Introduction

A transport system and bays are present in the cell like a supermarket which needs goods or materials
to be able to operate.

Time pH
0 3
5 2.98
10 3
15 3.01
20 3.03
25 3.05
30 3.06
35 3.06
40 3.07
45 3.04
50 3.03
55 2.97
60 2.92
65 2.91
70 2.9
75 2.89
80 2.88
85 2.87
90 2.86
Table 5.1 Donnan Equilibrium

Time Weight (in g) Rpi
0 6.71 -
15 6.77 1.85x10
-4

30 6.76 -3.09x10
-5

45 6.75 -3.09x10
-5

60 6.73 -6.17x10
-5

75 6.65 -2.47x10
-4

90 6.6 -1.54x10
-4

Area: 21.6cm
2

R= -5.66x10
-5

Table 5.2 Active Transport

Time Weight in (g) Rpi
0 14.22 -
15 14.73 1.13x10
-3

30 14.81 1.77x10
-4

45 14.68 -2.89x10
-4

60 14.82 3.11x10
-4

75 14.9 1.78x10
-4

90 14.93 6.67x10
-5

Area: 30cm
2

R= 2.63x10
-4

Table 5.3 Effect of cyanide on active transport









Materials and Methods

The experiment is mainly divided into two, the study about the Donnan Equilibrium and Active
Transport. The class was strategically divided to better use the limited time available. Simultaneously
while a group prepares the certain reagents and solutions needed in the experiments the other groups
clean and prepared the dialyzing bags (from pig entrails) and removed the frog leg skins that is used as
the model membranes to test Donnan Equilibrium and Active transport, respectively. The two ends of
the bags were tightly sealed and was checked from leaks. The two experiments was simultaneously
done by two different groups.

First, in the Donnan Equilibrium, 10 ml acidified dH
2
0 set to pH 3.0 is thoroughly mixed with 10 mL 5%
gelatin mixture in a beaker, the initial pH was recorded. The dH
2
0- Gelatin solution was transferred in
the Dialyzing bag and was sealed. The filled dialyzing bag was immersed in a 50 mL beaker containing
the remaining dH
2
0 and was and was allowed to stand for 10 minutes. In a 5 minute interval the
surrounding acidified dH
2
O after thoroughly stirring it was read of its pH. The pH of the contents of the
bag was recorded after the 90 minute period.

Active transport was observed in two ways, normal active transport and cyanide exposed active
transport which will then be calculated of the active transport rate. Two different groups simultaneously
do the setups. A group assigned in the normal active transport first filled the toad frog skin, prepared
earlier, with ringers solution and was sealed. The bag was left not bulging to enable an easy observance
of size increase. The bag was weighed and was immersed in a beaker containing Ringers solution and
was left in it for 10 minutes. The bag was weighed on an analytical balance in an interval of 15-minutes
for 90 minutes with a pre-weighed aluminum. Another frog skin bag was used for the Cyanide exposed
active transport. It is filled with 25:25 mL Ringers solution: 0.10 M NaCN. Its weight is also weighed at a
15-minutes for 90 minutes.

The rate of active transport was calculated by first knowing the area of active transport. This is
measured by placing the clipped frog skin bag in a graphing paper. The boxes covered by the frog skin
are counted to know the area by cm
2
. The average rate of active transport was calculated using the
formula:

Where
R = rate of active transport
W
i
= initial weight of the toad/frog skin bag
W
f
= Final weight of the toad/frog skin bag
t = total observation time
A = area of the toad/frog skin bag in cm
2


The partial rates of active transport was calculated in parts A and B using the formula below:

Where

= partial active transport rate at observation i

W
i
= initial weight of the toad/frog skin bag at observation i
W
f
= Final weight of the toad/frog skin bag at observation i
t = time interval
A = area of the toad/frog skin bag in cm
2