2014-2015

Certificate

This is to certify that
student of Class XII, Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2 Uppal,
has completed the project titled Transformers
during the academic year 2014-2015 towards partial
fulfilment physics practical examination conducted by
AISSCE, New Delhi and submitted satisfactory report,
as compiled in the following pages, under my
supervision.










________________ _________________ _________________




I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my teacher Mr N.V.N.G.K
Rao who gave me the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic
Transformers, which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I came to
know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.







P.DHARMA TEJA



















The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a
static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in
size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden
inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds
of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in
some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for
high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-
distance transmission economically practical. A transformer
is most widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.


Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.



It is based on the principle of mutual induction
that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit
then induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a
circuit produce varying magnetic flux which
induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.














A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another.
Two coils p
1
& p
2
and s
1
& s
2
are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the
coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating
e.m.f is connected to p
1
p
2
, the primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to s
1
s
2
, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be no current
through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an
ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the
primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the
energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.
For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron.
The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary.
And the output circuit is called secondary.


An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of the secondary EMF on the (not
shown) load impedance.



The ideal transformer as a circuit element




When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p
1
p
2
,
an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn
of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of
the primary.
Thus if E
p
and E
s
be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.s
induced in the primary and the secondary and N
p
and N
s
are
the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and, D / d
t
= rate of change of flux in each
turn of the coil at this instant, we have
E
p
= -N
p
D/d
t
(1)
E
s
= -N
s
D/d
t
(2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
E
s
/ E
p
= - N
s
/ N
p
(3)
As E
p
is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p
1
, so the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due to the difference (E E
p
) in the instantaneous values
of the applied and back e.m.f. further if R
p
is the resistance
o, p
1
p
2
coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the
primary coil is given by
I =E E
p
/ R
p

E E
p
= I
p
R
p

When the resistance of the primary is small, R
p
I
p
can be
neglected so therefore
E E
p
= 0 or E
p
= E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as E
s
/ E
p
= E
s
/ E = output
e.m.f / input e.m.f = N
s
/ N
p
= K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer
E
s
> E so K > 1, hence N
s
> N
p


In a step down transformer
E
s
< E so K < 1, hence N
s
< N
p

If I
p
=value of primary current at the same instant t
And I
s
=value of sec. current at this instant, then Input
power at the instant t = E
p
I
p
and Output power at the same
instant = E
s
I
s

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power or
E
p
I
p
= E
s
I
s
Or
E
s
/ E
p
= I
p
/ I
s
= K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so I
p
> I
s
or I
s
< Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in
a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the current.


BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER





BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER



Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power i.e.
= output power / input power = E
s
I
s
/ E
p
I
p

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.






In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always
less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due
to a number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is
seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the
heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to
the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of
energy may be lost due to humming.



1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It
is a step down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil
of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.


A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner etc.
In the induction furnaces.
A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of X-
Rays and NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over
long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,
loud speakers and electric bells etc.
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil
of a transformer.

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.





A Big Transformer

NCERT Textbook Class 12
NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12
Google Website

The End