The experiment aims to investigate how the type of electrodes affects the products formed during electrolysis. Sodium chloride solution will be electrolyzed using different electrode combinations, including carbon and copper electrodes. The gases produced at each electrode will be tested and recorded. It is hypothesized that the type of electrode determines the type of product gas formed during electrolysis, with hydrogen and chlorine gases expected at carbon electrodes and sodium metal at the copper cathode.
The experiment aims to investigate how the type of electrodes affects the products formed during electrolysis. Sodium chloride solution will be electrolyzed using different electrode combinations, including carbon and copper electrodes. The gases produced at each electrode will be tested and recorded. It is hypothesized that the type of electrode determines the type of product gas formed during electrolysis, with hydrogen and chlorine gases expected at carbon electrodes and sodium metal at the copper cathode.
The experiment aims to investigate how the type of electrodes affects the products formed during electrolysis. Sodium chloride solution will be electrolyzed using different electrode combinations, including carbon and copper electrodes. The gases produced at each electrode will be tested and recorded. It is hypothesized that the type of electrode determines the type of product gas formed during electrolysis, with hydrogen and chlorine gases expected at carbon electrodes and sodium metal at the copper cathode.
Form 4 2.1 Determine the melting point of pure naphthalene
2.2 Rate of diffuion in !ater ".1 #ompare the rea$ti%it& of the Group 1 element !ith !ater ".2 #ompare the rea$ti%it& of the halogen !ith iron '.1 #ompare the ioni$ and $o%alent $ompound (.1 The fa$tor of the poition of ion (.2 The fa$tor of pe$ifi$ ele$trode (.) The fa$tor of $on$entration of ion (." To $ontru$t an ele$tro$hemi$al $ell *.1 The role of !ater in ho!ing the propertie of a$id *.2 The relationhip +et!een $on$entration of a$id and p, %alue *.) The trength of different a$id of the ame $on$entration -.1 An ioni$ e.uation for the formation of lead/II0 iodide 1.1 ,ardne of Allo& and Pure Metal 1.2 Reitan$e to rut of Allo& and Pure Metal Form 5 12.1 The effe$t of i3e of 3in$ on the rate of rea$tion 12.2 The effe$t of $on$entration of olution on the rate of rea$tion 12.) The effe$t of temperature of olution on the rate of rea$tion 12." The effe$t of $atal&t on the rate of rea$tion 11.1 Differentiate the al4ane and al4ene 11.2 Prepare the t!o t&pe of eter +& uing different al$ohol 11.) The elati$it& for %ul$ani3ed ru++er and un%ul$anied ru++er
12.1 The effe$t of different metal on the ruting of iron 12.2 #ontru$t the rea$ti%it& erie +aed on the rea$ti%it& of metal !ith o5&gen 12.) The a+ilit& of magneium and lead to redu$e $ar+on dio5ide 1).1 ,eat of dipla$ement 1).2 ,eat of neutrali3ation PN NGU UNG LIN Page 1 PLANNING EXPERIMENT 2014 1).) ,eat of #om+ution 1".1 Effe$ti%ene of oap and detergent 1. /a0 Pro+lem tatement 6 ,o! doe temperature affe$t the rate of diffuion in !ater 7 /+0 Manipulated 8aria+le 6 Temperature of !ater Reponding 8aria+le6 Rate of diffuion /in !ater0 #ontrol 8aria+le 6 Ma of potaium manganate /8II09 !ater /$0 ,&pothei 6 The higher the temperature of !ater9 the higher the rate of diffuion of potaium manganate/8II0 parti$le in !ater. /d0 Material 6 Apparatu 6 1.2 mol dm :) potaium manganate/8II0 olution9 ditilled !ater9 hot !ater ;(2 o # Tet tu+e9 tet tu+e ra$49 dropper. /e0 Pro$edure 6
/10 La+el t!o tet tu+e a tet tu+e A and tet tu+e <. /20 =ill tet tu+e A !ith ' $m ) of ditilled !ater and tet tu+e < filled !ith ' $m ) of hot ditilled !ater ; (2 o #. /)0 Pla$e +oth tet tu+e on a tet tu+e ra$4. /"0 >ing a dropper9 put one drop of potaium manganate/8II0 olution ea$h into tet tu+e A and tet tu+e <. /'0 ?+er%e and re$ord an& $hange in ea$h tet tu+e.
/f0 Ta+ulation of data 6 PN NGU UNG LIN Page 2 The rate of diffuion in !ater depend on the temperature. Test tube Observation A < PLANNING EXPERIMENT 2014 2. /a0 Pro+lem tatement 6 ,o! doe the melting point of pure naphthalene and impure naphthalene differ 7 /+0 /All the %aria+le0 Manipulated 8aria+le 6 T&pe of naphthalene ;; pure naphthalene and impure naphthalene Reponding 8aria+le6 Melting point /of naphthalene0 #ontrol 8aria+le 6 Ma of naphthalene9 (c) /$0 @tatement of the h&pothei 6 Pure naphthalene ha a fi5ed melting point ;of -2 o #9 !herea impure naphthalene ha no fi5ed melting point. /d0 Material 6 Apparatu 6 Pure naphthalene9 impure naphthalene9 !ater <oiling tu+e9 +ea4er9 thermometer9 tripod tand9 lighter9 retort tand9 !ire gau3e9 <unen +urner and top!at$h /e0 Pro$edure 6 1. A +oiling tu+e i filled !ith pure naphthalene po!der until 1;) full and a thermometer i put into it. 2. The +oiling tu+e i upended in a +ea4er half filled !ith !ater. ). The !ater i heated lo!l&. ". Ahen the temperature of naphthalene i rea$hed (2 o #9 the top!at$h i tarted. '. The naphthalene i tirred lo!l& !ith the thermometer. (. The temparature of naphthalene i re$orded at )2 e$ond inter%al until the temperature rea$he 12 o #. *. The e5periment i repeated +& repla$ing pure naphthalene !ith impure naphthalene. -. A graph of temperature againt time i plotted for +oth pure and impure naphthalene to determine their the melting point. /f0 Ta+ulation of data ; Pure naphthalene Impure naphthalene Time/0 Temperature/B#0 Time/0 Temperature/B#0 2 )2 (2 12 PN NGU UNG LIN Page ) Pure napthalene ha a fi5ed melting point9 impure napthalane do not. PLANNING EXPERIMENT 2014 ). /a0 Pro+lem tatement 6 ,o! doe the rea$ti%it& of the Group 1 element !ith !ater $hange a going do!n the group7 /+0 Manipulated 8aria+le 6 Group 1 element ;T&pe of al4ali metal ; lithium9 odium and potaium Reponding 8aria+le6 Rea$ti%it& of Group 1 element #ontrol 8aria+le 6 Aater9 i3e of Group 1 element ued /$0 /$0 @tatement of the h&pothei 6 : Ahen going do!n Group 1 in the Periodi$ Ta+le of Element9 the rea$ti%it& of Group 1 element !ith !ater in$reae. /d0 Material 6 Apparatu 6 Aater9 lithium9 odium9 potaium9and filter paper. Aater trough /uita+le $ontainer09 for$ep and 4nife9 !hite tile /e0 Pro$edure 6 1. #ut a mall pie$e of lithium uing a 4nife. 2. Remo%e the oil la&er on the lithium +& $leaning it !ith filter paper. ). =ill a !ater trough until half full !ith !ater. ". >ing for$ep9 pla$e the lithium lo!l& into the !ater trough. '. ?+er%e and re$ord all the $hange. (. @tep 1 to ' are repeated repla$ing lithium !ith odium and potaium. /f0 Ta+ulation of data 6 PN NGU UNG LIN Page " Group1 element ho! imilar $hemi$al propertie. Group 1 element $an +e arranged in a$ending order of their rea$ti%it& +aed on their rea$tion !ith !ater. Type of Group 1 element Observation Lithium @odium Potaium PLANNING EXPERIMENT 2014 ". /a0 Aim of the e5periment 6 To $ompare the rea$ti%it& of the halogen to!ard iron. /+0 Manipulated 8aria+le 6 T&pe of halogen ;; Group 1* element ;; $hlorine9 +romine and iodine Reponding 8aria+le6 Rea$ti%it& of the halogen to!ard iron. #ontrol 8aria+le 6: Iron !ool /$0 @tatement of the h&pothei 6 Ahen going do!n Group 1* in the Periodi$ Ta+le of Element9 the rea$ti%it& of the halogen !ith iron de$reae. /d0 Material 6 Apparatu 6 #hlorine ga9 +romine ga9 iodine ga9 oda lime9 iron !ool. #om+ution tu+e9 <unen +urner9 retort tand and $lamp /e0 Pro$edure 6 1. A mall roll of iron !ool i pla$ed in the middle of a $om+ution tu+e and heated trongl&. 2. #hlorine ga i paed through the heated iron !ool. ). The e5$e $hlorine ga i a+or+ed +& the oda lime. ". ?+er%e and re$ord an& $hange that o$$ur. '. @tep 1 C " are repeated +& repla$ing $hlorine !ith +romine and iodine. /f0 Ta+ulation of data 6 PN NGU UNG LIN Page ' Ahen going do!n Group 1* in the Periodi$ Ta+le of Element9 the rea$ti%it& of the halogen de$reae. Type of halogen Observation #hlorine <romine Iodine PLANNING EXPERIMENT 2014 '. /a0 Aim of the e5periment; To $ompare the propertie of ioni$ and $o%alent $ompound. /+0 Manipulated 8aria+le 6 Napthalene dan lead/II0 +romide Reponding 8aria+le6 Ele$tri$al $ondu$ti%it& #ontrol 8aria+le 6 #ar+on ele$trode (c) /$0 @tatement of the h&pothei 6 Ioni$ $ompound $an $ondu$t ele$tri$it& in the molten tate +ut the $o%alent $ompound $annot $ondu$t ele$tri$it& e%en in molten tate . /d0 Material 6 Apparatu 6 @olid lead/II0 +romide9 naphthalene #ru$i+le9 +atter&9 +ul+;ammeter9 !it$h9 $onne$ting !ire !ith $ro$odile $lip9 2 $ar+on ele$trode9 triangle $la&9 tripod tand9 <unen +urner /e0 Pro$edure 6 1. =ill a $ru$i+le !ith olid lead/II0 +romide9 P+<r2 until it i half full. 2. #onne$t the +atter&9 +ul+ and !it$h uing $onne$ting !ire to the ele$trode. ). Turn on the !it$h and o+er%e !hether the +ul+ light up or not. ". ,eat the olid lead/II0 +romide9 P+<r2 until it melt. '. Turn on the !it$h and o+er%e again !hether the +ul+ light up or not. (. Repeat tep 1 to ' uing naphthalene9 #12,-. /f0 Ta+ulation of data 6 PN NGU UNG LIN Page ( Ioni$ $ompound $an $ondu$t ele$tri$it& in a.ueou and molten tate +ut $o%alent $ompound $annot $ondu$t ele$tri$it& in all tate. ompoun! Observation "" #lectrical con!uctivity Molten Nahpthalene Molten Lead/II0 +romide
PLANNING EXPERIMENT 2014 (. /a0 Pro+lem tatement 6 ,o! doe the poition of ion in the ele$tro$hemi$al erie affe$t the ele$ti%e di$harge of ion at the ele$trode7 /+0 Manipulated 8aria+le 6 Poition of ion in the ele$tro$hemi$al erie. Reponding 8aria+le6 Ion di$harged at the ele$trode #ontrol 8aria+le 6 #on$entration of ele$trol&te9 t&pe of ele$trode9 duration of ele$trol&i /$0 /$0 @tatement of the h&pothei 6 : The lo!er the poition of ion in the ele$tro$hemi$al erie9 the higher i the tenden$& for the ion to +e di$harged /d0 Material 6 Apparatu 6 2.' mol dm :) odium nitrate9 NaN?) olution9 2.' mol dm :)
$opper/II0nitrate9 #u/N?)02 olution9 2.' mol dm :) odium ulphate9 Na2@?" olution <atterie9 $ar+on ele$trode9 $onne$ting !ire !ith $ro$odile $lip9 ammeter9 ele$trol&ti$ $ell9 tet tu+e9 !ooden plinter9 lighter. /e0 Pro$edure 6 1. =ill the ele$trol&ti$ $ell !ith 2.' mol dm :) odium nitrate9 NaN?) olution until it i half full. 2. #onne$t the +atter&9 ammeter and +oth ele$trode !ith ele$trol&ti$ $ell uing $onne$ting !ire. ). Turn on the !it$h. ". ?+er%e !hat happen at the anode and the $athode. '. Tet the preen$e of an& ga produ$ed uing the plinter. (. Re$ord &our o+er%ation in the ta+le. *. Repeat tep 1 to ( +& repla$ing odium nitrate9 NaN?) olution !ith $opper/II0nitrate9 #u/N?)02 olution9 odium ulphate9 Na2@?" olution /f0 Ta+ulation of data 6 Ele$trol&te Ion preent in ele$trol&te ?+er%ation Anode #athode @odium nitrate olution #opper/II0 nitrate PN NGU UNG LIN Page * In an a.ueou olution9 h&drogen ion9 , D and h&dro5ide ion9 ?, : are preent together !ith other ion from the olute. The poition of ion in the ele$tro$hemi$al erie affe$t the ele$ti%e di$harge of ion at the ele$trode PLANNING EXPERIMENT 2014 olution @odium ulphate olution *. (a) Problem statement : Does the type of electrodes affect the type of products formed during the electrolysis ? (b) Manipulated Variable : Types of electrodes Responding Variable: Types of products at the anode ontrol Variable : Type and concentration of electrolyte (c) (c) !tatement of the hypothesis : "hen copper electrodes are used instead of carbon electrods# the types of products formed at the anode and the cathode are different. (d) Material : $pparatus : %.& mol dm '( copper())) sulphate# u!*+ solution ,atteries# carbon electrodes# copper electrodes# connecting -ires -ith crocodile clips# ammeter# electrolytic cell# electronic balance# sandpaper -ooden splinter# lighter. (e) Procedure : &. lean the carbon electrodes -ith sandpaper "eigh the anode and cathode indi.idually# and record your readings. /. Pour the copper())) sulphate u!*+ solution into the electrolytic cell -ith carbon electrodes (. onnect the batteries and ammeter -ith electrolytic cell using connecting -ire. +. Turn on the s-itch for &0 minutes 0. Ta1e out the anode# -ash it# dry it and then -eigh it using an electronic balance 2. Repeat steps & to 3 using copper electrodes to replace carbon electrodes 3. Record all reading and obser.ations. (f) Tabulation of data : 4lectrode *bser.ation Mass of the anode (g) ,efore $fter PN NGU UNG LIN Page - The ue of $ar+on ele$trode in the ele$trol&i of an ele$trol&te of $opper/II0 ulphate9 #u@?" olution ma& &ield different produ$t !hen the& are repla$ed !ith $opper ele$trod. PLANNING EXPERIMENT 2014 arbon opper 5. PN NGU UNG LIN Page 1