General Description

Transformer construction and working

Materials used in the transformer
Magnetic circuit in a transformer
Windings and Insulation
Standards required and Site conditions
Technical parameters specified for the design
Transformer parts and Design considerations of
transformer
Applications and types of transformers
Different types of faults occurred in transformer
Protection and protection types of a transformer
Transformer accessories
Environmental pollution and safety aspect









As Generators and transformers are major components of a power system, so it is quite
necessary to take all the preventive measures for the protection of transformers and
generators.
These are the following ways (ANSI codes) we use to protect transformers and generators
from faults:


87/G1
Generator differential protection (87/G1): the protection is provided with high speed, high
stability circulating current relays. The relays has a pick up range of 10 to 40% of 5A and shall
have suitable stabilizing for ensuring stability against external faults. The relays shall be tuned
to fundamental frequency to reject harmonics produced by CT saturation.

87/GT1
Generator-transformer differential protection (87/GT1): the diff. relays for the generator-
transformer has to be of sensitive high speed percentage bias type with harmonic restraint and
has CT ratio matching devices.
The relay should have all required restraints to make it inoperative for fault current,
magnetizing inrush current and abnormal magnetizing inrush current during short time over
voltage conditions.
87T1A
Unit auxiliary transformer differential protection (87T1A): percentage biased differential relays
are used along with ratio matching device. The relay shall not operate for magnetizing inrush
current. High set instantaneous over current relays shall be provided in series with the previous
relay, set for magnetizing inrush current, for fast protection from internal faults.
64GI
Generator stator earth fault protection (64GI): the stator earth fault protection shall consist of a
zero sequence voltage relay connected to the broken delta winding of generator voltage
transformer. The protection shall act to initiate a time-delayed signal only and hence the relay
shall be continuously rated for 110V.
The relay shall incorporate arrangements to make it insensitive to third harmonic voltages.
87TG
Generator inter-turn protection (87TG): the protection shall be by means of an instantaneous
over current relay. The relay shall incorporate filtering arrangements to make it inoperative for
third harmonics. The relay shall have suitable range to cover 20-50% of generator current.
64-1,64-2
Generator rotor earth fault protection(64-1,64-2): the first rotor earth fault of generator shall be
detected by means of super imposing of separate Dc bias on the field winding. The DC bias
shall be such that the faults at any point in the winding are covered by the protection. Also the
relay shall withstand the voltage encountered. Second rotor earth fault protection for
generators shall also be provided, with suitable relays common for two units.
The protection shall incorporate feature for compensating the effects of induced alternating
currents in rotor circuit and shall have minimum dead zone.
40G
Generator loss of field protection (40G): this protection shall be single phase off set impedance
type. The relays shall have impedance settings to cover the usual range of impedance of large
turbo generators.
21G
Generator backup protection(21G): the generator backup relay shall be of three phase
impedance type for one zone protection together with required auxiliary relays and two stage
timer to give backup protection for faults in the generator, main transformer and transmission
system.
46G
Generator negative sequence current protection(46G): the negative sequence current relays
shall protect the generator from damage by overheating due to sustained flow of unbalanced
phase currents, and the operating characteristics of the relay shall be adjustable to match I2Rt
thermal characteristics
67-1G, 67-2G
Generator under power and anti motoring protection (67-1G, 67-2G): the step up transformer
back up earth fault protection current relays shall be of IDMT characteristics. One of the two
relays shall be set with higher time dial setting to provide second stage of protection.
51G
Generator overload protection(51G): one over current relay shall be provided to initiate an
overload alarm. The relay shall have high reset ratio and adequate continuous thermal rating.
59G
Generator over voltage protection(59G): suitable over-voltage relays preferably with volt/cycle
characteristics shall be provided.
50T1A
Back-up protection for unit auxiliary transformer(50T1A): Two instantaneous over current
relays with an external DC timer shall be provided for back-up protection for unit 6.6 kV bus
bar.
95G
Fuse failure protection(95G): This protection shall block the operation of all protections
associated with voltage circuits in the event of failure of a fuse of generator.
86G and 86GT
Lockout relays(86G and 86GT): lockout relays shall be provided for each generator unit which
will be multi contact , hand reset type. The latching mechanism shall be positive and
insensitive to vibration and shock
SOURCE: Internet and several books of Electrical Engineering