2. Oscilloscope 3. Potentiometer 4. Resistors 5. Photoresistors 6. LED 7. Capacitor 8. Transistors 9. DC motor 10. Circuit switch 11. Connecting cables
Theory
From this experiment we can know the working principle for each equipment and component. First, potentiometer that is known as pot is generally used in circuits to provide variable resistance or variable voltage. The heart of the potentiometer is a resistive strip inside it through which one can adjust the amount of resistance/voltage to pass in a circuit through it. Potentiometers are commonly used in circuits for various purposes like to control volume in audio circuits, to regulate the speed of the motor in a fan, as light dimmer, etc. Second, resistor that can be explained with the similarity of water flowing through a pipe. Consider a pipe through which water is allowed to flow. If the diameter of the pipe is reduced, the water flow will be reduced. If the force of the water is increased by increasing the pressure, then the energy will be dissipated as heat. There will also be an enormous difference in pressure in the head and tail ends of the pipe. In this example, the force applied to the water is similar to the current flowing through the resistance. The pressure applied can be resembled to the voltage.
Working principle of a photoresistor is relatively simple. Easily connect the leads with a multimeter on resistance mode and check resistance of your photoresistor. Face it towards bright light and check the resistance. Now place your hand or cover it up with a black tape and check the resistance again. You see that the resistance drastically increases once you cover the photoresistor. The resistance in low light to bright light can be thousands of ohms. When exposed to low light, the resistance in a Photoresistor can be several mega-ohms (5-20 M dependent on the type & size) and in bright light it results in only a few hundred ohms. Also photoresistors are non-polarized, meaning it can be connected either way in a circuit. Next, capacitor referred to as a Condenser, is a simple passive device that is used to store electricity. The capacitor is a component which has the ability or capacity to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery. Capacitors resist a change in voltage. Their operator is defined by the equation dv/dt = i/c, where dv/dt is volts per second, i is current in amperes, and c is capacitance in farads. The higher the capacitance, the higher the required current to effect a change in voltage. This makes capacitors ideal for filtering transient voltages, or in a power supply to filter ripple. Lastly, working principle of voltage regulator. Voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. Feedback voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error.
Procedure
The circuits are constructed using schematics provided below. Our observations are written down for each experiment.
Experiment 1: Variable resistor: The potentiometer. Voltage divider. Different pots are tried out.
Experiment 2: RGB LED
Various combination of resistors are tried out to make different colors. Potentiometer are added to the leads in this experiment.
Experiment 3: LED and Photoresistor.
The amount of light detected change the photoresistors resistance.
Experiment 4: Capacitors in parallel. Energy are provided. Signal out are smoothed by capacitors. The battery are attached to fill the capacitors.
Experiment 5: Voltage regulator is made.
Experiment 6: Motors.
The direction of the diode
Observations and Results
Experiments Observations 1. Variable resistor: The potentiometer. Potentiometer control the LED light value. LED light become dimmer when knob of potentiometer shift anti-clockwise. Resistance higher when knob of potentiometer shifted anti- clockwise and lower when shift clockwise. Higher the resistance become dimmer the LED light. 2. RGB LED. Each RGB LED has 4 lead, 3 leads indicate red, green and blue colors. The higher the resistance at specific lead, result in the lower intensity of light produced. When all the leads faced the same value of resistance, bright indigo colors produced.
3. LED and Photoresistor. LED light influence by the resistance in photoresistor. When photoresistor exposed to light sources, LED produce brighter colors due to lower resistance value. When photoresistor not exposed to light sources, LED produce dim colors due to higher resistance value. 4. Capacitors in parallel. When battery are attached to the capacitor, the capacitor store the charged from the battery in unit Farad. The capacitor stored the charged for temporary as the LED just light up for a moment. The higher the Farad value of capacitor the longer time period for LED light up. Capacitor must connected to the DC power supply/battery at same terminal to prevent capacitor from explode. 5. Voltage regulator Number 5 at the 7805 voltage regulator represent the voltage output that has been regulate. Using multimeter the output voltage after pass voltage regulator that we get is 5v 6. Motors. Nothing occur when diode
direction is occur When switch is pushed LED light off and the motor rotate. When switch not pushed LED light up and the motor doesnt rotate.
Conclusion
As the conclusion, from this experiment we can recognize basic electrical component and its functions such as the potentiometer which control the resistance value and capacitor which function to temporarily store charge. We also able to construct working circuit on the breadboard from the schematics and able to modify the circuit by putting potentiometer. Next, identify open and closed circuit. We know that when switched is open make the circuit open. Lastly, identify series and parallel arrangement. We know that when one component break down in series circuit, the whole circuit cannot function anymore due to current cannot pass through the circuit.