Petroleum Products Handbook 5866

xv
Contents
Contributing Editors ........................................................ vii
Preface ........................................................................... xi
Guide for Handbook Users ............................................. xiii
Petroleum Flow Chart from the Well through the
Refinery ..................................................................... xv
Section 1. The Raw Material, Crude Petroleum
and Natural Gas ....................................................... 1-1
Part I. Petroleum, Our Man of all Work .................................. 1-1
Nature and Occurrence of Petroleum ................................. 1-3
How the Oil Industry Functions ............................................ 1-6
Nature and Composition of Crude Oil ................................. 1-9
Transforming Crude Oil into Products ................................. 1-10
Products from Petroleum and Natural Gas ......................... 1-14
Bibliography ......................................................................... 1-28
Part II. Natural Gasoline a Source of Liquid Products ........... 1-30
Birth in the Early Pennsylvania Oil Fields ............................ 1-32
Research for Broader Markets ............................................ 1-35
Wider Use in Motor Fuel ...................................................... 1-35
Specifications and Properties .............................................. 1-37
xvi Contents
Testing Methods .................................................................. 1-37
References ........................................................................... 1-38
Bibliography ......................................................................... 1-38
Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ................... 1-39
Appendix A: Check List of Commercial Petroleum
Products ......................................................................... 1-40
Section 2. Additives for Petroleum Products ............ 2-1
General Properties of Additives ........................................... 2-3
Selection and Control of Additives ...................................... 2-4
Liquid Fuel Additives ............................................................ 2-6
Additives for Automotive Lubricants .................................... 2-18
Additives in Oil Specifications .............................................. 2-24
Additives for Industrial Oils .................................................. 2-30
Bibliography ......................................................................... 2-42
Section 3. Liquefied Petroleum Gas .......................... 3-1
Properties of LP-Gas Hydrocarbons ................................... 3-2
Production and Treating of LP-Gas ..................................... 3-6
Specifications and Test Methods ........................................ 3-10
Storage and Handling of LP-Gas ........................................ 3-13
Rules, Regulations, and Standards ..................................... 3-18
Distribution Methods ............................................................ 3-21
Utilization of LP-Gas ............................................................ 3-25
Sizing of Tanks and Piping .................................................. 3-29
Receipt of Shipments ........................................................... 3-30
Taxes Applicable to LP-Gas ................................................ 3-34
Toxicity of LP-Gas Hydrocarbons ........................................ 3-35
Securing Maximum Performance ........................................ 3-35
References ........................................................................... 3-39
Contents xvii
Glossary of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Terms ...................... 3-40
Section 4. Gasoline ..................................................... 4-1
General Performance Requirements .................................. 4-6
Chemical Composition of Gasoline ..................................... 4-8
Motor Fuel Gasoline ............................................................ 4-11
Alcohol Blends ..................................................................... 4-37
Aviation Gasoline ................................................................. 4-38
Marine Gasoline ................................................................... 4-42
Gasoline Tractor Fuel .......................................................... 4-44
References ........................................................................... 4-45
Bibliography ......................................................................... 4-47
Appendix A: Tentative Specifications for Gasoline ............. 4-48
Appendix B: Tentative Specifications for Aviation
Gasolines ....................................................................... 4-51
Section 5. Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuels and
Lubricants ................................................................ 5-1
Principles of Operation and Types ...................................... 5-2
Fuel Developments and Specifications ............................... 5-6
Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuel Manufacture ............................... 5-10
Fuel Requirements and Properties ...................................... 5-10
Aircraft Gas Turbine Lubricants ........................................... 5-23
References ........................................................................... 5-27
Section 6. Diesel Fuel Oils .......................................... 6-1
Diesel Fuel Economics ........................................................ 6-1
Composition of Fuel an Important Factor ............................ 6-4
xviii Contents
Properties Determining Fuel Performance .......................... 6-5
Test Methods for Diesel Fuel Oils ....................................... 6-9
Significance of Tests on Diesel Fuels ................................. 6-12
Utilization of Diesel Fuels .................................................... 6-13
Growth Trends in Diesel-Engine Field ................................. 6-29
Storage, Shipping, and Handling ......................................... 6-31
References ........................................................................... 6-32
Bibliography ......................................................................... 6-32
Section 7. Distillate Heating Oils ................................ 7-1
Status of the Heating-Oil Industry ........................................ 7-3
Burners, Controls, and Tanks .............................................. 7-9
Central-Heating Systems ..................................................... 7-15
Specifications and Testing ................................................... 7-24
Burning Qualities in Oils ...................................................... 7-28
Stability in Heating Oils ........................................................ 7-37
Handling and Delivery .......................................................... 7-46
References ........................................................................... 7-50
Bibliography ......................................................................... 7-51
Section 8. Residual Fuel Oils ...................................... 8-1
Historical .............................................................................. 8-1
Statistical .............................................................................. 8-2
Specifications for Residual Fuels ........................................ 8-3
Properties of Commercial Residual Fuels ........................... 8-11
Detailed Inspections of Heavy Fuels ................................... 8-23
End Uses of Residual Fuel Oils ........................................... 8-27
Problems Associated with Utilization ................................... 8-30
Contents xix
The Combustion of Residual Fuels ..................................... 8-36
Specific Heat of Fuel Oils .................................................... 8-48
Residual Fuel Oil Burners .................................................... 8-49
References ........................................................................... 8-50
Bibliography ......................................................................... 8-50
Section 9. Lubricating Oils and Greases ................... 9-1
Part I. Automotive Oils ........................................................... 9-1
Performance Characteristics ............................................... 9-2
Fluid Characteristic - Viscosity ............................................ 9-5
"Boundary" Lubrication ........................................................ 9-24
Stability and Chemical Inertness ......................................... 9-28
Evaluating Automotive Lubricants ....................................... 9-28
References ........................................................................... 9-31
Part II. Industrial Lubrication .................................................. 9-34
Engine and Machine Oils ..................................................... 9-34
Steam Cylinder Oils ............................................................. 9-37
Diesel Engine Oils ................................................................ 9-41
Steam Turbine Oils .............................................................. 9-43
Speed Reduction Gear Lubrication ..................................... 9-47
Compressor Oils .................................................................. 9-49
Electric-Motor Bearing Oils .................................................. 9-53
Hydraulic Fluids ................................................................... 9-56
Industrial Circulating Oils ..................................................... 9-58
Wire-Rope Lubrication ......................................................... 9-62
Industrial Gear Oils .............................................................. 9-64
Spindle Oils .......................................................................... 9-65
xx Contents
Instrument Lubricants .......................................................... 9-67
Pneumatic Tool Oils ............................................................. 9-68
Oil-Spray Lubrication ........................................................... 9-70
Insulating and Transformer Oils .......................................... 9-71
Metalworking and Cutting Oils ............................................. 9-72
Bibliography ......................................................................... 9-74
Part III. Lubricating Greases .................................................. 9-75
Functions of a Lubricating Grease ...................................... 9-78
Evaluating Lubricating Greases ........................................... 9-79
Properties that Influence Selection ...................................... 9-85
Availability of Specific Greases ........................................... 9-90
Types of Bearings to Be Lubricated .................................... 9-91
Specific Industry Applications .............................................. 9-96
Special Greases and Trends ............................................... 9-120
Handling and Storing Greases ............................................ 9-121
References ........................................................................... 9-122
Bibliography ......................................................................... 9-123
Part IV. Reclaiming Lubricating Oils ...................................... 9-124
Contaminants from Two Sources ........................................ 9-127
Effects of Oil Contamination ................................................ 9-128
Oxidation .............................................................................. 9-128
Oil-Reclamation Methods .................................................... 9-129
Section 10. The Petroleum Waxes ............................. 10-1
Wax Production Methods .................................................... 10-2
Petroleum-Wax Uses by Volume ........................................ 10-6
Paraffin Waxes, Natural and Synthetic ................................ 10-6
Microcrystalline Waxes ........................................................ 10-11
Contents xxi
Petrolatums .......................................................................... 10-13
Petroleum-Wax Industrial Uses ........................................... 10-17
The Future of Petroleum Waxes ......................................... 10-28
Bibliography ......................................................................... 10-28
Section 11. Miscellaneous Light Oils ......................... 11-1
Part I. Kerosine (Illuminating Oils) ......................................... 11-1
The Essential Properties of Kerosine .................................. 11-3
References ........................................................................... 11-7
Part II. Industrial Naphthas .................................................... 11-8
Chemistry of Industrial Solvents .......................................... 11-9
Manufacture of Industrial Naphthas .................................... 11-12
Distributing Methods Modernized ........................................ 11-14
Utilization and Standardization ............................................ 11-15
Physical and Chemical Tests .............................................. 11-18
Safety Precautions Essential ............................................... 11-23
Appendix A: Properties of Standard Industrial
Naphthas and Related Materials ................................... 11-25
References ........................................................................... 11-29
Part III. Use of Petroleum as Pesticides ................................ 11-30
Insecticides .......................................................................... 11-30
Herbicides ............................................................................ 11-42
Fungicides ............................................................................ 11-44
Solvents for Agricultural Pesticides ..................................... 11-44
References ........................................................................... 11-51
xxii Contents
Section 12. Petrochemicals ........................................ 12-1
History of Petrochemicals .................................................... 12-2
Growth Pattern, Past and Future ......................................... 12-4
Three Types of Petrochemicals ........................................... 12-7
Petrochemical Statistics ....................................................... 12-9
Where Petrochemicals Come from ..................................... 12-12
Marketing Petrochemicals ................................................... 12-25
Glossary of Petrochemicals ................................................. 12-29
References ........................................................................... 12-39
Section 13. Petroleum Asphalt ................................... 13-1
Types of Petroleum Asphalt ................................................ 13-1
Asphalt Cement ................................................................... 13-2
Liquid Asphalts ..................................................................... 13-5
Blown Asphalts .................................................................... 13-12
Uses of Petroleum Asphalt .................................................. 13-13
References ........................................................................... 13-17
Bibliography ......................................................................... 13-18
Section 14. Petroleum Coke ....................................... 14-1
Economics of Coking ........................................................... 14-1
Commercial Coking Processes ........................................... 14-3
Petroleum-Coke Quality ....................................................... 14-6
Utilization of Raw Petroleum Coke ...................................... 14-12
Utilization of Calcined Coke ................................................. 14-15
Bibliography and References .............................................. 14-20
Section 15. Carbon Black ........................................... 15-1
Manufacturing Processes and Types of Carbon
Blacks ............................................................................. 15-2
Contents xxiii
Properties and Evaluation ................................................... 15-7
Applications and Uses ......................................................... 15-10
References ........................................................................... 15-15
Section 16. Reference Data Section ........................... 16-1
Introduction .......................................................................... 16-1
Contents ............................................................................... 16-1
Part I. Reference Data Directory ............................................ 16-2
Part II. Sampling and Measurement of Liquid Petroleum
Products ............................................................................ 16-10
Sampling Petroleum Products ............................................. 16-10
Measurement and Calculation of Volume ........................... 16-10
The ASTM-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables .................. 16-12
Nomograph for Volume and Gravity Corrections ................ 16-15
Tables of Volumetric and Weight Measures ....................... 16-16
Sources for General Reference Data .................................. 16-18
Part III. Test Methods, Product Specifications, and
Antiknock Scale Conversions ........................................... 16-19
Guide to ASTM Petroleum Product Test Methods .............. 16-19
ASTM Specifications for Petroleum Products by Title ........ 16-25
Federal Specifications for Petroleum Products
by Title ............................................................................ 16-27
Federal Specifications for Commercial Products ................ 16-28
Crankcase-Oil Viscosity Classification, SAE
Recommended Practice ................................................ 16-43
Transmission and Axle-Lubricant Classification, SAE
Recommended Practice ................................................ 16-44
Conversions of Antiknock Scales ........................................ 16-45
xxiv Contents
Part IV. Storage, Handling, and Transportation of
Petroleum Products .......................................................... 16-56
General Reference Data Sources ....................................... 16-56
Part V. Directory of United States Petroleum
Refineries .......................................................................... 16-57
Part VI. Motor Fuel Tax and Tax Refund Procedures;
Product Inspection by States ............................................ 16-67
Motor Fuel Tax Refund Procedures .................................... 16-67
Petroleum Product Inspection by States ............................. 16-77
Part VII. Petroleum Products Supply-Demand,
Utilization, and Price Statistics .......................................... 16-79
General Reference Data Sources ....................................... 16-93
Section 17. Petroleum Trade Glossary ...................... 17-1
Abel Tester to Azeotropic Distillation ................................... 17-1
Balanced Gasoline to Byproduct ......................................... 17-3
C to Cylinder Stock ............................................................. 17-5
Deasphalting to Dry Point .................................................... 17-8
Emulsification to Extractive Distillation ................................ 17-10
F (Degrees Fahrenheit) to Furnace Oils ............................ 17-11
Gallon (Imperial) to Gum Tests ........................................... 17-13
Heart Cut to Hydrometer ...................................................... 17-14
IBP (Initial Boiling Point) to Isopropyl Alcohol,
Isopropanol [(CH
3
)
2
CHOH] ............................................ 17-15
Contents xxv
Jet Engine (Aircraft) to Jump ............................................... 17-16
K-factor to Knock Suppressor .............................................. 17-16
Lacquer to Lubricity .............................................................. 17-17
Mahogany Acids to Multipurpose-type Grease ................... 17-18
Naphtha to Normal (N) Heptane ......................................... 17-20
Octane (C
8
H
18
) to Ozokerite ................................................ 17-21
Painters' Naphtha to Pyrethrum .......................................... 17-22
Qualitative Test to Quenching Oil ........................................ 17-24
Raffinate to RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) ............................. 17-25
SAE Numbers to Synthetic Rubber ..................................... 17-26
Tackiness Agent to Turnaround .......................................... 17-30
Ullage to USP Acid Test ...................................................... 17-31
Vacuum Distillation to Volatility ............................................ 17-32
Wash to Worked Penetration ............................................... 17-33
Xylenes, Xylol [C
6
H
4
(CH
3
)
2
] ................................................. 17-34
Yellow Scale to Yield ........................................................... 17-34
Index .............................................................................. I-17
I-1
Index
Index terms Links
A
Abrasive solids, effect on diesel engines 6-13
Abrasive wear in engines 2-19 2-21
Abrasiveness, of lubricating grease 9-84
of lubricating oils 9-121
Absolute viscosity, definition of 9-7 9-8
Absorption, recovery of hydrocarbons by 1-6
Acetaldehyde 12-16 12-17 12-21 12-29
12-34
Acetate rayon 12-29
Acetates 12-29 12-34 12-35 12-38
Acetic acid 12-7 12-17 12-21 12-29
Acetic anhydride 12-7 12-29
Acetic oxide 12-29
Acetone 12-3 12-7 12-19 12-22
12-30 12-35
Acetone cyanhydrin 12-35
Acetyle oxide 12-29
Acetylene 1-10 12-3 12-17 12-18
Acetylene black 12-30
Acetylene carbon black 15-5 15-14
Acetylenic hydrocarbons 1-10
Acid treating of fuel oil stocks 7-40
I-2
Index terms Links
Acidifying agents 12-29
Acidity, corrosion and 9-43
Acrolein 12-20 12-30
Acrylates 2-37
Acrylic aldehyde 12-30
Acrylic polymers 2-31 2-32
Acrylonitrile 12-17 12-19 12-30
Activated charcoal in LP-Gas manufacture 3-8
Additive industry, scope of 2-2
Additive resistance 9-61
Additives 1-12 2-2
antiknock agents for gasoline 2-7 2-8 4-34 4-35
4-42 4-43
for automotive lubricants 2-18 2-47 2-48
in aviation gasoline 4-42
cetane number improvers, diesel fuels 1-18 2-13 2-15 6-6
6-7
color dyes, gasoline 2-12 2-13 4-36 4-42
lubricating greases 9-76
lubricating oils 2-48
compatibility of 1-24 2-4
fuel oils 2-17
greases 2-27
compounded oils and greases 1-25
corrosion inhibitors and rust preventives,
diesel fuel 2-13
distillate fuel oils 1-21 2-15 7-41
gasoline 2-9 2-10 4-36
jet fuels 2-13 5-19 5-20
lubricating greases 9-76 9-83
I-3
Index terms Links
Additives (Continued)
lubricating oils 2-19 2-28 2-47 9-43
9-58 9-66
residual fuel oils 2-17 2-18 8-31 8-33
definition of 2-1
deicing, antistall agents, gasoline 2-10 2-11 4-36 5-18
detergent-dispersant inhibitors, for distillate
fuel oils 7-40 7-41
for lubricating oils 2-21 2-22 2-30 2-34
2-36 2-37 2-47 9-42
for residual fuel oils 2-17 8-36
for diesel fuels 1-18 2-15 2-16
for distillate fuel oils 1-21 2-14 2-15
extreme-pressure, for lubricating greases 9-84
in ferrous metallurgy 14-15 14-16
foam inhibitors for lubricating oils 2-23 2-24 2-30 2-37
2-48 9-46 9-58 9-61
9-62
gasoline 1-17 2-6 4-34 4-42
table 2-7
gum inhibitors, gasoline 4-42
for hydraulic fluids 2-29 9-57 9-58
for industrial oils 2-20 2-47 2-48
for light heating oils 7-40 7-41
for LP-Gas 2-2 2-6
lubricant, table of properties and
functions of 2-47 2-48
for lubricating grease 2-2 2-3 2-29 9-75
9-84 9-121 12-36
table 9-76
I-4
Index terms Links
metal deactivators, for distillate fuel oils 1-21 7-41
for gasoline 2-9 4-36
for jet fuels 1-19 2-13
for lubricating greases 9-76
for lubricating oils 2-47
for natural gasoline 1-17
odorants, for LP-Gas 2-6 3-5 3-6
in oil specifications 2-24
automatic transmission fluid 2-26 2-27
aviation lubrication 2-27
railroad diesel 2-25 2-26
oxidation inhibitors and stability improvers,
for diesel fuels 2-15 2-16 9-41 9-42
for distillate fuel oils 2-15 7-40
for gasoline 2-8 2-9 4-36 4-42
for jet fuels 2-13 5-18 5-19
9-57 9-59 9-60 9-67
for residual fuel oils 2-18 8-36
petrochemicals as 12-29
pour point depressants, for lubricating oils 2-23 2-30 2-32 2-48
preignition, for gasoline 2-11 4-36 4-37
properties of, general 2-3 2-4
for residual fuel oils 2-16 8-30 8-36
selection and control of 2-4 2-5
starter fluids, for diesel fuels 2-15 2-16
tests for effectiveness of 2-5 2-6
upper-cylinder lubricants, gasoline 2-11 2-12 4-37
I-5
Index terms Links
viscosity-index improvers, lubricating oils 2-22 2-23 2-30 2-48
9-11 9-12 9-48 9-61
Adhesives from petrochemicals 12-30 12-33 12-34 12-39
Adipates 12-30
Adipic acid 12-22 12-24 12-30 12-33
Adiponitrile 12-17 12-30
Adsorption plants 3-8
Aerosols 11-30 11-37 12-32 12-36
examples of, table 11-39
sales of, graph and table 11-38
tests for 11-41 11-42
Africa, crude oil production in 1-3
malaria control in 11-34
petroleum reserves in 1-4
relative production and consumption
of oil in 1-4
Afterburning 5-5
Aging in residual fuel oils 8-35
Agricultural sprays, toxicity of 11-24
Agriculture in United States 6-29
Air, humidity in 8-44
solubility of 5-21
graph 5-23
Air compressors, oil for 9-50 9-51
Air filters in oil reclaiming 9-129
Air flow to burner, metering of 8-41
Air-fuel ratio 8-41
Air-fuel ratio control 6-19
I-6
Index terms Links
Air requirements and products of
combustion of fuel oils 8-39
table 8-40
Aircraft fuel tanks 5-11 5-12
Aircraft instrument lubricants 2-28 2-29
Aircraft lubricants 1-21 2-28 5-23
grease 9-99 9-100
table 9-100
oils, additives for 2-27
composition of 5-24
function of 5-23 5-24
military specifications for 5-24 5-27
table 5-25 5-26
synthetic 2-28
tests for evaluating 5-6
Aircraft turbine fuels 1-2 1-8 5-1
additives for 1-19 2-13 2-14 5-18
5-19
boiling range requirement 1-2 1-19
development of 5-6 5-9 5-10
inhibitors for 1-19
inspection data for 5-11
table 5-12
inspection tests for, table 5-11
manufacture of 5-10
operation of 5-2
requirements and properties of 5-10
specifications for 5-6
commercial, table 5-9
military, table 5-7 5-8
sulfur content of 5-9 5-11
I-7
Index terms Links
Aircraft turbine fuels (Continued)
tests for evaluating 5-6
vapor pressure of 5-13
Airplane engines, deicing of 2-10
Airplane spraying 11-47
Alcohols 12-24 12-31 12-34
as deicing agent 2-10
in gasoline 4-37 4-38
(See also Ethyl alcohol; Isopropyl alcohol;
Methyl alcohol)
Aldehyde 12-29 12-35
Aliphatic naphthas 11-11
distillation ranges for, chart 11-15
toxicity of 11-23
Aliphatic petrochemicals 12-4 12-7 12-8
statistics on 12-10 12-11
Aliphatic solvents 1-19 1-20
Aliphatics 11-11 11-12
Alkaline reserve 2-21
Alkane 12-33
Alkyl-derived zinc dithiophosphates 2-20 2-21
Alkyl halides 12-35
Alkyl naphthalenes 11-17
Alkylate gasolines 12-32 12-35
Alkylates 4-24 12-35
detergent 12-30
Alkylation 1-12 11-12 11-13
of natural gasoline 1-16 4-5 4-6
Allenes 1-10
Allethrin 11-35 11-36 11-39
I-8
Index terms Links
Allyl alcohol 12-20 12-30
Allyl aldehyde 12-30
Allyl chloride 12-20 12-30
Alox Acids 10-21
Alpha-methyl-naphthalene 1-18 6-6
Aluminum 5-5 8-23 8-25
calcined coke and 14-16
American Merchant Marine 6-30
Ammonia 12-7 12-17 12-24 12-30
12-35
Ammonia vapors, in flue gases 8-31
purging from LP-Gas cargo tanks 3-38
Ammonium dimonylnaphthalene 2-10 2-11
Ammonium nitrate 12-17
Ammonium nitrate explosives 12-3 12-17
Ammonium sulfate 12-17 12-30
Amsco method for determining
evaporation rate 11-21 11-22
Amyl acetate 12-31
Amyl alcohols 12-24 12-31
Amyl chloride 12-24 12-31
Amyl naphthalenes 12-24
Amyl nitrate 2-15
Amyl phenol 12-31
Analytical reagents 12-35
Anhydrous ammonia 12-17
in LP-Gas 3-37 3-38
Anhydrous inorganic salts 1-10 1-11
Aniline 2-14 12-31
I-9
Index terms Links
Aniline point, of automotive lubricants 9-29
of light heating oils 7-29 7-30
of residual fuel oil 8-12
Aniline Point of Hydrocarbon
Solvents test 11-22
Anode carbon 14-16 14-17
Ant killers 11-36 11-37
Anticatalysts 2-33 2-34
Anticracking agent, carbon black as 15-15
Antifoaming agents 2-23 2-24 2-26 2-37
2-41 2-48 12-35
Antifreezes 2-41 12-33
nonpermanent 12-17
permanent 12-19
Antifriction bearings, lubrication of 9-116 9-117
Anti-icing additives 5-18
Antiknock compounds 2-7 2-8 2-11 4-34
12-19
effectiveness of 2-7
Antiknock quality, of aviation gasoline 4-38
of marine gasoline 4-43
of motor gasoline, tests for 4-16
Antioxidants 2-8 2-9 2-13 2-34
2-47 4-36 6-4 12-36
aromatic amine 2-28
in hydraulic fluids 9-57 9-58
phenothiazine 2-28
Antipreignition agents 4-36 4-37
I-10
Index terms Links
Antirust additives 2-9 2-10 2-13 2-27
2-32 2-33 2-41 2-47
4-36
Antiseptics in lubricants 2-48
Antiskinning agents 12-31
Antistall agents 2-10 2-11 4-36
Antiwear agents 2-36 2-47
Antiwear protection 2-20 2-21
Antiweld agents 2-35
API gravity 11-46
API gravity test for paraffin wax 10-8
API motor oil classification 2-24
API Service GL-4 multipurpose gear
lubricants 2-27
Aqua fortis 12-36 12-37
Aquatic weeds, control of 11-43
Aqueous solutions, additives in 2-4
Aromatic amine inhibitors 2-33
Aromatic catalytic distillates 8-9
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Olefin-free
Gasoline by Silica Gel Adsorption test 11-22
Aromatic naphthas 11-11
new 11-17
production of 11-12
toxicity of 11-23 11-24
Aromatic petrochemicals 12-4 12-7 12-8
statistics on 12-11
Aromatic solvents 1-19 11-37
for pesticides 11-46
I-11
Index terms Links
Aromatic solvents (Continued)
specifications for 11-47 11-48
Aromatics 1-10 1-16 1-19 1-20
4-10 4-11 4-17 4-24
5-10 11-11 11-43
in agricultural pesticides 11-45
history of 11-12
octane numbers of 4-23
in petrochemicals 12-12 12-14 12-15 12-21
production of, table 12-22
smoke point of 7-30
stability of 7-38
toxicity of 11-23
Arylurea 2-29
Asbestos 2-39
Ash, in automotive lubricants 9-30
diesel fuels and 6-13 6-20
Ash content of residual fuels 2-17 2-18 8-12 8-16
8-25 8-29 8-30 8-32
8-33
and heat of combustion 8-37 8-41
Asia, crude oil production in 1-3
of oil in 1-4
Asphalt 1-2 1-8 1-23 1-27
1-28 13-1
annual sales of, graph 13-17
blown 13-12 13-13
colorless 1-27 1-28
consistency of 13-2
I-12
Index terms Links
Asphalt (Continued)
consumption in United States, table 13-17
cutback 1-28 13-5
definition of 13-1
flash point of 13-2 13-3 13-6
liquid 13-5
emulsified, specifications for, table 13-11
medium-curing, specifications for, table 13-10
rapid-curing, specifications for, table 13-9
slow-curing, specifications for, table 13-11
in relation to other petroleum products,
graph 13-14
in residual fuel oil 8-34
types of 13-1 13-2
uses of 13-13
viscosity test for, illustrated 13-7
Asphalt-base crude oils 1-20 1-22
Asphalt cement 13-1
specifications for, table 13-4
tests for 13-2
Asphalt pipe coating, specifications for,
table 13-13
Asphalt removal 1-22
Asphalt residue 13-8 13-9
Asphalt roof coverings 13-16
Asphaltenes 8-34
ASTM closed cup test for flash point 11-20
ATF type A transmission fluid 2-26
Atmospheric still coking 14-3 14-4
I-13
Index terms Links
Atomic energy, petroleum coke and 14-20
Atomization of cylinder oil 9-38 9-39
Atomizing burners, smoking of 7-30 7-32
Australia, crude oil production in 1-3
of oil in 1-4
Autoignition reaction 4-15
Automatic delivery of fuel oil 7-49 7-50
Automatic transmission fluid additives 2-26 2-27
Automobile engines 2-2 2-3
Automobiles, engine performance, chart 4-13
registered in United States, chart 4-2
Automotive combat gasoline specifications 2-4 2-10
Automotive diesel engines, fuels for 6-21
types of combustion systems for 6-22
illustrated 6-23
Automotive engines, boundary lubrication
encountered in 9-26
list of contacts for 9-18
Automotive lubricants 9-1
additives for 1-24 1-25 2-2 2-3
2-18 2-47 2-48
classification of 9-1 9-2
consumption in United States, table 9-2
evaluation of 9-28
oiliness of 9-2 9-24
performance characteristics of 9-2
table 9-3
selection of 9-3 9-4
stability and chemical inertness of 9-28
I-14
Index terms Links
Automotive lubricants (Continued)
tests for 9-28
viscosity of 9-1 9-2 9-5
Automotive vehicles
greases for 9-96
table 9-97
Aviation gasoline 1-17 1-32 4-3 4-38
additives for 2-4 2-5 2-10 4-42
12-39
antiknock quality of 4-38
boiling range of 1-12
color in 2-12 2-13 4-41 4-42
consumption in United States 4-2 4-3
chart 4-2
freezing point of 4-41
heat of combustion of 4-40
isobutane as material in 1-36
lean mixture rating of 4-39 4-40
oxidation stability of 4-41
performance number scale for 4-38
table 4-39
petrochemicals for 12-32 12-33
rich-mixture rating of 4-40
tentative specifications for 4-51
volatility of 4-40 4-41
water tolerance of 4-41
Aviation industry needs 1-35
Axle gears, channeling of 9-23 9-24
Axle lubricants (see Transmission and axle
lubricants)
I-15
Index terms Links
Axle overloading 2-27
Axles, contacts for 9-18
rear, test methods for 9-28
Azeotropic distillation 1-19
B
Babbitt metal bearings, operating limits for,
table 9-35
viscosity limits for, table 9-36
Bacteria counteraction in soluble oils 2-48 9-73
Ball-bearing greases 9-92 9-93
renewal of 9-93 9-94
table 9-95
test requirements for, table 9-93
Ball-bearing lubricants 2-29 9-17 9-54
Banana plants, sprays for 11-44
Barges, transportation 1-7
for LP-Gas 3-22
Barium in additives 2-21 2-22 2-24
Barium salts 2-36
Barrel, capacity of 1-5
Baseboard radiation 7-16
Batch method of oil reclamation 9-129 9-130
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 12-3
Baum gravity 4-4
Bauxite in wax filtering 10-3 10-4
Baytown, Texas 12-22
Bayway, New Jersey 12-3
Bearing protection 2-18 2-19
I-16
Index terms Links
Bearing temperatures in aircraft turbines 5-24
Bearings, antifriction, grease for 9-116 9-117
Babbitt metal, operating limits 9-35 9-36
packing of 9-95
temperature and, chart 9-95
types of, greases for 9-91
(See also Ball-bearing greases; Ball-bearing
lubricants)
Beeswax 10-23
Belle, West Virginia 12-11
Bentonites 2-39
Benzene 1-10 11-12 11-13 11-43
12-2 12-7 12-8 12-12
12-21 12-22 12-24 12-31
as solvent 1-24 11-17
tests of 11-19
toxicity of 11-23
Benzene hexachloride 12-22 12-31
Benzene-meta-dicarboxylic acid 12-35
Benzene ring 1-10 12-7
Benzene test by ultraviolet
spectrophotometry 11-22
Benzol 12-31
Beta-naphthol 12-36
Better grade oil 2-25
Bingham Pycnometer 11-19
Black oils 11-34
Blackfish-jaw oil 2-28
Blast furnaces, coke for 14-14 14-15 14-19
I-17
Index terms Links
Blaugas 3-1
Block or brick greases, characteristics of,
table 9-88
Blocking test for paraffin wax 10-8
Blooming, rubber 10-25
Boilers for steam heating 7-17
selecting size of 7-21
sizing of 7-18
standard rating code for, table 7-18
Boiling point, of hydrocarbon gases, table 14-3
of kerosine 11-5
of light heating oils 7-25
Boiling range 7-36
for agricultural pesticides 11-45 11-46
for diesel fuels 1-19
for gas turbine aircraft fuels 1-19
for herbicides 11-43
for petroleum products 1-12
Bordeaux mixture 11-34 11-44
Borderline knock-test method 4-19 4-20
graph 4-19
Borneo crude oil 12-2
Boron 2-14
Boron carbide 14-14
Bottled gas (see LP-Gas)
Boundary lubrication 2-20 2-36 9-2 9-24
description of 9-24
factors affecting 9-24 9-25
foreign material affecting 9-25 9-27
I-18
Index terms Links
Boundary lubrication (Continued)
points where encountered 9-25
list of 9-26
Brake fluid (see Hydraulic brake fluid)
Brakes, fluidity and 9-23
Brass filter for testing stability of fuel oil,
illustrated 7-46
Breweries, grease used by 9-107
Bright stocks 10-3
British Ministry of Supply Specification
RD-2487 oil 2-28
Broad-oven coking 14-5
Buna-N synthetic rubber 12-30
Bunker fuel (see Residual fuel oil)
Burma 10-3
Burner controls 7-13 7-14
Burner-fuel oils (see Light heating oils;
Residual fuel oil)
Burner-fuel oil surveys, geographical areas
used in, map 8-11
No. 4 fuels, table 8-12
No. 5 fuels 8-15
No. 6 fuels 8-19
Burning oil (see Kerosine)
Burning point of kerosine 11-2 11-3
Burning quality of kerosine 7-35
Burning test for kerosine 11-5 11-6
Butadiene 3-9 12-7 12-21 12-31
12-32 12-34
I-19
Index terms Links
Butane 1-9 1-14 1-32 3-1
3-7
boiling point of, table 14-3
carbon-hydrogen ratio for, table 14-3
commercial, average properties of, table 3-5
definition of 3-10
storage of 3-13 3-14
in gasoline 4-8
petrochemicals and 12-12 12-16 12-20 12-21
and synthetic rubber 1-35
toxicity of 3-35
n-Butane, properties of 1-33 3-2 3-3 12-12
Butanedicarboxylic acid 12-31
Butane-propane mixtures, definition of 3-11
vapor pressures of 3-11
chart 3-6
Butanoic acid 12-32
Butanol 12-21
Butchers wrap 10-18
petrolatum and 10-16 10-18
Butene 3-4 4-24 12-12 12-32
2-Butene 11-13 12-32
cis-2-Butene 3-4
trans-2-Butene 3-4
n-Butyl alcohol 12-31
Butyl carbinols 12-31
Butyl rubber 12-21 12-24 12-35
I-20
Index terms Links
Butylene 3-9 12-32
petrochemicals from 12-20 12-21
n-Butylenes 12-21
Butyric acid 12-21 12-32
Bypass lines in burner installations 8-41
C
Cable oils 1-2
Cadmium 2-33
corrosion of 5-19
Calcination of coke 14-10
Calcined coke, utilization of 14-15
chart 14-16
Calcined-coke anodes 14-16
Calciners, direct-fired 14-11 14-12
indirect-fired 14-11
Calcium 1-11 2-34
in fuel oil 8-25
Calcium carbide 14-13 14-14
Calcium compounds 8-31
Calcium naphthenates 2-18
Calcium salts 2-36
Calcium sulfonate detergents 2-26
California 1-31
insecticides used in 11-31 11-32
weed control in 11-43 11-44
California crude oil 1-20
Calorific value 7-30
Cam lobe lubrication 9-28
I-21
Index terms Links
Canada, aluminum capacity of 14-16
catalytic reforming in 12-22
gas turbine aircraft used in 5-10
pesticide program in 11-47
petrochemical plants in, table 12-4
tar sands in 1-6
Candlemaking 10-19 10-21
Carbamide 12-32
Carbenes in fuel oils 8-34
Carbide furnaces, raw materials for, table 14-14
Carbides, boron 14-14
calcium 14-13 14-14
production of 14-13 14-14
silicon 14-14
Carbolic acid 12-37
Carbon, and chemistry of combustion 8-39
crystalline forms of, table 14-12
Carbon atoms 1-9 1-10 11-10 12-7
12-12
Carbon bisulfide 12-32
Carbon black 1-2 12-2 12-17 12-32
15-1
definition of 15-1
manufacturing processes for 15-2
properties of, analytical, table 15-9
chemical 15-8
table 15-9
physical 15-7 15-8
table 15-8
sales of, graph 15-11
I-22
Index terms Links
Carbon black (Continued)
types of 15-2
classification of, table 15-6
uses and applications of 15-10
Carbon deposits, in aircraft gas turbine
engines 5-15
in light heating oils 7-28 7-34
(See also Carbon residue)
Carbon dioxide 8-39 12-17 12-32
in flue gas 8-42 8-44
solubility of 5-21
graph 5-23
Carbon disulfide 12-17 12-32
Carbon-hydrogen ratios of refinery gases
and liquids, table 14-3
Carbon monoxide 8-42 8-44
Carbon-paper production 15-14
petrolatum and 10-16
Carbon particles, discharge from stacks 8-33
Carbon products 14-18
growth of, graph 14-18
outlets for 14-19 14-20
Carbon residue 6-8 6-9 6-12 6-20
7-40 8-15 8-19
table 8-25
tests for 7-35 7-36
tables 8-12 8-16 8-20
Carbon tetrachloride 1-20 12-17 12-32
Carburetor engines, diesel engines and 6-5
Carburetor icing 2-10 4-28 4-29
I-23
Index terms Links
Carnauba wax 10-16 10-23
Carpet-making, wax used in 10-24
Casinghead gas 3-7 3-8
Casinghead gasoline 1-32 3-7
Casting wax 10-23
Catalytic cracking 8-35
coking and 14-4
introduction of 8-2
Catalytic cracking feedstocks 14-4
Catalytic reforming 1-16 4-4 4-5 12-22
Catalysts 1-16 1-17
synthetic 1-16
Ceiling-panel heating systems 7-16
Celluloid 12-34 12-36
Cellulose 12-34 12-37 12-38
Cellulose acetate products 12-29 12-38
Cement, carbon black used in 15-15
Cement industry 15-15
greases used in 9-100
residual fuel oil used in 8-29
Cement kilns 14-13
Cement mixing test 13-10
Centipoises 7-33 9-8 9-9
Centistokes 9-8
table 7-34
Central-heating systems 7-15
hot water 7-16
domestic 7-17 7-18
oil-fired 7-3 7-4
I-24
Index terms Links
Central-heating systems (Continued)
installations of, in United States, graph 7-4
performance measurements for 7-21
steam 7-17
undersizing of 7-21
warm-air 7-15 7-16 7-20
Centrifugal separation in oil purification 9-138
illustrated 9-138
Centrifuge petrolatum 10-3
Cetane index of diesel fuels 6-6
calculated 6-11
nomograph for 6-10
Cetane number 1-18
for diesel fuels 1-18 1-19 6-6 6-12
6-14 6-20
improvers for 2-15
Cetane value, ignition quality and 6-6
CFR fuel coker test 5-19
Chain lubricants, table 9-103
Channel black 12-17 12-32 15-2
Channel process 15-2
illustrated 15-3
Chassis lubricants 9-96 9-97
Check lists, additives 2-47 2-48
commercial petroleum products 1-40
reference data 16-2
specifications, products, by title, ASTM 16-25 16-26
Federal 16-27
Chemical intermediates 12-31 12-33
Chemical polishing 2-35
I-25
Index terms Links
Chemical-stability test for paraffin wax 10-9 10-10
Chemical treatment in oil purification 9-141
Chemicals 1-2
as additives 2-1 2-47 2-48
petrochemicals and 12-33 12-34
petroleum wax used in 10-22
used in refining 1-11
Chevrolet engine tests 2-5
Chicago 14-13 14-20
Chimney corrosion 7-36
Chlordane 11-35 11-37 11-39 11-45
Chlorex 1-24
Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons 2-29
Chlorinated organics 12-32
Chlorinated paraffins 12-24 12-32
Chlorinated solvents 11-40
Chlorinated waxes 12-32
Chlorination, paraffin wax used in 10-21
Chlorine 2-40 2-41
in automotive lubricants 9-30
Chloroallylene 12-30
Chlorobenzenes 12-31 12-32
Chlorocosane 12-32
Chloroethane 12-32 12-34
Chloroethylene 12-32
Chloroform 12-17 12-32 12-34
Chloropentane isomers 12-31
3-Chloropropene 12-30
Chloropropylene oxide 12-32 12-33
I-26
Index terms Links
Chromatographic methods of testing LP-Gas 3-12 3-13
Circulating oils 9-58
record data for 9-60
requirements of, basic 9-59
application of, table 9-59
illustrated 9-59
Clay used in refining 1-17 1-22 1-26
Clay-products machinery, greases for 9-101 9-102
Cleaners naphtha (see Dry-cleaning
naphtha)
Cleaning solutions, petrochemicals in 12-31
Clendenin, West Virginia 12-3
Cleveland Open Cup test for flash point 9-30 11-20
illustrated 13-2
Cloud point, of automotive lubricants 9-30
of diesel fuels 6-4 6-20
of kerosine 11-3 11-7
of residual fuel oil, tables 8-12
Clutch, fluidity and 9-23
CO
2
-stack temperature efficiency 7-22
Coadditives in heating oils 7-41
Coal, aromatics from 12-22
crude-oil substitutes from 1-6
as source of energy 1-2
Coal mining, greases used in 9-102
Coal oil (see Kerosine)
Coal-tar aromatics 12-23
Coal-tar carbon black 15-6
Coastal crude oil 1-9
Coating compounds 10-10 10-12 10-16 10-22
I-27
Index terms Links
Cobalt bromide test for propane 3-9 3-10
Cockroach spray test 11-41 11-42
Coefficient of friction, of diesel fuel 6-7
Coke
petroleum 1-2 1-8 1-28 8-30
14-1
for aluminum 14-16
consumption of, table 14-17
outlets for, chart 14-16
analysis of, table 14-17
and atomic energy 14-20
calcination of 14-10
calcined, utilization of 14-15
composition of, tests for 14-9 14-10
metallurgical 14-14
production of, in United States 14-1
quality of 14-6
variables in, chart 14-6
raw 14-12
composition analysis of, table 14-8
utilization of, chart 14-12
uses of 14-1 14-12
Coke briquettes 14-13
Coking chambers 1-28
Coking operations 14-1
atmospheric still 14-3 14-4
broad-oven 14-5
commercial, processes for 14-3
comparative data on, table 14-3
I-28
Index terms Links
Coking operations (Continued)
continuous constant 14-5
delayed 14-4 14-5
diagram 14-4
economics of 14-1 14-2
fluid 14-5
fundamentals of 14-2 14-3
installations, size of 14-9
production capacity of 14-5 14-6
quality and 14-7 14-9
transformations during, table 14-3
Cold engines, starting of 4-26 4-27
Cold settling in wax production 10-3 10-4
Color, of additives 2-4
of agricultural pesticides 11-45 11-47 11-48
of automotive lubricants 9-30
in aviation gasoline 2-12 2-13 4-41 4-42
of kerosine 11-3
tests for 11-6 11-7
effect of storage on, graph 7-42
in motor gasoline 4-34 4-36
of naphthas 11-19
standards for, table 11-19
of wax, test for 10-7
in textiles 10-23 10-24
Color stabilizers, for distillate fuel oils 1-21
for lubricants 2-48
Color test for natural gasoline 1-38
Colorless asphalt 1-27 1-28
I-29
Index terms Links
Columbia University 14-20
Combination sprays 11-33 11-34
Combustion, and air-gasoline ratios 4-7
determination of 8-37
in diesel engines 1-17 1-18
in diesel fuels 6-4 6-5 6-7
in gas turbine engines 5-4 5-5 5-14 5-15
in gasoline engines 4-14
gravity and 4-33
heat of, in aircraft gas turbine fuels 5-14
normal, chart 4-14
in oil burners 7-9 7-11 7-30
of residual fuels 8-36
table 8-38
Combustion-chamber deposits, effect of 4-21 4-30
Combustion-chamber design of oil burners 7-10 7-11
Combustion efficiency, definition of 5-14
Combustion gases, dew point of 7-36 7-37
Combustion improvers 1-21
Combustion knock in diesel engines 6-6
Combustion systems
for automotive diesel engines 6-22
Vogt two-phase, illustrated 6-25
gas turbine 5-4 5-5
Commercial benzol 2-8
Commercial butane, properties of 3-5 3-10
Commercial kerosine, inspection data on 5-11 5-12
Commercial petroleum products (see
Petroleum products)
I-30
Index terms Links
Commercial propane, properties of 3-5 3-10
Communication equipment, greases used for 9-102
microcrystalline wax used in 10-14
Compatibility of additives 1-24 2-4
in fuel oil 2-14
in greases 2-27
Competitive grade oil 2-25
Compound diesel power plants 6-27 6-28
Compounded lubricating oils 1-2
Compounded oils and greases 1-25 1-26
Compression plants 3-7 3-8
Compression process, gas liquids 1-6
Compression ratio 2-2 2-3
in diesel engines 6-21
of low-quality fuels 6-5
octane requirements vs., graph 4-21
Compressor oils 9-49
air 9-50 9-51
evaporation rate of 9-51 9-52
flash point of 9-51 9-52
gas 9-51 9-52
refrigeration 9-52 9-53
requirement per cylinder, table 9-51
Condensation 1-12
Condensers 10-22
Conradson carbon test, distillate heating oils 7-2 7-35 7-36
lubricating oils 9-30
residual fuel oils, tables 8-12
Consistency, of asphalt 13-2
of lubricating grease 9-79
I-31
Index terms Links
Consistency, of asphalt (Continued)
of petrolatum 10-14 10-15
Construction equipment, greases for 9-102
Consumption, of asphalt 13-17
of automotive lubricants 9-2
of aviation gasoline 4-2 4-3
of diesel fuel 6-13 6-15 6-16 16-82
of fuel oil 7-49 7-50 16-83
of horticultural spray oils 11-34
of industrial naphthas 11-8
of kerosene 11-2 16-81
of residual fuel oils 8-3 16-83
Contact insecticides 11-36
Containers, microcrystalline wax used for 10-14
Contamination, of aircraft gas turbine fuels 5-16
of diesel fuels 6-32
of electric-motor bearing oils 9-55
of LP-Gas, avoidance of 3-36
of lubricating oils 9-127 9-128
degree of, table 9-126
effects of 9-128
of residual fuel oils 8-23 8-24
Continuous bypass method of oil treatment 9-130
Continuous-contact coking 14-5
Continuous method of oil purification 9-130
Controlled bunkering 8-36
Convectors in oil heating 7-16
I-32
Index terms Links
Copper, corrosion of, in aircraft fuel systems 5-19
in fuel oils 8-25
Copper deactivators 2-9
Copper mercaptides 7-40
Copper strip corrosion 6-13 9-30
Corn pickers, greasing of 9-104 9-105
Corrosion, aircraft gas turbine engine
fuel and 5-19 5-20
chimney 7-37
determination of, in natural gasoline 1-38
diesel engine oils and 9-43
diesel fuels and 6-8 6-13
of domestic heating oil tanks 7-15
in residual fuel oils 8-12 8-29 8-31 8-41
spindle oil and 9-66
tanks 7-41
Corrosion inhibitors 1-19 2-9 2-10 2-13
2-15 2-17 2-26 5-20
12-38
additives for 2-32 2-33 2-47
Corrosion preventives, petrolatum and 10-16 10-17
Corry, Pennsylvania 10-1
Cosmetics, petrolatum used in 10-15
wax used in 10-21
Cotton, cyanoethylation of 12-30
Cotton pickers, grease for 9-105 9-106
Cracking 1-10 1-11
catalytic 1-16 4-4 4-24 8-2
thermal 1-16 4-4 4-24 8-2
8-30
I-33
Index terms Links
Crankcase dilution 4-29 4-30
Crankcase lubrication 10-3
Crankcase oil improvers 2-18
Crankcase oils (see Motor oils)
Crayon industry, petrolem wax and 10-27 10-28
Cresols 12-24 12-32
Cresylic acid 12-32
Crude heavy solvent naphtha,
Crude light solvent naphtha,
Crude oil 1-3
for aircraft gas turbine fuel 5-6 5-9 5-10
asphalt-base 1-22
classification of 1-9
coke and 14-1 14-2 14-6
for diesel fuels 1-18 1-19 6-2 6-12
distillation of 1-11
refinery gases 3-9
for kerosine 1-20
mixed-base 1-18 1-22
nature and composition of 1-3 1-9 1-10
paraffin-base 1-18 1-22
paraffins available from 2-36
and petrolatum 10-6
refining of 1-10
secondary recovery, use of LP-Gas in 3-27
for solvents 1-19 1-20
I-34
Index terms Links
Crude oil (Continued)
for coking, table 14-8
United States, graph 8-32
water content of 1-6
and wax 10-1
world production of, tables 1-3 1-4
fluctuation in 1-4
Crude-oil reserves, in United States, table 1-5
world-wide, table 1-4
Crude-oil substitutes 1-6
Crude-oil supply in United States 16-80
Crude scale wax 10-3
Cryolite 11-33
Crystalline wax 1-2
Crystallites, carbon 14-12
Cumene 12-20 12-22 12-32
Cutback, asphalt 1-27 13-5
Cutting fluids, additives for 2-39
composition and make-up of, table 2-40
making of 2-42
soluble oil 2-41 2-43
Cutting oils 9-72
characteristics of 9-72
function of 9-72
transparency of 9-72 9-73
Cyclic hydrocarbons (see Aromatics)
Cycling plants 1-31 3-7
Cyclohexane 1-10 12-24 12-33
Cycloparaffins 4-9 4-10 4-17
I-35
Index terms Links
Cylinder oils 1-22
Cylinders
for LP-Gas transportation 3-24 3-25
vaporizing capacity of, chart 3-29
motor, lubrication of 9-27
D
Dacron 12-23 12-37
Dairy cattle, sprays for 11-40 11-41
DDT 11-17 11-34 11-39 11-46
DEA (diethanolamine) 12-33
Deasphalting 1-23
Decane in gasoline 4-8
n-Decane, table 1-33
Decarbonization, coking and 14-2
Degras 2-35 2-37
Degree-days 7-49 7-50
table 16-87
Dehydrating agents 12-35
Deicing agents 2-10 2-11
Delayed-coker fractionator, diagram 14-4
Delayed coking 1-28 14-4 14-5
Demulsibility 9-45
Demulsibility test for liquid asphalt 13-9 13-10
Densite cokes 14-15
analysis of, table 14-15
Density, of automotive lubricants 9-30
of naphthas 11-18 11-19
and refractive index 4-11
I-36
Index terms Links
Dental work, petroleum wax in 10-23 10-27 10-28
Deoiled slop wax 10-12
Deoiling 1-26
Dephenyl 12-31
Dermatitis, naphthas and 11-23
Desalting of residual fuels 2-17
Design temperatures 7-19
Detergency, of diesel-engine oil 9-42
of grinding oils 9-74
Detergent agents 1-24 2-47 6-4
(See also Detergent-dispersant inhibitors)
Detergent alkylate 12-33
Detergent-dispersant inhibitors 2-21 2-22 2-26 2-47
used in oils 2-34 2-36 2-37
Detergents, synthetic 12-19 12-22 12-31 12-33
12-35
Deterioration of lubricating oils 9-127 9-128
by oxidation 9-128 9-129
Dew point of combustion gases 7-36 7-37
Dewaxing 1-23 1-26 2-32
Diazinon 11-35
Dibromoethane 12-34
Dibutyl phthalate 11-40
Dichloroethane 12-34
1,2-Dichloropropane 12-38
1,4-Dicyanobutane 12-30 12-33
Dieldrin 11-35 11-37 11-39
Dielectric constants of aircraft turbine fuels 5-21
graph 5-23
I-37
Index terms Links
Diesel-engine oils 9-41
corrosion and 9-43
detergency of 9-42
operating conditions for, table 9-41
oxidation resistance of 9-41 9-42
and sludge dispersion 9-42
tests for, table 9-42
viscosity of 9-42
Diesel engines 1-18 2-3 6-3
automotive 6-21
combustion systems for 6-22
composition of fuel 6-4 6-5
crankcase oil for 9-4
growth trends in field of 6-29
lubricating oils for 6-4
marine 6-3 6-13 6-24 8-29
growth trends in 6-30
number sold in United States, table 6-31
problems of 6-5
railroad 6-1 6-2 6-13 8-29
residual fuel oil in 8-29
tractor, uses of 6-28 6-29
Diesel fuel starter fluids 2-15 2-16
Diesel fuels 1-2 6-1
additives for 1-18 2-3 2-15 2-16
2-25 2-26
for automotive engines 6-21
hydrocarbon composition of 6-22
boiling range adjustment 1-19
cetane number and 1-18 2-13 2-15
cetane requirements for, graph 6-14
I-38
Index terms Links
Diesel fuels (Continued)
by grades 6-12
cloud point of 6-4 6-20
composition of 6-4 6-5
consumption of 6-15 16-82
graphs 6-13 6-15
definition of 6-3
distillation of 6-12 6-20
economics of 6-1
in herbicides 11-44
ignition quality of 6-5
limiting requirements for, table 6-9
making of 1-17 1-18 6-1 6-2
marine
classification of 6-24 6-25
table 6-25
economy 6-27 6-28
growth in use of 6-30 6-31
heavy, table 6-26
range characteristics of, table 6-26
for military vehicles 6-3 6-31
pour point of 6-4 6-13 6-20
price of 6-2
price index and 6-14
properties of 6-4
performance and 6-5
for railroads 6-18
quality of 1-18
railroad 6-1 6-2 6-13
cost reduction of, graph 6-17
I-39
Index terms Links
Diesel fuels (Continued)
natural gas as 6-19
propane as 6-18 6-19
types of 6-17 6-18
physical properties of, graph 6-18
selection of stocks for 1-18 1-19
shipping and handling of 6-31 6-32
specifications, Federal 16-35 16-37
for stationary power plants 6-3 6-4 6-13 6-20
6-21
storage of 6-31
sulfur content of 6-8 6-12 6-20
taxed as motor fuel 16-67
test methods for 6-9
significance of 6-12 6-13
tractor 6-28 6-29
utilization of 6-13
viscosity of 6-8 6-12 6-20
Diesel index 7-30
Diesel knock 6-6
Diethanolamine 12-33
Diethylene glycol 2-41 12-33
1,2-Dihydroxypropane 12-38
Di-isocyanates 12-22
Diluents 11-9 12-34
Dimethyl benzene 12-33 12-39
1,2-Dimethyl benzene 12-37
Dimethyl carbinol 12-33 12-35
I-40
Index terms Links
Dimethyl ethylene 12-33
Dimethyl formamide 2-10
Dimethyl ketone 12-30
Dimethylamine 12-36
Dimethylaniline 12-36
Diolefins 1-10
stability of 7-38
Dipropylene glycol 12-33
Direct hot-water heaters 7-17 7-18
Dispensing of greases 9-121 9-122
Dispersant additives 2-17 2-21 2-22 2-30
2-36 2-37 2-47 7-40
7-41 8-34 9-42
(See also Detergent-dispersant inhibitors)
Distillate heating oils 7-1
contamination of 7-47 7-48
domestic oil tanks for 7-14 7-15
major use of 7-1
pour point of 7-27 7-28
sales in United States, graph 7-4
stability of 7-37
viscosity of 7-33
(See also Degree-days)
Distillate lubricating oils 1-22
Distillates 1-2 1-8 1-21
boiling range for 1-12
straight-run 1-21
uncracked 8-34
I-41
Index terms Links
Distillates (Continued)
(See also Diesel fuels; Light heating oils)
Distillation, azeotropic 1-19
of crude oil 3-9
of emulsified asphalt 13-7 13-8
of fuel oils, table 14-3
large-scale 1-14
low-temperature fractional, of LP-Gas 3-12
of lubricating oils 1-22 1-23
of natural gasoline 1-38 11-12
table 14-3
of residual fuel oils 8-26
of straight-run gasoline, table 14-3
Distillation range, of insecticides 11-40
of naphthas 11-20
tests for 11-20 11-21
Distillation temperatures, average, table 4-26
Distillation tests, for gasoline volatility 4-25
for light heating oils 7-36
for residual fuel oil 8-12
Distribution, of crude oil 1-8 1-9
of LP-Gas, storage and 3-14
Disulfides 1-17
2,6-Di-tertieryl-butyl-4-methyl phenol 2-33
Doctor treatment 1-17
I-42
Index terms Links
Dodecane in gasoline 4-8
Dodecene 12-19 12-38
Dodecyl benzene 12-23 12-33
Domestic hot-water heaters 7-17 7-18
Dormant oils 11-31
California type, tables 11-32
Drake, Colonel 10-1
Drake well 1-5 11-1
Drip gasoline 1-32
Drip or sight-feed oil cups 9-36
Dripping, lubricating grease and 9-89 9-90
Drugs, petrolatum used in 10-15
petroleum wax used in 10-21
Dry-cell carbon black 15-14
Dry cells, paper lining of 10-22
Dry-cleaning naphtha 1-20 11-16 11-17
boiling range for 1-19 1-20
Dry gas 3-7
Dry ice 12-17 12-32 12-33
Dry waxing of paper 10-17 10-18
Dual-fuel operation of diesel engines 6-20 6-21 8-29
pilot injection and, graph 6-21
Dualayer 1-17
Ducted-fan engines 5-3
Ductility test for asphalt cement 13-3 13-4
illustrated 13-3
Dusseldorf, Germany 12-2
Dutch East Indies 10-3
I-43
Index terms Links
Dyes, for aviation gasoline 4-42
for lubricants 2-48
for motor gasoline 4-36
(See also Color)
Dynel synthetic fiber 12-10
E
East Texas crude oil 10-12
Eastern Europe, petroleum reserves in 1-4
Edeleanu, L. 11-12
Edeleanu process 1-20 11-12
Efficiency of heating equipment 7-21
Elastomers 5-4
compatibility of 5-20
Electric-motor bearing oils 9-53
contamination of 9-55
grades of, table 9-54
pour test for 9-55
viscosity of 9-55
Electric motors, grease for 9-115
Electrical calcination of coke 14-10
Electrical equipment, microcrystalline wax
used in 10-14
petroleum wax and 10-22 10-23
Electrical properties of aircraft turbine fuels 5-21 5-22
Electrical steel 14-19
Electricity for home heating 7-4 7-5
rates for 7-7 7-8
table 7-7
I-44
Index terms Links
Elemental sulfur 1-17 12-35
Elevator-cable lubrication 9-115
Emulsification 11-45
insecticides and 11-30 11-31
Emulsified asphalts 13-5
Emulsifying oils 2-38 2-47 12-35 12-37
Emulsion concentrates 11-41
Enamels 12-39
Engine deposits, diesel 6-6 6-7
Engine knock, additives for 2-1 2-2 2-7 2-8
2-11
diesel 6-6
fuels for suppressing 1-15 1-36 4-4
gasoline and 4-13 4-14
mechanism of 4-14
occurrence of 4-14 4-15
octane number and 4-16 4-17
(See also Antiknock compounds)
Engine oils 9-34
operating conditions for 9-35
Engine performance, deposits and 4-21
Engine stalling 4-28
Engine starting, diesel 6-6
volatility and 4-26 4-27
Engine tests 9-29
Engine warm-up 4-29
diesel 6-6
Engines (see Automobile engines; Motors)
I-45
Index terms Links
Engler viscosities 8-10
Enthalpy
of aircraft turbine fuels 5-20
graph 5-22
of flue-gas components, chart 8-47
Epichlorohydrin 12-20 12-33
Epoxy resins 12-33
Epoxypropane 12-38
Epsom salts as fuel-oil additive 2-18
Essotane 3-1
Esters 2-29
dibasic acid 2-38
phosphoric acid 2-38
silicate 2-29 2-38
silicone 2-29 2-38
Ethanal 12-29
Ethane 1-10 1-32 1-33 3-2
3-8 11-10
Ethanoic acid 12-29
Ethanol 12-19 12-33
Ethanol gasoline blends 4-37 4-38
Ethanolamines 12-19 12-33
Ethene 12-33 12-34
Ether 12-34 12-38
in starting fluids 2-16
Ethine 12-30 12-33
Ethyl acetate 12-34
Ethyl acetic acid 12-32 12-33
I-46
Index terms Links
Ethyl alcohol 12-2 12-7 12-19 12-33
12-34
denaturant for 12-36
Ethyl aldehyde 12-29 12-34
Ethyl benzene 12-19 12-22 12-34
Ethyl cellulose 12-34
Ethyl chloride 12-7 12-34
Ethyl ether 1-18
Ethyl ethylene 12-34
Ethyl hydroxide 12-33 12-34
Ethyl mercaptan 1-15
Ethylene 1-10 3-8 12-3 12-12
12-17 12-22 12-34
petrochemicals derived from, chart 12-18
production in United States 12-18
Ethylene alcohol 12-34
Ethylene bromide 12-34
Ethylene cyanhydrin 12-35
Ethylene deamine 12-34
Ethylene dibromide 12-19 12-34
Ethylene dichloride 12-7 12-19 12-34
Ethylene glycol 12-7 12-19 12-34
Ethylene oxide 12-18 12-19 12-34
2-Ethylhexyl sebacate 2-29
2-Ethylhexyl-silicate oil 2-29
Ethyne 12-30 12-34
Europe, calcined coke produced in 14-11
crude oil produced in 1-3
gas turbine aircraft engines used in 5-9 5-10
I-47
Index terms Links
Europe, calcined coke produced in (Continued)
marine diesel engines used in 6-30
residual fuel oil viscosity specifications in 8-10
shale oil recovery in 1-6
Evaporation loss, of automotive lubricants 9-30
of lubricating grease 9-81 9-82
Evaporation rate, of compressor oils 9-51 9-52
of DDT solvent 11-46
of hexane 11-16
of naphthas 11-21
tests for 11-21 11-22
of toluene 11-17
of xylene 11-17
Exhaust smoke from aircraft gas turbine
engines 5-15
Exotic fuels 1-19 2-14
Explosiveness, of naphtha-air mixtures 11-23 11-24
in residual fuel oils 8-9 8-26
test for 8-9
apparatus for, illustrated 8-10
Explosives 12-3 12-17 12-22 15-15
External heat exchangers in oil heating 7-18
Extract recycle in lube oil refining, chart 1-23
Extractants 12-35 12-36 12-38
Extraction processes, hexane and 11-16
Extreme-pressure additives 2-34 2-35 2-47
Extreme-pressure (EP) characteristics of
lubricating grease 9-84
Extreme-pressure (EP) lubricants 2-3 2-47
I-48
Index terms Links
F
Fab, detergent 12-19
Fannings formula 3-30
Far East, petroleum reserves in 1-4
Farm machinery, greases for 9-104
Fatty acids 2-36
Fatty oils 2-36
Federal taxes (see Taxes)
Ferrous metallurgy, additives in 14-15 14-16
Ferrous metals for aircraft fuel systems 5-4
Fertilizer 12-30 12-31 12-37 12-38
carbon black used in 15-15
Fillers for oils and greases 1-25 9-76 12-37
Film strength of spindle oils 9-66 9-67
Filter materials for detergent-type oils 2-37
Filter presses 9-131
illustrated 9-132
Filtration, oil purification by 9-124 9-130
Finned-tube heaters 7-16
Fire boxes for oil burners, basic, illustrated 7-12
dimensions of, table 7-11
Fire-extinguishing agents 12-32 12-36
Fire hazard in handling LP-Gas 3-20 3-21
Fire point, of kerosine 11-5
of residual fuel oil, table 8-25
Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids 2-38
Fireproofing agents 12-31
Fischer-Tropsch process 10-10 12-36 12-37
Five-degree xylene, specifications for 11-28
I-49
Index terms Links
Fixed-bed Hydroforming 12-22
Flame stability 5-15
Flammability, of aircraft turbine fuels 5-22 5-23
of hydraulic fluids 9-56
of industrial naphthas 11-14 11-23 11-24
table 11-24
of pesticides 11-48 11-49
Flamo 3-1
Flash point, for asphalt cement 13-2 13-3
of automotive lubricants 9-30 9-31
of compressor oils 9-50 9-51
definition of 11-3
of distillate fuel oil 7-27 7-48 7-49
of emulsified asphalt 13-6
of horticultural oils 11-34 11-43
of kerosine 11-2
of naphthas 11-4 11-19 11-20
of paraffin wax 10-8
of residual fuel oil 8-12 8-25
Flavorings 12-30
Flexibility test for paraffin wax 10-9
Flit guns 11-37
Floor wax 10-10 10-13
Flue gas, analysis of 8-41
composition of 7-22
smoke and 7-23
heat content of 8-47 8-48
chart 8-47
I-50
Index terms Links
Flue gas, analysis of (Continued)
humidity in 8-44
charts 8-45 8-46
temperature of 8-48
Fluid catalytic cracking process 1-16
Fluid coking 14-5
Fluid couplings 9-1
Fluid-film and boundary lubrication 9-25 9-27
points where encountered 9-25
list of 9-26
viscosity and 9-20
limitation of 9-20 9-21
Fluidity, and channeling of axle gears 9-23 9-24
in clutch and brakes 9-24
in insulating oils 9-71
low temperatures and 9-22
in transmissions and axles 9-25
Fly sprays 11-31 11-36 11-40 11-47
tests for 11-41 11-42
Foamed padding and insulation 12-37
Foaming 2-37 9-31 9-46
resistance to 9-58 9-61 9-62 9-66
(See also Antifoaming agents)
Food, petroleum wax as preservative of 10-26
Foodstuff processing, lubricating grease and 9-106 9-107
Force-feed oilers 9-37
Forced-air heating systems 7-15 7-16
Formaldehyde 12-3 12-7 12-17 12-34
Formalin 12-34
I-51
Index terms Links
Formic acid 12-34
Fouling, ash and 8-32
of preheater surfaces 8-36
Foundry coke 14-15
Fowl plucking, wax used in 10-27
Fractionation 1-13 1-14 1-32
of coke 14-4
of natural gas liquids 3-6 3-7
of natural gasoline 3-8 3-9 11-12
flow chart 1-34
Free and Corrosive Sulfur in Petroleum
Products test 11-23
Free piston compound diesel-engine marine
power plant, illustrated 6-27
Free piston gassifier 6-28
illustrated 6-27
Free water as aircraft fuel contaminator 5-16
Free World, calcined coke requirements of 14-16
crude oil, potential C
5
and C
6
paraffins
available in 1-36
relative production and consumption of oil
in, table 1-4
Freeport, Texas 12-3
Freezing point, for aviation gasoline 4-41
maximum, for aircraft gas turbine fuels 5-16
Freon 12-32
Fruit, petroleum wax coating of 10-26
Fruit trees, insecticides for 11-30 11-31
FT waxes 10-10
Fuel, coke as 14-12 14-13
I-52
Index terms Links
Fuel coke (see Coke)
Fuel consumption in diesel engines,
power and 6-7
Fuel costs, diesel, comparative reductions in,
graph 6-17
Fuel gas 1-2
Fuel-line filters 7-37
changing of 7-39
density of 7-39
efficiency of, graph 7-39
plugging of 7-38 7-39 7-42
tests on sediment removal, graph 7-39
Fuel metering control for turbine engines 5-3 5-4
Fuel oil (see Distillate heating oils; Heating
oils; Kerosine; Residual fuel oil)
Fuel oil demand meter 7-50
Fuel pumps for turbine engines 5-3
Fuel sensitivity in motor gasoline 4-17 4-18
Fuel stocks for diesel fuels 1-18 1-19
Full-fluid lubrication 2-19
Fullers earth 10-3
Fumes, diesel fuel 6-7
Fumigants 12-33 12-35
Fungicides 11-30 11-34 11-44
petrochemicals and 12-36
Furfural 1-24 7-40
Furnace black 12-17 12-32 12-34 15-3
improvement of 15-4
Furnace coke 14-14 14-15
Furnace oils 6-13 6-14
I-53
Index terms Links
Furnaces, central heating 7-15 7-16
open-hearth, fuel oils used in 8-28 8-29
selection of size of, table 7-20
sizing of 7-18
Furol viscosity 8-23 9-13
multipliers for, table 8-27
Say bolt Furol viscosity test 13-7
G
Gaging of LP-Gas shipments 3-30
Gas compressors
lubricants for 9-51 9-52
table 9-52
Gas-enrichment oils 8-30
Gas-furnace blacks 15-3 15-4
Gas-furnace process 15-3 15-4
illustrated 15-4
Gas heat, absorption efficiency for, tables 7-24
competition from 7-21 7-22
Gas oils 12-24
Gas solubility of aircraft turbine fuels 5-21
graph 5-23
Gas turbine aircraft fuels (see Aircraft
turbine fuels)
Gas turbine aircraft greases 2-29
Gas turbine engines, aircraft
first commercial airline use of 5-9 5-10
lubricant additives 2-28
bearings and gears in 5-6
combustion systems of 5-4 5-5
I-54
Index terms Links
Gas turbine engines, aircraft (Continued)
illustrated 5-4
fuel system of 5-3 5-4
illustrated 5-4
lubrication system for 5-6
residual fuel oil for 8-29 8-30
supplementary fuel injection for 5-5 5-6
Gas wells 1-5
Gaskets, nonmetallic, types of 9-22
Gasoline 1-2 1-6 1-8 1-9
1-27
additives for 2-6 4-34
functions of 4-34
table 2-7
air mixture in 4-7
ratios for 4-7
analysis of 4-10
by types of hydrocarbons 4-10 4-11
antiknock 1-15 1-36 4-4 4-12
additives 2-1 2-2 2-7 2-8
4-34
automotive (see Motor gasoline)
aviation (see Aviation gasoline)
chemical composition of 4-8
cracking of 1-11 1-15 1-16 4-4
4-24
from crude petroleum, chart 4-6
gravity as criterion of 4-4
high-octane components of 4-5 4-6
importance of 4-1 4-2
inspection, state 16-77 16-78
I-55
Index terms Links
Gasoline (Continued)
kerosine and 4-3
marine (see Marine gasoline)
natural (see Natural gasoline)
performance requirements of 4-6
petrochemicals in 12-35
processing of, composition and 4-24
production in United States 4-1 4-2
chart 4-5
new methods in 4-3
properties of 1-15
reforming of 4-4 4-5 4-24
taxes, Federal 16-67
refund procedures 16-67 16-68
state 16-67 16-68
tentative specifications for 4-48
tractor (see Tractor fuel)
uses of 4-2
volatility of 4-24
measurement of 4-25
and mileage 4-30 4-31
seasonal requirements of 4-25 4-26
Federal, automotive 16-28
unleaded 16-31 16-32
starting and 4-26 4-27
tail-end 4-30
Gasoline dyes 2-12 2-13
Gasoline engines 2-3
crankcase oil for 9-4
induction system for, diagram 4-6
I-56
Index terms Links
Gear boxes, foaming in 2-37
lubricants and additives for 2-30
Gear lubrication 2-35
types of lubricants for, table 9-48
Gear oils, industrial 9-64 9-65
speed and 9-64 9-65
table, gear lubricants 9-48
temperature control and 9-65
multipurpose testing 2-5
Gear teeth, contact of 9-17
lubrication of 9-27
Gears, axle, channeling in 9-23 9-24
hypoid 2-35
lubrication of (see Gear lubrication;
Gear oils)
speed reduction 9-47 9-48
types of, illustrated 9-47
for turbine engines 5-6
worm-gear lubrication 9-41
Gels, formation of, in fuel oils 2-15
as tackiness agents 2-37
Generator output, thermal efficiency and,
graph 6-17
Geneva, New York 11-32 11-33
Germany 12-2
carbon black in 15-6
coke production in 14-11 14-15
Germicides for soluble oils 2-43
Gilsonite 14-4
Girdler natural-gas purification process 12-36
I-57
Index terms Links
GL-4 automotive gear lubricants,
additive for 2-35
Glassmaking machinery, grease for 9-107 9-108
Gloss test for paraffin wax 10-9
Glossaries, of LP-Gas industry terms 3-40
of petrochemicals 12-29
of petroleum trade terms 17-1
Glycerin 12-34
Glycerol 12-34
Glycol 12-34
Good grade oil 2-25
Grain alcohol 12-33
Graphite 14-18 14-19
reactor-grade 14-20
as solid lubricant 2-38 2-39
Graphite grease 2-39
Graphite molds 14-19
Graphite products 14-18
growth of, graph 14-18
outlets for 14-19 14-20
Gravity, of automotive lubricants 9-30
diesel fuels and 6-5
of gasoline, and heat of combustion 4-33 8-37
table 14-3
unimportance of 4-33
of kerosine fractions 11-2
of light heating oils 7-25 7-26 7-29
of residual fuel oil 8-12 8-25 8-42 8-44
specific heat and 8-48 8-49
I-58
Index terms Links
Gravity, of automotive lubricants (Continued)
table 8-38
(See also Specific gravity)
Gravity corrections for LP-Gas 3-34
Gravity-type filters, illustrated 9-130 9-131
Grease (see Lubricating grease)
Grease guns 9-121 9-122
Great Britain, aircraft gas turbine fuel
development in 5-6
LP-Gas sold in 3-1
residual fuel specifications in 8-10
Grinding oils 9-73 9-74
Gross heating value of fuel oil 8-36
Gulf Coast oil in rating VI 2-31
Gum formation 2-26
in gasoline, inhibitors 2-8 2-9 2-12 4-31
4-42 5-18
tests for determination of 4-31 4-32
Gum-stable gasoline 4-32
Gun burners 7-9 7-32 7-37
carbon deposits in 7-34
Gushers 1-3
Gypsy moth control 11-47
H
Hanford Plutonium Project 14-20
Health uses of microcrystalline wax 10-14
Heat, specific, of fuel oils 8-48 8-49
vapor lock and 4-28
of vaporization, aircraft turbine fuels 5-20
I-59
Index terms Links
Heat, specific, of fuel oils (Continued)
graph 5-21
(See also Combustion)
Heat-exchange fluids 12-38
Heat loss 7-19 7-20
of asphalt cement 13-3
to flue gas 8-47 8-48
Heating, distillate oils 7-1
residual fuel oil 8-27
(See also Home heating)
Heating equipment, absorption or running
efficiency of 7-22
Heating equipment, seasonal efficiency of 7-21
thermal efficiency of 7-21 7-22
Heating oil industry 7-21
comparative, fuel costs in 7-5
competitive fuels in 7-4 7-5
future of 7-8
status of 7-3
Heating oils, additives for 2-14 2-15
distillate (see Distillate heating oils)
heating value of 8-36
light (see Light heating oils)
residual (see Residual fuel oil)
(See also Kerosine; No. 1 to No. 3 under
Number)
Heating value
of fuel oils 8-36
graph 8-39
of petroleum products, table 7-31
I-60
Index terms Links
Heavy-duty oils (see Motor oils)
Heavy fuel oils (see Residual fuel oil)
Heavy mineral spirits, specifications for 11-25
Heptane 1-32 2-16 11-9
industrial uses of 11-17
n-Heptane 1-33
Heptane Number of Hydrocarbon Solvents
test 11-22
Herbicides 11-34 12-37
definition of 11-30
nonselective 11-42
selective 11-42
toxicity of 11-42
use of 11-42 11-43
Hesselman engine 1-18
Hexachlorocyclohexane 12-31
n-Hexadecane (C
16
H
34
} 1-18
Hexahydrobenzene 12-33
Hexamethylene 12-33
Hexamethylene diamine 12-30
Hexamethylene tetramine 12-34
Hexane 1-32 11-9
in gasoline 4-8
industrial uses of 11-16
n-Hexane 1-33
Hexanedinitrile 12-30
Hexanedioic acid 12-30
High-boiling aromatic pressure tar 14-5
I-61
Index terms Links
High-boiling solvents 11-46 11-47
High-cetane fuels 6-6 6-7
High-octane gasoline 6-13
components of 4-5 4-6 12-31 12-38
High-pressure gun burners 7-9
illustrated 7-10
High-speed engines 1-18
High-temperature hydraulic fluid additives 2-29
High-VI constituents 1-22 1-24
Highway construction, asphalt and 13-14
Home heating, comparative fuel costs for 7-5
distillate oils for 7-1 7-2
electricity for 7-4 7-5
natural gas for 7-4 7-5
Horticultural spray oils 11-31
consumption of, in United States 11-34
Hot-water heaters 7-17 7-18
Hot-water heating systems 7-16
Houdry, Eugene J. 4-4
Houdry cracking process 1-16
Household appliances, grease for 9-108
Household oils 9-108 9-109
Houston, Texas 12-3
Humidity in air and flue gases 8-44
Hydraulic brake fluid, additives for 2-29 2-31 12-34 12-35
12-38
effects of 9-57
flammability resistance of 9-56
function of 9-56
operating conditions for 9-57 9-58
I-62
Index terms Links
Hydraulic brake fluid, additives for (Continued)
viscosity range of, table 9-57
Hydraulic oils 1-21
Hydraulic system 9-58
Hydraulic torque converter fluids 9-1
Hydraulic valve lifters 2-20 2-21
Hydrazine 12-35
Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum
Products test 11-22
Hydrocarbons 1-12 3-7
in aircraft gas turbine fuel 5-10
aromatic 1-19 1-20 4-17 12-12
12-21
in crude oil 1-9 1-10
in light heating oils 7-29
in LP-Gas 3-1
flammable range of, chart 3-2
olefin 3-3 3-4
physical constants of, table 3-4
paraffin 3-3
physical constants of, table 3-3
properties of 3-2
physiological 3-35
toxicity of 3-35
in naphthas 11-9
flammability of 11-23 11-24
in natural gas 1-6 1-32 1-33 4-5
4-6
I-63
Index terms Links
Hydrocarbons (Continued)
nonaromatic 12-14
in petrochemicals 12-2 12-7 12-12
physical properties of, tables 12-13 12-14
in petrolatum 10-4
from petroleum, table 3-2
pure 4-16
octane numbers of, table 4-23
saturated 12-12
as solvents 11-8
sulfonated 1-20
in synthetic wax 10-10
unsaturated 1-10 1-15 1-20 1-21
3-13 7-37 12-12
Hydrochloric ether 12-34
Hydrocyanic acid 12-35
Hydrodynamic lubrication 9-14 9-15
Hydrodynamic pressure 9-14 9-15
fluid-film behavior and, illustrated 9-15
Hydroforming 11-13
Hydrogen 1-10
in petrochemicals 12-23 12-24 12-35
and chemistry of combustion 8-39
Hydrogen atoms 1-9
Hydrogen cyanide 12-17 12-35
Hydrogen sulfide 1-15
determination of, in LP-Gas 3-13 3-33
in natural gasoline 1-38
I-64
Index terms Links
Hydrogen sulfide (Continued)
in petrochemicals 12-23 12-35
Hydrogenation 1-12
of fuel oils 7-40
of natural gasoline 1-17
Hydroquinone 2-33
Hypersorption 3-8
Hypoid gearing oils 2-30
Hypoid gears 2-35
I
Ice-machine oil 9-52 9-53
Idling, stalling and 4-28
Ignition 2-11
burners for oil heating 7-10
diesel engine 2-15 2-16
diesel fuels and 6-4 6-5 6-20
surface, deposits in gasoline engines 4-22 4-23
Ignition delay 6-7
Ignition quality of diesel fuels 6-5
cetane value and 6-6
Ignition sources, aircraft gas turbines 5-5
Illinois, University of, home heating
experiments at 7-6
Illuminating oil (see Kerosine)
Inboard engines, marine gasoline for 4-42 4-43
Incompatibility of residual fuel oil 8-35
Indirect hot-water heaters 7-17 7-18
Indium in aircraft fuel systems 5-4
Indoor design temperature 7-19
I-65
Index terms Links
Induction motors, flow diagram for
oiling of 9-55
Industrial aromatics
specifications for, benzene 11-26
toluene 11-27 11-28
xylene 11-28
Industrial circulating oils (see Circulating
oils)
Industrial-grade benzene, specifications for 11-26
Industrial-grade toluene, specifications for 11-28
Industrial lubrication 9-34
circulating oils 9-58
compressor oils 9-49
cutting oils 9-72
diesel-engine 9-41
electric-motor bearing 9-53
gear 9-64 9-65
hydraulic fluid 9-56
instrument 9-67 9-68
insulating oils 9-71 9-72
machine and engine 9-34
metalworking oils 9-72
oil-spray 9-70 9-71
pneumatic tool 9-68
speed reduction gear 9-47
spindle oils 9-65
steam cylinder oils 9-37
steam turbine 9-43
transformer oils 9-71 9-72
wire-rope 9-62
I-66
Index terms Links
Industrial naphthas 11-8
blending of 11-14
chemistry of 11-9
consumption growth 11-8
distillation range of 11-15 11-16
distribution of 11-14
flash point of 11-4 11-19 11-20
history of 11-8
manufacture of 11-12
diagram 11-13
mineral spirits 11-12 11-24
in herbicides 11-43
physical and chemical tests for 11-18
color 11-19
distillation range 11-20 11-21
evaporation rate 11-21 11-22
gravity and density 11-18 11-19
solvency 11-22
sulfur content 11-22 11-23
volatility 11-19 11-20
production of 11-8
refining of 11-9
safety precautions for 11-23 11-24
solvents 1-2 8-34 11-9 11-17
as additives 2-2
for agricultural pesticides 11-44
aromatic 1-19
aromatic petroleum 11-37
chlorinated 11-40
cleaners (see Dry-cleaning naphtha)
I-67
Index terms Links
Industrial naphthas (Continued)
definition of 11-9
hydrocarbons as 11-8
lacquer 11-17
nonaromatic or aliphatic 1-19 1-20
petrochemicals as 12-30
rubber 11-17
Stoddard (see Stoddard solvent)
toluene in 12-22
used in refining 1-11 1-24
used in wax production 10-2 10-3
standardization of 11-15
table 11-18
storage and handling 11-14
toxicity of 11-23
table 11-24
uses of 11-9 11-15
vapors, safety precautions 11-23
VM & P 11-12 11-17
Industrial oils, additives for 2-30 2-47 2-48
applications for, list of, table 2-30
functions of 2-31
Inhibitors (see Additives)
Injection nozzles for turbine engines 5-3 5-4
Ink black (see Carbon black)
Inks 12-32
carbon blacks in 15-12 15-14
Inner tubes, petroleum wax used in 10-25
I-68
Index terms Links
Inorganic chemistry 1-27
Inorganic petrochemicals 12-7
statistics on 12-11
Insect repellants 12-36
Insecticidal oils 1-28
Insecticides
aerosol and pressure packaged 11-37
sales of, graph and table 11-38
used by armed forces, table 11-40
agricultural use of 11-31
definition of 11-30
history of 11-30
household 11-34
chemicals used in, table 11-35
sales of 11-49 11-50
table 11-49
testing of 11-41 11-42
liquid, action of 11-36
sales of 11-49 11-50
used by armed forces, table 11-40
petrochemicals in 12-31 12-36
petroleum-product 11-40 11-41
sales of, charts 11-50
synthetic 11-34
Instability characteristic, of light heating oils 7-38
of residual fuel oil 8-33
Instantaneous heaters 7-18
Instrument oils 1-28 9-67 9-68
for aircraft 2-28
I-69
Index terms Links
Instrument oils (Continued)
application of 9-68
selection of 9-68
service performance of 9-67
for watches 1-28 2-28
Instruments, lubricating grease for 9-108
Insulating oils 1-21 9-71 9-72
fluidity of 9-71
handling of 9-71 9-72
moisture and 9-71
Insulation, petroleum wax and 10-22
Insurance companies, LP-Gas safety
standards of 3-18 3-19
Integral coils for water heaters 7-18
Interfacial tension test for turbine oils 9-44 9-45
Intermediate naphthas 11-11
production of 11-12
Internal-combustion engines, gasoline for 4-6
Iodoform 12-34
Iron in residual fuel oil 8-25
Isobutane 1-9 1-16 1-33 3-2
3-9 4-6 11-13 12-12
Isobutanol 12-21 12-35
Isobutene 3-4 12-35
Isobutyl acetate 12-35
Isobutyl alcohol 12-17 12-21 12-35
Isobutyl aldehyde 12-35
Isobutylene polymers 2-23
Isobutylenes 12-12 12-20 12-21 12-35
Isodecyladipates 2-28
I-70
Index terms Links
Isomerization 1-12 1-16 1-17
natural gasoline 1-36 1-37
Isomers 1-9 1-10
Isooctane 1-16 4-16 11-13
Isooctyl 2-28 12-24
Isooctyle alcohol 12-35
Isoparaffins 4-6 4-24
Isopentane 1-36 3-2 3-3 12-24
Isopentene 12-24
Isophthalic acid 12-23 12-35 12-36
Isoprene 12-21 12-24 12-35
Isopropanol 2-10 12-19 12-35
Isopropyl alcohol 2-10 12-2 12-3 12-7
12-19 12-35
Isopropyl benzene 12-32
Isopropyl carbinol 12-35
Isotherms of winter outdoor design
temperature, graph 7-19
J
Japan, coke production in 14-11
Jet fuels (see Aircraft turbine fuels)
Jet planes, grease for 9-99 9-100
Jewel bearing oils 2-29
Johnson, M. L. 7-50
Johnson meter 7-50
Joint compounds 9-98 9-99
Jolly balance 11-22
I-71
Index terms Links
Journal and bearing contacts 9-19
Journal-bearing greases 9-92
Journal lubrication 9-8 9-15 9-16 9-19
June green beetles 11-31
K
K factor 7-50
Kari-Butanol test 11-11 11-22 11-46
Kennedy injection system 6-24
Kerosine 1-2 1-8 1-20 1-27
8-1
as aircraft turbine fuel 2-13 2-14 5-6 5-9
5-10
burning point of 11-2 11-3
cloud point of 11-3 11-7
color of 11-3 11-6 11-7
commercial aircraft turbine 5-11 5-12
consumption of 11-2
table 11-2 16-81
definition of 11-2
and diesel fuel 6-2
distillation range of 11-3 11-5
fire point of 11-5
flash point of 11-3
gasoline and 4-3
gravity of 11-2
as heating oil 7-2 7-28
burning qualities of 7-35
I-72
Index terms Links
Kerosine (Continued)
contamination of 7-47
volatility of 7-36
as herbicide 11-43 11-44
history of 11-1
as insecticide 11-30 11-31 11-35 11-40
inspection, state 16-77 16-78
production of 11-2
table 11-2
Federal 16-33 16-34
tables 11-3 11-4
state safety inspection of 11-3 11-4
table 11-4
storage of, color and 11-3
sulfur content of 11-3
limitation of 11-6
tests for, burning 11-5
uses for 11-1 11-2
viscosity of 11-5
Ketones, dimethyl 12-30
methyl ethyl 1-24 12-21 12-31 12-36
Kilns, cement, using coke 14-13
residual fuel oil used in 8-29
Kinematic viscosity 5-16 6-20 7-33 7-34
conversion tables 9-9
defined 9-8
Knock, airplane engine 4-38
automobile engine 4-13
in combustion chamber, illustrated 4-15
I-73
Index terms Links
Knock-test methods, Borderline road 4-19 4-20
Motor, laboratory 4-17
Research, laboratory 4-17
Uniontown road 4-18 4-19
(See also Octane numbers)
L
Lacquer solvent 11-17
Lacquers 12-31 12-39
carbon blacks in 15-14
Laminates 12-33 12-37
Lamp black (see Carbon black)
Lamp oil (see Kerosine)
Lanova combustion chamber 1-18
Lard oil 2-38 2-40
Larvicides 11-34
Laundry machinery, grease for 9-108 9-109
Laws on pesticides 11-48 11-49
Lead, in aircraft fuel systems 5-4
in residual fuel oils 8-25
Lead deposits 4-35
Lead halides 2-11
Lead naphthenate 2-34 2-35
Lead oleate 2-34
Lead oxide 1-17 4-35
Lead soaps 2-34 2-35
Lead sulfonates 2-11
Lean-mixture rating of aviation gasoline 4-39 4-40
Leather oil and wax 10-14 11-16 11-17
I-74
Index terms Links
Lethane 11-35 11-36 11-39 11-40
Lifetime lubrication 9-121
Light heating oils (distillates) 1-2
absorption efficiency of, table 7-23
burning qualities in 7-28
properties affecting, table 7-29
carbon deposits of 7-34
consumption of 7-49 7-50 16-82
delivery of 7-49 7-50
filter-plugging test apparatus for, illustrated 7-44
handling and safety of 7-46
hydrocarbon composition of 7-29
kerosine used as 7-2 7-28 7-34 7-36
one-day gel test apparatus for, illustrated 7-45 7-46
requirements for, table 7-26
competitive 7-27
Federal 16-38
military 7-28
Pacific, table 7-27
stability in 7-37
color and 7-40
control of 7-40 7-41
lack of 7-38
measurement of 7-41
tests for 7-25 7-27 7-28 7-30
7-33 7-38 7-41
viscosity of 7-31
volatility of 7-36
I-75
Index terms Links
Light lubricating oils 1-2
Lighthouse oil (see Kerosine)
Limit switches 7-14
Lindane in insecticides 11-35 11-40 11-41
Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer 11-19
Liquefied halogenated hydrocarbon gases 11-38
Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) 1-2 1-6 1-32
commercial, properties of 3-4
contamination of, avoidance of 3-36
definition of 3-1
distribution of 3-21
by cylinders 3-24 3-25
by pipelines 3-21 3-22
by tank cars 3-23 3-24
by tank trucks 3-24
by tankers and barges 3-22
glossary of terms used for 3-40
handling of 3-13 3-20 3-36
history of 3-1 3-2
hydrocarbons in 3-2
toxicity of 3-35
losses, checking for 3-36
maximum performance from 3-35
odorization of 3-5 3-6
production and treatment of 3-6
economics of 3-9
recovery of, flow sheet 3-8
I-76
Index terms Links
Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) (Continued)
table 3-7
refinery LP-Gas 3-9
rules, regulations, and standards for 3-18 3-35 3-36
sampling of shipments 3-32 3-33
sulfur in 3-10 3-11 3-27
tanks for, installation of 3-14
distance requirements for, chart 3-16
taxes 3-34 3-35
state, when used as motor fuel 16-67
test methods for 3-11 3-32 3-33
as tractor fuel 4-44
trade names for 3-1
transportation of 3-16 3-22
utilization of 3-25
growth of 3-26
performance characteristics of 3-26 3-27
for recovery of crude oil 3-27
sales in United States, table 3-26
table of 3-25
vapor pressure of 3-10 3-11 3-29
weights, assessed 3-34
Liquefied refinery gas (LR-Gas) 3-9
Liquid asphalts 13-5
Liquid fuel additives 2-6
Liquid greases 1-25 1-26
Liquid products from natural gasoline 1-30
definition of 1-31
I-77
Index terms Links
Lithium-soap-silicone-fluid grease 2-29
Lithium stearate 2-29
Lithographic ink, carbon black in 15-12 15-14
Livestock dips 11-41
Livestock sprays 11-40 11-41
Load-carrying capacity, of circulating oils 9-60
illustrated 9-86
of oil film 9-15 9-17 9-19
illustrated 9-16 9-17
Logging machinery, grease for 9-109 9-110
Lost wax casting 10-23
Louisiana, natural gas in 1-31
oil wells in 1-5
Low-ash-fuel-delayed coke 14-12 14-13
Low-ash fuel-fluid coke 14-13
Low-cetane fuels 6-6 6-7
Low-pressure air atomizing burners 7-11
Low-pressure gun burners 7-9 7-12
Low-temperature fractional distillation 3-12
Low-temperature handling of aircraft gas
turbine fuels 5-15 5-16
Low-VI constituents 1-22 1-24
LP-Gas (see Liquefied petroleum gas)
LP refinery gas 3-9
LR-Gas (see Liquefied refinery gas)
Lubricants, functions of, as seal 9-21 9-22
petrochemicals and 12-35
I-78
Index terms Links
Lubricating grease 1-2 1-25
additives for 2-2 2-3 2-18 2-27
2-39 2-47 2-48 9-75
table 9-76
for aircraft 9-99 9-100
table 9-100
analysis of 9-84 9-85
application and frequency of 9-87
for automotive vehicles 9-96
table 9-97
for cement plants 9-100 9-101
characteristics of, block or brick, table 9-88
extreme-pressure 9-84
performance, table 9-87
table of 9-77
undesirable, table 9-79
valve and plug valve, table 9-98
for clay-products machinery 9-101 9-102
in coal mining 9-102
in communications apparatus 9-102
comparative chart for 9-105
compatibility in 9-122
consistency classification of, table 9-77
for construction equipment 9-102
contamination of 9-121 9-122
defects of 9-78 9-79
evaluation of 9-79
for farm machinery 9-104
fillers for, table 9-76
in foodstuff handling 9-106 9-107
I-79
Index terms Links
Lubricating grease (Continued)
for glassmaking machinery 9-107 9-108
for household appliances 9-108
for instrument lubrication 9-108
for laundry machinery 9-108 9-109
for logging and sawmill machinery 9-109 9-110
in machine-tool operations 9-110 9-111
manufacture of 1-22
in mining and quarrying 9-111
mixing of, effect of, table 9-98
multifunctional or multipurpose 9-99
table 9-91
in nuclear power plants 9-115 9-116
vs. oil 9-78 9-79
reasons for using, table 9-80
for oil-field equipment 9-113 9-114
for paper-mill lubrication 9-114
for printing machinery 9-115
in public buildings 9-115
purchase of, on specifications 9-75 9-76 9-78
for railroads and rolling stock 9-116 9-117
for rubber-plant machinery 9-116
secondary, qualities of 9-90
table 9-89
selection of 9-85
for moist conditions 9-87
oil for, table 9-85
for ships 9-117
solid, table 9-101
special 9-120 9-121
I-80
Index terms Links
Lubricating grease (Continued)
specific, availability of 9-90 9-91
table of characteristics of 9-90
for steel mills 9-117 9-118
test methods for 9-79
table 9-80
for textile mills 9-119 9-120
trends in 9-121
Lubricating oils 1-2 1-8 1-9 1-21
automotive oils 2-18
guide to use of 2-42
industrial oils 2-30
specification of 2-24
(See also Additives)
asphalt and wax removal from 1-22 1-23
cloud point of 9-30
color of 9-30
vs. lubricating grease 9-78
modern refining of 1-23 1-24
pour point of 9-55 9-70
reclaiming of 9-124
by centrifugal separation 9-138
by chemical treatment 9-141
by filtration 9-124 9-130
magnetic filters 9-140 9-141
by vacuum dehydration 9-135
sulfur in 9-31
I-81
Index terms Links
Lubricating oils (Continued)
types of 1-21 1-22
detergent 6-4 9-42
viscosity of 2-19 2-20 2-32 9-10
9-36 9-42 9-48 9-55
viscosity index for 1-21 1-22 1-24 9-10
9-11
Lubrication, boundary (see Boundary
lubrication)
continuous 9-69 9-70
hydraulic fluids and 9-56 9-57
industrial (see Industrial lubrication)
problems in, corrections for, table 9-89
simplification of 9-91
of textiles by wax 10-23 10-24
two kinds of 9-20
Lubrication system for aircraft turbine
engines 5-6
illustrated 5-5
M
Machine oils 9-34
Machine-tool operations, lubricating
grease and 9-110 9-111
Magnesium, in crude oil 1-11
in residual fuel oils 8-25 8-33
in turbine fuel systems 5-4
Magnesium compounds 8-30 8-31
Magnesium naphthenates 2-18
I-82
Index terms Links
Magnesium sulfate 2-18
Magnetic oil filters 9-140 9-141
illustrated 9-140
Malaria control 11-34 11-37 11-46
Malathion 11-35 11-39
Maleic anhydride 12-22 12-31 12-36
Maleic hydrazide 11-44
MAN combustion system 6-22
illustrated 6-24
Manganese in residual fuel oils 8-25
Manufactured gas, absorption efficiency of,
table 7-24
Marginal wells 1-5
Marine diesel engines 6-3 6-13
free piston, compound, illustrated 6-27
fuels for 6-24 8-29
Marine gasoline 4-3 4-42
antiknock quality of 4-43
for inboard engines 4-42 4-43
octane requirement 4-43 4-44
for outboard engines 4-42
power requirements of, graph 4-43
Marketing regions for residual fuels 8-11
Markets for natural gasoline, research in 1-35
Marsh gas (see Methane)
Mass spectrometry 3-12
Matches, petroleum wax used in 10-22
MEA (monoethanolamine) 12-36
Medicinal oils (see White oils)
I-83
Index terms Links
Medium-speed diesel engines 1-18
MEK (see Methyl ethyl ketone)
Melting point, of microcrystalline wax 10-11 10-13
of motor oil waxes 10-12
of paraffin 10-7 10-17 10-19 10-22
synthetic 10-10
of petrolatum 10-15
of wax 1-26
Mercaptan sulfur 5-19
Mercaptans, conversion of 1-17
determination of, in natural gasoline 1-38
elimination of 1-20 1-21
in LP-Gas 2-6 3-13
Mercaptide gels in heating oils 7-39 7-49
Mercedes-Benz combustion system 6-24
Meta isomers 12-32
Metal casting, petroleum wax and 10-22
Metal deactivators 1-19 1-21 2-9 2-13
2-15 2-47 4-36
Metal soaps 2-27 2-34
soluble, ash and 6-13
Metallic compounds in residual fuel oils 2-17 2-18
Metallic constituents of coke 14-6 14-7
table 14-8
Metallurgical coke (see Coke)
Metals
catalytic effect of, in lubricating oils 2-33 2-34
in residual fuel oils 8-41
Metalworking oils 9-72
function of 9-72
I-84
Index terms Links
Metalworking oils (Continued)
suggestions for use of, table 9-73
transparency of 9-72 9-73
Metaxylene 12-23 12-36 12-39
Methacrylate copolymers 2-23
Methane 1-9 1-33 3-2 3-3
3-7 11-10
carbon-hydrogen ratio for, table 14-3
petrochemicals and 12-12 12-16 12-17
Methanecarboxylic acid 12-29
Methanethiol 12-36
Methanol 12-17 12-36
Methoxychlor 11-35 11-36 11-39
Methyl alcohol 1-19 2-10 12-7 12-17
12-21 12-36
Methyl benzene 12-38
Methyl chloride 12-17 12-36
Methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl 2-8
Methyl ethyl carbinol 12-31
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) 1-24 12-21 12-31 12-36
Methyl mercaptan 12-36
2-Methyl propanol-1 12-35
2-Methyl propene 12-35
Methyl silicone oil 2-28
Methyl styrene 12-20 12-36
Methylacetic acid 12-37
Methylating agents 12-36
Methylene chloride 12-17 12-36
I-85
Index terms Links
Methylene dichloride 12-36
MGK 264 11-35 11-37 11-39
Mica 2-39
Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station 11-30
Microcrystalline wax (see Wax)
Mid-Continent crude oil 1-9 2-15 2-31 10-6
10-12 11-11
Middle-boiling solvents 11-46
Middle East, crude oil production in 1-3 8-32
daily production in 1-5
of oil in 1-4
MIL-C-8188 B 5-27
MIL-F-859 D 8-5 8-6 8-9
MIL-F-5572 A 4-40
MIL-H-19457 2-38
MIL-I-25017 5-20
MIL-L-2104 A oil 2-25
MIL-L-2105 lubricant 2-27
MIL-L-6082 5-24
MIL-L-6387 specifications 2-29
MIL-L-7308 oil 2-28
MIL-L-7808 oil 2-28 2-29 5-24 5-27
MIL-L-9236 5-24
MIL-L-25336 5-24 5-27
MIL-LG-3278 oil 2-29
MIL-O-6081 5-24
Mild EP oils 2-35
I-86
Index terms Links
Mileage, gasoline quality and 4-30 4-31
Military uses of microcrystalline wax 10-14
Military vehicles, diesel engines for 6-3 6-31
fuel supplies for 6-3
Milk cartons, waxed 10-18 10-19
Miller Act 11-34
Mineral lard 2-41
Mineral oils 1-24 1-25
for aircraft engines 2-27 2-29
for cutting fluids 2-39 2-40
for industrial lubrication 2-35
Mineral spirits (see Industrial naphthas)
Mining machinery 6-29
Mining and quarrying, grease used in 9-111
Missile fuels 1-19 2-13 2-14
Mites, control of 11-31
Mixed Aniline Points of Hydrocarbon
Solvents test 11-22
Mixed-base crude oils 1-18 1-22
Mixed isomers 12-39
Modified Uniontown method 4-18
graph 4-19
Moistening agents 12-33
Moisture, in industrial oils 9-71
in LP-Gas 3-37
(See also Water)
Mol percentage 8-42
Molecules, composition of 1-9 1-10
Molybdenum disulfide 2-39
I-87
Index terms Links
Monoethanolamine 12-36
Morgantown, West Virginia 12-11
Mosquito control 11-34 11-47
Mosquito larvicide 11-34
Mothproofers 11-40
pressurized 11-39 11-40
test for 11-42
Motor bearing oils 9-19
Motor fuel taxes, state 3-34 3-35
Motor fuels 4-2 4-3
additives for 2-7
natural gasoline in 1-35
Motor gasoline, additives for 2-6
alcohol blends in 4-37 4-38
color and 4-34 4-36
hydrocarbon, chart 4-24
determining octane numbers above 100 4-16
distillation temperature for 4-26
gravity and 4-33
gum-stable 4-32
improved quality of 4-11 4-12
noncorrosiveness of 4-32
octane requirements for 4-20
odor and 4-33 4-34
I-88
Index terms Links
Motor gasoline, additives for (Continued)
gum and 4-31 4-32
and heat of combustion 4-33
premium 4-13 4-20
price of 4-12
sensitivity of 4-17 4-18
sulfur in 4-32
testing of 4-17
vapor pressure of 4-27 4-28
winter 4-26 4-27
Motor method of testing gasoline 4-17
Motor octane numbers 4-13 4-19 4-20
for marine gasoline 4-43
Motor oil waxes 10-2 10-4 10-12
Motor oils 1-21 9-1
classification, table 2-24
oxidation of 2-33
types of service for 9-4 9-5
viscosity classification of, table 9-13
Motor trucks (see Trucks)
Motorboat engines, gasoline for 4-43
Moving-surface contact, illustrated 9-19
impact and 9-17
list of 9-18
types of 9-15
Multi-Lubers 9-99
Multipurpose automotive gear lubricants,
Multipurpose greases 9-121
automotive 2-27
I-89
Index terms Links
Multiviscosity grade of oil 2-25
motor 2-20
Muriatic ether 12-34
MWM combustion system 6-22
illustrated 6-24
performance comparison of, table 6-24
N
Naphtha, aromatic 11-9
flash point of 11-4
industrial (see Industrial naphthas)
for wax removal 1-22
Naphthalenes 11-43 12-24 12-36
Naphthenes 1-10 4-9 4-17 5-10
11-11 11-43
smoke point for 7-30
stability of 7-38
Naphthenic acids 12-24 12-36
Naphthenic oils in insecticides 11-31
National Bureau of Standards, graphite
application 14-20
heating oil standards of 7-25 7-26
Natural gas, absorption efficiency of, table 7-24
dehydration of 12-39
for home heating 7-4
rates for 7-7 7-8
table 7-7
liquid products from 1-31 1-32
I-90
Index terms Links
Natural gas, absorption efficiency of, table (Continued)
paraffin hydrocarbon components of 1-32
table 1-33
performance characteristics of, as diesel
fuel, graph 6-19
as source of LP-Gas 3-6
sweet, for purging 3-38
Natural gas liquids 1-5 1-6
production of, in United States 1-5 1-6
Natural gas products 1-14 1-15
Natural gasoline 1-15
table 14-3
fractionation of 1-32
flow charts of plants 1-34 3-8
grades of 1-37
and motor fuel 1-35
paraffins available from 1-36
production and principal uses of, table 1-31
properties of 1-37
testing methods for 1-37 1-38
research for markets for 1-35
as source of liquid products 1-30
specifications for, official 1-37
vapor pressure of 1-37 1-38
volatility of 1-32
Natural gasoline industry, history of 1-32
number of plants in 1-32
I-91
Index terms Links
Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory
(NBTL) Heater 8-6 8-7
Navy Bureau of Aeronautics Specification
14-L-16 (Aer.) 2-29
Navy Heater stability test 8-35 8-36
Navy residual fuel oil 8-34 8-35
table 8-5
Neoprene rubbers 12-17 12-30
Neutral oils 1-22
Neutralization number, for lubricating oils 9-31
for steam turbine oils 9-44
New Jersey, mosquito control in 11-47
mosquito larvicide specifications 11-34
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment
Station, work in insecticides 11-30
New York State, flammable liquids law 11-4 11-47
Newtonian liquids 5-16 9-6 9-7 9-9
9-22
Nickel in residual fuel oils 8-25
Nitration-grade benzene, specifications for 11-26
Nitration-grade toluene, specifications for 11-27
Nitric acid 12-36 12-37
Nitrobenzene 1-24 12-30
Nitrocellulose Diluting Power of
Hydrocarbon Solvents test 11-22
Nitrogen, in dry gas 3-7
in flue gas 8-42
solubility of, in aircraft turbine fuels 5-21
graph 5-23
I-92
Index terms Links
Nitrotoluene 12-2
Noise, diesel engine 6-5
No-Kol burner 7-3
Nonane in gasoline 4-8
n-Nonane 1-33
Nonaromatic hydrocarbons 12-14
Nonaromatic solvents 1-19 1-20 11-47
Nonene 12-19 12-38
Nonpetrochemicals 12-9 12-10
Nonyl phenol 12-37
Nonylene 12-38
Normal butyl alcohol 12-21
Normal propyl alcohol 12-21
North America, crude oil production in 1-3
gas turbine aircraft used in 5-10
of oil in 1-4
Nozzles
for oil burners 7-10 7-12 8-41
plugging of 7-27
oil viscosity and temperature at 7-32 7-33
Nuclear chain reaction pile, first 14-20
Nuclear power plants
lubricating grease, used in 9-115 9-116
Nuclear science, petroleum coke and 14-20
No. 1 heating oil 7-2 7-3 7-28 7-29
7-35
characteristics of, table 7-2
I-93
Index terms Links
No. 1 heating oil (Continued)
viscosity of 7-33
volatility of 7-36
No. 2 heating oil 7-1 7-28 7-29 7-34
7-35 7-37
characteristics of, table 7-2
viscosity of 7-33
volatility of 7-36
No. 3 heating oil 7-1 7-3
No. 4 residual fuel oil 8-3 8-4 8-34
distillate in 8-27
survey of 8-11
table 8-12
No. 5 residual fuel oil 8-3 8-4 8-34
distillate in 8-27
surveys of 8-15
table 8-16
No. 6 residual fuel oil 8-3 8-4
distillate in 8-27
surveys of 8-19
table 8-20
Nursery stock, wax emulsions for 10-26 10-27
Nylon 12-22 12-24 12-31
I-94
Index terms Links
O
Oceania, crude oil production in 1-3
of oil in 1-4
Octacide 11-35
Octane occurring in gasoline 1-36 4-8
n-Octane component of natural gas 1-33
Octane numbers
above 100 4-16
table 4-16
improvement of 4-4
mechanical 4-21
Motor 4-13 4-20
performance number scale for aviation
gasoline 4-38 4-39
research 4-13 4-20
tetraethyl lead and 4-35
Octane ratings (see Octane numbers)
Octane requirements 2-11 4-20
deposits and 4-21
determining of 4-20 4-21
effect of variables on, graph 4-22
mechanical 4-21
Odor, of agricultural pesticides 11-45 11-47 11-48
of aircraft gas turbine fuels 5-15 5-19
of diesel fuel 6-5 6-7
of gasoline 4-33 4-34
of LP-Gas 3-5
of microcrystalline wax 10-4
I-95
Index terms Links
Odor, of agricultural pesticides (Continued)
of naphthas 11-11
Odorless naphthas 11-11 11-13
Off-highway machinery 6-29
Oil, gas enrichment 8-30
Oil-absorption plants in LP-Gas
manufacture 3-8 3-9
Oil-ash deposits in fuel oils 2-17
Oil-bearing sand 1-3
Oil burners, combustion in 7-9
controls for 7-13 7-14
residual fuel 8-49 8-50
types of 7-9
Oil cans 9-36
Oil content, of microcrystalline wax 10-11 10-12
of paraffin 10-7 10-8 10-21 10-22
of petrolatum 10-15
Oil-field equipment 1-3
greases for 9-113 9-114
Oil fields, world-wide 1-3 1-4
Oil-film thickness 9-14 9-15
load-carrying capacity of, illustrated 9-16
Oil filters 9-124
magnetic 9-140 9-141
table, filter methods 9-125
Oil-fired central heating 7-3 7-4
Oil-furnace blacks 15-5 15-14
I-96
Index terms Links
Oil-furnace process 15-5
illustrated 15-4
Oil heating, compared with other fuels 7-5
distillate oils for 7-1 7-2
outlook for 7-8
Oil separation in lubricating grease 9-83 9-84
Oil specifications, additives in 2-24
Oil-spray oils 9-70 9-71
quality of 9-70 9-71
typical data for, table 9-70
Oil tanks, corrosion of 7-15
domestic 7-14 7-15
Oil-water mixtures 2-43
Oil wells in United States 1-5
natural gas liquids from 1-5 1-6
Oiliness 2-35 2-36
Oiliness agents 2-36 2-47
Oiliness carriers 1-24
Oiling systems, engine and machine 9-36 9-37
steam turbine 9-45
Oils, as fungicides 11-44
as herbicides 11-43 11-44
as insecticides 11-31
synthetic drying 12-35
Oklahoma 1-31
Olefin hydrocarbons 1-10 11-43
in gasoline 4-5 4-6 4-9 4-10
4-17
in LP-Gas 3-3 3-4
I-97
Index terms Links
Olefin hydrocarbons (Continued)
stability of, in heating oils 7-38
Olefinic plus Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Petroleum Distillates test 11-22
Olefins (see Olefin hydrocarbons)
Olefins and Aromatics in Gasoline test 11-22
Open-gear lubricants, table 9-103
Open-Tag flash-point test for asphalt,
illustrated 13-6
Orange tortrix, control of 11-33
Orchard sprays (see Pesticides)
Organic chemistry 1-27
Organic nitrates 1-18
Organic peroxides 1-18
Organic-sediment formation, in distillate
heating oils 7-38 7-47 7-48
in residual fuel oil 8-12 8-16 8-25 8-34
Orsat-type analysis of flue gas 8-41
Ortho isomers 12-32
Orthoxylene 12-23 12-37 12-39
Outboard engines, marine gasoline for 4-42 4-44
Outdoor design temperature in oil heating,
isotherms of, graph 7-19
Overgreasing 9-120
Overhead cranes, lubricating grease for 9-118 9-119
Oxidation 1-10
diesel-engine oil and 9-41
exposure to industrial oils 2-33
I-98
Index terms Links
Oxidation (Continued)
industrial circulating oils and 9-59 9-60
and oil filtering 9-128 9-129
spindle oils and 9-67
Oxidation inhibitors 1-19 1-24 2-13 2-18
2-19 2-26 2-32 2-47
Oxidation stability, of aviation gasoline 4-41
of marine gasoline 4-44
of motor gasoline 4-31 4-32
gum and 4-31 4-32
Oxidation stability test 2-8
for aviation gasoline 4-41
Oxidized asphalt 13-12 13-13
Oxidized microcrystalline waxes 10-12 10-13
Oxo process 12-24
Oxygen, arid combustion of fuel oils 8-40
in flue gas 8-42
vs. excess air, graph 8-42
in natural gas 12-3
P
Pacific specifications for fuel oils 8-10
Packaging material, microcrystalline wax
used in 10-14
petroleum wax and 10-28
Paint dryers 12-36
Paint removers 12-32 12-34 12-35
Paints 12-31
corrosion-resistant 12-32
I-99
Index terms Links
Paints (Continued)
fire-resistant 12-39
Pale oil for livestock sprays 11-41
Panel radiant heating 7-16
Paper milk cartons 10-18 10-19
Paper-mill lubrication 9-114
Paper yarn, wax used in 10-24
Papermaking 12-38
carbon black in 15-15
microcrystalline waxes in paper converting 10-13
Para isomers 12-32
Paraffin (see Wax)
Paraffin-base crude oils 1-9 1-18 1-22
for diesel fuels 2-15
Paraffin hydrocarbons, distillation ranges for 11-15
in gasoline, table 4-8
in LP-Gas 3-3
Paraffin wax (see Wax)
Paraffinic oils in insecticides 11-31 11-34
Paraflint 10-10
Paraformaldehyde 12-34
Par-Al-Ketone 10-21
Paraxylene 12-23 12-37 12-39
Passenger cars (see Automobiles)
Passivators 2-33
Pastes 2-41
Paving, asphalt 13-14
uses of, illustrated 13-15
I-100
Index terms Links
Peet-Grady knockdown test 11-42
Penetration test for asphalt cement 13-2
Pennsylvania 1-5 1-32 11-1
Pennsylvania crude oil 1-9 1-20 1-22 2-31
10-12 10-22 11-11
Pennsylvania motor oil 2-22
Pensky-Martens Closed Cup test 9-30 11-20 11-46
Pensky-Martens closed tester 8-12
Pentaerythritol 12-34
Pentaerythritol esters 2-29
Pentane 1-15 1-32 1-36 3-2
3-3 11-9 12-24
in gasoline 4-8
n-Pentane 1-33 3-2 12-24
Pentane insolubles 9-31
Perchloroethylene 12-17 12-37
Perchloromethane 12-32
Perforated sleeve burners 7-13
Performance number scale for aviation
gasoline 4-38
table 4-39
Perfumes 12-30
Perimeter heating 7-16
Perthane 11-35 11-39
Pest-control industry 11-30
Pesticides
agricultural, solvents for 11-44
types of 11-47
government regulations for 11-48 11-49
nonagricultural 11-47
I-101
Index terms Links
Pesticides (Continued)
for orchards 11-31
California requirements, table 11-33
Geneva classification, table 11-32
petroleums used as 11-30
utilization of 11-30
Petro-Alcohol process 12-2
Petrochemical industry, birth of 12-3
capital investment in 12-6 12-7
future of 12-4 12-6 12-7
table 12-6
growth of 12-4
chart 12-6
tables 12-4 12-5
Petrochemicals 1-26 1-27 3-9 12-1
aliphatic 12-7 12-8
aromatic 12-7 12-8
chemical structure of, diagram 12-14
butane and butylene-derived 12-20 12-21
commercial 12-2 12-3
properties of, table 12-26
composition of 12-12
chemical 12-7 12-8
definition of 12-1 12-2
ethane-derived 12-17
ethylene-derived 12-17
future of 12-4
glossary of 12-29
history of 12-2
inorganic 12-7 12-8
I-102
Index terms Links
Petrochemicals (Continued)
marketing of 12-25 12-29
methane-derived 12-16 12-17
chart 12-16
miscellaneous petroleum sources of 12-23
table 12-24
obsolescence of 12-25
output of, in United States 12-4
production by types in United States, table 12-10
propane-derived 12-19
propylene-derived 12-19 12-20
sales of 12-25
statistics on 12-9
Petrohol 12-3
Petrolatum 1-26 10-1 10-2 10-13
centrifuge 10-3
cold-test 10-3
composition of 10-4
consistency of 10-14 10-15
industrial uses of 10-15 10-22 10-25
melting point of 1-15 10-20
pharmaceutical grades of 10-13
uses of 10-4
(See also Wax)
Petroleum, drilling and producing of 1-5
liquefied 1-6
nature and occurrence of 1-3
transportation of 1-7 1-8
volume of finished products from 1-8 1-9
world production of 1-3 1-4
I-103
Index terms Links
Petroleum asphalt (see Asphalt)
Petroleum-base oil for insecticides 11-36 11-37 11-40
Petroleum coke (see Coke)
Petroleum fuels, comparative refinery costs
of, table 6-15
Petroleum industry in United States 1-1
functioning of 1-6
growth of 1-2
origin of 1-1 1-5 1-32
products made by, table 1-2
scope of 1-1 1-2
sources of energy supplied by, table 1-2
Petroleum jelly (see Petrolatum)
Petroleum products 1-10
boiling ranges of 1-12
commercial, check list of 1-40
domestic availability vs. total demand for,
table 6-30
heating value of, table 7-31
list and description of 1-14
total United States demand for, table 6-29
uniformity of 1-13
in United States, graph 6-3
Petroleum reserves
in United States 1-4 1-5
cost of tapping 1-5
world-wide, table 1-4
Petroleum solvents (see Industrial naphthas)
Petroleum spirits (see Industrial naphthas,
mineral spirits)
I-104
Index terms Links
Petroleum sulfonate 2-41
Pharmaceutical oils 12-30
Pharmacy (see Drugs)
Phenol 1-24 12-20 12-22 12-24
12-31 12-37
Phenol-wax condensation products 2-23
Phenolic inhibitors 2-33
Philgas 3-1
Phosphoric acid esters 2-38
Phosphorus, in lubricating oils 9-31
Phosphorus compounds in detergents 2-34
Phosphorus pentasulfide-pinene compounds 2-34
Phosphorus-type fuel additives 2-11
Phthalic anhydride 12-23 12-31 12-36 12-37
Phytotoxicity 11-24 11-31 11-32 11-45
definition of 11-31
Pigment, carbon black as 15-12 15-14 15-15
Pilot injection in dual-fuel operations, graph 6-21
Pintschgas 3-1
Pipeline valves, grease for 9-114
Pipelines 1-6
corrosion of 12-3
in United States, map 1-7
Piperonyl butoxide 11-35 11-39
Piperonyl cyclohexene 11-35
Piperonyl cyclonene 11-35
Piping of LP-Gas 3-16 3-21 3-22
sizing of 3-29
I-105
Index terms Links
Pitting corrosion in home oil tanks 7-15
Pivot bearing oils 2-29
Plasticizers 12-32 12-37 12-38
Plastics 12-29
Platforming process 12-22
Pneumatic tool oils 9-68
and continuous lubrication 9-69 9-70
requirements for 9-69
viscosity range of, table 9-69
Polar compounds 2-36
Polyacrylonitriles 12-30
Polybutene 2-29 2-37
Polyethylene, in microcrystalline wax 10-9 10-13
in plastics 12-18 12-34 12-37
Polyglycol ethers 2-29
Polyisobutylene 2-31
Polymer gasoline 4-5 12-35
Polymeric detergents 2-21 2-22
Polymeric dispersant additives 2-17
Polymerization 1-12 4-5
coking and 14-2 14-3
Polymers 1-10
Polypropylene 12-20 12-37
Polystyrene 12-19 12-22 12-37
Polyurethanes 12-20 12-22 12-30 12-37
12-38
Poly vinyl chloride 12-37
Porpoise-jaw oil 2-28
I-106
Index terms Links
Postemergence weed control, table 11-44
Pot burners 7-13
smokiness of 7-30
Potassium in residual fuel oils 8-25
Pour point
depressants 1-24 2-23 2-26
of diesel fuels 6-4 6-13 6-20
of distillate fuel oil 7-27 7-28
of lubricating oils 2-48 9-55 9-70
and oil-spray lubrication 9-70
of residual fuel 8-12 8-16 8-20 8-25
viscosity and 9-71
Power, diesel fuel consumption and 6-7
Power plants, diesel, marine, illustrated 6-27
stationary 6-3 6-4 6-13
Precipitation number for lubricating oils 9-31
Preemergence sprays 11-43
Preheaters
fouling of 8-36
Preignition additives 2-11 4-36
Premium gasoline 4-11 4-13 4-20 4-26
Pressure filters 9-131
illustrated 9-132
Prices
average, crude and products 16-84
house brand gasoline 16-86
Primary controls for oil burners 7-14
I-107
Index terms Links
Printing and engraving, microcrystalline
wax used in 10-14
Printing ink, carbon black in 15-12
Printing machinery, grease for 9-115
Products of combustion of fuel oils
air requirements and 8-39 8-47
table 8-40
water as 8-45
Propane 1-14 1-15 1-32 1-33
3-1 3-7 3-29 3-35
3-38
carbon-hydrogen ratio of, table 14-3
commercial 3-9
average properties of, table 3-5
definition of 3-10
storage of 3-13
as diesel fuel 6-18 6-19
performance characteristics of, graph 6-19
pipe-sizing chart for liquid 3-30
storage tanks for, nomograph for gaging of 3-33
vapor flow of, sizing charts for 3-31 3-32
vaporization chart for 3-28
and wax removal 1-24
Propanone 12-30
Propellants for aerosol bombs 11-38 11-39
Propenal 12-30
Propene 3-4 4-24 12-38
I-108
Index terms Links
Propenenitrile 12-30
Propenyl alcohol 12-30
Propionates 12-37
Propionic acid 12-21 12-37
Prop-jet aircraft 5-1
Propyl alcohol 12-37 12-38
Propyl carbinol 12-31
Propyl isomer 11-35
Propylene 3-4 3-9 12-12 12-17
12-19 12-20 12-38
petrochemicals from 12-22
chart 12-20
Propylene dichloride 12-38
Propylene glycol 12-38
Propylene oxide 12-19 12-38
Propylene tetramer 12-19 12-20 12-22 12-38
Propylene trimer 12-19 12-20 12-38
Prussic acid 12-35
P.S. 100 fuel oils 8-10
P
2
S
5
olefin reaction products 2-19
P
2
S
5
terpene reaction products 2-19
Pseudowaxes 1-22
Pure Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1939 10-7
Pure hydrocarbons 4-16
octane numbers of, table 4-23
Purging of tanks 3-37 3-38
Purification agents 12-35
I-109
Index terms Links
Purification of lubricating oils 9-124
methods of 9-124 9-129
table 9-125
Push-button cans for insecticides 11-38 11-39
Pyrethrins 11-35 11-40
Pyrethrum flowers as insecticides 11-34
Pyrofax 3-1
Q
Quality control of additives 2-6
Quarrying machinery, diesel tractor 6-29
R
Radiant heating, panel 7-16
Radiators 7-16
baseboard 7-16
Raffinate 1-20
Railroad diesel oils, specifications for 2-25 2-26
Railroad gas turbine fuels, additives for 2-18
Railroads, diesel fuel and 6-1 6-2 6-13
dual-fuel systems 8-29
lubricating grease used by 9-116 9-117
oil transportation by 1-7 1-8
Ramsbottom test 7-35 7-36 8-12 8-16
8-20 9-30
Range burners 7-13
Range oil (see Kerosine)
Rate of shear 9-7 9-10 9-11
Redistillation of cleaner's solvents 1-20
Reducing agents 12-35
I-110
Index terms Links
Redwood No. 1 fuel oil, viscosities 8-10
Refined solvent naphtha, specifications for 11-27
Refineries 1-8
directory of, in United States 16-59 16-66
residual fuel surveys by 8-11
wax production at, flow diagram 10-5
(See also Refining)
Refinery costs of petroleum fuels,
comparative, table 6-15
Refinery gas as source of LP-Gas 3-6 3-7 3-9
Refinery gas oil, boiling range for 1-12
Refinery products 6-1 6-2
finished, quantities of, table 1-8
Refining 1-7 1-8 1-13 1-14
of distillate fuel oils 6-12 7-40
of naphthas 11-12
number of companies engaged in 1-1
petrochemicals and 1-26 1-27
processes used in 1-11 1-12
distillation 1-13
fractionation 1-13 1-14
Reforming processes 1-12 4-4 11-12 11-13
Refractionation 11-13
Refractive index for gasoline 4-11
Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion
of Hydrocarbon Liquids test 11-22
Refractivity intercept 4-11
Refrigerants 12-30 12-34 12-36 12-39
oil behavior and, table 9-53
I-111
Index terms Links
Refrigeration for oil cooling 5-24
Refrigeration compressors, lubrication of 9-52 9-53
oil for 9-52 9-53
Regreasing intervals for bearings 9-93 9-94
table 9-95
Regulations, state, for LP-Gas 3-18
Reid vapor pressure, aircraft turbine fuels 5-6 5-13
gasoline 4-28
natural 1-36
LP-Gas 3-10 3-11
Reinforcing agent, carbon black as 15-10 15-14
Relief valves for storage tanks 3-15
Reppe process 12-30 12-31
Research method of testing gasoline 4-17
Research octane numbers 4-13 4-14 4-19 4-20
for marine gasoline 4-43
Reservoirs, storage 1-8
Residual fuel oil 1-2 1-8 1-21
aging of, viscosity and 8-35
ash as contaminant of 8-32 8-33
carbon particles in 8-33
combustion of 8-36
air requirements and products of 8-39
chemistry of 8-39
flue-gas analysis and 8-41
table 8-43
heating value and 8-36
table 8-38
I-112
Index terms Links
Residual fuel oil (Continued)
consumption of 8-3
vs. production, graph 8-3
corrosion and 8-12 8-29 8-31
reduction of 8-31
definition of 2-16
demand for 8-1
distillation data on, table 8-26
end uses of 8-27
major, graphs 8-28
problems in 8-31 8-32
explosive conditions in storage 8-9
fire point of 8-25
flash point of 8-12 8-25
history of 8-1 8-2
incompatibility of 8-35
inspection of 8-23
table 8-25 8-26
instability of 8-33
metallic components of 8-23
pour point of 8-12 8-16 8-20 8-25
production of 8-2 8-3
graphs 8-2 8-3
soot in 8-33
commercial, table 8-4
Federal 16-38 16-42
navy 8-4
table 8-5
Pacific 8-10
stocks of, in United States 8-3
I-113
Index terms Links
Residual fuel oil (Continued)
sulfur in 8-12 8-25
problems of 8-30
tests for 8-5 8-35 8-36
thermal stability of 8-6
additives and 8-9 8-36
compatibility and 8-9 8-36
explosiveness and 8-9 8-10
tests for 8-6 8-34
uncracked distillates in 8-34 8-35
viscosity of 8-11 8-25
water and sediment in 8-4 8-34
Residual fuel oil burners 8-49 8-50
Residual insecticides 11-36 11-37
combined with space sprays, table 11-37
pressurized, examples of, table 11-39
Residual lubricating oils 1-22
Residue
asphalt 13-8 13-9
float test for, illustrated 13-8
carbon (see Carbon residue)
Resins 1-22 12-30 12-32 12-37
Resistance heating 7-4 7-5
Rich-mixture rating of aviation gasoline 4-40
Ring or chain oilers 9-37
Roach killers 11-36 11-37
Road knock-test methods 4-18 4-19
Road oils (see Asphalt)
I-114
Index terms Links
Rocket fuel 2-13 2-14
petrochemicals in 12-35 12-37
Roller-bearing greases 9-92 9-93
test requirements for, table 9-93
Rolling-mill equipment, greases for 9-119
Roofing compound (see Asphalt)
Rotary burners 7-12 7-13
spinning cup 7-12
wall-flame, illustrated 7-12
Rotenone 11-34 11-36
Rubber, natural, carbon blacks in, table 15-13
synthetic 1-1 3-9
carbon blacks in, table 15-13
12-29 12-35 12-36 12-38
Rubber blacks 15-6 15-7
Rubber compounding 12-32
petroleum wax and 10-25
Rubber-plant machinery, lubricating
grease for 9-116
Rubber products 12-32
Rubber solvent 11-17
Rubber-tire industry, carbon black and 15-1 15-10
Rubber vulcanization 12-30 12-31 12-36 12-38
Rumanian crude oil 11-12
Russian crude oil 12-2
Rust preventives 1-2 2-32 2-41 2-42
2-47
in hydraulic fluids 9-58
lubricating grease as 9-83
I-115
Index terms Links
Rust preventives (Continued)
petroleum waxes as 10-21
Rusting, crankcase 2-24
resistance to 9-31
S
SAE 40 grade oil 2-25
Safety, of agricultural pesticides 11-45
of light heating oils 7-46
Safety requirements for handling LP-Gas 3-19
Salt-water contamination 2-17 8-23
San Jose scale control 11-31
Sanitary uses of microcrystalline wax 10-14 10-25
Saponification of oxidized microcrystalline
waxes 10-13
Saponification number for lubricating oils 9-31
Sawmill machinery, grease for 9-109 9-110
Saybolt chromometer color test method 11-6 11-19 11-46
Saybolt color, natural gasoline 1-38
Saybolt-Furol viscosity test, illustrated 13-7
Saybolt seconds Universal viscosity 9-8 9-13
conversion charts for 9-8 9-9
Saybolt viscosity 6-20 7-27 7-33 7-34
Furol 8-23 8-27
Universal 8-23 8-27
Scale insects, control of 11-34
Scuff-resistance test for paraffin wax 10-9
Sealing strength test for paraffin wax 10-9
Seals, lubricants as 9-21 9-22 9-86
O-ring, requirements for 9-22
I-116
Index terms Links
Secondary butyl alcohol (sec-butanol) 12-21 12-31
Sediment, organic, contamination of heating
oils by 7-47 7-48
formation of 7-38
in residual fuel oil 8-12 8-16 8-25 8-34
Sediment-inhibiting additives 7-40 7-41 8-36
Self-ignition, diesel fuels and 6-4 6-5
Semidiesels 1-18
Sequestering agents 12-34
Service life of lubricating grease 9-83
Sesoxane 11-35
Shaft and bearing relationship 9-16
Shale 1-6
Shale oil 1-6
Shear resistance of lubricating grease 9-82 9-83
Shearing force 9-5
Shearing stress 9-5
and velocity gradient 9-5
illustrated 9-6
Shell thin-film evaporometer 11-22
Shellane 3-1
Shipment, of diesel fuels 6-31 6-32
of LP-Gas 3-32
receipt of 3-30
Ships, lubricating greases for 9-117
Sieve test for asphalt residue 13-9
Sigatoka disease 11-44
Signal oil (see Kerosine)
I-117
Index terms Links
Silicon carbide 14-14
Silicone 8-23 8-25
Silicone ester fluids 2-29
Silicone fluid greases 2-29 2-30
Silicone oils 2-37
Silicone polymers 2-37
Silver, in aircraft turbine fuel systems 5-4
corrosion of 5-19
Single-spool engines 5-2
Sizing, petroleum wax used in 10-17
Skelgas 3-1
Slack wax 1-26 10-3
Sludge, analysis of, table 7-38
dispersal of 8-36 9-42
in lubricating oil 9-128
oxidation and 2-34
removal of 2-17 2-21 2-22 7-39
7-40
Small-pipe heating systems 7-16
Small-size heater method of testing stability 8-6
illustrated 8-7
Smoke, flue gas and 7-23
Smoke point, definition of 7-30
Smoke point test 7-30
Smoke spot number 7-23
Smoking, diesel fuel 1-19 6-5 6-7
light heating fuel 7-28
test for density of 7-30
I-118
Index terms Links
Soaps 12-2
lubricating greases and 1-25
to reduce corrosion 8-31
as tackiness agents 2-37 2-47
Sodium 1-11 8-25 8-29 8-30
8-32 8-33
Sodium compounds 2-17 2-18
Sodium hydroxide 1-17 1-19
Sodium naphthenates 12-24
Softening agents 12-33
Softening point test for blown asphalt 13-12
Solgas 3-1
Solid lubricants 2-38 2-39 9-120 9-121
Solids as fuel contaminators 5-16 5-17
Solubility, of additives 2-3 2-4 2-15
of asphalt cement 13-4
of DDT 11-47
Soluble metallic soaps, ash and 6-13
Soluble oils 2-41 2-42
cutting oils 9-73
Solutizer 1-17
Solvency of naphthas 11-11
tests for 11-22
Solvent extraction, selective 1-24
Solvent pressing 1-26
Solvents (see Industrial naphthas)
Soot from residual fuel oils 8-33
South America, crude oil production in 1-3 10-3
I-119
Index terms Links
South America, crude oil production in (Continued)
of oil in 1-4
Space sprays 11-36
combined with residual, table 11-37
tests for 11-41
Spark-plug fouling 2-11
Specific gravity, of agricultural pesticides 11-45 11-46
of diesel fuels 6-8
of LP-Gas 3-11 3-34
of residual fuel oils 8-37
specific heat and 8-48 8-49
Specific heat of fuel oils 8-48 8-49
chart 8-49
Specifications and property classifications
for aircraft lubricants 5-24
for aircraft turbine fuels 5-6
for asphalt 13-2 13-9 13-13
for aviation gasoline, tentative 4-51
for butane-propane mixtures 3-11
for carbon black 15-7
for commercial butane 3-10
for commercial propane 3-10
for crankcase oil viscosity 9-13
for diesel fuel 6-5 16-35
for distillate heating oils 7-2 7-24 16-38
for industrial naphthas 11-14 11-25
for kerosine 11-3 11-4 16-33 16-34
I-120
Index terms Links
Specifications and property classifications for aircraft
lubricants (Continued)
for LP-Gas 3-10 3-11
for microcrystalline wax 10-11
for motor gasoline 2-4 2-10 4-48 16-28
for natural gasoline 1-37
for pesticides 11-32 11-33
for residual fuel oil 8-3 16-38
for transmission and axle lubricants 9-13
Spectrographic method of testing LP-Gas 3-12
Speed of equipment
selection of lubricating, grease and 9-85 9-86
Speed reduction gear oils 9-47
development of 9-47 9-48
types of, table 9-48
viscosity of 9-48
Speed reduction gears 9-47 9-48
illustrated 9-47
Spindle oils 9-65
influence of properties on operation 9-66 9-67
oiling system and 9-67
speed and 9-65 9-66
Spinning-cup rotary burners 7-12
Spray oils 1-28
(See also Insecticides; Pesticides)
Spray-paint booths, petrolatum and 10-15 10-16
Sprays, insect 11-33
weed-killing 11-42
I-121
Index terms Links
Springfield, Massachusetts 10-22
Spruce budworm control 11-47
Spur gearing 2-35
Squeeze-bottle plastic 12-18
Stability
of additives 2-4
fuel-oil 2-14 2-15
of aircraft turbine fuels 5-18 5-19
of light heating oils 7-27 7-28 7-37
Stability tests 7-41 8-35
Standards for LP-Gas 3-18 3-19
purchase on 3-35 3-36
Starter fluids, diesel-engine 2-15 2-16
Static electricity 5-21
Stationary power plants 6-3 6-4 6-13 6-20
dual-fuel operation for 6-20 6-21
Steam boilers, residual fuel oil for 8-28
Steam cylinder oil 9-37
amount needed, table 9-40
atomizers for 9-38 9-39
illustrated 9-39
compounding of 9-37 9-38
tables 9-38
and type of oil, table 9-39
in worm-gear lubrication 9-41
Steam engines, cylinder oil for 9-37
oil required for, table 9-40
types of 9-40
Steam heating systems 7-17
I-122
Index terms Links
Steam turbine oils 9-43
foaming of 9-46
performance value of 9-44
viscosity of 9-43 9-44
table 9-44
Steam turbines, foaming in 9-46
lubrication systems for 9-45 9-46
illustrated 9-45
marine 2-32
viscosity control and type of 9-43 9-44
Stearic acid, candlemaking and 10-20
Steel boilers 7-17
standard rating code for, table 7-18
Steel industry, petroleum coke and 14-15 14-16 14-19
residual fuel oil and 8-28 8-29 8-31 8-32
Steel mills
lubricating greases for 9-117
table 9-118
Steel tanks, storage 1-8
Steering gears, grease for 9-99
Still gas 1-8
Stoddard solvent 11-12 11-17
as herbicide 11-43 11-44
as insecticide 11-31 11-40
Storage, of crude oil 1-8 2-15
of diesel fuels 6-31
of kerosine 11-3
of LP-Gas 3-13
of lubricating grease 9-121 9-122
I-123
Index terms Links
Storage, of crude oil (Continued)
Storage losses 1-8
Storage spheres 3-14
Storage tanks, installation of 3-14
steel 1-8
Storage type heaters 7-18
Stove oil, for herbicides 11-43
Straight-run gasoline, carbon-hydrogen ratio
for, table 14-3
Strainer filters 9-133
illustrated 9-134
Stringiness agents 2-47
Stripper wells 1-5
Strobane 11-35 11-39
Styrene 1-10 12-7 12-8 12-19
12-22 12-31 12-34 12-38
Sucker rod wax 10-2 10-4
Sulfonates 12-24
Sulfoxide 11-35 11-39
Sulfur 2-40 2-41 12-7 12-38
corrosion and 5-19
diesel fuels and 6-8 6-12 6-20
elemental 12-35
influence on fuels 6-8
in kerosine 11-3
limitation of 11-6
in light heating oils 7-36 7-37
combustion and, graph 7-36
in LP-Gas 3-10 3-11 3-27
I-124
Index terms Links
Sulfur (Continued)
in lubricating grease 9-90
in lubricating oils 9-31
in motor gasoline 4-32
in naphthas 11-22 11-23
Sulfur, as oxidation inhibitor 2-33 2-34
in petroleum coke 14-6 14-8
table 14-7
in residual fuel oil 8-12 8-25
and heat of combustion 8-37
Sulfur dioxide 1-20 7-36 8-39 8-41
in flue gas 8-42
liquid 1-20 1-24
Sulfur trioxide 7-36 8-31 8-41
Sulfuric acid 1-17 1-20 1-22 1-23
12-38
Sulfurized olefins 2-19
Sulfurized turpentine 2-34
Sulfurized wax derivative 2-34
Summer oils 11-32 11-33
California type, table 11-33
Supercharge method of rating aviation
gasoline 4-40
Supercharging 6-5
Superfractionation 11-12
Supersonic aircraft 2-28 5-18 5-19
Supplementary fuel injection 5-5 5-6
Surface-active agents 12-33 12-36
Surface coatings and finishings 12-33 12-37
Surface ignition, deposits and 4-22 4-23
I-125
Index terms Links
Surface tension of fuel 6-7
Sweating process 1-26
for wax 10-2 10-3
Sweet natural gas 3-38
Sweetening inhibitors 2-9 11-12
Synergists 11-36 11-40
Synthetic drying oils 12-35
Synthetic fibers 12-10 12-17 12-22 12-29
12-30 12-34 12-37
Synthetic lubricating fluids 9-76 9-78
table 9-77
Synthetic materials for aircraft lubricants 5-24 5-27
Synthetic paraffin wax 10-10 10-11
Synthetic rubber 3-9 12-3 12-19 12-22
12-24 12-29 12-35 12-36
12-38
butane and 1-35 12-21
T
Tackiness agents 2-37 2-47
Tag open cup flash-point test 9-30 11-20
Tag Robinson color, pesticides 11-43 11-46
Talc 2-39
Tallant, Oklahoma 12-3
Tallow, acidless 2-35 2-37
Tank-bottom waxes 10-2 10-4 10-11
Tank cars for LP-Gas 3-16 3-23 3-24 3-37
fittings and instructions for gaging, chart 3-23
pressure for, charts 3-17
uninsulated 3-24
I-126
Index terms Links
Tank trucks for LP-Gas 3-16 3-17 3-24 3-37
Tankers 1-7
combination 3-22
for LP-Gas 3-22
Tanks, contamination of 7-47
corrosion of 7-41
for LP-Gas, sizing of 3-29
for propane, nomograph for gaging of 3-33
(See also Storage tanks)
Tar sands 1-6
Tars 1-2
in residual fuel oils 8-23 8-34 8-35
Taste, of microcrystalline wax 10-4
Taxes
on LP-Gas, Federal 3-34
state 3-34 3-35 16-67
on motor fuel, Federal 16-67
state 3-34 3-35 16-67
TEA (triethanolamine) 12-38
Temperature, air-compressor discharge,
table 9-50
aircraft engine bearings 5-24
carburetor icing and 4-28 4-29
of compressors, theoretical, table 9-50
degree-days and 7-48
diesel fuels and 6-4
and extreme-pressure lubrication 2-35
gasoline distillation, table 4-26
gear oils and 9-64 9-65
I-127
Index terms Links
Temperature, air-compressor discharge, table (Continued)
hydraulic fluids and 2-29
ignition starting and 2-15 2-16 2-26 4-25
4-26
low, fluidity of crankcase oils at 9-22
lubricating grease and 9-81 9-82 9-86 9-87
9-95
oxidation and 2-33
vapor lock and 4-28
viscosity and 9-8
graph of variation in fuel oil 8-24
Ten-degree xylene, specifications for 11-29
Terephthalic acid 12-23 12-38
Test engines for lubricants 9-29
Test methods, aircraft lubricants 5-6
aircraft turbine fuels 5-6 5-11
asphalt cement 13-2
automotive lubricants 9-28
ball- and roller-bearing grease, table 9-93
blown asphalt 13-12
boundary lubrication 9-25
carbon black 15-10
carbon residue 7-35 7-36 8-12 8-16
8-20
CFR fuel coker 5-19
coke 14-9 14-10
diesel-engine oil 9-42
diesel fuels 6-9
significance of 6-12 6-13
distillation, gasoline volatility 4-25
I-128
Index terms Links
Test methods, aircraft lubricants (Continued)
light heating oils 7-36
effectiveness of additives 2-5 2-6
electric-motor bearing oils 9-55
emulsified asphalt 13-6
gasoline, antiknock 14-17
household insecticides 11-21
kerosine 11-3
light heating oils 7-25 7-27 7-28 7-30
7-33 7-38 7-41
LP-Gas 3-11 3-32 3-33
lubricating grease 9-79
table 9-80
naphtha 11-11 11-18
oils for insecticides 11-18
Test methods, paraffin 10-7
propane 3-9
residual fuel oil 8-5 8-35 8-36
explosiveness 8-9 8-10 8-26
steam turbine oils 9-44
viscosity of automotive oils 9-13
Tetrachloroethylene 12-37
Tetrachloromethane 12-32
Tetraethyl lead (TEL) 2-1 2-4 2-5 2-7
2-8 4-34 12-3 12-19
12-34
Texas 1-31 3-21
Texas City, Texas 12-3 12-22
I-129
Index terms Links
Textile industry
lubricating grease used by 9-119 9-120
table 9-119
microcrystalline wax used by 10-14
petrochemicals used by 12-29
Thanite 11-35 11-36 11-39 11-40
Thermal black 12-17 12-32 15-2 15-3
Thermal cracking, coking and 14-5
residual fuel oil and 8-2 8-30
Thermal efficiency, generator output and,
graph 6-17
Thermal process 15-2 15-3
illustrated 15-3
Thermal properties of aircraft fuels 5-20 5-21
Thermal reforming 1-16 4-4
Thermal stability 2-20 5-18 5-19 6-6
poor 8-8 8-9
tests for 8-6
Thermal value 7-30
Thermofor catalytic cracking process 1-16
Thermostats 7-14
Thick-film lubrication 9-64
Thickening agents for oils and greases 1-25 2-29 2-31 2-39
Thimble ratings on naval test for thermal
stability 8-7 8-8
Thinners 11-9
Thiocyanates, organic 11-36
Thiophene 12-38
Tide 12-19
I-130
Index terms Links
TIFA apparatus for pesticides 11-47
Tin 8-25
Tinting agent, carbon black as 15-15
Tires, petroleum wax used in 10-25
Titanium 14-18
Titusville, Pennsylvania 1-5
TNT 12-3
Tobacco desuckering 11-44
Toluene 1-16 11-9 11-11 12-7
12-12 12-21 12-22 12-38
as solvent 11-17
toxicity of 11-23
and wax removal 1-24
Toluene test by ultraviolet
spectrophotometry 11-22
Toluol 2-29 12-38
Tolylene di-isocyanates 12-38
Torque, viscosity and 9-55
Toxaphene 11-40 11-41
Toxicity, of agricultural pesticides 11-45
of aromatics 11-23 11-24
of herbicides 11-42 11-43
of livestock sprays 11-40
of LP-Gas hydrocarbons 3-35
table 11-24
Tractor diesel engines 6-28 6-29
Tractor fuel 4-3
gasoline as 4-44 4-45
I-131
Index terms Links
Tractor fuel (Continued)
kerosine-type 4-44
LP-Gas as 4-44
Tractor roller lubricants, table 9-103
Trade names of naphthas 11-11
Transformer oils 1-2 9-71 9-72
fluidity of 9-71
moisture in 9-71
Transmission and axle lubricants 9-1
for boundary lubrication 9-26
classification of, table 9-13
fluidity in 9-23
tests for 9-29
Transmissions, boundary lubrication for 9-26
contacts for 9-18
fluidity in 9-23
Transparency of industrial oils 9-72 9-73
Transportation, of LP-Gas 3-16 3-22
of petroleum products 1-7 1-8
Treating agents 1-17
Trialkylphenol inhibitors 2-13
Triboelectricity and aircraft turbine fuels 5-21
Trichloroethylene 12-17 12-30 12-37 12-38
Trichloromethane 12-32
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) 2-11 2-29 2-36 2-47
Triethanolamine 12-38
Triethylene glycol 12-38 12-39
Trinidad 13-1
Trinitrotoluene 12-22
I-132
Index terms Links
Trucks, oil transportation by 1-7 1-8
registrations in United States, chart 4-2
tank, for LP-Gas 3-16 3-17 3-24 3-37
Turbine bearings, lubrication data for 9-46
Turbine oil conditioners 9-140
Turbine oils 1-21 1-22 9-43 9-47
Turbofan aircraft engines 5-3
Turbojet aircraft engines, bypass 5-3
fuel consumption of 5-3
split compressor 5-2 5-3
supplementary fuel injection for 5-5 5-6
Turboprop aircraft 5-1
fuel consumption of 5-3
Tutweiler method of testing LP-Gas 3-13
Twin-spool engines 5-2
Twine and cordage, petroleum wax used for 10-24
U
Ukon fluids, table 9-77 9-107 9-108
Uncompounded lubricating oils 1-2
Undecane in gasoline 4-8
Underground storage of LP-Gas 3-14
Union colorimeter test for naphthas 11-19
Uniontown, Pennsylvania 4-18
Uniontown knock-test method 4-18 4-20
graph 4-19
Unisol gasoline treating process 1-17
United States, aluminum capacity of 14-16 14-17
asphalt consumption in, table 13-17
carbon black produced in, graph 15-1
I-133
Index terms Links
United States, aluminum capacity of (Continued)
carbon and graphite products in 14-18
catalytic reforming in 12-22
coke production in 14-1
crude oil consumption in 1-36
crude oil production in 1-3 8-31
gas turbine engines used in 5-10
LP-GAS, production in 3-7
sales in, table 3-26
pesticide program in 11-47
petrochemical industry in, tables 12-4 12-7
petrochemical output in, charts 12-8 12-9 12-15
tables 12-5 12-6 12-10 12-14
phosphorus production in 14-19
product output of basic industries in, table 4-1
of oil in 1-4
titanium production in 14-18
wax consumption in 10-1 10-13 10-28
table 10-6
wax production in 10-1
U.S. Air Force 5-9
U.S. Army, Gas Warfare Division 3-8
Ordnance Corps 2-4 2-24
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 6-14
U.S. Bureau of Mines 4-13 6-14 6-16 6-20
6-21 6-24 6-31 13-1
reports 3-1 7-3 10-6 12-11
surveys 8-11
I-134
Index terms Links
U.S. Bureau of Standards 6-21
U.S. Department of Agriculture 11-31 11-37 11-40 11-41
11-48 11-50 11-51
U.S. Department of Commerce 8-5 11-41
Bureau of the Census 12-11
U.S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare 4-34 4-36 4-42
U.S. Health Service 2-12 11-51
U.S. Maritime Administration 6-30
U.S. Navy 5-9
U.S. Pharmacopoeia 10-7 10-14 10-15
U.S. Tariff Commission report 12-10 12-11
U.S. Weather Bureau 7-50 16-87
Universal joints, grease for 9-98 9-99
Unsaturated hydrocarbons 1-10 1-15 1-20 1-21
Unsulfonated residue (UR) 11-31 11-44
Upper-cylinder lubricants 2-11 2-12 4-37
Urea 12-17 12-34 12-39
USSR, crude oil production in 1-3
V
Vacuum dehydration reclaiming of
lubricating oil 9-135
Vacuum-still residuum 8-2 8-8 8-23 8-24
Valve and plug-valve lubricating
greases 9-88
Valve and ring sticking 2-12
Valve tappets, lubrication of 9-28
I-135
Index terms Links
Vanadium, in crude oil 1-10
in residual fuel oils 8-24 8-29 8-30 8-32
8-33 8-41
Vanadium contaminants in fuel oils 2-17 2-18
Vapor flow, propane, sizing charts for 3-31 3-32
Vapor lock 4-27 4-28
fuel-pump 4-27
percolation 4-27
Vapor pressure, of aircraft turbine fuels 5-13
of LP-Gas 3-5 3-10 3-11
of motor gasoline 4-27 4-28
laboratory test for 4-28
of naphthas, and safety in handling 11-23
Vaporization, of light heating oils 7-25
of spindle oils 9-66
Vaporization rate 6-4
Vaporizing burners 7-13 7-32
carbon deposits in 7-34
Vapors, removal of, in LP-Gas systems 3-16 3-17
Varnish removers 12-32 12-33 12-36
Varnishes 12-30 12-31 12-33 12-36
Vaseline (see Petrolatum)
Vegetables, cold-wax emulsions for 10-26
wax protection for 10-26
Velocity gradient, equation for 9-7
shearing stress and 9-5
illustrated 9-6
time and 9-7
viscosity and 9-10
I-136
Index terms Links
Venezuela, crude oil reserves in 8-32
Verdant oils 11-32 11-33
Vermicides 12-32
Vertical rotary burners 7-10
Vinyl acetate 12-30
Vinyl chloride 12-17 12-30 12-39
Vinyl cyanide 12-30
Vinylethylene 12-31
Visbreaking operation 8-2 8-8 8-9
Viscose rayon 12-32
Viscose silk 12-31
Viscosity, absolute, defined 9-7 9-8
of aircraft turbine fuels 5-7 5-11 5-12 5-16
of automotive oils 9-5
of crankcase oil, additives 2-19 2-20
of cutback and emulsified asphalt 13-6 13-7
of diesel-engine oil 9-42
of distillate heating oils 7-26 7-27 7-31
effect on oil-flow rate, graph 7-32
measurement of 7-31
and oil temperature at nozzle, graph 7-32
tests for 7-33 7-34
of electric-motor bearing oils 9-55
of engine and machine oil 9-36
foaming and 9-62
of herbicides 11-43
of hydraulic fluids, table 9-57
identification numbers for 9-12 9-13
of kerosine 11-5
I-137
Index terms Links
Viscosity, absolute, defined (Continued)
kinematic 5-16 6-20 9-8
conversion table for 7-34
of liquid asphalts, table 13-8
oil-spray lubrication and 9-70
of paraffin 10-8
pour point and 9-71
aging and 8-35
conversion table for 8-27
and sealing function 9-21
specifying 9-13 9-14
speed and 9-64 9-66
of speed reduction gear oil 9-48
of spray oils 11-31
of steam turbine oils 9-43 9-44
temperature and 8-24 9-9 9-10
at low temperatures 9-22 9-23
tests for 9-13
variation in, illustrated 9-11
and velocity gradient 9-6
of wire-rope lubricant 9-63
Viscosity index (VI), of circulating oils 9-61
of lubricating oils 1-21 1-22 1-24 9-10
numbers for 9-11
Viscosity index improvers 1-24 2-3 2-22 2-23
2-26 2-28 2-48 9-11
9-12
for industrial oils 2-31 2-32
Viscosity range, of compressor oils, table 9-51
of gear oils, table 9-49
I-138
Index terms Links
Viscosity range, of compressor oils, table (Continued)
of instrument oils 9-68
of pneumatic tool oils, table 9-69
of steam turbine oils, table 9-44
Viscosity Reduction Power of Hydrocarbon
Solvents test 11-22
Viscosity specifications 1-12 1-13
Viscosity-temperature charts 9-8
illustrated 9-9
VM & P naphtha 11-12 11-17
Vogt, Carl J. 6-24
Vogt two-phase combustion system,
illustrated 6-25
Volatility, of additives 2-4
of aviation gasoline 4-40 4-41
of distillate heating oils 7-36
of gas turbine aircraft fuel 5-11
of kerosine 11-4
of LP-Gas 3-15
motor fuel 4-24
oil-spray lubrication and 9-70
Volatility limits for gasoline, table 4-31
Volume corrections for LP-Gas 3-33 3-34
Volume-weight relationship of aircraft gas
turbine fuels 5-13 5-14
I-139
Index terms Links
W
Wall-flame rotary burners 7-12 7-13
illustrated 7-12
Warm-air heating systems 7-15 7-16
ceiling-panel 7-16
forced- 7-15 7-16
perimeter 7-16
selecting furnace size for 7-20
small-pipe 7-16
Warp-yarn sizing 10-24
Waste pads as oilers 9-36
Watch oil (see Instrument oils)
Water
as contaminant, of heating oils 7-47 7-48
of residual fuel oil 8-12 8-16 8-20 8-25
8-34
and heat of combustion 8-37 8-38
in crude oil 1-6
and ethanol gasoline blends 4-37
as fuel contaminator 5-16 5-17
in LP-Gas 3-37
oil contamination and 9-128
oil separation from 9-61
solubility of, in aircraft turbine fuels, graph 5-18
in soluble oils 2-42
Water power as source of energy 1-2
Water-pump grease 9-98
Water repellants 2-47
Water resistance of lubricating grease 9-83
I-140
Index terms Links
Water tolerance of aviation gasoline 4-41
Water-vapor test for paraffin wax 10-9
Waterproofing compounds 10-23 10-24 12-34
Wax 1-2 1-8 10-1
consumption of, in United States 10-1 10-28
table 10-6
exporting of 10-28
future of 10-28
in lubricating oils 9-55
melting point of 1-26 10-11 10-17 10-19
10-20 10-22 10-23 10-25
microcrystalline 1-2 1-23 1-26 10-3
10-4 10-11
future of 10-28
illustrated 10-4
oxidized 10-12 10-13
physical properties of, tables 10-11 10-13 10-14
residual 10-11
uses of 10-1 10-12 10-13 10-19
10-23 10-25
oil content of 1-26
paraffin 1-23 1-26 4-9 4-17
10-2 11-11 12-24
composition of 10-6
definition of 10-7
in heating oils 7-28 7-29
smoke point for 7-30
stability of 7-38
illustrated 10-4
natural 10-6
normal 4-24
I-141
Index terms Links
Wax (Continued)
octane number of 4-23
refinement of 10-7
synthetic 10-10 10-11
tests for 10-7
history of 10-1
methods of 10-2
types of, table 10-2
uses of 10-1
industrial 10-17
by volume 10-6
(See also Petrolatum)
Wax distillate 10-2
Wax-naphthalene condensation products as
pour-point depressors 2-23
Wax paper 10-17
Wax pressing, early 10-1 10-2
modern 10-2
Wax removal 1-22 1-23
Wear-resistance improvers 2-19 2-47
table 2-21
Weed killers (see Herbicides)
Weight density of diesel fuel 6-7
Welding, hypoid gears, additives to prevent 2-35
West, the, tar sands in 1-6
West Coast crude oil 11-11
West Virginia 1-32
I-142
Index terms Links
Western Europe, petroleum reserves in 1-4
of oil in 1-4
Wet- and dry-bulb thermometry 8-45 8-46
Wet gas defined 3-7
Wet-waxing of paper 10-17 10-18
Wetting agents 12-34
Wheel bearing lubricant 9-97
Wheel bearings, packing of 9-97 9-98
White crude scale wax 10-3 10-25
White gasoline (see Marine gasoline)
White oils 10-21 10-25 12-24
color of 11-41
for fungicides 11-44
for insecticides 11-47
for livestock sprays 11-41
medicinal 1-21 1-23 1-28
technical 1-2
U.S. Pharmacopoeia 1-2
White Petrolatum 10-15
Wick burners, smoking of 7-30
Wick char, measurement of 7-34 7-35
Wick oilers 9-36 9-37
Wilmington, California 14-11
Winter gasoline 4-26 4-27
Winter plant-spray oils 11-31
Wire-rope lubricants 9-62
application of 9-63 9-64
function of 9-63
operating conditions for 9-62 9-63
I-143
Index terms Links
Wire-rope lubricants (Continued)
table of lubricants 9-103
use of 9-62
Wire-rope lubricators, illustrated 9-62
Wood alcohol 12-36 12-39
Woodworking plants, grease used in 9-110
World War I 11-35 12-2 12-3
World War II 1-35 1-36 2-24 4-4
4-38 7-3 7-4 8-2
10-1 10-10 10-18 10-23
10-28 11-30 11-36 11-37
11-46 12-3 12-17 15-4
Worm gears, additives used in lubricants 2-35
lubrication of 9-41
Wrapping material, microcrystalline wax
used in 10-14
waxing of 10-17
X
Xylene 11-9 11-11 12-7 12-12
12-21 12-39
evaporation rate of 11-46
properties of 11-46
as solvent 11-17
toxicity of 11-23
Xylidines 12-39
Xylol 12-39
I-144
Index terms Links
Z
Zinc in residual fuel oil 8-25
Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates 2-34
Zinc dithiophosphates 2-19 2-20
Zinc naphthenate 8-31
Zinc oxide in solid lubricants 2-39

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