0!"#0"2002 $$$$% T&'()* (F '+,AT-(./0 $$$$$$$$$1 2#3 -f an e4uation 2i0e f25360 3 ontains all 7ositi8e o%e9ients of any 7o:ers of 5 , it has no 7ositi8e roots then; eg0 5<!=35<2=25=>60 has no 7ositi8e roots ; 223 For an e4uation , if all the e8en 7o:ers of 5 ha8e some sign oe9ients an? all the o?? 7o:ers of 5 ha8e the o77osite sign oe9ients , then it has no negati8e roots ; 233/ummarising @'/CA)T'/ ),L' (F /-A./0 For an e4uation f25360 , the ma5imum number of 7ositi8e roots it an ha8e is the number of sign hanges in f253 B an? the ma5imum number of negati8e roots it an ha8e is the number of sign hanges in f2%53 ; &ene the remaining are the minimum number of imaginary roots of the e4uation2/ine :e also Cno: that the in?e5 of the ma5imum 7o:er of 5 is the number of roots of an e4uation;3 2!3 Com7le5 roots our in 7airs, hene if one of the roots of an e4uation is 2=3i , another has to be 2%3i an? if there are three 7ossible roots of the e4uation , :e an onlu?e that the last root is real ; This real roots oul? be foun? out by Dn?ing the sum of the roots of the e4uation an? subtrating 22=3i3=22%3i36! from that sum; 2More about Dn?ing sum an? 7ro?uts of roots ne5t time 3 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0E"#0"2002 T&'()* (F '+,AT-(./ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2#3 For a ubi e4uation a5<3=b5<2=5=?6o sum of the roots 6 1 b"a sum of the 7ro?ut of the roots taCen t:o at a time 6 "a 7ro?ut of the roots 6 %?"a 223 For a bi4ua?rati e4uation a5<!=b5<3=5<2=?5=e 6 0 sum of the roots 6 1 b"a sum of the 7ro?ut of the roots taCen three at a time 6 "a sum of the 7ro?ut of the roots taCen t:o at a time 6 %?"a 7ro?ut of the roots 6 e"a 233 -f an e4uation f2536 0 has only o?? 7o:ers of 5 an? all these ha8e the same sign oe9ients or if f253 6 0 has only o?? 7o:ers of 5 an? all these ha8e the same sign oe9ients then the e4uation has no real roots in eah ase2e5e7t for 560 in the seon? ase; 2!3 Besi?es Com7le5 roots , e8en irrational roots our in 7airs; &ene if 2=root233 is a root , then e8en 2%root233 is a root ; 2All these are 8ery useful in Dn?ing number of 7ositi8e , negati8e , real ,om7le5 et roots of an e4uation 3 To?ayFs /etion0 $$$$$% 08"#0"2002 $$$$$% 2#3 -f for t:o numbers 5=y6C26onstant3, then their P)(@,CT is MAG-M,M if 56y26C"23; The ma5imum 7ro?ut is then 2C<23"! ; 223 -f for t:o numbers 5Hy6C26onstant3, then their /,M is M-.-M,M if 56y26root2C33; The minimum sum is then 2Hroot2C3 ; 233 I5I = IyI J6 I5=yI 2II stan?s for absolute 8alue or mo?ulus 3 2,seful in sol8ing some ine4uations3 2!3 Pro?ut of any t:o numbers 6 Pro?ut of their &CF an? LCM ; &ene 7ro?ut of t:o numbers 6 LCM of the numbers if they are 7rime to eah other ; #3 For any regular 7olygon , the sum of the e5terior angles is e4ual to 3>0 ?egrees hene measure of any e5ternal angle is e4ual to 3>0"n; 2 :here n is the number of si?es3 223 -f any 7arallelogram an be insribe? in a irle , it must be a retangle; 233 -f a tra7eKium an be insribe? in a irle it must be an isoseles tra7eKium 2i0e obli4ue sies e4ual3; 2!3 For an isoseles tra7eKium , sum of a 7air of o77osite si?es is e4ual in length to the sum of the other 7air of o77osite si?es ;2i0e AB=C@ 6 A@=BC , taCen in or?er3 ; 2L3 Area of a regular he5agon 0 root233H3"2H2si?e3H2si?e3 #3 For any 2 numbers aJb aJAMJAMJ&MJb 2:here AM, AM ,&M stan? for arithmeti, geometri , harmoni menasa res7eti8ely3 223 2AM3<2 6 AM H &M 233 For three 7ositi8e numbers a, b , 2a=b=3 H 2#"a=#"b=#"3J6M 2!3 For any 7ositi8e integer n 2N6 2#=#"n3<n N63 2L3 a<2=b<2=<2 J6 ab=b=a -f a6b6 , then the e4uality hol?s in the abo8e; 2>3 a<!=b<!=<!=?<! J6!ab? 2E3 2nO3<2 J n<n 2O for fatorial3 $$$$$$$$1 This is for 2#"#0"2002 $$$$$$$$1 2#3 -f a=b==?6onstant , then the 7ro?ut a<7 H b<4 H <r H ?<s :ill be ma5imum if a"7 6 b"4 6 "r 6 ?"s ; 223Consi?er the t:o e4uations a#5=b#y6# a25=b2y62 Then , -f a#"a2 6 b#"b2 6 #"2 , then :e ha8e inDnite solutions for these e4uations; -f a#"a2 6 b#"b2 NJ #"2 , then :e ha8e no solution for these e4uations;2NJ means not e4ual to 3 -f a#"a2 NJ b#"b2 , then :e ha8e a uni4ue solutions for these e4uations;; 233 For any 4ua?rilateral :hose ?iagonals interset at right angles , the area of the 4ua?rilateral is 0;LH?#H?2, :here ?#,?2 are the lenghts of the ?iagonals; 2!3 Problems on loCs an be taCle? as assuming t:o runners going roun? a irle , one #2 times as fast as the other ; That is , the minute han? ?esribes > ?egrees "minute the hour han? ?esribes #"2 ?egrees "minute ; Thus the minute han? ?esribes L2#"23 ?egrees more than the hour han? 7er minute ; 2L3 The hour an? the minute han? meet eah other after e8ery >L2L"##3 minutes after being together at mi?night; 2This an be ?eri8e? from the abo8e3 ; #3-f n is e8en , n2n=#32n=23 is ?i8isible by 2! 223-f n is any integer , n<2 = ! is not ?i8isible by ! 233Ai8en the oor?inates 2a,b3 2,?3 2e,f3 2g,h3 of a 7arallelogram , the oor?inates of the meeting 7oint of the ?iagonals an be foun? out by sol8ing for P2a=e3"2,2b=f3"2Q 6P 2=g3"2 , 2?=h3"2Q 2!3Area of a triangle #"2HbaseHaltitu?e 6 #"2HaHbHsinC 6 #"2HbHHsinA 6 #"2HHaHsinB 6 root2sH2s% a3H2s%b3H2s%33 :here s6a=b="2 6aHbH"2!H)3 :here ) is the C-)C,M)A@-,/ of the triangle 6 rHs ,:here r is the inra?ius of the triangle ; 2L3-n any triangle a6bHCosC = HCosB b6HCosA = aHCosC 6aHCosB = bHCosA 2>3-f a#"b# 6 a2"b2 6 a3"b3 6 RRRR;; , then eah ratio is e4ual to 2C#Ha#= C2Ha2=C3Ha3=RRRR;;3 " 2C#Hb#= C2Hb2=C3Hb3=RRRR;;3 , :hih is also e4ual to 2a#=a2=a3=RRRR;"b#=b2=b3=RRR;3 2E3-n any triangle a"/inA 6 b"/inB 6"/inC62) , :here ) is the irumra?ius osC 6 2a<2 = b<2 1 <23"2ab sin2A 6 2 sinA H osA os2A 6 os<22A3 1 sin<2 2A3 #3 5<n %a<n 6 25%a325<2n%#3 = 5<2n%23 = RR;= a<2n%#3 3 RRSery useful for Dn?ing multi7les ;For e5am7le 2#E%#!63 :ill be a multi7le of #E<3 1 #!<33 223 e<5 6 # = 253"#O = 25<23"2O = 25<33"3O = RR;;to inDnity 22a3 2 N e N 3 233 log2#=53 6 5 1 25<23"2 = 25<33"3 1 25<!3"! RRRto inDnity P .ote the alternating sign ; ;Also note that the ogarithm is :ith res7et to base e Q 2!3 -n a AP the 7ro?ut of any t:o terms e4ui?istant from a term is al:ays onstant ; 2L3 For a yli 4ua?rilateral , area 6 root2 2s%a3 H 2s%b3 H 2s%3 H 2s%?3 3 , :here s62a=b==?3"2 2>3 For a yli 4ua?rilateral , the measure of an e5ternal angle is e4ual to the measure of the internal o77osite angle; 2E3 2m=n3O is ?i8isible by mO H nO ; TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT U- ha8e miles to go before - slee7 $$$$% 02"##"2002 $$$$% 2#3 -f a 4ua?rilateral irumsribes a irle , the sum of a 7air of o77osite si?es is e4ual to the sum of the other 7air ; 223The sum of an inDnite AP 6 a"2#%r3 , :here a an? r are res7; the Drst term an? ommon ratio of the AP ; 233The e4uation :hose roots are the rei7roal of the roots of the e4uation a5<2=b5= is 5<2=b5=a 2!3 The oor?inates of the entroi? of a triangle :ith 8erties 2a,b3 2,?3 2e,f3 is22a==e3"3 , 2b=?=f3"33 ; 2L3 The ratio of the ra?ii of the irumirle an? inirle of an e4uilateral triangle is 20# ; 2>3 Area of a 7arallelogram 6 base H height 2E3APP(LL(.-,/ T&'()'M0 -n a triangle , if A@ be the me?ian to the si?e BC , then AB<2 = AC<2 6 22A@<2 = B@<23 or 22A@<2 = @C<23 ; TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT #3 for similar ones , ratio of ra?ii 6 ratio of their bases; 223 The &CF an? LCM of t:o nos; are e4ual :hen they are e4ual ; 233 Solume of a 7yrami? 6 #"3 H base area H height 2!3 -n an isoseles triangle , the 7er7en?iular from the 8erte5 to the base or the angular bisetor from 8erte5 to base bisets the base; 2L3 -n any triangle the angular bisetor of an angle bisets the base in the ratio of the other t:o si?es; 2>3 the 4ua?rilateral forme? by Voining the angular bisetors of another 4ua?rilateral is al:ays a retangle; 2E3 )oots of 5<2=5=#60 are #,:,:<2 :here #=:=:<260 an? :<36# 2 IaI=IbI 6 Ia=bI if aHbJ60 else IaI=IbI J6 Ia=bI 2M3 2N6 2#=#"n3<n N63 2#03 W-.' an? WAT') formula0 -f + be the 8olume of a 8essel 4 4ty of a mi5ture of :ater an? :ine be remo8e? eah time from a mi5ture n be the number of times this o7eration be ?one an? A be the Dnal 4ty of :ine in the mi5ture then , A"+ 6 2#%4"+3<n 2##3 Area of a he5agon 6 root233 H 3 H 2si?e3<2 2#23 2#=53<n X 2#=n53 if 5NNN# 2#33 /ome 7ythagorean tri7lets0 3,!,L 23<26!=L3 L,#2,#3 2L<26#2=#33 E,2!,2L 2E<262!=2L3 8,#L,#E 28<2 " 2 6 #L=#E 3 M,!0,!# 2M<26!0=!#3 ##,>0,># 2##<26>0=>#3 #2,3L,3E 2#2<2 " 2 6 3L=3E3 #>,>3,>L 2#><2 "2 6 >3=>L3 20,2#,2M2'GC'PT-(.3 2#!3 A77olonius theorem oul? be a77lie? to the ! triangles forme? in a 7arallelogram; 2#L3 Area of a tra7eKium 6 #"2 H 2sum of 7arallel si?s3 H height 6 me?ian H height :here me?ian is the line Voining the mi?7oints of the obli4ue si?es; 2#>3 :hen a three ?igit number is re8erse? an? the ?iYerene of these t:o numbers is taCen , the mi??le number is al:ays M an? the sum of the other t:o numbers is al:ays M ; 2#E3 A.y funtion of the ty7e y6f25362a5%b3"2b5%a3 is al:ays of the form 56f2y3 ; 2# Let W be any 7oint insi?e a retangle ABC@ ; Then W@<2 = WB<2 6 WC<2 = WA<2 2#M3 Let a be the si?e of an e4uilateral triangle ; then if three irles be ?ra:n insi?e this triangle touhing eah other then eahFs ra?ius 6 a"22H2root233=#33 2203 Let Z5F be ertain base in :hih the re7resentation of a number is Zab?F , then the ?eimal 8alue of this number is aH5<3 = bH5<2 = H5 = ? L3 For a yli 4ua?rilateral , area 6 root2 sH 2s%a3 H 2s%b3 H 2s%3 H 2s%?3 3 , :here s62a=b==?3"2 &ere are some neat shortuts on /im7le"Com7oun? -nterest; /hortut [#0 $$$$% We all Cno: the tra?itional formula to om7ute interestR C- 6 PH2#=)"#003<. 1 P The alulation get 8ery te?ious :hen .J2 2more than 2 years3; The metho? suggeste? belo: is elegant :ay to get C-"Amount after Z.F years; *ou nee? to reall the goo? olF PasalFs Triange in follo:ing :ay0 Co?e0 .umber of *ears 2.3 $$$$$$% # # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 3 # ! # ! > ! # ; # R; R; R R # '5am7le0 P 6 #000, )6#0 \, an? .63 years; What is C- ] Amount^ /te7 #0 #0\ of #000 6 #00, Again #0\ of #00 6 #0 an? #0\ of #0 6 # We ?i? this three times bFos .63; /te7 20 .o: Amount after 3 years 6 # H #000 = 3 H #00 = 3 H #0 = # H # 6 )s;#33#"% The oe9ents 1 #,3,3,# are lifte? from the 7asalFs triangle abo8e; /te7 30 C- after 3 years 6 3H#00 = 3H#0 = 3H# 6 )s;33#"% 2lea8ing out Drst term in ste7 23 -f . 62, :e :oul? ha8e ha?, Amt 6 # H #000 = 2 H #00 = # H #0 6 )s; #2#0"% C- 6 2 H #00 = #H #0 6 )s; 2#0"% This metho? is e5ten?able for any Z.F an? it a8oi?s alulations in8ol8ing higher 7o:ers on Z.F altogetherO A 8ariant to this short ut an be a77lie? to Dn? ?e7reiating 8alue of some 7ro7erty; 2'5am7le, A 7ro7erty :orth #00,000 ?e7reiates by #0\ e8ery year, Dn? its 8alue after Z.F years3; /hortut [20 $$$$% 2i3 When interest is alulate? as C-, the number of years for the Amount to ?ouble 2t:o times the 7rini7al3 an be foun? :ith this follo:ing formula0 P H . X E2 2a77ro5imately e4ual to3; '5am7e, if )6>\ 7;a; then it taCes roughly #2 years for the Prini7al to ?ouble itself; .ote0 This is Vust a a77ro5imate formula 2:hen ) taCes large 8alues, the error \ in formula inreases3; 2ii3 When interest is alulate? as /-, number of years for amt to ?ouble an be foun? as0 . H ) 6 #00 ; BTW this formula is e5atO A??ing to :hat ZPeebsF sai?, this shortut ?oes :orC for any P"."); Basially if you looC losely at this metho?, :hat - ha? 7oste? is atually ?eri8e? from the Binomial e57ansion of the 7olynomial $ 2#=r"#003<n but in a more Ue?ible_ format ?igestable by usO BTW hereK one shortut on reurring ?eimals to frations R-ts more easier to e57lain :ith an e5am7le;; 'g0 2;38!38!38! R; /te7 #0 sine the 3 ?igits F38!` is reurring 7art, multi7ly 2;38! by #000 6 so :e get 238!; .e5t F2` is the non reurring 7art in the reurring ?eimal so subtrat 2 from 238! 6 2382; -f it ha? been 2;38!8!8!;;, :e :oul? ha8e ha? 238! 1 23 6 23>#; &a? it been 2;38!!!!;; .) :oul? be 238! 1 238 6 2#!> an? so on; We no: Dn? ?enominator 7art RR; /te7 30 -n ste7 # :e multi7lie? 2;38!38!R by #000 to get 238!, so 7ut that Drst; /te7 !0 ne5t sine all ?igits of the ?eimal 7art of reurring ?eimal is reurring, subtrat # from ste7 3; &a? the reurring ?eimal been 2;38!8!8!, :e nee? to subtrat #0; -f it ha? been 2;38!!!!!, :e nee?e? to ha8e subtrate? #00 ;;an? so onR &ene here, @) 6 #000 1 # 6 MMM &ene fration of the )eurring ?eimal is 2382"MMMOO /ome more e5am7les R; #;L>E8E8E8 R 6 2#L>E8 1 #L>3 " 2#0000 1 #003 6 #LL22"MM00 23;>E8M8M8MR 6 223>E8M 1 23>E3 " 2#0000 1 #003 6 23!!22"MM00 #2!;!L!L!LR 6 2#2!!L 1 #2!3 " 2#00 1 #3 6 #232#"MM )ea? more0 htt70"":::;areers%in?ia;om"2008"02"23"maths%formulae%list%for% at"[i5KK#Mf,88?i