Fluid Ch.1

Chapter (1)
Fluids and their

Properties

Page (1)

Fluids and their Properties Fluid Mechanics

Dr.Khalil M. Al-astal Eng. Ahmed S. Al-Agha
Fluids
(Liquids or gases) which a substance deforms continuously, or flows,
when subjected to shearing forces.
If a fluid is at rest, there are no shearing forces acting.
In fluids we usually deal with continuous streams of fluid without
beginning or end.
Shear Stress in Moving Particles
If fluid is in motion, shear stress are developed this occur if the fluid
particles move relative to each other with different velocities.
However, if the fluid velocity is the same at every point (fluid particles are at
rest relative to each other), no shear stress will be produced.
The following figure exhibit the velocity profile in a circular pipe:

Note that fluid next to the pipe wall has zero velocity (fluid sticks to wall),
But if the fluid moved away from the wall, velocity increases to maximum.
Change in velocity (v) with distance(y) is (velocity gradient):
velocity giauient =
uv
uy

This also called (rate of shear strain)
v
y
v=f(y)

Page (2)


Newtons Law of Viscosity:
=
uv
uy
(Pa = Nm
2
)
= sheai stiess.
= uynamic viscosity (will be uiscusseu latei).
uv
uy
= velocity giauient
Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Fluid
Newtonian Fluids:
Fluids obey () Newtons law of viscosity are Newtonian fluids.
For this type of fluids, there is a linear relationship between shear stress
and the velocity gradient.
Dynamic viscosity () is the slope of the line.
Dynamic viscosity () is constant for a fluid at the same temperature.
As temperature increase () decreases slope uecieases.
Most common fluids are Newtonian, for example: Air, Water, Oil, etc

The following graph explains the linear variation of shear stress with rate of
shear strain (velocity gradient) for common fluids:

Slope =

Page (3)


Non-Newtonian Fluids:
Fluids dont obey Newtons law of viscosity are Non-Newtonian fluids.
For this type of fluids, there is no linear relationship between shear
stress and the velocity gradient and the slope of the curves is varies.
There are several types of Non-Newtonian fluids based on the
relationship between shear stress and the velocity gradient.
The general relationship is = A + B[
dv
dy
n
, the values of A, B, and n
depends on the type of Non-Newtonians fluid.
For Newtonian fluids A = u.u , B = , n = 1 Newtonian fluids is
a special case from the above equation.

The following graph explains the variation of shear stress with rate of shear
strain (velocity gradient) for Different types of Non-Newtonian Fluids:

Page (4)


Properties of Fluids
Density: There are many ways of expressing density:
1. Mass Density (p): Mass per unit volume

=
N
v
(Kgm
3
)

Wheie, N = mass of fluiu (Kg), v = volume of fluiu (m
3
)
Typical values:
Water= 1uuu Kgm
3
, Neicuiy = 1SS46 Kgm
3
, Aii = 1.2SKgm
3

2. Specific Weight (y): also called (unit weight): is the weight per unit
volume.
= g =
W
v
(Nm
3
)
Wheie, W = weight of fluiu(N) = N g , v = volume of fluiu (m
3
)
Typical values:
Water= 9814 Nm
3
, Neicuiy = 1S294S Nm
3
, Aii = 12.u7Kgm
3

3. Relative Density (n): also called (specific gravity SG):
= Su =
substancc
watcr at 4
(0nitless)
Typical values:
Water = 1 , Neicuiy = 1.S

4. Specific Volume (v): is the reciprocal of mass density.
=
1
(m
3
Kg)

Page (5)


Viscosity: its the ability of fluid to resist shear deformation due to
cohesion and interaction between molecules of fluid.
There are two types of viscosity:

1. Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity ():
=
uv
uy
=
uv
uy
=
Foice
Aiea
velocity
Bistance
=
Foice
Aiea
Bistance
Bistance Time
=
Foice Time
Aiea

But Foice =
MassLcnght
TImc
2
=
MassIcngthTImc
Lcngth
2
TImc
2
=
Mass
LcngthTImc

Units:
Kg
ms
= kg m
-1
s
-1

Another Unit: N =
kgm
S
2
Kg =
NS
2
m
Kg
mS
=
NS
2
mmS
=
N
m
2
. S = Pa. S

Note that () is often expressed in Poise (P) where 1uP = 1Pa. S
2. Coefficient of Kinematic Viscosity (v):
=

Units:
Kg
m5
Kg
m
3
=
Kg
mS
m
3
Kg
=
m
2
S

Note that () is often expressed in Stokes (St) where 1u
4
St = 1
m
2
S

Surface Tension(): is a force per unit length (N/m)

pR
2

Page (6)


R is the radius of the droplet, n is the surface tension, p is the pressure
difference between the inside and outside pressure.
The force developed around the edge due to surface tension along the line:
F
n
= n Pertmeter = n 2nR

The force produced from the pressure difference p:
F
p
= p Area = p nR
2

(Insiue uiiection, because insiue piessuie laigeie thanoutsiue piessuie)

Now, these two forces are in equilibrium so we equating them:
2R = p R
2
p =
2
R
= p
I
p
o

Capillarity
Capillary effect: is the rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter tube
caused by surface tension.

h: is the height of water rises.
R: is the radius of the tube (d=2R).
: is the angle of contact between
liquid and solid
The weight of the fluid is balanced
with the vertical force caused by
surface tension.
W = m g = v g
ucos() =
4
u
2
h g
h =
4 cos()
gu
(only foi tube)
if any thing else you shoulu ueiive the equation with the same concept (see p. 12)
Notes:
If < 9u watei is iise, If > 9u watei is fall, If = 9u
no iise oi fall (h = u.u).
If d is too small is too small anu may be neglecteu.
For clean glass in contact with Water = u.u (iise).
For clean glass in contact with Mercury = 1Su (fall).

2R = u

Page (7)


Compressibility & Bulk Modulus
All materials are compressible under the application of an external force.
The compressibility of a fluid is expressed by its bulk modulus (K) such
that: K =
Changc In Prcssurc
VoIumctrIc StraIn

Change in Piessuie = p = P
IInaI
P
InItIaI

volumetiic Stiain =
v
IInaI
v
v
=
v
v

K =
p
vv

The ve sign refer to the volume decrease as the pressure increase.
K can be expressed by another form as following:
K =
p

Large values of bulk modulus refer to incompressibility which indicates the
large pressures are needed to compress volume slightly.
Famous Unit Conversion
1m=0.3048 ft
1ft=12 inch
1inch=2.54 cm
1Ib = 4.45 N

w
= 981u
N
m
3
Ib
4.45N
(0.3048)
3
m
3
It
3
= 62.4 Ibft
3

g = 9.81
m
S
2
It
0.3048m
= S2.2ftS
2

To transform from
rcv
mIn
to
rad
S
multiply by
2
60

v [
m
S
= i wheie, = velocity in
rad
S
, i = iauius of iotation (m)
1slug = 14.59 Kg.
volume of cone (v
conc
) =
3
R
2
h ( )
1m
3
= 1u
3
Litei , 1Litei = 1u
3
ml , 1m
3
= 1u
6
ml.
1m
3
= 1u
6
cm
3
.

Page (8)


Problems
1.
If 9 m3 of oil weighs 70.5 KN, Calculate its:
A. Specific Weight:
=
Weight
volume
=
7u.S
9
= 7.8SS KNm
3
= 7.8SS 1u
3
Nm
3
.
B. Density:
(Newton
i
s) = g =
g
=
7.8SS 1u
3
9.81
= 798.47 Kgm
3
.
C. Specific Volume:
=
1
=
1
798.47
= 1.2S 1u
-3
m
3
Kg .
2.
A cylindrical tube of volume 335 ml is filled with soda. If the Mass of tube
when its filled by soda is 0.37 Kg and the weight of tube when its empty is
0.155 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity for
soda.
Solution
soda
=
W
soda
v
soda

v
soda
= v
tubc
= SSSml = SSS 1u
-6
m
3

N
soda+tubc
= u.S7Kg W
soda+tubc
= N g = u.S7 9.81 = S.6S N
W
tubc
= u.1SSN W
soda
= W
soda+tubc
W
tubc
= S.6S u.1SS = S.47 N

soda
=
S.47
SSS 1u
-6
= 1uSS8.2 Nm
3
.
soda
=
soda
g
soda
=
soda
g
=
1uSS8.2
9.81
= 1uSS.88 Kgm
3
.
S. u =
soda
watcr4
=
1uSS.88
1uuu
= 1.uSS8.

Page (9)


3.
A quantity of soda of mass M is filled in a container having volume V. The
density of soda in this container is 1005 Kgm
3
. If the soda is distributed
from this container to three similar containers having the same volume V.
Calculate specific gravity and specific weight of the soda in each one of
three containers after distribution occurs.
Solution
The mass of soda (M) is the same before and after distribution
N
1
= N
2
(Solution Key)
=
N
v
N = v

1
v
1
=
2
v
2
(
1
= 1uuS , v
1
= v ,
2
=. . , v
2
= Sv)
1uuSv =
2
Sv 1uuS = S
2

2
= SSS Kgm
3

2
= SSS Kgm
3
(Foi soua in each containei)
S. u =
soda
watcr4
=
SSS
1uuu
= u.SSS(Foi soua in each containei).
soda
=
soda
g = SSS 9.81 = S286.SS Nm
3
.
4.
A 10-kg block slides down a smooth inclined surface as shown in Figure
below. Determine the terminal velocity of the block if the 0.1-mm gap
between the block and the surface contains oil having dynamic viscosity of
0.38 Pa.s. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear, and the area
of the block in contact with the oil is 0.1 m
2
.

Page (10)



Solution
Important Notes:
In all problems, the direction of shear force is in reverse direction of
movement, because its the resistance of fluid against moving object. So
the shear force resists the movement of the object exactly like friction
force (if the object moves above rough surface).
The summation of forces equal zero in all directions, because the
velocity is constant (we assume it constant) and so the acceleration is
zero.

Return to the above problem, the free body diagram of the block is:

Page (11)


F
x
= u.u Wsin(2u) = A =
Wsin(2u)
A

W = Ng = 1u 9.81 = 98.1 N , A = u.1 m
2
(given)
=
98.1 sin (2u)
u.1
= SSS.S Pa.
=
v
y
v =
y
=
SSS.S u.1 1u
-3
u.S8
= u.u88S ms.
5.
A cylinder of 40 cm length and 10 cm diameter rotates about a vertical axis
inside a fixed cylindrical tube of 105 mm diameter, and 0.4 m length. If the
space between the tube and the cylinder is filled with liquid of dynamic
viscosity of 0.2 N.s/m
2
. Determine the external torque that led the cylinder
to rotate by speed of 700 rev. /min.
Solution

Toique = Sheai foice iauius of iotating cylinuei
Sheai foice (F) = Siue Aiea of iotating cylinuei (A
s
)
=
uu
uy

= u.2N. sm
2

uu = velocity of iotating cylinuei in (ms).
= 7uuievmin = 7uu
2
6u
= 7S.S iaus.
v = iauius of iotating cylinuei = 7S.S
u.1
2

v = S.66 ms.
uy = ( always is: uistance peipenuiculai to the uiiection of sheai foice)
uy =
1uS 1uu
2
= 2.Smm = u.uu2Sm

Page (12)


= u.2
S.66
u.uu2S
= 292.8 Nm
2

A
s
= uL = u.1 u.4 = u.12S6 m
2

Sheai foice (F) = 292.8 u.12S6 = S6.7 N.
Toique = S6.7 u.uS = 1.8S8 N. m .

6.
A cylindrical body of 70 mm diameter and 150 mm length falls freely in a
80 mm diameter circular tube as shown in the figure below. If the space
between the cylindrical body and the tube is filled with oil of viscosity 0.9
poise. Determine the weight of the body when it falls at a speed of 1.5
m/s.

1uS mm
1uu mm

Page (13)


Solution
The weight of cylindrical body (downward) equals the resist shear force
(upward) due to the equilibrium.
F = u.u W = A
The shear stress caused by cylindrical tube is:
=
uu
uy

= u.9 pois, but 1upois = 1pa. s u.9poise =
0.9
10
= u.u9 pa. s.
uu = velocity of fieely falling = 1.Sms.
uy =
8u 7u
2
= Smm = u.uuSm
= u.u9
1.S
u.uuS
= 27 pa.
Sheai foice = siue aiea of cylinuiical bouy
F
shcar
= u L = S.14 u.u7 u.1S 27
F
shcar
= u.89 N
The weight of cylinuiical bouy = F
shcar
= u.89 N.
7.
A movable plate of 0.5m
2
area (for each face) is located between two large
fixed plates as shown in the figure below. Two different Newtonian fluids
having the viscosities indicated are contained between the plates.
Determine the magnitude of the force acting on the movable plate when
it moves at a speed of 4.0 m/s.

Page (14)



Solution
The free body diagram of the plate is:

F = u.u F =
1
A +
2
A F = A (
1
+
2
)
u
1
= u
2
= 4ms.
1
=
1
u
1
y
1
= u.u1
4
u.uuS
= 1S.SS Pa.
2
=
2
u
2
y
2
= u.u2
4
u.uu6
= 1S.SS Pa.
F = u.S (1S.SS +1S.SS) = 1S.SS N .

F
1
A
2
A
A

Page (15)


8.
Fluid flow through a circular pipe is one-dimensional, and the velocity
profile for laminar flow is given by u(i) = u
max
[1
r
2
R
2
where R is the
radius of the pipe, r is the radial distance from the center of the pipe, and
u
max
is the maximum flow velocity, which occurs at the center. Determine:
(a). a relation for the drag force applied by the fluid on a section of the pipe
of length L.
(b). the value of the drag force for water flow at 20C with R = u.u8m, L =
1Sm, u
max
= Sms, = u.uu1kgm. s.

Solution
a)
The shear stress at the surface of the pipe (at r = R) is given by:
=
uu
ui
(Negative sign is because u uecieseu with i incieaseu)
=
u
ui
_u
max
_1
i
2
R
2
__ (But, u
max
is constant)
= u
max
u
ui
_1
i
2
R
2
_ = u
max
_u
2i
R
2
] (because R is constant)
=
2iu
max
R
2

(at the suiface of the pipe i = R) =
2u
max
R
.

Page (16)


Note: Always we calculate the shear stress at the fixed surface (like pipe
surface in the above problem) because it gives maximum shear stress.
The drag force that causes shear stress on the pipe surface is:
F = u.u F
D
= A
(A = siue aiea of tube = 2RL) F
D
=
2u
max
R
2RL
F
D
= 4Lu
max
.
b)
F
D
= 4Lu
max
F
D
= 4 1S u.uu1 S = u.S6S N.
9.
A layer of water flows down an inclined fixed surface with the velocity
profile shown in Figure below. Determine the magnitude of shearing stress
that the water exerts on the fixed surface for U= 2m/s and h=0.1m =
1.12 1u
-3
pa. s

Solution
The shear stress at the fixed surface (at y = 0.0) is given by:
= +
uu
uy
(Positive sign is because u incieseu with y incieaseu)
u
0
= 2
y
h
y
2
h
2
u = 0_2
y
h
y
2
h
2
_ (But, 0 = 2ms anu h = u.1m)

Page (17)


u = 2 _
2y
u.1
y
2
u.1
2
_ u = 4uy 2uuy
2

uu
uy
= 4u 4uuy (But, at the fixeu suiface y = u.u)
uu
uy
= 4u
= 1.12 1u
-3
4u = 44.8 1u
-3
Nm
2
.
10.
When a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid in an open tank, the
liquid is observed to rise 10 mm above the free surface of the liquid. The
contact angle between the liquid and the tube is zero, and the specific weight
of the liquid is 1.2 x 10
4
N/m
3
. Determine the value of the surface tension
for this liquid.
Solution
For tube the capillary rise can be expressed by the relation tha we previously
derived:
h =
4 cos()
gu
=
hgu
4 cos()

h = u.u1m , g = = 1.2 1u
4
Nm
3
, u = u.uu2m , = u
=
u.u1 1.2 1u
4
u.uu2
4 cos(u)
= u.u6 Nm.
11.
Derive an expression for the capillary height change h for a fluid of surface
tension and contact angle between two vertical parallel plates a distance
W apart, as in figure.

Page (18)


Solution
Assume the side length of each plate is (b).
F = u.u F
o
= Weight of watei column
F
o
= 2 b cos(0) (2 because theie aie two plates)
Weight = N g = v g (v = W h b)
Weight = W h b g
2 b cos(0) = W h b g h =
2cos()
gW
.
12.
Assume that the surface tension of 7.34x10
-2
N/m act at an angle relative
to the water surface as shown in Figure below.
a.
If the mass of the double-edge blade is 0.64 x 10
-3
Kg, and the total length
of its sides is 206 mm. Determine the value of required to maintain
equilibrium between the blade weight and the resultant surface tension force.
b.
If the mass of the single-edge blade is 2.61 x 10
-3
Kg, and the total
length of its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. Support
your answer with the necessary calculations.

Solution

n n

Page (19)


a.
Note: The surface tension exists about all sides of the blade so to calculate
the surface tension force F
o
we should multiply the value of by the total
length of blade sides as following:
F
o
= total length = 7.S4 1u
-2
u.2u6 = u.u1S2 N
F
o
= u.u1S2 N with inclination of with hoiizontal
The weight of the blade is:
W = Ng = u.64 1u
-3
9.81 = 6.278 1u
-3
N (uownwaiu)
By Equilibrium F
vcrtIcaI
= u.u
u.u1S2 sin() = 6.278 1u
-3
= 24.4
.
b.
F
o
= total length = 7.S4 1u
-2
u.1S4 = u.u11S N
F
o,vcrtIcaI
= u.u11S sin()
W = Ng = 2.61 1u
-3
9.81 = u.u2S6N
Now, the maximum value of sin() = 1 so, the maximum value
of F
o,vcrtIcaI
= u.u11S N.
Note that the value of W = u.u2S6N (downward) is greater than the value
of F
o,vcrtIcaI
= u.u11S N so, the blade will sink downward .

13.
A rigid cylinder (15 mm inside diameter) contains column of water 500mm
length. If the bulk modulus of water is K
water
= 2.05 x 10
9
N/m
2
. What will
be the column length if a 2 KN force is applied its end by frictionless
plunger? Assume no leakage.

Page (20)



Solution
K =
p
vv

K = 2.uS 1u
9
Pa.
p = P
I
P
I
(P
I
= u.u because no applieu foices in fiist case)
P
I
=
Foice
Aiea
=
2 1u
3
4
u.u1S
2
= 11.S17 1u
6
Pa.
p = 11.S17 1u
6
u = 11.S17 1u
6
Pa.
v
v
=
v
I
v
v
=
L A u.S A
u.S A
=
L u.S
u.S

K =
p
V
V
2.uS 1u
9
=
11.31710
6
L-0.S
0.S
L = u.497 m.

Fluid Ch.1

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Fluid Ch.1

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Chapter (1)

Fluids and their

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