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Veer Wajekar Arts, Science and Commerce College, Mahalan Vibhag, Phunde, Tal. Uran, Dist. Raigad, Navi Mumbai 400 702, Maharashtra, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Keywords:
Water quality
Mangroves
Nutrients
Anthropogenic inputs
Jawaharlal Nehru Port
a b s t r a c t
Surface water samples were collected from substations along Sheva creek and Dharamtar creek man-
grove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India. Water samples were collected fort-
nightly from April 2009 to March 2011 during spring low and high tides and were analyzed for pH,
Temperature, Turbidity, Total solids (TS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Dis-
solved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Carbon dioxide (CO
2
), Chemical oxygen demand
(COD), Salinity, Orthophosphate (O-PO
4
), Nitritenitrogen (NO
2
N), Nitratenitrogen (NO
3
N), and Sili-
cates. Variables like pH, turbidity, TDS, salinity, DO, and BOD show seasonal variations. Higher content
of O-PO
4
, NO
3
N, and silicates is recorded due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, efuents from
industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT),
hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that water
quality from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is deteriorating due to industrial pollution and that mangrove
from Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mangroves are one of the biologically diverse ecosystems in the
world, rich in organic matter and nutrients and support very large
biomass of ora and fauna (Robin and Bazelevic, 1966). Mangrove
forests are among the worlds most productive ecosystems and
cover an area of about 18 10
6
hectares (Spalding et al., 1997). Jit-
thaisong et al. (2012) have reported that mangrove forests can be
used as an additional natural system to increase the efciency of
man-made wastewater treatment system. The conservation, man-
agement, and sustainable development of mangroves depend on
the maintenance of hydro-geochemical characteristics of the sys-
tem (Manju et al., 2012). Mangroves ecosystems create a suitable
environment by removing and transforming pollutants in waste-
water through the processes of sedimentation, ltration, microbial
activity, plant absorption, etc. when water passes through man-
groves (Wu et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2010).
In India, 0.14% of the countrys total geographic area is under
mangroves and it account for about 5% of worlds mangrove vege-
tation (Jagtap et al., 2002). The Indian mangroves cover about
4827 Km
2
, with about 57% of them along the east coast, 23% along
the west coast, and 20% in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Venka-
taraman and Wafar, 2005). Anthropogenic activities involving
development projects have resulted in depletion of coastal re-
sources, destruction of mangrove habitats, disruption of ecosystem
processes, and loss of biodiversity (Vijay et al., 2005).
Mumbai, a major metropolis and one of the worlds most pop-
ulous cities called as the Urbs Prima of India, generates 0.85 mil-
lions m
3
/d of liquid efuent and 14,600 t/d of solid waste, which
without any treatment are discharged in the coastal region in
and around Mumbai (Zingde, 1999). Estimates of area of man-
groves in Mumbai varied from 248.7 Km
2
(Queshi, 1957) to
200 Km
2
(Blasco et al., 1975) to 92.94 Km
2
(Inamdar et al., 2000)
to 26.97 Km
2
(Mukherji, 2002). Zingde (2002) reported that Mum-
bai has lost 40% of all its mangroves in the past decade because of
overexploitation and unsustainable demand for housing, slums,
sewage treatment, and garbage dumps.
The hydrobiology of marine ecosystem plays an important role
in predicting, locating, and exploiting the marine shery resources
(Asha and Diwakar, 2007). Water quality is an indicator which pro-
vides basic information on the health of marine waters and their
ability to support the diverse habitats and the wide array of marine
species that live in the marine environment. It enables the identi-
cation of emerging trends of concern (population growth and
pressure of urbanization) and also allows linking how activities
on land affect marine water quality (Marine Water Quality, 2013).
The coastal environment of Uran has been under considerable
stress since the onset of industries like Oil and Natural Gas Com-
mission, Liquid Petroleum Gas Distillation Plant, Grindwell Norton
Ltd., Gas Turbine Power Station, Bharat Petroleum Corporation
Limited Gas Bottling Plant, Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT, an
international port), Nhava-Seva International Container Terminal
(NSICT), Container Freight Stations (CFS), etc. These activities affect
0025-326X/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.045
g
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 13. Monthly variation in orthophosphate from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Nitrite-Nitrogen from Uran coast
0
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/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 14. Monthly variation in nitritenitrogen from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Nitrate-Nitrogen from Uran coast
15
20
25
30
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n
(
g
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 15. Monthly variation in nitratenitrogen from mangroves of Uran coast.
298 P.R. Pawar / Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (2013) 291300
35.58 3.6748.41 3.73 lg/l at site II. Higher silicate concentra-
tions of mangrove ecosystem are mainly due to the weathering
process and land runoff (Manju et al., 2012). Lower silicate values
in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon are attributed to weak fresh-
water ow and the removal by biological processes (Anila Kumary
et al., 2007) (see Fig. 16).
The coastal environment of Uran has been under considerable
stress since the onset of other industries and JNPT since 1989. Hec-
tic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), urbanization,
industrialization, and reclamation in the stretch of creek around
Uran result in the loss of mangrove biodiversity. Several incidences
of coastal pollution occur because of leakage/discharge of trans-
porting materials along with industrial efuents.
Disposal of domestic wastes and untreated or partially treated
industrial efuents in coastal region of Uran, Navi Mumbai, has de-
pleted coastal resources, public health risk, and loss of coastal and
marine biodiversity (Zingde, 1999). Sighting of dead sh surfacing
in creeks of Mumbai and Navi Mumbai (Panvel creek, Vashi creek,
Belapur creek, etc.) is common from last few years affecting the
livelihood of shermen. Dumping of industrial efuents, untreated
sewage and unchecked encroachment along the coastal line have
resulted in deterioration of water quality and incidences of indus-
trial pollution are common in creeks of Mumbai and Navi Mumbai.
Slaughtering of mangroves from Navi Mumbai region due to over
exploration, unsustainable demand and reclamation have resulted
in destruction of marine life (Pawar and Kulkarni, 2007). Since no
earlier reports are available on water quality from mangroves of
Uran, data presented here can be taken as a baseline data in know-
ing the status of mangrove ecosystem of Uran and effect of indus-
trial development on it.
This study shows that the water quality variables from man-
grove ecosystem of Uran have intense pollution from the sewage,
industrial wastes, efuents, maritime activities of Jawaharlal Neh-
ru Port (JNPT), Container Freight Stations, and anthropogenic
stress. This deteriorates the water quality from mangrove ecosys-
tem. Present information on water quality variables would be help-
ful as a baseline data for further monitoring of anthropogenic
inputs on mangrove ecosystem of Uran.
Acknowledgements
Financial support provided by University Grants Commission,
Western Regional Ofce, Pune [File No: 47-599/08 (WRO) dated
2nd Feb 2009] is gratefully acknowledged. The author is thankful
to The Principal, Veer Wajekar Arts, Science and Commerce Col-
lege, Mahalan Vibhag, Phunde (Uran), Navi Mumbai 400 702 for
providing necessary facilities for the present study.
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