins filled in vessels & having piping system with valves
to carry out all function of the softener.During flow of water through softener Calcium &
magnesium are exchanged with sodium from resins. When all the available Na
+
ions have been
replaced with calcium or magnesium ions, the resin must be re-charged by eluting the Ca
2+
and

Mg
2+
ions using a solution of sodium chloride. The waste waters eluted from the ion exchange
column containing the unwanted calcium and magnesium salts. The reactions are given as below
R Na
+
+ Ca
2+
= R Ca + Na
+
R Ca
2+
+ Na
+
= R Na
+
+Ca
2+

Waste water from regeneration is high in Calcium, Magnesium & Sodium content. Its disposal is
a serious problem. After regeneration remaining brine in the resin bed is drained out by passing
filter water through bed. Ones all Brine is removed softener is put on service. This process
consumes salt & generates high dissolved solids containing waste water. Efforts are made to
recover Magnesium Hydroxide, Sodium Chloride & Calcium Carbonate from waste water.
However process viability on commercial scale is not yet tested. Softener also requires minimum
pressure of 2.2 kg /cm
2
to run the ejector for regeneration thus the process is energy incentive
with recurring expenses of chemicals. Softener cannot work for hardness more than 1000 mg /l.

Soluble organic solids from natural origin are humic acid & product of metabolism &
degradation of flora & fauna naturally present in water. However in unpolluted natural water
source the presence of soluble organic solids is almost negligible. Presence of Algae can impart a
fishy smell to the water due to soluble organics released by dead Algae. Discharge of sewage &
effluent is increasing soluble organic matter in water. Soluble & insoluble organic matter in
water imparts COD &BOD to water & make it unfit for human consumption.

Activated Carbon Filter is used for removal of colour, smell, odour and turbidity. Activated
carbon (AC) is a natural material derived from bituminous coal, lignite, wood, coconut shell and
is activated by steam & other means. Iodine value of activated carbon indicates adsorption
capacity. It is available as powder & granular form. It is used after filtration to remove soluble
organic matter to achieve specific water quality & contaminants reduction (e.g. coconut shell
carbon for "sweet taste"). It comprises of pressure vessel with frontal pipe work and valves.
Activated carbon is also well supported by layers of graded under bed consisting of pebbles &
gravels. There is top distributor to distribute incoming water uniformly throughout the cross
section of activated carbon filter & under drain system to collect filtered water.

Micron filter is a device that uses filter media (filter, yarn & hallow fiber) with pore size in the
range of microns. With such small pore sizes, these filters are a perfect choice for both industrial
and home use because of efficiency and relative ease in cleaning. The pore size of these filters

can range from 5 micron to 1 micron. It is a depth filter & removes fine insoluble solids by
trapping these in the pores of the filter-media. These filters therefore act as depositories of solids
and have to be cleaned or replaced frequently. Depending on the material and type of filter,
micron filters are classified as spun sediment filter; string wound sediment filters and pleated
sediment filters. These micron filters are rated on their efficiency with the use of a micron rating
system, which basically measures the pore sizes. Such filters can be rated on an absolute or
nominal scale. Absolute scale signifies that 99 percent of the openings are of that size while the
nominal suggests that only 80 percent maximum confirm to the size. A wound cartridge filter is
most common type of depth filters. It uses natural or synthetic yarns, which are wounded around
a central tube or former. Bonded cartridge filter is one-piece cordless construction, consisting of
resin bonded fibers of solid particles. Filtration range is 5 - 125 micron. Pleated cartridge filter is
most common cartridge filter system. It is made of cellulose, resin impregnation, polyester,
micro fibre glass & polypropylene. It has increased surface area (up to 60 %) compared to
traditional cartridge filters. Metal fiber cartridge filter is made of stainless steel fibres, connected
to a mat. Hollow fibre membrane cartridge filter is made of hydrophilic
polyamide/polypropylene. It is use for applications under 0.01 to 0.5 microns.

Ultra filtration is a type of membrane filtration. Ultrafiltration, like reverse osmosis, is a cross-
flow separation process. Here liquid stream to be treated (feed) flows tangentially along the
membrane surface, there by producing two streams. The stream of liquid that comes through the
membrane is called permeate. The type and amount of solids left in permeate will depend on the
characteristics of the membrane, the operating conditions, and the quality of feed. The other
liquid stream is called concentrate and gets progressively concentrated in those solids removed
by the membrane. In cross-flow separation, therefore, the membrane itself does not act as a
collector of ions, molecules, or colloids but merely as a barrier to this species. It is a separation
process using membranes with pore sizes in the range of 0.1 to 0.001 micron. It has ability to
purify, separate, and concentrate target macromolecules in continuous systems. UF does this by
pressurizing the solution flow. The solvent and other dissolved components that pass through the
membrane are known as permeate. The components that do not pass through are known as
concentrate. Depending on the Molecular Weight cut off (MWCO) of the membrane used,
macrco-molecules may be purified, separated, or concentrated in either fraction. Ultra filtration
will remove high molecular-weight substances, colloidal materials, and organic and inorganic

polymeric molecules. Low molecular-weight organics and ions such as sodium, calcium,
magnesium chloride, and sulphate are not removed. Because only high-molecular weight species
are removed, the osmotic pressure differential across the membrane surface is negligible. Low
applied pressures are therefore sufficient to achieve high flux rates from an ultrafiltration
membrane. Flux of a membrane is defined as the amount of permeate produced per unit area of
membrane surface per unit time. Generally flux is expressed as gallons per square foot per day
(GFD) or as cubic meters per square meters per day.Ultrafiltration membranes can have
extremely high fluxes but in most practical applications the flux varies between 50 and 200 GFD
at an operating pressure of about 50 psig. In contrast, reverse osmosis membranes only produce
between 10 to 30 GFD at 200 to 400 psig. It is very prone to membrane fouling caused by
increased solute concentration at the membrane surface (either by macromolecular adsorption to
internal pore structure of membrane, or aggregation of protein deposit on surface of membrane),
which leads to concentration polarization (CP)). CP is the major culprit in decreasing permeates
flux. Ultrafiltration is used as a pre-treatment step in reverse osmosis processes in many Middle
Eastern countries to have potable drinking water. The concentrate is high in dissolved solids &
cannot be disposed of as such. If the quantity is small as compare to raw water storage then it can
join the water storage.

Nanofiltration is having membrane with nanometer sized cylindrical through-pores that pass
through the membrane at a 90. Nanofiltration membranes have pore sizes from 1-10 Angstrom
(between pore size of ultra filtration & reverse osmosis). Membranes are predominantly created
from polymer thin films made from polyethylene terephthalate or metals such as aluminum. Pore
dimensions are controlled by pH, temperature and time during development with pore densities
ranging from 1 to 106 pores per cm
2
. Membranes made from polyethylene terephthalate and
other similar materials, are referred to as track-etch membranes, named after the way the pores
on the membranes are made. Tracking involves bombarding the polymer thin film with high
energy particles. It results in making tracks that are chemically developed into the membrane, or
etched into the membrane, which are the pores. Membranes created from metal such as
alumina membranes, are made by electrochemically growing a thin layer of aluminum oxide
from aluminum metal in an acidic medium. Historically, Nanofiltration and other membrane
technology used for molecular separation are applied entirely on aqueous systems. The original
use of Nano filtration is for water treatment and in particular water softening. Nano filters can

soften water by retaining scale-forming, hydrated divalent ions (e.g. Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
) while passing
smaller hydrated monovalent ions .
Reverse Osmosis (RO) removes organic & inorganic solutes by using a semipermeable
membrane. It is different from filtration that removes only insoluble solids. In the normal
osmosis process, the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration (high
water potential), through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (low water
potential). The movement of a pure solvent is driven to reduce the free energy of the system by
equalizing solute concentrations on each side of a membrane, generating osmotic pressure.
Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse
osmosis. Reverse osmosis involves a diffusive mechanism, so that separation efficiency is
dependent on solute concentration, pressure, and water flux rate. Reverse osmosis is most
commonly known for its use in drinking water purification from sea water, removing the salt and
other effluent materials from the water. The membranes to handle high dissolved solids are
available. Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential water filtration. It is also
one of the methods used to desalinate sea water. Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify
liquids in which water is an undesirable impurity (e.g., ethanol). Generally RO comes at the end
of process. Recovery varies from 40 -60 % water. It means 40 -60 % of water gets rejected as
concentrate. Concentrate has high inorganic soluble solids. Soluble solids in concentrate cannot
be removed easily & it poses the problem of its disposal. Reverse osmosis requires proper pre-
treatment, high pressure pump & membrane. It requires energy to operate. Life of membrane is
limited & its replacement cost is very high. Reverse Osmosis removes essential trace inorganic
chemicals from water. Desired chemicals are to be added in filtrate to use for drinking. Therefore
application of RO is limited.

Special water treatment process involves Iron, Fluoride& Arsenic removal. In the removal
process Fluoride, Iron & Arsenic are precipitate out from water. Sludge generated from the
process & disposal of exhausted media are problem associated with process. Reverse Osmosis
can be used however concentrate generated is having high amount of Fluoride & disposal is a
serious problem. Many methods are available for Fluoride removal. Author has developed Iron
removal process & is successfully running in Assam.An integrated approach is required to find
out of the removal of Fluoride/Iron/Arsenic.

Water treatment plant process selection is based on water quality. Depending on presence of
solids, treatment can be selected. Approach for selection of method is given in Figure - 2

Figure 2 Approach for selection of method

Conventional water treatment for surface water is based on the principle of removal of insoluble solids
& disinfection. It is amazing that all over India water treatment plant follows the flow chart as shown in
Figure - 3

Figure 3 Approaches for selection of method

At most of the places underground water is pumped, stored & directly used at individual level.
For Community water is disinfected with bleaching powder & supplied. For residential
complexes it is filtered, softened, blended with filter water to have hardness of 40 -50 mg /l &
supplied.
With increasing economical growth the amenities & facilities are reached to villages. During last
three decade the changes from a small village to a part of Municipal Corporation is observed.
Figure 3 shows the changes from villages to municipal corporation Pune, Aurangabad, Nagpur &
Kolhapur are best example.

Figure 4 Changes in Urbanization
Identification of water sources

Sampling & analysis to know water quality
Treatability studies if requires to find out unit operation

Collection of data to know variation in quality & quantity through the year

Selection of water source that matches the requirement

Selection of process to have desired quality of water

Design, Drawing, Construction, Installation & commissioning of treatment plant

Monitoring of water quality

Surface water resource

Pump
Filtration
Aeration Flocculation (Alum addition) Sedimentation
Distributi
on
Chlorinati
on
Village

Gram
panchayat
Nagar
Parishad

Nagar
Panchayat
Nagar
Palika
Municipal
Corporation

Almost all towns are expanding their geographical boundaries, encroaching on agricultural land
& surrounding Villages. Villages are also getting changed from traditional houses with thatched
roof to concrete structure. Population is getting migrated from Villages to growing township.
Rise in population of urbanized area is not due to multiplication of population, but migration of
people in search of livelihood. Rise of population is increasing stress on available water supply
system. It is becoming difficult task to provide potable water to expanding areas. Residential
complexes at the outskirt of town have to find their own water source. Water treatment plant is to
be installed to have desired water quality as per BIS 10500. The design & selection of proper
water treatment is now becoming a state of art technology.

Conclusion
In India conventional water treatment plant which removes insoluble solids is being practiced all
over. Due to rise in pollution the soluble solids are increasing in water. A new approach is
required for the removal of these solids. Naturally occurring soluble solids like Fluoride /Iron
/Arsenic need special treatments. All available treatment generates waste water with high
concentration of removed or trapped materials. Besides there is loss of 5 -60 % of water in
process.The waste water from sedimentation & filtration can be recycled. Waste water generated
from softening is to be treated. Study has to be carried out for reduction of water loss & disposal
of waste.

References
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING: TREATMENT AND REUSE, 4
TH
EDITION, METCALF &
EDDY
WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING, 1ST EDITION, SANTOSH KUMAR GARG
PRINCIPLES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL (FIFTH EDITION) T H Y TEBUTT
Water & Waste Water Technologies Mark J. Hammer
Information from Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main


PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES OF URBAN WATER CYCLE
Sandeep Joshi
Shrishti Eco-Research Institute (SERI), B-106, Devgiri, Near Ganesh Mala,
Sinhagad Road, Pune 411 030. INDIA.
Phone: 91-020-24251773 Telefax:91-020-66206539
Mail: sandeep@seriecotech.com

Abstract
Urban development is the key consumer of freshwater resources which needs standardization of
water cycle in the various residential and industrial areas to prevent and reduce wastewater
generation. The major feature of the urban water cycle is the maximization of recycling and
reuse of treated wastewater for various non-consumptive and consumptive uses to reduce the
pressure on freshwater resources. In the urban catchment, the water balance can be achieved
using various technological options with standardized management procedures to ensure supply
of good quality water with appropriate quantity to different consumers. The necessity of
sustainable urban water cycle for Indian is explored from the point of view environmental
management and ethical practices in water business the ecosense.
Key words: water cycle, cities, sources, treatment, sustainability

Introduction
Its a challenging task to address conflicting demands on water resources in integrated
management of the urbanisation. Effective management of urban waters should be based on a
identification, prediction and quantification of impacts on the urban hydrological cycle with
measures of mitigation recognizing the socio-economic system. Urbanisation impacts encompass
urban development goals, engineering, economic and environmental practices, cultural-religious
practices, and socio-economic factors. Urban water management should be based on the design
of urban water cycle addressing hydrologic, land use, engineering, climatic, and ecological issues
in urban areas. Urban water cycle is defined as a conceptual model describing the storage and
circulation of water between the various urban storage components such as dams, reservoirs,
underground and overhead tanks with processes as precipitation, infiltration, percolation, runoff,
evapo-transpiration, distribution network etc. attuned to provide water services to the urban
population, including water supply, drainage, wastewater collection and management (fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Urban water sourcing, wastewater treatment and management

By 2025, urbanization may reach 56% (UNESCO, 2006) leading to underperformance of water
sector in developed countries due to aging infrastructure and unsafe water supply-sanitation in
developing countries due to poor implementation of water recycling, conservation approaches
and equitable demand-supply management. Urban expansion has adverse impact on natural
water cycle of the region including exploitation, pollution and encroachment. Increased volume
and frequency of run-offs and peak flows in the rivers, increased abstraction of water, increased
volume of wastewater discharges, reduced infiltration and recharge of groundwater, reduced
natural water retention are the typical qualitative and quantitative changes in the urban water
cycle. Urban development extensively contributes to the incremental amount of storm water and
the frequency of extreme hydrological events in the city's catchments. Increased runoff causes
more intense local flooding, while droughts during dry weather are deeper and longer. Runoff
amounts to 60 70% of the annual rainfall in urban areas, where surfaces are highly impervious
(UNESCO, http://www.aquatic.unesco.lodz.pl/index.php). Changes in the pathways of water
cycles in urban areas become significant due to removal of natural vegetation, loss of natural
topographical features, increased impervious layers such as rooftops, parking lots, driveways,
sidewalks, wide roads and man-made drainage systems like storm sewers, channels, and
detention ponds (fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Hydrologic cycle in urban catchment


Functions of urban water supply and wastewater sector consist of sourcing and treatment, clean
and safe water storage, distribution, and wastewater collection, treatment and disposal systems
that offer organized water services of supply-removal (WSSR) to established urban areas.
Normally urban water infrastructure is comprised of water and wastewater utility systems with
large raw-water storage facilities, storm-water collection systems, potable and wastewater
treatment plant equipment, pipelines, local distribution-collection systems; sustainable urban
supplies can be mixtures of sourcing from surface water and groundwater with significant from
reuse of treated domestic and industrial wastewater. Urban water infrastructures are connected
by ex-situ and in-situ large plumbing systems that tap and distribute water from these sources,
extending beyond the cities and internal distribution-collection systems divided into different
water districts. The goal of urban water managers is to ensure consistent supplies of high-quality
potable drinking water in quantities that meet demands for municipal, commercial, and industrial
uses and to remove used, dirty water from the system for treatment, recycle or disposal.
Sustainable urban water cycle and management approach encompasses -
1. Identification of the components of urban water cycle and quantification of impacts of human
activities such as availability of water supplies, aquatic chemistry, pollution, soil erosion,
siltation, natural habitat integrity and diversity
2. Significant hydrological, ecological, biological and chemical processes in the urban water
environment of sustainable cities
3. Assessment of the preventive and mitigation measures available for dealing with urban water
problems


4. Integrated water supply and wastewater management considering stormwater, groundwater,
for economic and reliable water supply, protection of downstream waters from pollution, and
changeover of sub-potable sources of water
5. Water conservation on the basis of demand management
6. Reuse and recycling of treated wastewater
Principles and Processes
Physical processes such as screening, sedimentation, adsorption and filtration are useful to
separate the large solids from the water without use of external energy or pressure. These are low
cost processes having some physical intervention in the flow of water. Coarse and fine screens
remove large sized floating or suspended particles from the water stream. Sedimentation of
heavy suspended solids takes place when the water is retained for a while. Filtration process
depending on porosity of filtration medium is effective in removing very fine particulate matter
from the water. Filtration medium may be made up of cellulosic, ceramic, zeolitic, plastic or any
kind of inert material. Chemical methods of water treatment include pH correction, coagulant
aided sedimentation, membrane adsorption, oxidation-reduction reactions, and other conversion
reactions etc. Chemical treatment is aimed at reducing the concentration of particular constituent.
But it may impart undesirable chemical property if the excess of it is added in the water for the
treatment. Biological and ecological treatment of water and wastewater has immense advantage
of minimal use of energy and chemicals over mechanistic physico-chemical methods. Biological
treatments can be of two types aerobic or anaerobic. Ecological treatment systems are based on
applications of ecological principles and involvement of more than one biotic community for the
complete rendering of pollutants into nutrients. Variants of ecological treatment processes are
phytoremediation, bioremediation, vertical eco-filtration, horizontal eco-filtration, benthic
ecosystem technique etc.

Water treatment processes
Water is abstracted from the natural sources like rivers or lakes or groundwater to cater the water
supply needs of population by urban managers. This raw water is treated in a centralized Public
Water Works. The major processes employed in water treatment are plain or coagulant-aided
sedimentation followed by filtration (slow or rapid sand filtration). Harvested rainwater from the
buildings or open areas can be treated in decentralized manner using conventional or natural
filtration systems and disinfection process to yield potable water for consumptive uses. Sewage

from the residential or commercial areas can be recycled by treating it with conventional
primary, secondary and tertiary or ecotechnological methods such as soil scape filter, constructed
wetland etc. to remove suspended solids, organic pollution and bacterial contaminants. Selection
of treatment processes is dependent on end use of treated water. Purpose of using treated water
for gardening, can be fulfilled by treating water by physicochemical (primary) and biological
(secondary) treatment to reduce solids (<100 mg TSS/Lit.) and BOD (<100 mg/Lit). Separation
of grey water from sewage and treatment by filtration and disinfection processes is helpful for
using water for flushing and car washing. Black water after treatment shall be strictly used for
gardening purpose. Decentralized sewage, grey or black water treatment systems are more
convenient for the reuse and recycling of treated water than the centralized treatment plants.

Rainwater conservation
In many parts of the world including India, Iran, Africa and China etc., for centuries, rainwater
harvesting is being practiced. Cisterns or other rainwater collection devices with simple filtration
technique have been used for storage. Filtered rainwater is suitable for garden irrigation
(accounting for 35 to 50% of domestic water use). Reuse of rainwater has very low
environmental risks. Savings of potable water is possible if rainwater is used for toilet flushing
(about 20% of domestic water use), laundry, kitchen and bathroom. Sand-carbon filtration
system is good enough to make use of rainwater for swimming pools, and for washing cars.
Decentralised treatment of delivered raw source water, or just primarily treated water, directly to
the user is desirable for the avoidance of the deterioration of the water quality during transport.
Each consumer can treat the water to the quality desired for consumptive and non-consumptive
use requirements. Dual media filters, microfiltration units, disinfection systems can be employed.
Sometimes specific contaminants such as fluorides or arsenic require specialized chemical
treatment to make the water safe for drinking purpose.

Desalination and disinfection
Distillation, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis techniques are usually preferred for treating
brackish groundwater to remove dissolved solids. Development of technologies with cost-
effective and high-performance membranes has reduced the treatment cost to Rs. 50 per
thousand litres. In arid locations close to the sea and far away from suitable surface or
groundwater sources, membrane treatment can be economical option for an urban water supply.

Microbial contamination of water is removed by chlorination or ultra-violet or ozonization unit.
Some mixtures of alum and drumstick powder or herbal extracts are useful in effective removal
or inhibition of pathogens in the drinking water. Solar radiation is economical method for
disinfection of water in the small treatment plants.

Stormwater management
Stormwater infiltration in urban areas can facilitate improvement in groundwater table promoting
good conditions for vegetation growth and a suitable microclimate. Infiltration can be put into
operation on grass or other permeable surfaces, in drainage trenches and ditches. Other
infiltration measures include pits, basins, porous structures and porous pavements (Urbonas,
1994). Ponds and wetlands is a common method of reducing drainage flows and treating
stormwater for removal of suspended solids, heavy metals and, to some extent nutrients also.
Cost of construction and operation of such facilities is often low compared to the environmental
benefits. Though the natural water bodies like ponds and wetlands provide aesthetic values to the
urban area, but they should be considered as stormwater treatment facilities. Addition of
ecological component to the pond system makes it Hydrasch Successon Pond which can be
successfully used to control the heavy metal contamination. Eco-filtration bank will also be
effective in removing the contaminants in the stormwater runoffs.

Centralized water treatment
Water sourced from rivers or lakes is treated in centralized water treatment plants in which
various structures and processes are used such as intake well, rising mains to convey raw water
from source to treatment plant, chemical coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation and filtration
followed by chlorination. Then the treated water is distributed in the city with provision of
pumps and elevated storage tanks. After water treatment plant, there is no intervention or
purification process to maintain the quality of supply water till it reaches the tap of the consumer.
Distribution network needs very hi-tech monitoring to ensure the unbroken condition of
pipelines, no contamination by any other leakages due to wastewater drains etc. GIS based online
monitoring computer controlled system can ensure the quality water supply to the consumers.


Wastewater treatment processes
There are two types of urban sewerage systems - combined and separate. Combined system
conveys both surface runoff and municipal wastewaters in a single channel or pipeline. The
complete dry weather flow is taken to the sewage treatment plant for the treatment. During the
rainy season inflow into the combined sewers increases due to runoffs, then the capacity of the
collection system exceeds and the excess flows are allowed to escape in the form of combined
sewer overflows (CSOs). In the separate system, wastewater is transported by sanitary sewers to
the wastewater treatment plant and usually treated prior to discharge into the receiving waters.
Surface runoff during the rains conveyed by storm sewers with or without treatment is
discharged into the receiving waters. These drainage systems are in use in many variations. All
types of sewers except watertight may come in contact with groundwater. Infiltration of
groundwater into sanitary sewers increases flows reaching the sewage treatment plant thereby
increasing the cost of treatment. Sudden increases in wet weather flows yield hydraulic and
pollution shocks on the treatment plants resulting in reduced treatment efficiency, particularly of
biological treatment by limiting the contact-reaction time. In India, most of the sewage treatment
plants are based on conventional aerobic processes. Recent advances in aerobic systems such as
Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR), are being used to treat the sewage in centralized sewage
treatment system while Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR),
constructed wetlands are being used in decentralized sewage treatment system. There are many
other techniques and processes which can be effectively used for purification of sewage for
further reuse and recycling. Ecological treatments like Soil Scape filter, Hydrasch Successon
Pond developed by SERI (Joshi, Sandeep, 2008), Phytorid by NEERI (Anon, 2011) and
mechanically aerated fixed film techniques (CPHEEO, 2012) useful for decentralized or
centralized sewage treatment are briefly described as below -

Soil Scape filter
A low-energy and low-cost eco-filtration system having layers of biologically activated filtration
medium spread on the top of porous supporting medium made up rubbles, gravels and sand.
Naturally rejuvenation of filter takes place due to symbiotic actions of plants and bacteria. This
treatment is suitable for 1 to 500 cu m sewage flow. A number of pilot and field scale studies
have confirmed 90% removal of COD/BOD and more than 99.9% removal of pathogens.


Hydrasch Succession Pond
Simulation of ecological succession of aquatic communities depending on input is used in the
development of Hydrasch Succession Pond for the sewage treatment. Its a zero-electricity
system. The ecological equilibrium is attained through the establishment of aquatic detritus food
chain having combination of aerobic-anaerobic organisms to purify the water by reducing the
pathogens to less than 1% and removal of organic pollution upto 95%.

Phytorid wastewater treatment
Technology is developed by NEERI supported by CSIR programme. The system is based on use
of plants such as elephant grass, cattails, reeds, canna, yellow flag iris normally found in natural
wetlands. The treatment units can be constructed in series and parallel modules/cells. The
reduction in organic pollution is reported 78-84% and nutrient reduction in the range of 50
75% and Fecal Coliform from 90 % to 97%.

Fixed Bed Biofilm Activated Sludge Process (FBASP)
Aeration system is divided into a series of biological reactors where fixed biofilm made up of
plant roots or textile media is maintained in every stage of the process. Bioreactors are covered
by a shading structure or a greenhouse. Influent passes through the cascade, organic pollutants
are degraded and nutrients are absorbed.

Submerged Immobilized Biofilm Technology (SIB)
Bricks of volcanic ash offer microbes a substratum to form biofilms as immobilized habitats.
These biofilms of microbes accelerate the aerobic or anaerobic or facultative activity depending
on oxygen concentration or anoxic conditions. The application of technology is confined in
application to small sized plants and polishing of sewage effluent from STPs.

Submerged Aeration Fixed Film (SAFF) Technology
Essentially a fixed film media technology has enhanced oxygen supply through submerged
aeration. Stones or plastic media offering high void ratio and specific area are used to develop
fixed biofilm. Large biomass and long solid retention time in the reactor lead to low food to
micro-organism ratio and higher organic removal in two stage biological oxidation units.


Future of urban water cycle
Sustainable sanitation and water management is the key for the future development of urban
sector. Assurance of uninterrupted quality water supply is the need of the hour. Sourcing the
water either from extra-urban or intra-urban surface or subsurface resources with watertight
pipelines, low-energy high-efficacy of water treatment process, minimal loss in distribution
network can be remotely controlled with programmed software to ensure timely and quality
water supply at the tap of consumer. In the same manner, if the wastewater collection network is
developed by minimizing leakages and losses, this will be a prelude to recycling of treated
wastewater for non-consumptive uses in the cities. This will be a close loop of water cycle in the
city with definitive steps of having interface with natural resources for abstraction, transport,
treatment, distribution and disposal with meticulously developed wastewater recycling facility.
In the well-knit urban water cycle, reuse of wastewater is quite a necessity than just mandatory
legal requirement and compliance. Ecohealthcare of water bodies has to be essential component
of urban water cycle management.
If the preventive measures of wastewater generation and recycling-reuse are followed to
orchestrate urban water cycle with scientifically designed steps, then at least 60% of the total
water cost can be saved. Reducing the grey and black water footprint is the basic objective of any
water programme. Keywords for this objective are: prevent, reduce, recycle and treat before
disposal. Water footprint can be brought to nearly zero by meticulously following the water
balance sheet of urban watershed. It is vital but difficult to improve water use efficiency by
providing dual piping system, water control taps etc at appropriate locations. It may be achieved
by making supply of requisite control systems (manual at home or computer controlled at
commercial units) and creating water-wise consciousness among the users. Imperative step is
that whole urban water cycle model is to be made fully transparent to consumers by
incorporating better control on water use in various activities. Among the different alternative
steps or auxiliary tools that can assist in improving water balance sheet are: setting quantitative
water use optimization targets, benchmarking, process auditing, certification and water footprint
statement in the annual reports. Indian cities need to explore the sustainable models of water
recycling and conservation from the point of view environmental management and ethical
practices in water business the ecosense. A dire need is felt to undertake decentralized small
scale and centralized large scale and well monitored interventions of water harvesting, storage,

recharge, treatment, recycle, audit, and hence reduce water footprint to facilitate sustainable
model of water supply and sanitation management.
References and Recommended Readings
Anon, 2011 Phytorid Wastewater Treatment of NEERI
http://www.neeri.res.in/pdf/Phytorid.pdf(accessed on 30/05/2013).
CPHEEO, 2012. Draft Manual on sewerage and sewage treatment Part A: Engineering, Final
Draft. Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi. Pp. 5 175 to 5 183.
CPHEEO-NEERI, 2002 Evaluation of Rural Water Supply Schemes in India By NEERI, Nagpur
sponsored by CPHEEO, MUD, Govt. of India.
Joshi, Sandeep, 2008 Use of ecotechnology for sustainable management of the lakes. In:
Souvenir of ILEC-IAAB Workshop on Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM), Hyderabad.
India. Pp. 55 60.
UNESCO. Aquatic Habitats in Integrated Urban Water Management
http://www.aquatic.unesco.lodz.pl/index.php (accessed on 30/05/2013)
UNESCO, 2006, IHP VI Technical documents in Hydrology no. 78, Urban water processes
and interactions Ed. Marsalek, J, Jimenez-Cisneros, B. E., Malamquist, P. A., Karamouz, M.,
Goldenfum, J., and Chocat, B.
Urbonas, B., 1994. Assessment of stormwater BMPs and their technology. Wat. Sci. Tech.
29(1-2), 347-353.


Study of Micronutrients as Some Typical
Minerals,Vitamins and Hygiene Parameters of
Dehydrated Bottle Gourd using Cabinet Solar Dryer
*G.V. Satpute
1
, P.M.Dighe
2
, V.M.Harpale
3
, A.M.Datir
4
*1. 7,Samata Colony, Opp. Sangamner College, Sangamner, Ahmednagar,
Maharashtra, India 422605.
E-mail : gvssamata@gmail.com

2. P.V.P college Pravaranagar,Tal-Rahata, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra,India 413736
E-mail : npdupd@yahoo.com

3. Ahmednagar college, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra,India 414001
E-mail : vm_harpale@rediffmail.com

4. Agasti Arts, commerce & Dadasaheb Rupwate Science college Akole, Ahmednagar,
Maharashtra,India 422 601
E-mail : ashokdatir526@gmail.com

Abstract
Drying means removing of moisture. Now-a-days there are different technologies like
vacuum drying, superheated steam drying, microwave drying, spray drying etc for drying food
materials, but these need electricity or fuel which makes the procedure of drying costlier. Solar
energy being abundant, available at free of cost and pollution free, is used for dehydration of
food materials using cabinet solar dryer. This is certainly cheapest, easy and also meaningful
from nutrition point of view because nutrition through balanced diet of a human being is quite
necessary for the healthy life. In the present study, some mineral, vitamin contents and hygiene
of dehydrated bottle gourd were estimated after dehydration using cabinet solar dryer and these
are compared with the open sun drying.

Keywords: Fossil fuels, Energy Crisis, Insolation, Cabinet Solar Dryer, Nutrients, Diet,
Hygiene, Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), Adequate
Intake (AI).


Introduction:
The conventional sources of energy, especially fossil fuels are going to be depleted in
coming few years causing energy crisis [1]. To meet increasing demand for energy of a human
being, non-conventional (alternative) source like solar energy is the time-answer to the problem.
Solar energy is abundant, available at free of cost and pollution free. The energy intercepted by
the earth is 1.710
14
kW which is much more than the demand if used meaningfully.
Use of cabinet solar dryer is made for dehydration [2]. Employing this dryer, we can achieve
safe drying (drying temperature about 60
C to 65
C, moisture content up to 12%-15%, within

specific period of time) of a food material. In safe drying, sensory parameters and nutrients of the
food materials are retained to the good extent.
The field of human nutrition and the dietician go with government regulations and the field is
also supported by many high academic programmes and has its own voluntary certification board
[3], professional associations, and journals like the American Society for Nutrition, Nutrition
society of India, Food Scientists and Nutritionists Association of India etc.
Essential nutrients are defined by the importance of their collective physiological evidence in
the diet, as represented in US Govt. approved tables for Dietary Reference Intake [4]. We all
need an adequate and balanced amount of nutrients daily for optimal health. There are six major
classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fat, minerals, protein, vitamins and water. The nutrients
classes can be categorized as either macronutrients needed relatively in large amounts or
micronutrients needed in smaller quantities. The macronutrients include carbohydrates (including
fiber), fat, protein, and water. The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins.
The dose for adults of some necessary minerals and vitamins per day is as follows:
Potassium: Adequate Intake (AI) of potassium should be 4700 mg/day.
Phosphorus: The recommended intake of phosphorus is 700 mg/day [5].
Magnesium: The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 420 mg/day [6].
Calcium: The RDA ranges from 1000 to 1200 mg/day [7,8]
Vitamin A( carotene): The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is 900 g/day [9].
Vitamin C: The RDA is 90 mg/day.
The healthy diet prevents many human health problems. Improper nutrient consumption (diet
of poor or excess nutrients consumption) causes diseases such as scurvy [10,11] and kwashiorkor
[12], health-threatening conditions like obesity [13,14] and metabolic syndrome [15]; and such

common chronic systemic diseases as cardiovascular disease [16,17], diabetes [18,19] and
osteoporosis [20,21,22].
Attempt has been made to study quantitively the amount of micronutrients retained in the
dehydrated Bottle Gourd, with the focus on minerals like Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
and Calcium as well as vitamins like vitamin C and vitamin A ( carotene).
The study of hygiene parameters like Total Plate Count at 37

C, Yeast and Mould at 25
C
and Coliform at 37
C has been done. It is worth to note that the occurrence of these parameters
(bacteria and fungi) is negligible in the dehydrated materials as observed after the safe
preservation of six months.
Experimental
Dehydration of bottle gourd was done by using cabinet solar dryer as well as in open sun
drying. The dryer works on the principle of natural convection or natural circulation of air. The
cabinet solar dryer is as shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Cabinet Solar Dryer.
During the process of dehydration, following points were important: The areas of mesh in
the dryer and that of tray in open sun drying were the same. Also the quantities of food stuff
(bottle gourd) in both the cases were the same. The spreading of the material, cut into small
pieces, over the mesh and tray was done in the similar fashion. Dehydration was done in three
lots. The orientation of the dryer was along north south direction. The time span chosen for
dehydration was generally from 10.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. The opening of chimney was adjusted so
as to achieve the cabinet temperature required for dehydration. The area of opening for hot air
outlet through chimney was kept constant throughout. The loss in mass of the materials was

noted after one hour or the same time interval in both the cases or continued further in open sun
drying .
The temperature of surrounding air, cabinet air and air in chimney were measured by
thermometers, the open space wind speed and hot air flow through chimney measured by
anemometer, open space insolation, insolation incident on cabinet and chimney surfaces were
measured by suryamapi and humidity of air by hygrometer.

Results and Discussion
Measurements:
i) Insolation-
Surrounding (open space ),I
1
= 773.7 W/m
2

Cabinet surface, I
2
= 792.3 W/m
2

Chimney surface, I
3
= 743.3 W/m
2

ii) Temperature-
Surrounding (open space ),t
1
= 36.5
o
C
Cabinet, t
2
= 59.6
o
C
Chimney, t
3
= 69.18
o
C
The temperatures clearly show the natural convection of air in the cabinet solar dryer.
iii) Wind speed-
Surrounding or open air wind speed = 1.19 m/s.
Speed of outlet hot air through chimney = 0.237 m/s.
iv) Humidity-
Surrounding air moisture = 63%
Note that all above values are the average values over the complete period of dehydration in
three lots of the sample.
iv) Mass-
i) Mass of wet bottle gourd (Total in three lots) = 3200 gm
ii) Mass of dehydrated bottle gourd (Total in three lots) = 207 gm

v) Dehydration period-
i) Open sun drying = 35.5 hrs
ii) Cabinet solar drying = 21.5 hrs

Calculations :
a) % 100
M
M - M
mass unit per mass in loss Percentage
i
f i
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
where ,
i
M = initial mass of sample before dehydration (gm),
M
f
= Final mass of sample after dehydration (gm).

b) Instantaneous drying efficiency of the dryer :
d
c
Percentage efficiency,
ML
= 100 %
I At t

where, M= loss in mass(gm)
L= Latent heat of vaporization of water,
I
c
= Insolation incident on the glass cover (W/m
2
),

A=Area of the collector, i.e. steel mesh over which sample to be dehydrated is
spread (m
2
),
t = Time of drying (s),
= Transmittance of the glass used.
Graphs :

Figure 2: A graph of loss in Mass (gm) Figure 3: A graph of Drying rate
of the drying material verses Time (hr). dm/dt (gm/s), verses Time (hr).

Analysis:
The total mass of fresh bottle gourd sample is 3200 gm. The mass is reduced to 207gm
after dehydration.
The dehydration period for open sun drying is 35.5 hrs and it is 21.5 hrs for the cabinet solar
dryer. The period for sun drying would have been more than 35.5 hrs if no wind could exist.
The intermittently blowing wind with the av. speed of 4.284km/hr helped the process of drying
in open space.
The graphs of Loss in mass i.e. removal of moisture (gm) from the sample against Time
of drying (hr) for both modes show that the additive loss in mass goes on increasing as time of
drying increases. In fact, the amount of loss in mass goes on decreasing corresponding to the
time for drying after each specific period of time. The loss in mass is almost negligible shown by
flat parts of the graphs in the final period of drying.
A graphs of Drying rate (dm/dt, gm/s), i.e. time rate of loss of moisture against Time of
drying (hr) in both modes of drying show that the drying rate goes on decreasing somewhat
exponentially as time drying advances.
The efficiency of the dryer is maximum (41.82%) for fresh sample in beginning and
minimum (0.47%) at the end of dehydration of the sample the change in efficiency depends on
the change in loss in mass of the sample, i.e. the efficiency decreases as loss in mass decreases
over each specific drying time period of sample.
The analysis of the sample was done in National Agriculture and Food Analysis and
Research Institute (NAFARI), Tilak Road, Pune.
Minerals:
The amounts of minerals retained in both the modes of dehydration are comparable
except for calcium which is remarkably increased (62.3mg more) in case of dryer as compared
with open sun drying. Also, it is noticeable that the values of amount of potassium retained in
both the cases are high. Further, the fact that indicates the advantage of dehydration by dryer for
example, is that values in dehydrated sample of bottle gourd (100gm ), equivalent to the values
of fresh bottle gourd (100gm), w.r.t. potassium, phosphorus, magnesium & calcium are expected
to be 1345.0mg, 154.6mg, 402.0mg & 309.0mg respectively; but actual values are 1903.97 mg,
224.3mg, 255.01mg,& 316.4mg respectively. So there is more increase in the quantities of
minerals retained (except magnesium) than the expected values of the dehydrated sample In case

of potassium, the difference between the actual value obtained and the expected value is
558.97mg which is quite significant.
Vitamins:
The contents of vitamin C&A( carotene) have been reported zero mg. In the analysis,
vitamin A is almost absent (<10) and vitamin C though reported zero, has been found as
19.24mg in 100gm of dehydrated sample. This is noticeable.
Hygienic parameters:
The analysis of dehydrated sample, even after the preservation of six moths, showed that
the presence of both, i.e. Total plate count at 37
o
C as well as Yeast and Mould at 25
o
C is
negligible. Also Coliform at 37
o
C is absent. All are expressed in the unit CFU/gm.
Conclusions :
The cabinet solar dryer can be fabricated using local materials & experts and that too at
very low cost. It is easy to handle. Dehydration using the dryer is safe, free from contamination
& pollution. It is worth noticing that the dehydration period using dryer, due to its higher rate
drying, is much less than that of open sun drying. Also energy required for drying is free of cost
& abundant. The minerals & vitamins are well maintained. Hence dryer happens to be an
effective tool for dehydration, especially for small farmers in villages.
The rate drying of the dryer is more as compared with open sun drying. The rate goes on
decreasing as the process of drying goes ahead.
Efficiency of the dryer in the beginning of dehydration is maximum & minimum at the
end. It seems that efficiency goes on decreasing exponentially over the period of drying.
The minerals in the dehydrated sample of bottle gourd are well maintained. Calcium
content is much more held in the sample of dryer than in open sun drying. Potassium is retained
at quite higher level in the dehydrated sample. Not only that, but actual values obtained of
potassium, phosphorus & calcium in 100gm of dehydrated sample are appreciably higher
(enriched values) than the expected values, which is the achievement of the dehydration of the
sample.
It is surprising to note that vitamin C is reported absent in fresh bottle gourd ; but it
occurs in the dehydrated sample.
In the analysis of the dehydrated sample of bottle gourd after six months -Total plate
count ( Total bacteria or microorganism/gm called flora ) and Total yeast & mould ( Total
fungi ) are negligible. Also Coliform ( one of the bacteria )is absent. Coliform indicates the

hygiene condition of the sample. Hence the preservation period or shelf life of the dehydrated
sample is enhanced considerably.
The noticeable retention of minerals, presence of vitamins to a good extent and nullifying
bacteria & fungi in the dehydrated sample implies the appropriate food or nutrition value of the
dehydrated sample. This is required for the nourishment and healthy functioning of the body of
human being, as minerals and vitamins play the vital role in this respect.
References :

[1] R.W. Bentley, Global oil & gas depletion: an overview, Energy policy 30 (2002) 189-205.
[2] Clement K. Sankat, Drying Technologies for Caribbean Agro-Industry using Solar Energy: Publication of
the Islamic Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization ISESCO- 1427 AH/2006.
[3] Clinical Nutrition Certification Board.Cncb.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
[4] National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Guidance : DRI
Tables. US Department of Agricultural Library and National Academic of Sciences, Institute of Medicine,
Food and Nutrition Board, October 2009.
[5] Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus,
Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, DC,1997.
[6] Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board.Dietary Reference Intakes : Calcium, Phosphors,
Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride. National Academy Press,
Washington, DC,1999.
[7]
a b
`` Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet : Calcium. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
[8] Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. November 2010.
[9] Dietary Reference Intakes : Vitamins
[10] Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University. Lpi.oregonstate. edu (2001-06-15). Retrieved on 2011-10-
17
[11] a b c dVitamin C. Food standards Agency (UK). Retrieved 2007-02-19.
[12] Kwashiorkor: Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia. Nlm.nih.gov (2011-10-13). Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
[13] Obesity. Weight Linked to Prostate Cancer Deaths National Cancer Institute. Cancer.gov.Retreived on
2011-10-17.
[14] Obesity and Overweight for Professionals : Causes IDNPAOICDC. Cdc.gov (2011-05-16). Retrieved on
2011-10-17.
[15] Metabolic syndrome Pub Med Health. Ncbi.n/m.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
[16] Omega 3 Fatty Acid Deficiency -11 Signs of Omega 3 Fatty Acid
Deficiency. Bodybuilding foryou.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
[17] Omega-3 fatty acids.Umm.edu. (2011-10-05). Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
[18] What I need to know about Eating and Diabetes National Diabetes Information
Clearinghouse.Diabetes.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
[19] Diabetes Diet and Food Tips : Eating to Prevent and Control
Diabetes.Helpguide.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
[20] Osteoporosis & vitamin D: Deficiency, How Much, Benefits, and More. Web.com
(2005-07-07). Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
[21] Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: vitamin D. ods.od.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
[22] Body, Jane E ( March 19, 1998). Osteoporosis Linked to Vitamin
D Deficiency The New York Times.


ASSESSMENT OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL
IN AN URBAN MANAGED GARDEN IN THE
PIMPRI-CHINCHWAD CITY
Nisha R. Choudhari
1*
, D.M. Mahajan
2
, V.R. Gunale
3
and M.G. Chaskar
4

1
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Pune, Pune-411007,
2
Department of Botany, Waghire College, Saswad, Dist. Pune

3
Department of Botany, University of Pune, Pune-411007

4
Department of Chemistry, Baburoji Gholap College, Sangvi, Pune-411027
Email: nisharamesh40@gmail.com mahajandm@gmail.com;

Abstract
Carbon storage and sequestration by urban Garden trees was calculated to assess the role of
urban forests in relation to climate change. In Pimpri-Chinchwad urban Gardens, as important
elements of urban residential environments, could have significant sustainability potential. The
biomass of standing vegetation was estimated by using direct estimation methods after
measuring their diameter and height, Tree Vegetation carbon pool was largest in In all sampled
sites we noticed heterogeneous carbon pool. Durga tekadi is major biodiversity hot spots in
gardens zone, while this sites sequestrated highest amount of carbon in their biomass was 289.83
tonnes in 30.00 hectare, whereas site Mhatoba garden wakad has sequestrated the lowest
amount of CO
2
(13.75 tonnes) in total 1.81hectares, The total recorded biomass in the garden
zone was 1419.85 tonnes and total amount of sequestrated carbon was 681.53 tonnes in 47.12
hectares. Total number of individual trees was 4975 in numbers. There were other recorded
dominant species are peltophorum pterocarpum (Dc.) Baker, Acacia longifolia Willd.;
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.; Ficus benjamina L., Grevillea robusta
Cunn.

Keywords: Carbon storage, Climate change, Urban vegetation, Garden trees.

Introduction
Worldwide concern about global climate change has created increasing interest in trees to help
reduce the level of atmospheric CO
2
(Dwyer et al. 1992). As urban forests both sequester Carbon
and affect the emission of CO
2
from urban areas, urban forests can play a major role in helping
conflict increasing CO
2
levels (Nowak and Crane 2002).Urban Trees store carbon (C) derived


from CO
2
-the major gas contributing to global climate change, reduce peak cooling and heating
loads on power plants, thereby reducing C emissions. They can also reduce the higher ambient
air temperatures that occur in urbanized areas due to large amounts of heat-absorbing materials.
The main source of urban vegetation is garden or parks, Gardens can provide multiple
sustainability benefits. The Pimpri-Chinchwad area is the most developed industrial belt in the
state of Maharashtra. It accommodates some of the most reputed industrial companies of the
country. Due to rapid growth of industries in this area there was a pressing need to cope with the
demands for housing, social and physical infrastructure and other amenities like parks and play
grounds for residential. In Pimpri-Chinchwad urban area there are total 100 well developed
gardens and 35 gardens in developing process, with dense vegetation of trees, lianas and ground
vegetation, all plantations were done by municipal authority. The present work is focus on how
much carbon sequestered or stored in the tree species (Above ground biomass and below ground
biomass) in selected gardens.

Materials and methods
Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC) area was selected for the present
investigation. Total of 9 Gardens were selected for study purpose. The random sampling method
was used for measuring the above ground vegetation. Total garden zone area is about 143.12
hectare. In all 71 plots of 25x25 m size were laid, measuring the indicator parameters (tree DBH,
height), using different approaches such as allometric functions to calculate the biomass and
extrapolating the value to per hectare and for the total project area (Ravindranath N.H. and
Ostwald M., 2008).

Result and discussuion
Pimpri-Chinchwad parks noticed highly valuable urban biodiversity hotspot named Durga tekadi
contains fragments of natural landscapes. For garden maintenance special guards or garden
keepers involved in the process of garden restoration. In garden zone total sampled area we
covered 47 hectare, total 4777 trees were calculated to estimate the stored carbon in selected
gardens of study area.
Estimation of above ground carbon sequestration indicates the major sampling sites of garden
zones have sequestrated the maximum volume of carbon dioxide in its biomass, whereas site
Mhatoba garden wakad (table 1) has sequestrated the lowest amount of CO
2
(13.75 tonnes) in

total 1.81hectares, vegetation density is less in that area of garden zone. The total recorded
biomass in the garden zone was 1419.85 tonnes and total amount of sequestrated carbon was
681.53 tonnes in 47.12 hectares. In all sampled sites we noticed heterogeneous carbon pool.
Durga tekadi is major biodiversity hot spots in gardens zone, while this sites sequestrated highest
amount of carbon in their biomass was 289.83 tonnes in 30.00 hectare(Table 2).
Trees, shrubs and climbers were assessed (table 2) for carbon sequestration potential. The
maximum mean carbon (18.83 tonnes) was recorded in species Syzigium cumuni (L.) Skeels, and
minimum carbon (0.0001tonnes) was recorded in Lantana camara (L). The most dominated
species was Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth.ex.steud, total recorded individuals trees was 914 in
numbers in sampled area; Leucaena latisiliqua ( L.) Gills and 989 of total number of trees were
recorded. Total number of individual trees was 4975 in numbers. There were other recorded
dominant species are peltophorum pterocarpum (Dc.) Baker, Acacia longifolia Willd.; Pongamia
pinnata (L.) Pierre, Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.; Ficus benjamina L., Grevillea robusta Cunn. The
total mean biomass per tree (Fig 1) was 16.57 tonnes and mean carbon stock was recorded 7.95
tonnes.
In all above recorded species the contribution of exotic species are more as compared to native
species. In the garden zone most of the trees are newly planted and fast growing trees chosen for
plantation. In all vegetation the exotic species sequester highest carbon stock in studied sites.
Table1. In tree vegetation Total area, Total plots, AGB, BGB, Total Biomass, Total Carbon in
studied Garden (sampled plots)
Sites
area (ha) plots AGB (t) BGB (t) Total biomass(t) Total carbon(t)
Bhosari lake garden 5.80 5 119.34 31.03 150.37 72.18
Kejudevi boat club 1.20 4 160.69 41.78 202.47 97.18
Moraya gosavi garden 0.43 1 46.81 12.17 58.98 28.31
Pimple gurav garden 1.25 5 17.65 4.59 22.24 10.67
Rajeshri shavumaharaj garden 2.16 2 39.66 10.31 49.97 23.99
Sant Dnayaneshwer garden 3.67 10 201.12 52.29 253.41 121.64
Shridhar nagar garden 0.80 2 51.47 13.38 64.85 31.13
Mhatoba garden Wakad 1.81 2 10.91 2.84 13.75 6.60
Durga devi takadi udayan 30.00 40 479.21 124.60 603.81 289.83
Total 47.12 71 1126.86 292.98 1419.85 681.53


Figure 1. Mean of Total Biomass and carbon accumulation in species wise distribution at Garden zone

Table 2. In Garden zone, number of individual trees, Mean Above ground Biomass, Below ground
Biomass, total Biomass, and Carbon in Total species in tonnes

Species name
no of
individ
uals
Mean
ABG/
tree (t)
Mean
BGB/
tree (t)
Mean
Total
biomass
(t)
Mean
Carbon
/
tree (t)
Mean
Carbon in
total
species
(t)
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth.ex.steud. 914 0.012 0.003 0.015 0.007 6.427
Leucaena latisiliqua ( L.) Gills. 989 0.011 0.003 0.014 0.007 6.832
peltophorum pterocarpum (Dc.) Baker 466 0.017 0.004 0.021 0.010 4.665
Bambusa vulgaris Sch. 50 0.390 0.102 0.492 0.236 11.807
Syzigium cumuni (L.) Skeels 40 0.778 0.202 0.981 0.471 18.833
Roystonea regia (H.B.&K) 134 0.066 0.017 0.084 0.040 5.374
Acacia longifolia Willd. 218 0.026 0.007 0.032 0.015 3.366
Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. 31 0.531 0.138 0.670 0.321 9.965
Ficus racemosa L 38 0.201 0.052 0.254 0.122 4.628
Pongamia pinnata ( L.) Pierre 127 0.029 0.008 0.037 0.018 2.241
Cassia siamea lan. 93 0.098 0.026 0.124 0.059 5.531
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. 12 0.981 0.255 1.236 0.593 7.121
Tamarindus indica L. 42 0.230 0.060 0.290 0.139 5.845
Ficus religiosa L. 24 0.607 0.158 0.765 0.367 8.817
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw 81 0.055 0.014 0.069 0.033 2.673
Azadirachta indica Juss. 65 0.143 0.037 0.180 0.087 5.626
Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd 6 0.830 0.216 1.046 0.502 3.014
Ziziphus xylopyra Wild 36 0.142 0.037 0.179 0.086 3.090
Gmelina arborea Roxb 47 0.077 0.020 0.098 0.047 2.200
Tabebuia argentea Britt. 24 0.109 0.028 0.137 0.066 1.577
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. 34 0.042 0.011 0.053 0.026 0.869
Bauhinia variegata L. 108 0.026 0.007 0.033 0.016 1.687
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 115 0.035 0.009 0.044 0.021 2.422
Muntingia calabura L. 55 0.011 0.003 0.014 0.007 0.380
Grevillea robusta Cunn. 120 0.004 0.001 0.005 0.003 0.313
acacia auriculiformis Willd 6 1.058 0.275 1.334 0.640 3.841
Callistemon citrinces skeels 74 0.008 0.002 0.010 0.005 0.346
Butea monosperma (Lank.) Taub. 25 0.074 0.019 0.093 0.045 1.115
Ficus benghalensis L. 33 0.062 0.016 0.078 0.038 1.240
Alstonia scholaris (L.) Willd. 18 0.128 0.033 0.161 0.078 1.395
Dalbergia sisoo Roxb. 24 0.016 0.004 0.020 0.010 0.230
Ficus benjamina L. 129 0.008 0.002 0.010 0.005 0.632
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 9 0.454 0.118 0.572 0.274 2.470
Mean
ABG/tree
(t)
Mean
BGB/tree
(t)
Mean Total
biomass (t)
Mean
Carbon/tre
e (t)
values 13.15 3.42 16.57 7.95
0.00
4.00
8.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
T
o
n
n
e
s


cocus nucifera L. 19 0.061 0.016 0.077 0.037 0.705
Cassia glauca L. 20 0.017 0.004 0.021 0.010 0.204
Casuarina equisetifolia forst. 3 0.327 0.085 0.413 0.198 0.594
Albizia lebbeck (L.) willd 11 0.196 0.051 0.247 0.119 1.305
Tectona grandis L.F. 30 0.060 0.016 0.076 0.036 1.095
Spathodea campanulata beauv 8 0.180 0.047 0.227 0.109 0.871
Acacia chundra (Roxb ex Rottl.)Wild. 15 0.139 0.036 0.175 0.084 1.261
Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw. 60 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.090

Conclusion
The Garden ecosystems of all park plantations are experiencing disturbances of various
magnitudes. A practice for removal of urban vegetation biomass in the form of grazing, lopping,
surface burning and litter removal at a given time is a continuous disturbance affecting the
stability of the ecosystem
When the area has reached the late successional stage there is a high probability that the stand
will have accumulated greater amount of carbon in its biomass throughout its growing period
Measuring the urban forest is one of the first steps toward understanding this resource and
developing appropriate management plans.
The inventory process yields baseline reports that serve as appraise on which future changes in C
pool size would be calculated.
Establishing more properly chosen (native) urban trees, in addition to maintaining the present
structure, can make urban forests a larger sink for atmospheric C, along with producing other
urban forest benefits.
Long-term permanent plot data are needed to assess urban forest growth, regeneration and
mortality; research needs to develop better urban tree biomass equations, improve estimates of
tree decomposition and maintenance emissions, and investigate the effect of urban soils on C
storage and flux in cities (Nowak and Crane 2002).
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Universitys Women Association for providing finance for this work. We
are thankful to the Superintendent of Garden Department, Pimpri-Chinchwad Muncipal
Corporation for permitting me to carry the field survey and measurement of vegetation and
collection of sample for study purpose.
References
Dwyer, John F., McPherson, E. Gregory, Schroeder, Herbert W. And Rowan A. Rowntree (1992) Assessing the
benefits and costs of the urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 18, 227-234.
Nowak, David J. And Daniel E. Crane (2002) Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA.
Environmental Pollution 116, 381-389.
Ravindranath, N.H. and Ostwald, M. (2008) Carbon Inventory Methods: Hand book for Greenhouse Gas Inventory.
Carbon mitigation and Round wood Production Projects, Springer Science + Business Media BV

STUDY OF SOLAR-WIND HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS
- R. A. Bagade, A. B. Gholap, R. B. Bhise, * K. C. Mohite
Department of Physics, B. J. College, Ale (Junnar-Pune) 412411, MH, India
*Principal, H.V. Desai College, Pune
Affiliation: University of Pune
Email: bhiseramesh@gmail.com

Abstract
A solar-wind hybrid system is a reliable alternative energy source because rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources
necessitated research on alternative energy sources. It uses solar energy combined with wind energy to create a standalone
energy source. They are dependable and consistent. Solar power and wind power alone can fluctuate when used together.
The perfect solution is to combine solar power and wind power to create a constant energy flow. The main aim of this
paper is to study of solar-wind hybrid power system and to maximize use of renewable energy generation system.
Keywords: Hybrid System, renewable energy, Solar, Wind
Introduction
Solar energy and wind energy have been deemed clean, inexhaustible, unlimited, and
environment friendly. Such characteristics have attracted the energy sector to use renewable
energy sources on a larger scale. However, all renewable energy sources have drawbacks. Wind
and solar sources are dependent on unpredictable factors such as weather and climatic
conditions. Due to both sources' complementary nature, some of these problems can be
overcome the weaknesses of one with the strengths of the other. This brings us to the hybrid
solar-wind power plant concept [1]. Hybrid energy stations have proven to be advantageous for
decreasing the depletion rate of fossil fuels, as well as supplying energy to remote rural areas,
without harming the environment [2]. The hybrid of picohydro, PV, wind turbine, generator and
battery as back-up is the basis of assessment. The results from the simulation of renewable
hybrid system shows that in order to reduce the COE, it is important to look into the amount of
excess energy the system produced. COE is defined as the ratio of total annualized cost and
annual load served, reducing the annualized or/and increasing the annual load served should be
one of the objective of optimization [3]. Discusses on the optimization of the renewable energy

hybrid system based on the sizing and operational strategy of generating system. In this case
study, PV array system, wind turbine, diesel generator with battery and converter are the
components chosen for the analysis. HOMER simulates the system based on the estimation of
installing cost, replacement cost, operation and maintenance cost, fuel and interest [4].
The main aim of this paper is to study of solar-wind hybrid power system and to maximize use of
renewable energy generation system.
Solar Power
The solar modules (photovoltaic cell) generate DC electricity whenever sunlight falls in solar
cells. The solar modules should be tilted at an optimum angle for that particular location, face
due south, and should not be shaded at any time of the day.

Wind Power
Wind is a natural phenomenon related to the movement of air masses caused primarily by the
differential solar heating of the earth's surface. Seasonal variations in the energy received from
the sun affect the strength and direction of the wind. The wind turbine captures the winds kinetic
energy in a rotor consisting of two or more blades mechanically coupled to an electrical
generator. The turbine is mounted on a tall tower to enhance the energy capture [5].

Hybrid Solar-Wind System
A stand-alone wind system with solar photovoltaic system is the best hybrid combination of all
renewable energy systems and is suitable for most of the applications, taking care of seasonal
changes. They also complement each other during lean periods, for example, additional energy
production through wind during monsoon months compensate the less output generated by solar
through wind during monsoon months compensate the less output generated by solar. Similarly,
during winter when the wind is dull, solar photovoltaic takes over.
The hybrid solar wind power system is as shown in figure. With the use of renewable energy
based system the emission of carbon and other harmful gases are reduced to approximately 80%
to 90% in environments.


.

Fig. Solar-wind hybrid power system

Applications of Solar-Wind Hybrid Power System
- Remote and rural village electrification
- Ideal for cell phone recipient stations,
- Residential colonies and apartments for general lighting
- Street Lighting
Conclusion
The cost for solar-wind hybrid power system is high but it produces electricity at the lowest cost.
Due to distributed generation, it eliminates installation cost transmission lines. It has many
advantages that it does not produce pollution and requires less maintenance. HOMER software
can be used for the optimization of hybrid combination. It gives best combination according to
least price. It is feasible to use solar wind hybrid power system for higher loading.
References:
- Mukund R. Patel, A book of Wind and Solar Power Systems Design, Analysis and Operation.
- Yusoff Ali et al., Optimization of Renewable Energy Hybrid System by Minimizing Excess Capacity,
International Journal of Energy, Issue 3, Vol. 1, 2007.
- Dr. H. Nagana Gouda Individual and community power generation: A look at wind and hybrid power
systems. Renewable energy: Akshay Urja, Volume 1, Issue 6, page 36-39, May-June 2008.
- Ismail Musirin et al., Optimal Sizing and Operational Strategy of Hybrid Renewable Energy System using
HOMER, The 4th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference, Malaysia, June 2010.
- O.T. Popoola et al., Using HOMER Power Optimization Software for Cost Benefit Analysis of Hybrid-
Solar Power Generation Relative to Utility Cost in Nigeria, International Journal Of Research and Review
in Applied Science, Vol 17, Issue 1, 2011.

THE POWER OF MICROBES:
A REMEDY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Rajashree B. Patwardhan
1
Pragati S. Abhyankar
2
and Neha S. Vora
3

1, 2
Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, H. V. Desai College, Pune
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, H. V. Desai College, Pune.
Corresponding Author Email ID: dr.rbpatwardhan@gmail.com

Abstract:
Microbes make up most of the biodiversity on Earth. They play important roles in the environment. Bacteria, fungi
and algae all take part in decomposing waste material. Without them, the world would quickly be overrun with
discarded food scraps, raw sewage and dead organisms. Microbial decomposition releases nutrients into the environment
that are needed by other organisms. Microbes are also involved in the cycling of many other important compounds in
and between ecosystems, including oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. Many microbes use the energy of sunlight to convert
carbon dioxide to oxygen, which we need to breathe. As they do this, they create new organic material themselves which
are then eaten by other organisms. In this way, the cycling of nutrients and energy continues. Knowledge of microbes in
the environment helps mankind to develop ecosystem services and to find strategies to utilize our agricultural natural
resources in a long term sustainable manner. This review describes about different assets of microbes, to resolve
important environmental issues and promote sustainable development of environment.
Keywords: Microbes, Bioenergy, Bioleaching, Biopesticides, Biofertilizers, Environment

Introduction
Microbes are everywhere in the biosphere, and their presence invariably affects the environment
where they are growing in. Several of the processes which microorganisms perform are of
critical importance for the cycling of nutrients, degradation of various compounds, and the global
climate. Microbes make up the major portion of the biomass present on the earth. Therefore, the
nutrients they eat and the products they form greatly influence the environment. Microbes release
nutrients from dead organisms, making them available to the rest of the ecosystem. Some
microbes play a role in the production of energy. Microbes are useful tools in research because
of their rapid life cycle, their simple growth requirements, and their small size. Due to this

microbes have been essential in understanding core questions in biology. This review enlightens
about power of microbes; a remedy to solve environmental problems.

Bioleaching
Bioleaching is the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms.
Bioleaching is used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold,
silver, and cobalt. Bioleaching is a process described as being The dissolution of metals from
their mineral source by certain naturally occurring microorganisms or The use of
microorganisms to transform elements so that the elements can be extracted from a material.
Microbes such as bacteria and fungi convert metal compounds into their water-soluble forms and
are biocatalysts of these leaching processes. Microorganisms are able to mobilize metals by the
formation of organic or inorganic acids (protons), oxidation and reduction reactions and the
excretion of complexing agents. By applying microbiological solubilization processes, it is
possible to recover metal values from industrial wastes which can serve as secondary raw
materials. Several species of fungi can be used for bioleaching. Fungi are grown on substrates,
such as electronic scrap, catalytic converters, and fly ash from municipal waste incineration. This
form of leaching does not rely on microbial oxidation of metal but rather uses microbial
metabolism as source of acids that directly dissolve the metal. Bioleaching is in general simpler
and, therefore, cheaper to operate and maintain than traditional processes. The process is more
environmentally friendly than traditional extraction methods. Less landscape damage occurs,
since the bacteria involved grow naturally, and the mine and surrounding area can be left
relatively untouched. As the bacteria breed in the conditions of the mine, they are easily
cultivated and recycled. Bioleaching can extract metals from ores that are too poor for other
technologies. It can be used to partially replace the extensive crushing and grinding that
Micro
bes

Bioleachi
ng

Bio
Remediatio
n

Bioener
gy
Biogas
Biofuel

Nutrient
Cycling
Biofertiliser
s
Biopestici
des

Biodegradable plastic
production

translates to prohibitive cost and energy consumption in a conventional process. Bioleaching has
a great potential for metal recovery and detoxification of industrial waste products, sewage
sludge and soil contaminated with heavy metals

Microbial Energy Production
Global warming can be slowed, and perhaps reversed, only when society replaces fossil fuels
with renewable, carbon-neutral alternatives. The best option is bioenergy: the suns energy is
captured in biomass and converted to energy forms useful to modern society. Microbes offer
efficient and sustainable ways to convert plants or other biomass into liquid fuels, hydrogen,
methane, electricity etc. that are currently being derived from fossil fuels. Microbes can serve as
the earths master chemists to address societys energy, environmental and food challenges.
1. Biofuel Production
Current consumption of fossil fuels is not sustainable in the long run, and the combustion of
these fuels causes the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which can harm the
environment. Research continues to find cleaner energy sources; a more immediate solution
involves production of biofuels. Unfortunately, many of the biofuels currently being produced
may cause problems for the environment. The production of these biofuels is not straightforward
either, and requires many steps to get a final product that can be used. They require treatment
with petroleum products, which means they may not be sustainable in the long run. Recently,
researchers have engineered a strain of E. Coli bacteria that can produce diesel fuel. This fuel is
very similar in composition to traditional diesel fuel, and does not require treatment with
petroleum products. Because it is so similar to traditional diesel fuel, systems that use diesel
would not need to be upgraded in order to be able to use the fuel. This is a huge benefit over
other biofuels, such as those produced from corn ethanol, because they do not need to be mixed
with petroleum. The diesel biofuel produced by the E. coli could simply replace the conventional
diesel fuel currently in use.

2. Biogas Production
One excellent source of energy is Biogas. This is produced when bacteria decompose organic
material such as garbage and sewage, especially in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is a mixture of
about 60 percent methane and 40 percent Carbon dioxide. Methane is the main component of
natural gas. It is relatively clean burning, colorless, and odorless. This gas can be captured and

burned for cooking and heating. Methanogens are bacteria that produce methane gas. Biogas-
powered electricity plants can be built quickly, simply, and for much less money than coal, oil,
or nuclear power plants. Unlike these other current energy sources, biogas is a renewable
resource. Methane is going to be produced by decomposition whether it is used or not. Methane
is also an important greenhouse gas and is a major contributor to the global warming problem.
Biogas provides an excellent source of energy that is helpful to the environment. The residue
from the burning of Biogas, called activated sludge, can be dried and used as fertilizer. Biogas
technology is one of the fastest growing renewable energy sectors worldwide.
Bioremediation
Microbes are natures ultimate garbage disposal, consuming the dead, decomposing and inert
material that litters Earths surface. This concept is called bioremediation; it involves
degradation of toxic pollutants to non-toxic products. Scientists are designing or deploying
microbes to purge sites of contaminants such as oil, radioactive waste, gasoline and mercury etc.
Oil-eating superbugs are used to the cleanup large oil spills. Widely used approach to
bioremediation involves stimulating a group of organisms in order to shift the microbial ecology
toward the desired process known as Biostimulation and the other widely used approach is
termed Bioaugmentation where organisms selected for high degradation abilities are used to
inoculate the contaminated site. These two approaches are not mutually exclusive, they can be
used simultaneously. Instead of adding organisms to the environment, often the best way to get
rid of chemical pollutants is to help the bacteria already on the job. Bioremediation using both
indigenous and genetically modified microbes is a cost-effective way to clean up contamination.
By rebalancing the system with the proper microbial processes, the time period required for
chemical breakdown can be reduced. Energy production is the chief metabolic activity of
microorganisms. Most organic substances can serve as the source of energy to diverse group of
microorganisms and hence they are transformed or degraded in the polluted environment.
Ammonia from urea and uric acid waste produced by large chicken farms has a tremendous
impact on water and soil quality. The concentrations of certain types of fungus increased
threefold in chicken waste when it was treated by commercially available additives to acidify the
waste in hopes of controlling the ammonia going into the environment. There are reports saying
that uric acid degrading fungi could significantly decrease the amounts of ammonia in waste
within two weeks. Bacterial genera, such as Pseudomonas, degrade pesticides in polluted bodies
of water. The studies have found that increased concentrations of Pseudomonas, degraded

pesticides much more efficiently as compared to water samples with lesser amounts of the
microbe. Explosives are synthesized globally mainly for military munitions. Nitrate esters, such
as GTN and PETN, nitroaromatics like TNP and TNT and nitramines with RDX, HMX and
CL20, are the main class of explosives used. Their use has resulted in severe contamination of
environment and strategies are now being developed to clean these substances in an economical
and eco-friendly manner. The incredible versatility inherited in microbes has rendered these
explosives as a part of the biogeochemical cycle. Several microbes catalyze mineralization
and/or nonspecific transformation of explosive waste either by aerobic or anaerobic processes.
Anaerobic microbial mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants is of great environmental
significance and involves intriguing novel biochemical reactions. In particular, hydrocarbons and
halogenated compounds have long been doubted to be degradable in the absence of oxygen, but
the isolation of unknown anaerobic hydrocarbon-degrading and reductively dehalogenating
bacteria during the last decades provided ultimate proof for these processes in nature. Petroleum
oil contains aromatic compounds that are toxic for most life forms. Episodic and chronic
pollution of the environment by oil causes major ecological perturbations. Marine environments
are especially vulnerable since oil spills of coastal regions and the open sea are poorly
containable and mitigation is difficult. In addition to pollution through human activities, about
250 million litres of petroleum enter the marine environment every year from natural seepages.
Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is
eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities, in particular by a
remarkable recently discovered group of specialists, the so-called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria
(HCB) In addition to hydrocarbons, crude oil often contains various heterocyclic compounds,
such as pyridine, which appear to be degraded by similar, though separate mechanisms than
hydrocarbons. Bioremediation of hydrocarbons, from oil spills or storm water run-off, depends
upon the initial contaminant, level of contamination, temperature, the type of soil, the availability
of oxygen in the area and the ability of the microbes to reach the contaminant.

Biodegradable Plastic
Biodegradable plastics are the plastic materials that get completely degraded and decompose by
microbes and other living organisms. Bioplastics, the term has been coined from renewable raw
materials and plastics that are derived from the hydrocarbons, petro-chemicals with
biodegradable moieties that stimulate biodegradation. Plastic disposal has various adverse effects

on the climate. The liberation of various harmful gases after the disposal of plastics are
increasing to an alarming level. The replacement and substitution of plastics by renewable
materials could balance the toxic content of gases in the atmosphere. The aim of all the efforts in
the development of bioplastic is to find a material with optimum technical performance, low cost
and high biodegradability.
Nutrient Cycling
Nutrients comprise many of the chemical elements known to be essential for the growth of living
organisms. The ecological processes of nutrient cycling is an important part of all ecosystems as
it provides an adequate and balanced supply of elements necessary for life . The cycles of several
key elements - phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, and possibly iron and silicon have been
substantially altered by human activities over the past two centuries, with important positive and
negative consequences for a range of other ecosystem services and for human well-being.
Nutrients can occur in gaseous form, mineral form, inorganic ionic form and organic form.
Nutrients are mostly taken up by plants in the ionic form and by animals in organic forms
through consumption of living or dead tissues; microorganisms in general may use nutrients in
any mineral or organic form, with sometimes high degrees of specialization at the species level.
The interconversion between forms is mediated by the Ecosystem. Nutrient cycling describes the
movement within and between the various biotic or abiotic entities in which nutrients occur in
the global environment. These elements can be extracted from their mineral or atmospheric
uptake to occur and ultimately returning them to the atmosphere or soil. Microbes play a major
role in nutrient cycling.

Biofertiliser
Biofertilizers are seen as an important alternative technology, since the negative effects of
chemical fertilizers have become well known. Biofertilizers do not pollute the soil and do not
disrupt the ecological balance, and hence are environment friendly. An increasing number of
farmers are using biofertilizers, and the numbers of biofertilizer manufacturing units have also
grown considerably. Organic farming system is being followed from ancient time, it is a method
of farming system which primarily aimed at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way,
as to keep the soil healthy by use of organic wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic
wastes) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes (biofertilizers) to release
nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco- friendly and pollution free

environment. Organic farming has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the
growing demand for safe and healthy food and long term sustainability and concerns on
environmental pollution associated with indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Going organic may
be a clear way of getting back to basics and getting away from the havoc chemicals can have on
our health and our environment.
Biopesticide
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from natural materials such as animals,
plants and bacteria. They significantly improve quality and yield of crops under challenging
conditions. The products which include a variety of both microbial and biochemical
biopesticides, may be used to protect the crop from pathogens, insect pests, and/or weeds that
can divert or restrict the crops access to valuable resources such as water, sunlight, or nutrients.
Thus, biopesticides help to promote crop health and thus food quality. Biopesticides provide
growers with valuable tools on both fronts by delivering solutions that are highly effective in
managing pests, without creating negative impacts on the environment as they are usually
inherently less toxic than conventional pesticides. They help to maintain beneficial insect
populations, break down quickly in the environment, and may serve to reduce conventional
pesticide applications through their effective use in resistance management programs.
Biopesticides target specific pests without disrupting the beneficial components of an
agroecosystem. Pesticides are not bio-degradable, are highly toxic and find their way into ground
water and water bodies, contaminating them and rendering them unfit for drinking purposes. The
residual pesticides in the soil affect the soil quality and the water quality, as they get leached into
the ground water. The role of biopesticides is very important for sustainable agriculture.
Biopesticides are often are effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly,
thereby resulting in lower exposures and largely avoiding the pollution problems caused by
conventional pesticides.
Conclusion
Sustainable energy development focuses on fulfilling the needs of today but also making the
resources available for tomorrow. The building of a sustainable society will require reduction of
dependency on fossil fuels and lowering of the amount of pollution that is generated. For energy
production, microbes offer efficient and sustainable ways to convert biomass into liquid fuels
and electricity which are currently derived from fossil fuels. They are also important tools for
generation of alternatives such as biogas which can reduce our dependency on fossil fuels.

Microbes are the best hope in producing renewable energy in large quantities without damaging
the environment or competing with our food supply. Microbes surround plant roots; inhabit
stems, roots, and leaves and microbial activities also provide plants with nitrogen, phosphorus
and other nutrients, they protect them from diseases, recycle nutrients, and improve soil
structure. They can carry out bioremediation and thus help in decontamination of environment
and help in production of clean energy from waste. They are helpful in extraction of minerals
from their ores (bioleaching). Microbes can thus help address society's energy, environmental,
and food challenges. Thus microbes are versatile enough to address various environmental
problems with a neutral carbon footprint and make the earth a better place to live.

Bibliography
- Dusenbery, D. B. 1996. Life at Small Scale - the Behavior of Microbes.
- Scientific American Library, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. 214 pp.
- Fenchel, T. and T. H. Blackburn. 1979. Bacteria and Mineral Cycling. Academic Press, London.
225 pp.
- Atlas, R. M. and R. Bartha. 1981. Microbial Ecology: fundamentals and applications. Addison-
Wesley Publishing Company. Reading, Massachusetts.
- Lynch, J.M. and J.E. Hobbie. 1988. Micro-organisms in action: concepts and applications in
microbial ecology. Blackwell, Oxford
- Brandl H. (2001) Microbial leaching of metals. In: Rehm H.J. (ed.) Biotechnology, Vol. 10.
Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 191224
- Watling, H.R. (2006). "The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides
A review". Hydrometallurgy 84: 81.
- Olson, G. J.; Brierley, J. A.; Brierley, C. L. (2003). "Bioleaching review part B:". Applied
Microbiology and Biotechnology 63 (3): 24957Rohwerder, T.; Gehrke, T.; Kinzler, K.; Sand, W.
(2003). "Bioleaching review part A:". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 63 (3): 23948.
- Ramakrishnan B (2013) Fuelling the Microorganisms for Remediation. J Bioremed Biodeg
4:e139. doi: 10.4172/2155-6199.1000e139
- Chauhan A (2013) Biodegradable Plastics: A Broad Outlook. J Bioremed Biodeg 4:e141. doi:
10.4172/2155-6199.1000e141
- Rittmann BE (2008) Opportunities for renewable bioenergy using microorganisms. Biotechnol
Bioeng. Jun 1;100(2):203-12. doi: 10.1002/bit.21875.

EFFICACY OF HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT
IN DE-ADDICTION OF ALCOHOL
Dr. Mrs. T. A. Khan

ABSTRACT
ALCOHOL, INDIVIDUAL, AND ENVIRONMENT
In the 1970s and 80s when Harvard professor Norman Zinberg MD was doing research on the
effects of recreational drugs on human beings he found a lot of effects which could not be
explained simply by the chemical effects of the drug on the histology and the physiology and the
neuro-anatomy of the human subject alone. What Dr. Zinberg discovered was that in order to
understand the effects of a drug on an individual one also had to look at the mindset and beliefs
and many other internal factors of the individual as well as looking at the environment and
culture in which the individual used the drug. Dr. Zinberg referred to the beliefs and other
internal factors as the "set" (short for mind-set) and he referred to the external factors as the
"Setting". We illustrate the concept graphically in below figure.

ALCOHOL
INDIVIDUAL
- Genetics and sex
- Upbringing
- Beliefs about drinking
- Physical health
- Mental health
- Expectations of
drinking
- Mental and emotional
state
- Motivation for
drinking
ENVIRONMENT
- Stress in the
persons life, social,
economic, personal
and workplace
- Boredom
- Support in your life
- Social and cultural
attitudes about
drinking
- Who do you drink
with
- If you drink alone
- If you drink in
familiar place


GENETICS / SEX:
Contemporary researchers know that many different genes can have an effect on the way an
individual metabolizes alcohol as well as having an influence on an individual's tendency to
become a habitual drinker. Contemporary researchers use a diathesis-stress model--what those
big words mean is that both genetics and environment have a contribution to make in a person's
drinking habits.
RELIGIOUS UPBRINGING:
Some people cite this as evidence that giving children a religious upbringing will reduce the
likelihood of them becoming adult problem drinkers--however, the one does not necessarily
follow from the other. Many people with a religious upbringing wind up rebelling against it and
doing the exact opposite of what they were told. This is particularly common of the upbringing is
strict and repressive. If they are raised as religious teetotalers the rebellion can often come in the
form of drug use or heavy drinking.
BELIEF:
Belief is a factor of overwhelming importance in how one deals with alcohol. If one believes that
one is in control and that practicing harm reduction, moderation, or alcohol abstinence is entirely
in the power of the individual then one will have a fairly easy time controlling drinking or
quitting. If one believes that quitting is easy then it will be easy. If one believes that it is hard
then it is hard. And if one is convinced that it is absolutely impossible to quit without divine
intervention then that person will have to wait around until God intervenes--unless of course they
choose to change their beliefs.
If people believe that alcohol will make them belligerent and cause them to fight then they will
become belligerent and fight when they drink. If people believe that alcohol will make them
docile and sleepy then they will become docile and sleepy when they drink. In this section we
shall look at some famous studies of the effects of belief on drug and alcohol use.
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH:
Both physical and mental health can have a major effect on the way in which alcohol impacts
you. If you have liver damage this can lead to reverse tolerance. Drinking when you are ill can
prolong the physical illness.
EXPECTATIONS OF DRINKING:
This is strongly tied into both beliefs and cultural expectations. If you believe that drinking
makes you fight you will fight when you drink. If you believe that it makes you docile you will

become docile. If you believe that it makes you glamorous or rich it probably won't--but these
beliefs might make it harder to control or quit.
MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL STATE:
Many people report bad effects if they drink when they are angry or depressed.
MOTIVATION FOR DRINKING:
Drinking because you are happy and want to celebrate will have a majorly different effect than
drinking because you are sad and trying to kill the pain.

ENVIRONMENT -
STRESS AND BOREDOM:
If you live in a bad, sad and miserable environment then it may well drive you to drink. If you
have stress it will drive you to drink.
SUPPORT:
Very often the worst possible mistake that a person can make in response to a spouse's drinking
is to assume that abstinence is the only solution and that the drinking spouse must "hit bottom" to
get better. The real truth is that if the drinking spouse is willing to work at harm reduction then
this person should be offered support for every positive change. Experience shows that far more
people get better through baby steps and small changes than do through dramatic conversions of
the AA type. So support every positive change--the marriage you save may be your own.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ATTITUDES TOWARD DRINKING:
Extreme attitudes can lead to rebellion. Although many children of alcoholics become alcoholic
through imitation, many others become teetotalers through rebellion. Many children of
teetotalers follow suit and become teetotalers themselves whereas others rebel and become heavy
drinkers. But moderation tends to bring about moderation.
One can conform to the environment one lives in or one can rebel against it--or one can choose
to follow one's own path.
WHO DO YOU DRINK WITH IF ANYONE?
If you hang out with heavy drinkers when you drink then you will be more likely to drink
heavily. If you hang out with moderate drinkers you will be more likely to moderate. Some
people choose to drink alone at home for safety reasons. This is not necessarily a problem.
However if you drink when alone and when with company this means that you drink all the time
and this can be a problem.

STRANGE VS. FAMILIAR ENVIRONMENT:
Environment Changes Tolerance
If you drink alcohol or take drugs in an unaccustomed setting your tolerance is much lower than
if you drink or use drugs in your usual setting. This phenomenon is called Conditioned
Tolerance. In 1982 Dr. Siegel and colleagues published a study on the effects of morphine and
environment on rats. They injected the rats with increasing doses of morphine in the same
environment for many days in a row to get the rats to build up tolerance to the morphine. Then
one day they gave the rats the same dose of morphine as usual in a totally novel environment. All
the rats showed signs of overdose and several of them died. None of the rats had died of
overdose in their usual environment. This study proved the existence of conditioned tolerance.
Interviews with people who have had drug overdoses confirm the existence of conditioned
tolerance
What are the implications of this for people who practice alcohol harm reduction? If you choose
to drink alcohol in a strange and new environment rather than your accustomed environment then
you should be prepared for the possibility that the alcohol might have a much greater effect than
usual and that you may become far more intoxicated than usual. So be prepared and plan ahead!

Alcoholism is one of the major health issues in developing countries, one of which is India. Not only the
society but the whole family is disturbed at once with direct effect on upbringing of children.The term
"alcoholism" is commonly used, but poorly defined. The WHO calls alcoholism "a term of long-standing
use and variable meaning", and use of the term was disfavored by a 1979 WHO Expert Committee.
In 1960, Bill W., co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), said: The people with alcohol
addiction tend to have a series of failures in their life or one huge failure which lands them into
alcoholism. These people suffer from frustrations in life as there is no way out unless and until
they receive psychological and social support with adequate counseling. The rehabilitation
requires good social support without which de-addiction is a difficult task.
As alcoholism is the disease of whole society not particularly the person who is addicted to
alcohol, as in this, not only the patient is affected but also his family and relatives with
disturbances and influences to the society and environment.
The alcoholism is characterized by craving for alcohol which leads to the mental imbalance with
loss of control over self in turn physical dependence. The people with severe failure in life or
loss of ambitions become habitual in alcohol drinking, as alcohol gives the feel of good

compound to them with loss of short time memory. The alcoholic people try to run from their
very responsibilities by making unusual excuses.
The alcohol de-addiction with the available list of Homoeopathic remedies is one of the
challenging issues. At low doses alcohol can have some beneficial effects such as decreased rate
of myocardial infarction, stroke, gallstones and possibly vascular or Alzeimers dementias, but
the consumption of more than 2 standard drinks per day increases the risk for health problems in
many organ systems.
Johnson (1980) explores the emotional progression of the addicts response to alcohol. He looks
at this in four phases. The first two are considered normal drinking and the last two are viewed
as "typical" alcoholic drinking.
Johnson's four phases consist of:
i. Learning the mood swing. A person is introduced to alcohol (in some cultures this can happen
at a relatively young age), and the person enjoys the happy feeling it produces. At this stage
there is no emotional cost.
ii. Seeking the mood swing. A person will drink to regain that feeling of euphoria experienced in
phase i, the drinking will increase as more intoxication is required to achieve the same effect.
Again at this stage, there are no significant consequences.
iii. Physical and social consequences i.e., hangovers, family problems, work problems, etc. A
person will continue to drink excessively, disregarding the problems.
iv. The fourth stage can be detrimental, as Johnson cites it as a risk for premature death. As a
person now drinks to feel normal, they block out the feelings of overwhelming guilt, remorse,
anxiety, and shame they experience when sober.
The evaluation response to a group of standardized questioning is a common method for diagnosing
alcoholism. These can be used to identify harmful drinking patterns, including alcoholism. In general,
problem drinking is considered alcoholism when the person continues to drink despite experiencing
social or health problems caused by drinking.
It was formerly believed that alcoholism was due to some inherited weakness, and also prevalent was
the concept of alcoholism as moral inadequacy, constituting a religious or ethical rather than a medical
or psychological problem. It is now, however, generally accepted that alcoholism is a surface
manifestation of a basic personality disturbance.
In some instances it is a form of escape for the person unable to cope with the stress of reality. For such
persons drinking is compulsive and they will regain control over their drinking only through a resolution
of the basic personality problem.

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [NIAAA], men may be at risk for
alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or 4 drinks
per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than 7 standard drinks per week or 3 drinks per
day.
(A standard drink is defined as one 12-ounce bottle of beer, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5 ounces of
distilled spirits.)
PHYSICAL EFFECTS
Long-term alcohol abuse can cause a number of physical symptoms, including cirrhosis of the liver,
pancreatitis, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, alcoholic dementia, heart disease, nutritional deficiencies, peptic
ulcers, sexual dysfunction and can eventually be fatal.
Other physical effects include an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, malabsorption,
alcoholic liver disease and cancer. Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
can occur from sustained alcohol consumption. A wide range of immunologic defects can result and
there may be a generalized skeletal fragility, in addition to a recognized tendency to accidental injury,
resulting a propensity to bone fractures.
Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do men.
Additionally, women have a higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men. Examples of long-term
complications include brain, heart, liver damage and an increased risk of breast cancer.
Additionally, heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive
functioning in women. This result in reproductive dysfunction such as anovulation, decreased ovarian
mass, problems or irregularity of the menstrual cycle and early menopause.
Alcoholic ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically abuse alcohol and have a recent history
of binge drinking. Psychiatric disorders differ depending on gender.
SOCIAL EFFECTS
The social problems arising from alcoholism are serious, caused by the pathological changes in the brain
and the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of committing
criminal offences, including child abuse, domestic violence, rape, burglary and assault.
Alcoholism is associated with loss of employment, which can lead to financial problems. Drinking at
inappropriate times and behavior caused by reduced judgment, can lead to legal consequences, such as
criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder, or civil penalties for tortuous behavior, and may
lead to a criminal sentence.
An alcoholic's behavior and mental impairment, while drunk, can profoundly affect those surrounding
them and lead to isolation from family and friends. This isolation can lead to marital conflict and divorce,

or contribute to domestic violence. Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect, with subsequent lasting
damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic's children.
For this reason, children of alcoholic parents can develop a number of emotional problems. For
example, they can become afraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood behaviors. In
addition, they can develop considerable amount of shame over their inadequacy to liberate their
parents from alcoholism. As a result of this failure, they develop wretched self-images, which can lead to
depression.

HOMOEOPATHY
Homoeopathy is a scientific, holistic method based on principle of,Similia similibus curentur.
Holistic refers to understanding something by examining it as a whole. Compare this to the
conventional view of understanding the whole by examining its parts. Homoeopathy is holistic
because it understands ill-health in terms of the mental, emotional and physical aspects of a
person.
It recognizes that these aspects are intimately connected and balance within and between them is
vital to the well-being of any individual.

Homoeopathy possesses medicines act on physical, dynamic as well as spiritual plane and make
the person take away craving for alcohol.
A well case taken with totality of symptom which will give the complete constitutional study
of the patient emphasizing the characteristic symptoms will lead us to the constitutional
medicine to be given to the patient along with the specific medicine Sulphuric Acid mother
tincture.
Human beings are complex creatures whose health can be affected in many ways;
physically, emotionally or mentally. Often ill-health in one of these aspects leads to ill health in
another. Understanding these dynamics shows the homoeopath where the root of the problem is.

All living beings have a life force which is responsible for keeping us in harmony with our
environment. This life force runs through and connects the four major planes of our existence:
the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual.

Case Discussion: A patient aged 35yrs had come to get rid of alcohol addiction. He also
complaint of loss of tone of left upper eyelid and otalgia. He had acidity at night and offensive
flatus. He drinks 4-5 glass/day. He gets easily irritated. He cant tolerate contradiction and noise.
He is impatient and hard working. He was prescribed Nux Vomica 200 3 doses and Sulphuric
acid mother tincture. In 1
st
month he reduced drinking to 2-3 glass/day. He was prescribed Nux
vomica 200 3 doses and sulphuric Acid mother tincture. In 2
nd
month he stopped drinking since 1
week. He was prescribed SL. In 3
rd
month he stopped drinking completely.

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS:
These 101 patients included 101 males between the age group of 20 50 yrs.
Majority of them had the same cause of stress, depression, unhealthy lifestyle.
These cases were given constitutional medicines as per the case taking done.
The medicines given in these cases were Nux vomica, Arsenic album, Pulsatilla, Lachesis, Sulphur,
Natrum Mur, Lycopodium, phosphorus, Sulphuric Acid mother tincture.

RATIO SHOWING TYPE OF RESPONSE
RESPONSE TOTAL PERCENTAGE
MARKED 78 77.2%
MODERATE 23 22.7 %
MILD 00 0%

77%
23%
0%
TYPE OF RESPONSE
MARKED MODERATE MILD

Auxiliary Line Of Treatment

Diet: Treatment can start with a change in the diet. Start the day with 2 glasses of lukewarm
water in empty stomach.
Aloe Vera and Indian Gooseberry are efficient in detoxification of the body. Indian Gooseberry is
very rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C is a primary nutrient in the treatment of addiction and helps
to lessen the withdrawal symptom. A diet rich in complex carbohydrates like whole grains, lean
proteins , plenty of fruits & vegetables & little or no refined sugar is suggested to increase the
level of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin induces a calming effect on the mind & body.

Massage therapy: It is an effective tool to deal with alcohol addiction. A full body massage
followed with a warm glass of milk at bedtime helps to relax the nerves & ensures sound sleep.

Water therapy: Cold water bath 2 to 3 times a day refreshes the mind & body & rejuvenates the
system.

Yoga therapy: Controlled breathing exercises along with meditation plays the most important
role in rejuvenating the mind & body. It increases the strength of mind so that one can quit the
habit and build a desire to lead a happy life. With proper care and correct techniques one can
learn to cope with alcoholism.


SPECIAL FEATURES:
WAKE UP, THERES A CRISIS
Recently, we celebrated World Water Day. Or did we? Habitat talks to Chandrashekar Hariharan about what we
can really do World Water Day just went by last week on March 22. There is a whole host of environment days that
have sprung up in recent years, with International Biodiversity Day, World Ocean Day and even a Green Consumer
Day, but World Water Day, which began as an UN initiative in 1992, has caught the public imagination in the last
few years with the growing water deficit that every city worldwide faces. Dr. Chandrashekar Hariharan, executive
chairman and co-founder of BCIL ZED Homes, speaks to Habitat about the water question.
What makes World Water Day relevant?
Cities like Chennai receive less than seven hours of running piped water supply in an entire week.
Whats worse, the municipal water supply grid covers less than 75% of all houses in metropolitan
Chennai and outlying areas. The story is as bad in NCR, as Delhi wrestles to install a water supply
system directly from the Sub-Himalayas with a dam dedicated to the capital's drinking water needs
an alarming first in the world. Over 1,500 of Indias 4,000 cities are reeling under severe water
shortage. Poor farmers look skyward for rains, while urban Indian exploit ground water ruthlessly,
often innocently in ignorance, without caring for the incalculable damage to sensitive aquifers.

What can we do about this?
We are beginning to see the need for solutions, even if the change is not fast enough. The water
crisis will be even more serious than the energy crisis in India. With 75% of our fresh water needs
being met from underground aquifers that are running alarmingly low, World Water Day signals that
each of us has to resolve to grow our own water in apartments, villas and office blocks. There have
to be localized community initiatives within wards and sub-regions to treat water, harvest rainwater,
and bring efficiencies in showers, taps and flushes in homes, hotels, hospitals and offices. Water for
city landscapes and water-guzzling golf courses have to be governed by separate laws.

What can we do for water conservation?
Apart from what you can do in your homes, you can work for change in the community around you.
Chennai needs 1.2 billion litres per day of fresh, treated water. Only 25% comes from official
municipal grids, the rest from reservoirs and lakes of Poondy, Chembarambakkam, Veeranam,
Sholavaram and Red Hills, and from deep borewells that have depleted water tables dangerously.
Living in Chennai (and many other cities) will be impossible ten years from now, even at the current
rate of water extraction leave alone

accounting for growth. What do you do? You recycle water, you harvest rainwater more effectively
(even if Chennai has done better than other cities), you use water-efficient fixtures, you grow more
trees to increase rainfall.

Suggest some tips that ordinary people can follow
If the taps in your home are old, with 12 litres of water per minute (LPM) flowing down the drain,
change them. For Rs. 2,500 or less, you get water-efficient taps and showers, where the flow is only
5-7 LMP. Ensure you have a rainwater harvest system. Youll find that your fresh water need for
over 60 - 75 days a year is met out of this.
The cost? Rs. 25,000. For those living in apartment blocks, get each owner to pay a lifetime fee of
about Rs. 30,000 and set up a waste water plant. Fresh water usage will fall by 30-40% if you use this
treated water for gardens and car wash. Do simple things like planting ten trees on birthdays in a
park nearby and look after them for the next year.

What else be done at the state level?
Experts recently studied the entire coastal ecosystem beyond Chengalpattu to the south right to the
Eastern Ghats that flank Chennai to the west. If a large watershed plan can be implemented with
restoration and development of the entire watershed, Chennai will gain immensely. Chennai receives
1.2 metres of annual rainfall, 20% more the Indian average, though most of it comes after
November. At the state level, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka must work out farming strategies in
unison. A programme to convert farmers from water-intense paddy and sugarcane to water-efficient
millets and pulses fell through, more for political than administrative reasons. These should be
renewed.

What can builders and infrastructure providers do?
Builders should remember one thing: Dont rely on government agencies for water, energy and
waste management. Dont rely on deep borewells that deplete groundwater. My company BCIL
builds zero energy homes we believe in zero water from government board or tankers, zero
borewells, zero waste water export, zero solid waste export and we take only 30% energy from the
grid. No waste should go out of residential enclaves. For older buildings, resident associations
should close the loop. Residents should demand this.
If every home went the zero energy way, we will bring down demand for water and energy by 70%.
There will be no waste carried out from homes to distant dumps. World Water Day is about
responsible buying and living, not about water alone.
(Courtesy: The Hindu, 16th April 2014, New Delhi)


DRINKING WATER:
BEYOND RURAL INDIAS REACH - NSSO
-Somesh Jha
More than half of the households in villages in the country had no drinking water facilities
within their homes in 2012
Safe drinking water, which appears in the manifestos of many political parties, is not within the
reach of half the rural households, according to a recent National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
study. According to the NSSO study, 54% of rural households had no supply of drinking water at
their homes in 2012. This was, however, a slight improvement compared to 2008-09 when 60%
did not have such amenities. The report was based on the 69th round of surveys, which covered a
period of July to December 2012, compared to the previous report based on the 65th round
covering July 2008 to June 2009.
Supply of free water up to 700 litres a day to every household was among the promises of the
Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) during the campaign for the Delhi elections. In urban areas, 23% of
households had no access to potable water at homes in 2012. The earlier survey had shown 26%
households in urban areas as not having such a facility. Amitabh Kundu, chairperson of the
working group of the latest report said, This is a matter of some concern.
In as many as 15 of 28 states, less than half of the households in villages had a water supply. As
a result, large number of people in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha
and West Bengal had to walk at least half a kilometer to get drinking water.
Kundu said the percentage of households who had to travel between 0.2 to 0.5 km. to fetch
potable water did not go down in rural areas and in urban areas it went up between the two
surveys.
Mihir Shah, a member of Planning Commission and co-founder of Samaj Pragati Sahayog (SPS),
an initiative for water and livelihood security, said a paradigm shift is required in water
management in India. Shah said there are new proposals in the 12th Five Year Plan in this
regard. A note written by Shah says: Waste water treatment and recycling will be an integral
part of every water supply plan or project. The 12th Five-Year Plan will focus on this in human
settlements based on a strategy that is both affordable and sustainable.
(Courtesy: Business Standard, December 28, 2013)

THE THIRD WORLDS DRINKING PROBLEM
- Asit K. Biswas/Peter Brabeck-Letmathe

International organisations recognise the impending shortage of potable water but their approach is entirely wrong
During this years gathering in Davos, the World Economic Forum released its ninth annual Global
Risks report, which relies on a survey of more than 700 business leaders, government officials and
non-profit actors to identify the worlds most serious risks in the next decade. Perhaps most
remarkably, four of the 10 threats listed this year are water-related.
These risks include water crises stemming from droughts and floods, the deterioration of water
quality, and poor water management; failure to mitigate and adapt to climate change; higher
incidence of extreme weather events; and food crises, driven at least partly by water shortages. But
the report fails to highlight the most pressing water-related concern: ensuring enough potable water.
Moreover, while international organizations recognize the problem, their approach to address it is
entirely wrong.
In 2012, the United Nations (UN) announced that the Millennium Development Goals target of
halving the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water had been achieved
well ahead of schedule, with only 783 million people still lacking access to clean water. But the Third
World Centre for Water Management estimates that at least three billion people worldwide still drink
water of dubious quality. AquaFed, which represents private water companies, puts this figure at 3.4
billion - nearly half the worlds population. This suggests that the Uns declaration of victory was
premature, to say the least.
There is no shortage of evidence. In 2011, more than half of Chinas largest lakes and rivers were
deemed unfit for human consumption.
Last year, Chinas Ministry of Environmental Protection admitted that toxic and hazardous
chemical pollution has caused many environmental disasters, cutting off drinking-water supplies and
even leading to severe health and social problems, such as cancer villages.
Indias situation is not much better, with the state-run Central Pollution Control Board reporting last
year that nearly half of the countrys 445 rivers are too polluted in terms of biochemical oxygen
demand (an indicator of the organic quality of water) and coliform bacteria to be safely consumed. If
other pollutants - such as nitrates, fluorides, pesticides, and heavy metals - were considered, the
figure would be significantly higher.

Likewise, Pakistans National Assembly was informed last year that 72% of samples collected from
the countrys water-delivery systems were unfit for human consumption, with 77% of groundwater
in urban areas and 86% in rural areas deemed hazardous. In Nepal, the Department of Water Supply
and Sewerage has concluded that 85% of its traditional water-supply systems are seriously
contaminated with bacteria, iron, manganese, and ammonia. Meanwhile, in Mexico, 90% of the
countrys nearly 25,000 water utilities were operating in a state of bankruptcy in 2013.
The problem with international organizations' approach is that they conflate the vague notion of
improved water sources with genuinely clean and safe drinking water.
In the same way, they have diluted the goal of improved sanitation - the process of collecting,
treating, and safely discharging wastewater - by applying it to indoor toilets in peoples homes.
This glosses over a major discrepancy between sanitation and adequate wastewater management.
While nearly 90% of the households in the Indian region of Delhi are said to have adequate
sanitation, because they have indoor toilets, nearly all of the untreated wastewater is discharged to
the Yamuna river - a source of drinking water for cities downstream. Likewise, Mexico City is
considered to have a high level of sanitation, even though it transports untreated wastewater, loaded
with pathogens and toxic chemicals, to the Mezquital Valley, where it is used to irrigate crops.
In fact, the Third World Centre for Water Management estimates that only about 10 to 12 % of
domestic and industrial wastewater produced in Latin America is properly managed.
The situation is probably very similar in developing countries in Asia, and likely worse in Africa. In
2011, a survey by the Central Pollution Control Board of India indicated that only 160 of 8,000
towns had both a sewerage system and a sewage-treatment plant. Furthermore, most government-
owned sewage plants are non-functional or closed most of the time, owing to bad management,
poor maintenance, faulty design, lack of regular electricity supply, and absent, untrained or uncaring
employees.
Similarly, Chinas Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development reported in 2012 that while
640 of 647 cities and roughly 73% of counties had waste water treatment facilities, 377 plants built in
the course of one year did not meet national requirements, and that the average operating efficiency
was less than 60%. The ministry also found that only 12% of the plants met Grade 1A standards.
This does not reflect a dearth of knowledge, technology or expertise. Nor can it be blamed on a lack
of investment. China spent $112.4 billion on water infrastructure in the 2006-2011 period, and India
has channelled massive amounts of public funds towards cleaning up the Yamuna. Yet both
countries water supplies remain highly polluted.

The worlds water and sanitation challenges are by no means insurmountable. Resolving them will
require sustained political will, with governments building strong water institutions and ensuring that
public funds are used as effectively as possible. At the same time, the public must recognize that
they can have better water services, if they are willing to contribute through taxes, tariffs, and
transfers. For their part, the media must stress the benefits of functional water-delivery and
wastewater-management systems - and hold politicians and bureaucrats accountable if they fail to do
their part. Finally, water professionals need to shift their focus from providing more water to
providing better water more sustainably.
Given that failing to address the water challenge would, within a generation, bring about a global
crisis of unprecedented proportions, such efforts could not be more urgent.
(Courtesy: Business Standard - 16th April 2014)

EVENTS: 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WASTE
WATER TECHNOLOGY FOR GREENING INDIA 2014
SEERAM is pleased to report that the 1st International Summit on Waste Water Technology for
Green Economy held in May 2013 was a huge success!
Building on that success, we are announcing 2nd International Conference on Waste Water
Technology for Greening India 2014 (ICWWTGI-2014) the premier water technology transfer
conference for environmental professionals, academicians, entrepreneurs' researchers and

corporates. ICWWTGI 2014 is highly recommended for all industry sectors that have an interest in
the technical aspects of water and wastewater management.

The Goal of the Conference
Is to discuss the best Indian and international experience as well as new and innovative approaches
in the field of water supply and wastewater treatment in villages, towns and cities (small, medium
and large). Legislative, administrative, financial and technical issues of sustainable water supply and
wastewater treatment will be presented and discussed within the conference sessions.

Papers
We are glad to encourage potential authors to prepare and submit presentations on any of the
Conference streams. Papers will be accepted in electronic form only at info@seeram.org by no later
than 15th June 2014. All the approved / selected papers would be published in International Journal
ENVIRONMENT OBSERVER ISSN 2320-5997.

The Conference Streams (Thrust Area)
Sustainable development trends in water supply and wastewater treatment of small, medium and
large towns and communities: legislative, administrative, financial and technical aspects.

Water Supply
- Priority issues related to water resources: natural water quality trends
- Drinking water regulations: cost-quality balance
- Conventional and advanced treatment processes for drinking water
- Small and Modular Water Plants
- Water Plants Operation
- Reliability improvement of water supply systems
- Groundwater - Surface Water Interaction
- Groundwater and Surface Water Management
- Protection and sustainable management of water resources

Waste Water Treatment
- Legal requirement for wastewater treatment discharge to the natural bodies of water or into
sewage systems;
- New approaches and analysis, small and modular plants for design and construction of
municipal & industrial wastewater treatment plants;
- Emerging Contaminants
- Conventional and advanced technologies for wastewater treatment
- Operation of Sewage Plants
- Sludge Treatment and Management
- Reliability improvement of sewage systems

- Industrial & Municipal Waste Water Treatment
- Coal Bed Methane Development
- Water Conservation & Re-use
Energy Efficiency at Water and Wastewater Plants
- Energy-saving and energy efficiency in water & wastewater treatment systems;
- Energy-saving and energy efficiency in water and waste water distribution networks
Participants
The Conference targets the specialists from research, design and academic institutions, public sector,
utilities, enterprises of water/sewage facilities, technology designers, and service & equipment
manufacturers.
Registration Details
Charges:
First Paper (mandatory) INR 3,000
Additional Paper INR 2,000
Cost per Extra Page INR 1,000
Attendance Only INR 1,500
International Participants USD 150
For Indian participants, DD/Cheque should be on SEERAM, Payable at Pune.
For Online Payment :
A/c Name: Society for Environment Education Research And Management (SEERAM)
Name of Bank: Axis Bank Ltd., Senapati Bapat Road Branch, Pune 411 016. Maharashtra.
Account Number: 913010023016860
RTGS/IFSC Code: UTIB0000315
Foreign participants may sent remittance (money transfer) in favour of SEERAM, Pune.
EVENTS: ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE ON
ECO-TREATMENT ZONE IN OPEN DRAIN
Preamble
Round Table Conference on Eco-Treatment Zone was organized by Society for Environment
Education Research and Management (SEERAM), Shrushti Environment Research Institute (SERI)
and All India Institute for Local Self Government (AIILSG) on Earth Day, 22nd April 2014. The
preview of said conference is the subject matter of this note.
Points of Discussions

The major point of discussions,
- Conventional (STP/ETP) and unconventional (Eco treatment zones) alternatives in
open drains
- Regulatory mechanism
- Treatment performances
- Finance institutional mechanism and
- Dos and Donts
Summary
The discussions may be summarized as below,
- Local issues need local solutions in which participation from Local Bodies is absolutely
necessary
- Three R namely Reuse, Recycle and Reduction are the corner stones in Water Resource
Management
- Eco-Treatment zones are necessary as supplementary devices with the conventional
practices
- Rationing of Water, reuse for gardening and plumbing demonstration in it as presented by
College of Engineering, Pune is an exemplary model
- Possibility of reduction in sewage needs special attention
- Dissolved oxygen also plays major role in addition to COD/DOD and needs special
attention
- Large numbers of well scattered and small sized projects and pilot projects rather than mega
project will provide better and quick solutions and finance from such small scale schemes
from Corporate Social Responsibility Funds shall be tried.
- The above adventurous proposal shall be pursue and implemented
Special Issues
1. Green Eco-Systems
Functioning of conventional STP/ETP at lower efficiencies by one or the other reason makes
mandatory supplementary use of Eco-Treatment Plants. However, such Eco-Treatment Plants are
part and parcel of open drain system. The hydraulics of open drain system all together functioning
under gravity with control and uncontrolled flow conditions is much more complex and inter
dependant with the Green Eco-Treatment Schemes. Moreover, such interdependence is
unfortunately conflicting in nature which needs integrated approach incorporating detailed
hydrological and hydraulic studies along with its effects and solutions on Green Eco-Treatment
Schemes carried out by specialized consultants in these fields. It will be preferable to initiate such

efforts by the Proposer rather than expecting from State Water Resource Department for the
successful implementation. Moreover, Maharashtra Water Resource Regulatory Authority
(MWRRA) may be approached as a apex and controlling authority for achieving cooperation and
coordination needed for successful implementation of such schemes.
2. Drought Prone Area Schemes
Water resources in drought prone area are very scanty and causing lot of deterioration in eco system
in that area which needs intensive special efforts for restoration of eco system in that area.
Submission
The above Round Table conference on Eco-treatment zone in open drain was very successful as it
has provided lot of information and thought provoking process and therefore organizers are
congratulated for the same by all the dignities and guests.


REPORT:
WATER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA NEEDS A RELOOK

A UN report published on the eve of World Water Day on Friday, 11th April 2014, has warned that
as many as 3.4 billion people will be living in water-scarce countries by 2025 and the Indian sub-
continent may face the brunt of the crisis as India is at the centre of this conflict due to its unique
geographical position in South Asia. Factoring in scientific data and findings of various research
institutions, the report says that Asia will be the biggest hotspot for burst-ups over water extraction
where water resources straddle national borders. Though the report has not specifically mentioned
the possibility of country-wise conflict, it identified river basins in the region which may pit India
against Pakistan, China and Bangladesh over the issue of water sharing by 2050.
India has just 4% of worlds water but has to cater to 16% of the global population. It has meant a
steady decrease in per capita water availability. Today, nearly 50% of villages do not have access to
safe drinking water. By 2020, India is expected to become a water-scarce nation. Even worse, 2030
Water Resources Group estimates that by 2030, demand for water in India will outstrip supply by as
much as 50%.
Indias economic growth and political stability are at stake in the coming years if it does not change
its approach to water management. The water crisis can be alleviated but to do this, a more
structured way of thinking with increased momentum is required. Conserving rainwater through
modern water harvesting technology is the urgent and most basic action. This should be
accompanied by better use of technology in agriculture, which is the biggest user of water followed
by domestic and industrial sector. Policy decisions, including rational water pricing, reducing water
footprints and effective national legal framework for water governance brook no delay. Otherwise,
to paraphrase 18th century polymath Benjamin Franklin, we will know the worth of water only
when the well is dry.


WATER RESOURCE DAY
PUNE - FRIDAY, APRIL 11, 2014

Environmental lecture on the theme Water Resource Utility and Security programme
Organized by Institution of Engineers (I), Pune Local Centre at Firodia Auditorium,
Shivajinagar.
Indian population has been rising every year. Those are danger alarm for the world and the
nature. Water is a life for human being. Without the water we cant live. In the world natural
water sources are limited. Todays generation are very providential they have the safe drinking
water sources. But in the next future generation may be not getting safe and pure drinking water
those are big questions ahead us. Environment Researcher, philosopher as well as environment
friends are saying to all worlds, carefully using the drinking water sources. According to the
scientist World War III, could be for safe drinking water. Save the water, Save the
Environment. Human brain create impossible to possible through the technology, but human
brain cant create water, thats impossible, but in our hand are using limited water surceases.
Save the Water, Save the Life.
Water expert speaker from irrigation department, environment educationist, as well as
representative from NGOs were present to the function. As a chief guest Dr. C. D. Thatte, said,
Normally in our life we have celebrated only good or happy day, we dont have celebrated the
unhappy days. We have need use pure drinking water resource more seriously and forest land
for development projects, three percent land under the forest. Water and forest deepened on each
other. If we disturbed environmental cycle for our development the nature showing us ugly faces.
We have need to using less water for industrial work and dont pollute all major rivers in India
under development work. Water has important sources for us as well as forests playing huge
important role to control the global worming.
The Other speaker Dr. A. D. Patwardhan said, Quality and quantity of water have must be focus
on these sensitive issues which has very important to control the industrial waste water
management particularly row material of sugar industry. We have to need to recycle, reuse

domestic waste water. Environmentalist Ranade had focused on domestic water security in
India and Prof. Sandeep Joshi focused on real fact of Indian River pollution condition against the
metro citys development. In the Maharashtra huge number corruption going on in the Irrigation
department given the contact reference of a book name Blue Revolution written by Journalist
Cynthia Barnett, he said.
Last session of the program was followed by question answer session. Er. V. N. Shinde delivered
the vote of thanks. There was delight crowed of all walk of life people for the Water Resource
Day organized by the Institution of Engineers in Association with Government and Local
NGOs.


SAFE DRINKING WATER - A CHALLENGE
Union commerce minister Mr. Anand Sharma has said that tech-savvy India has some of the best
satellite technologies, but, at the same time, it has the largest number of people without secure
drinking water and sanitation.
He was speaking at the inauguration of Water Health Indias Jaldhaara Foundation in the
outskirts of the city on Friday. The foundation aims at providing secure drinking water to
villages through a community water system at Janawada, 20 km away from Hyderabad.
India was the first country in the world to launch 10 satellites within 1,000 seconds, but on the
ground, over 60% Indians do not have access to safe drinking water. This is the contrast we are
living with, which is a concern, he said.
Jaldhaara Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation, will implement social programmes to
promote safe water awareness, availability and hygiene practices among under-served
communities, especially women and children.
Speaking on the occasion, US ambassador to India Nancy Powell said the Jaldhaara project
would ensure safe drinking water for over a million children. In the process, the organisations
plan to empower women is very impressive, she added.
The foundation will cover over 2,500 schools in nearby villages, according to Vikas Shah, chief
operating officer, Water Health International.
Water Health is planning to raise $5 million from philanthropists across the world for the
promotion of Jaldhaara. Besides tapping organisations such as Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, Apollo
Hospitals and Taj Hotels, the foundation has roped in Bollywood stars such as Diya Mirza,
Jackie Shroff and Gulshan Grover, besides celebrities from Hollywood to raise funds.


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