CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD
In this study, the writer will discuss the Research Design, Population and
Sample, Research Variables, Research Instrument, Research Procedures,
Technique of Collecting the Data, Technique of naly!ing the Data, and nalysis
of Variance "#$V%&
3.1 Research Design
In this study the writer uses e'perimental method& ccording to (ohnson
")*+*, )-.% says that /The most essential characteristic of an e'periment is that
the researcher manipulates the independent 0ariable, that is the researcher designs
and sets up the e'perimental and control treatments&
In addition, the essential characteristic of a true e'periment is that sub1ects
are randomly assigned to the e'perimental and control groups& ccording to
2raen3el and 4allen "5665, 57)% states that,
/8'perimental Research is a type of research that directly
attempts influence a particular 0ariable, and it is the only type
that can really test hypothesis about cause9and9effect
relationship& 8'perimental designs are some of the strongest
a0ailable for educational researchers to use in determining
cause and effect:&
;ased on ;rown<s statement "566)% says that /n experiment is a process or
study that results in the collection of data& The results of e'periments are not
3nown in ad0ance& =sually, statistical e'periments are conducted in situations in
which researchers can manipulate the conditions of the e'periment and can
7+
control the factors:& 4hile according to #unan ")**5, 57% say that /8'periment is
the appropriate method for collecting and analy!ing data, generally, e'periment
are carried out in order to e'plore the strength of relationship between 0ariables&
8'perimental is the study where the researcher loo3s at the effects of one
independent 0ariable to one dependent 0ariable that at the end should test the
hypothesis& The independent 0ariable in e'perimental is also frequently referred to
as the treatment 0ariable, and dependent also 3nown as the criterion or outcome
0ariable& There are three characteristics of e'perimental method such as,
Comparison of groups, manipulate the independent 0ariable, using purposi0e
sampling&
ry "566>, ??.% mentions that /e'perimental research has some
characteristics as follows, ")% manipulation or treatment of an independent
0ariable@ "5% other e'traneous 0ariables are controlled@ and "?% effect is obser0ed
of the manipulation of the independent 0ariable on the dependent 0ariable:& This
e'perimental research is aimed at obser0ing whether there is an interaction
between teaching technique and students< linguistic intelligence to teach writing&
The technique used in the e'perimental class is clustering while used in control
group is direct instruction& 8ach group is classified into two different le0els of
linguistic intelligence, high and low&
The design can be seen in table below,
7*
Table 3.1
Table of Research Plan
Teaching method
Student linguistic
intelligence
Collaborati0e
4riting
A)
Direct
Instruction
A5
Bigh "C)% A) C) A5 C)
Dow "C5% A) C5 A5 C5
#ote,
A) E Collaborati0e writing
A5 E Direct Instruction
C) E Students who ha0e high Dinguistic Intelligence
C5 E Student who ha0e low Dinguistic Intelligence
A) C) E Students who ha0e high Dinguistic Intelligence who are taught by
Collaborati0e writing
A) C5 E Students who ha0e low Dinguistic Intelligence who are taught by
Direct Instruction
A5 C) E Students who ha0e high Dinguistic Intelligence who are taught by
Collaborati0e writing
A5 C5 E Students who ha0e low Dinguistic Intelligence who are taught by
Direct instruction&
;ased on these statements, it can be concluded that e'perimental research is
the manipulati0e research to 3now the causal effect between the 0ariables by
controlling the 0ariable in order to get the comparison& This research is important
to de0elop the inno0ation which is useful to increase the quality of learners&
3.2 Popla!ion an" Sa#ple
ri3unto "5667, ))+% /population is all sub1ect of a research:& 4hile
ccording to 2ran3el and 4allen in their boo3 entitled in education /population is
the group to which the result of the study is intended to apply:& The population of
.6
this research is the se0en grader students of FTs Mahadut Tholabah consist of
?5. students that it is di0ided into )6 classes and for each class contains of ?6
students& It is di0ided into )6 classes ", ;, C, D, 8, 2, G, B, I and (%&
2ran3el and 4allen ")**?, >*% states that, /sample is a group in a research
study on which information is obtained:& 4hile ccording to Sugiyono "566*%
/sample is a smaller number of obser0ations ta3en from the total number ma3ing
up a gi0en population:& The sample of this research is chosen by using cluster
sampling& ccording to ri3unto "566.% : The sampling is the unit chosen which
is not at indi0idual but a group of indi0idual who are naturally together: ;ased on
the e'planation abo0e, the writer ta3es class VIII and class VIII G as the
random sample&
3.3 Research $ariables
In an e'periment, according to Creswell "566+% /The independent 0ariable
is an attribute or characteristic that fluencies of affect or outcome dependent
0ariable& n about the dependent 0ariable is an attribute or characteristic that is
dependent on or influenced by independent 0ariable "dependent 0ariable can be
measured using categorical scores%: This research has three 0ariables the first is
dependent 0ariables is writing s3ill in narrati0e te't, while the Independent
0ariables collaborati0e writing and direct instruction the moderate 0ariable is
linguistic intelligence&
3.% Research Ins!r#en!s
The instrument will be used by the writer are test and also questioners the
test will be used is achie0ement test consists of Pre9test and also Post9test, beside
.)
that the writer will use questionnaire to complete his research obser0ation and to
calculate the students< linguistic intelligence&
3.%.1 Pre&!es!
Pre9test was employed to both groups as the first step of the study& This
was purposed to obtain the data of the students< writing 3nowledge and to find out
that students from both groups had the same capability of 8nglish before they
recei0ed the treatment&
3.4.2 Pos!&!es!
The study employed the post9test at the end of the study& It measured the
students< writing mastery after the treatments& It was employed in both groups@
e'perimental and control group& This was intended to find the differences between
students< score of both groups& This test comprised one questions& It was same as
the pre9test which consisted of flashcards and 0ocabulary taught& 4hile in the
post9test, the numbers of items were changed&
3.%.3 'es!ionnaire
Huestionnaire is useful and crucial since the researcher can clarify questions
that are needed to gain more information from the respondents "lwasilah, 56)),
?7%& The questionnaire were conducted at the last section of the study& The
Huestionnaire were done indi0idually in the form of close ended questions&
To 3now whether the test as instrument good or not, so the following test
used,
.5
)& Validity
ccording to ;oyle "566>, --% content 0alidity is concerned with the
degree to which the test question fairly represent what the test is intended to
measure& 2urthermore, a test is said to ha0e content 0alidity if its content
constitutes a representati0e sample of the language s3ills, structures, etc&
with which it is meant to be concerned& ccording to Bughes ")**., 55% It is
especially useful when e0aluating the usefulness of achie0ement test that
sample a particular area of 3nowledge& In this research, the researcher wants
to 3now the students< s3ill in writing& Therefore, the test was written test& To
calculate the 0alidity of essay we can use the formula of 3oefisien Product
Moment which uses basic number, then we insert it into t by using formula
as follow,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5
5
5
5
&
&




=
Y Y N X X N
Y X XY N
r
xy
"ri3unto, 566-, )>6%
4here,
r
xy
E Ioefision of correlation
N E #umber of students
X E Score of the students
Y E Total of the score
In this study tests the 0alidity of using Product Foment Pearson
correlation coefficient& Item questionnaire declared 0alid or in0alid, if
rcountJ rtable, 0alidity test performed on class VII ; totaling ?6
respondents, so we get rcount with ?6 respondents was 6,?-)& ;ased on the
.?
0alidity of the test results conducted by using SPSS )>, then each item about
Dinguistic Intelligence declared in0alid because rcount each questionnaire
item on rtable 0alue, 6&?-)&
Table 3.2
Table of $ali"i!( Tes! Ins!r#en!s
No Rcount Rtable Means
1 0,645 0.361 Valid
2 0,622 0.361 Valid
3 0,618 0.361 Valid
4 0,566 0.361 Valid
5 0,857 0.361 Valid
6 0,376 0.361 Valid
7 0,479 0.361 Valid
8 0,582 0.361 Valid
9 0,743 0.361 Valid
10 0,861 0.361 Valid
11 0,386 0.361 Valid
12 0,865 0.361 Valid
13 0,642 0.361 Valid
14 0,710 0.361 Valid
15 0,645 0.361 Valid
16 0,585 0.361 Valid
17 0,734 0.361 Valid
18 0,681 0.361 Valid
19 0,595 0.361 Valid
20 0,695 0.361 Valid
5& Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency of the measurement& The
researcher used Pearson Product Moment& It is because the reliability test
constructed by Pearson has to aim to see correlation between two 0ariables&
In this case, researcher counted the reliability of one class test& To calculate
the reliabilitas essay we can use formula Alpha it is based "(ihad dan Baris,
566*, )+6% that is,
.7

=

5
5
))
)
)
t
i
S
S
n
n
r
4here,
r
))
E 3oefisien reliability of instrument
n E Total number of the question

5
i
S
E Total 0arians score for each question
S
t
E the total score of 0arians
4hile to calculate the 0ariants score we can use the formula,
( )
N
N
x
x
S
i
i
i
5
5
5

=
Ieterangan,
x
i
E s3or tiap butir soal
N E banya3nya sampel
Table 3.3
In!er)al Coefficien!s of Reliabili!(
In!er)al Coefficien! Reliabili!(
6,66 K 6,)** Very low
6,56 K 6,?** Dow
6,76 K 6,.** 8nough
6,-6 K 6,>** Strong
6,+6 K ),666 Very strong
Reliability test results on Dinguistic Intelligence questionnaire
showed that the Cronbach lpha coefficient 0alue is 6&*56 which means
Very strong, this indicates that the matter is reliable&
The criteria of writing process, the writer follows based on the
Cohen<s statement& The writer ta3es four ma1or elements to be e0aluating in
..
students< writing test, Content, $rgani!ation, Support and Con0ention, as
follows,
Table 3.%
Rbric of Scoring
The main idea was clearly stated, The essay was well
organi!ed, The choice of words was good, Very few
minor grammatical errors
7
>- K )66
The main idea was fairly clear, The essay was moderately
well organi!ed, The 0ocabulary was good, Some minor
grammatical errors
? .) K >.
The main idea was indicate, but not clearly& The essay was
not so well organi!ed, The 0ocabulary choice was fair,
Some ma1or grammatical errors
5
5- K .6
The main idea was hard to identify, The essay was poorly
organi!ed, The 0ocabulary was wea3, Fany grammatical
errors
) ) K 5.
The writer will use four aspects to gi0e score for the students<
answer& They were content, organi!ation, content, support and con0ention&
The minimum score is ) and the ma'imum score is 7& So, the students get
)66 points if they are able to write correctly& The scores become more
meaningful numerical data if they are con0erting to numerical data& It is
intended to see the significant difference result between two scores&
3.* Techni+e of Collec!ing !he Da!a
This research is e'perimental and it used quantitati0e data ta3en from the
students< writing scores& The first data were pre9test and also post9test& In
collecting the data, the writer will use test as the main instrument for getting the
real data from the students& ;eside that, to add and to complete the real data, the
writer will collect another data by presenting the questionnaire to the students&
.-
( )
N
X
X x
t t
5
) 5 5

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N
X
n
X
n
X
n
X
n
X
x
t
b
5
7
5
7
?
5
?
5
5
5
)
5
) 5

+ + + =
The result of questionnaire will be used to get the real data about the students<
linguistic intelligence&
3., Techni+e of Anal(-ing !he Da!a
Data analysis is the process of analy!ing the data ha0e been got by the
writer during the research in order to get result of the research& The first data is
ta3e this research is e'perimental and it used quantitati0e data ta3en from the
students< writing scores& The first data were pre9test and also post9test& In
collecting the data, the writer will use test as the main instrument for getting the
real data from the students& ;eside that, to add and to complete the real data, the
writer will collect another data by presenting the questionnaire to the students&
The result of questionnaire will be used to get the real data about the students<
writing s3ill&
2rom the students< score both pre test and also post test, and the second one
is from the presenting of questionnaire to 3now the data about the students<
writing s3ill& ll the data within then learning process were collected&
Then the step used to calculate 5 ' 5 #$V is as follows,
)& The total sum of squares,
5& The sum of squares between groups,
.>

=
5 5
)
5
b w
x x x
( ) ( ) ( )
N
X
n
X
n
X
x
c
c
c
c
bc
5
)
5
5
5
)
5
) 5

+ =
( ) ( ) ( )
N
X
n
X
n
X
x
r
r
r
r
br
5
)
5
5
5
)
5
) 5

+ =
( )

+ =
5 5 5
int br bc b
x x x x
?& The sum of squares within groups,
7& The sum between9columns of squares,
.& The sum between9rows of squares,
-& The sum of squares interaction,
>& The number of degree of freedom associated with each source of 0ariation
df for between 9 columns sum of squares E C K )
df for between 9 rows sum of squares E R K )
df for interaction "C9)% "R9)%
df for between 9 groups sum of squares E G K )
df for within 9 columns sum of squares E
% ) "n
df for total sum of square E # K )
C E the number of columns
R E the number of rows
G E the number of groups
n E the number of sub1ect of one groups
# E the number of sub1ect of all groups
The following is the table for summari!ing 5 ' 5 #$V,
.+
Table 7&7 Design for Summari!ing #$V
Sorce of $ariance SS Df MS .
o
.
!/.0*1
.
!/.011
;etween columns
"Teaching Fethod%
;etween rows "Foti0ation%
Columns by rows "Interaction%
;etween groups
4ithin groups
Total
3.,.1 Anal(sis of $ariance /A2O$A1
In this study, the researcher proposes three hypotheses& These hypotheses are
based on the formulation of the problems as presented in the pre0ious chapter and
will be illustrated through null hypotheses&
)& Collaborati0e writing is effecti0e to impro0e the students< writing s3ill at
the Se0en Graders of Islamic (unior Bigh School Fa<hadut Tholabah
;aba3an
Bo , L
) E
L
5
B
)
, L
) J
L
5
Bo , There is no effecti0e to impro0e the students< writing s3ill&
B
)
, collaborati0e writing effecti0e to impro0e the students< writing
s3ill
5& Direct Instruction is effecti0e to impro0e the students< writing s3ill at the
Se0en Graders of Islamic (unior Bigh School Mahadut Tholabah
;aba3an
Bo , L A
) E
L A
5
B
)
, L A
) J
L A
5
Bo , There is no effecti0e to impro0e the students< writing s3ill&
B
)
, Direct Instruction effecti0e to impro0e the students< writing s3ill
.*
?& Collaborati0e writing and direct instruction are effecti0e to impro0e the
students< writing s3ill toward linguistic intelligence at the Se0en Graders
of Islamic (unior Bigh School Mahadut Tholabah ;aba3an&
Bo , L A
) E
L A
5
B
)
, L A
) J
L A
5
Bo , Collaborati0e writing and direct instruction are no effecti0e to
impro0e the students< writing s3ill toward linguistic intelligence&
B
)
, Collaborati0e writing and direct instruction are effecti0e to
impro0e the students< writing s3ill toward linguistic intelligence&
7& The teaching writing s3ill through collaborati0e writing can impro0e the
students< writing s3ill with low and high linguistic intelligence at the
Se0en Graders of Islamic (unior Bigh School Mahadut Tholabah
;aba3an&
Bo , L A
) E
L A
5
B
)
, L A
) J
L A
5
Bo , The teaching writing s3ill through collaborati0e writing can not
impro0e the students< writing s3ill with low and high linguistic
intelligence&
B
)
, The teaching writing s3ill through collaborati0e writing can
impro0e the students< writing s3ill with low and high linguistic
intelligence e&
.& Collaborati0e writing is more effecti0e than direct instruction to impro0e
students< writing s3ill&
Bo , L A
) E
L A
5
B
)
, L A
) J
L A
5
Bo , Collaborati0e writing is no more effecti0e than direct instruction
to impro0e students< writing s3ill&
B
)
, Collaborati0e writing is no more effecti0e than direct instruction
to impro0e students< writing s3ill&
-6