1. Explain 3G(WCDMA)?

Ans:- WCDMA is a wideband Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system, i.e. user
information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by multiplying theuser data with quasi-random bits
(called chips) derived from CDMA spreading codes. In order to support very high bit rates (up to 2 Mbps),
the use of a variable spreading factorand multicode connections is supported. The chip rate of 3.84 Mcps
leads to a carrier bandwidth of approximately 5 MHz.WCDMA supports high user data rates and also has
certain performance benefits,
WCDMA supports two basic modes of operation: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex
(TDD). In the FDD mode, separate 5 MHz carrier frequencies are used for the uplink and downlink
respectively, whereas in TDD only one 5 MHz is timeshared between the uplink and downlink. Uplink is the
connection from the mobile to the base station, and downlink is that from the base station to the mobile.
FDD Technical summary-WCDMA
Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz - 2170 MHz (Frequency Division Duplex) Minimum
frequency band required: ~ 2x5MHz
Frequency re-use: 1
Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz
Maximum number of (voice) channels on 2x5MHz: ~196 (spreading factor 256 UL, AMR 7.95kbps) / ~98
(spreading factor 128 UL, AMR 12.2kbps)
Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8 kHz)
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data
Duplexer needed (190MHz separation), Asymmetric connection supported
Receiver sensitivity: Node B: -121dBm, Mobile -117dBm at BER of 10-3
Data type: Packet and circuit switch
Modulation: QPSK
Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22
Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
Channel raster: 200 kHz
Maximum user data rate (Physical channel): ~ 2.3Mbps (spreading factor 4, parallel codes (3 DL / 6 UL), 1/2
rate coding), but interference limited.
Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( ~ 2 Mbps) in the near future. HSPDA
will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems)
Channel bit rate: 5.76Mbps
Frame length: 10ms (38400 chips)
Number of slots / frame: 15
Number of chips / slot: 2560 chips
Handovers: Soft, Softer, (interfrequency: Hard)
Power control period: Time slot = 1500 Hz rate
Power control step size: 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB (Variable)
Power control range: UL 80dB, DL 30dB
Mobile peak power: Power class 1: +33 dBm (+1dB/-3dB) = 2W; class 2 +27 dBm,class 3 +24 dBm,class 4 +21
dBm
Number of unique base station identification codes: 512 / frequency
Physical layer spreading factors: 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 D
Channelization Code
The channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. They are used to preserve
orthogonality between different physical channels. They also increase the clock rate to 3.84 Mcps. The
OVSF codes are defined using a code tree.In the code tree, the channelization codes are individually
described by C
ch
,
SF
,
k
, where SF is the Spreading Factor of the code and k the code number, 0 k SF-1.A
channelization sequence modulates one users bit. Because the chip rate is constant, the different lengths of
codes enable to have different user data rates. Low SFs are reserved for high rate services while high SFs are
for low rate services. The length of an OVSF code is an even number of chips and the number of codes (for
one SF) is equal to the number of chips and to the SF value.
The generated codes within the same layer constitute a set of orthogonal codes. Furthermore, any two
codes of different layers are orthogonal except when one of the two codes is a mother code of the other.
For example C
4
,
3
is not orthogonal with C
1
,
0
and C
2
,
1
, but is orthogonal with C
2
,
0
.
Each Sector of each Base Station transmits W-CDMA Downlink Traffic Channels with up to 512 code
channels. Code tree repacking may be used to optimize the number of available codes in downlink.Exercise:
Find code C
ch
,
8
,
3
and code C
ch
,
16
,
15

OVSF shortage
Scrambling enables neighboring cells to use the same channelization codes. This allows the system to use a
maximum of 512 OVSF codes in each cell. Notice that the use of an OVSF code forbids the use of the other
codes in its branch. This reduces considerably the number of available codes especially for high rate services.
This may lead to an OVSF shortage. In such a case, secondary scrambling codes may be allocated to the cells
and enable the reuse of the same OVSF in the same cell.
Primary Scrambling Code Group
There is a total of 512 primary codes. They are further divided into 64 primary scrambling code groups of 8
primary scrambling codes each. Each cell is allocated one and only one primary scrambling code. The group
of the primary scrambling code is found by the mobiles of the cell using the SCH, while the specific primary
scrambling code used is given by the CPICH. The primary CCPCH and the primary CPICH channels are always
scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the cell, while other channels can be scrambled by either the
primary or the secondary scrambling code.
Uplink scrambling code
All the physical channels in the uplink are scrambled. In uplink, the scrambling code can be described as
either long or short, depending on the way it was constructed. The scrambling code is always applied to one
10 ms frame. Different scrambling codes will be allocated to different mobiles. In UMTS, Gold codes were
chosen for their very low peak cross-correlation.
Downlink link scrambling code
The scrambling codes used in downlink are constructed like the long uplink scrambling codes. They are
created with two 18-cell shift registers. 218-1 = 262,143 different scrambling codes can be formed using this
method. However, not all of them are used. The downlink scrambling codes are divided into 512 sets, of one
primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes each. The primary scrambling codes are
scrambling codes n=16*i where i=0511. The 15 secondary scrambling codes associated to one primary
scrambling code are n=16*i + k, where k=115. For now 8192 scrambling codes have been defined.
2. What is UMTS?
Ans:-UMTS is one of the Third Generation (3G) mobile systems being developed within the ITU's IMT-2000
framework. It is a realisation of a new generation of broadband multi-media mobile telecommunications
technology. The coverage area of service provision is to be world wide in the form of FLMTS (Future Land
Mobile Telecommunications Services and now called IMT2000). The coverage will be provided by a
combination of cell sizes ranging from 'in building' Pico Cells to Global Cells provided by satellite, giving
service to the remote regions of the world. The UMTS is not a replacement of 2nd generation technologies
(e.g. GSM, DCS1800, CDMA, DECT etc.), which will continue to evolve to their full potential.
3.what is WCDMA Frequency and Spectrum?
Uplink=1920MHz -1980 MHz
Downlink= 2110MHz -2170MHz
Duplex Frequency : 2110-1920 = 190 MHz
Bandwidth :1980-1920 = 60 MHz
Carriers : 60 / 5 = 12
In WCDMA frequency reuse factor =1 UL/DL(Aircel AP-1976.60UL,2166.60DL)
4. Why is WCDMA called "Wideband"?
Ans:-3G WCDMA systems have 5MHz bandwidth (one direction). 5MHz is neither wide nor narrow; it is just
the bandwidth. New 3G WCDMA systems have wider bandwidth than existing 2G cdma systems (cdmaOne
1.25MHz), that's why the "Wide". There are commercial cdma systems with 20MHz bandwidth.
5. What is Difference between 3G and 2G?
Ans:-3G(WCDMA) is Based on CDMA techonology.


6. Active set& Monitored set& Detected set?
Active set:- the set of cells with which the UE is currently connected/communicating with
MS,usually show them as SC or Pilots but they are actually Communicating with MS cells.Typical
Active set size is 3 or 4
Monitored set;- Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the
CELL_INFO_LIST belong to the Monitored Set.like nighboring cell list
Detected set:- Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in the
active set belong to the Detected Set. Reporting of measurements of the detected set is only
applicable to intra-frequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state.
7. what is RSCP&Ec/Io&RSSI&Eb/No ?
Ans:-RSCP:- stands for Received Signal Code Power.thats the power lavel the pilot cahnnel of a cell is
recevied with and usually Expressed in dBM.With this parameters,different cell using the same carrier can
be campared and handover or cell reseclection dicisions can be taken.
What isEc/Io:- Ec/Io is the ratio of the energy per chip in CPICH to the total received power density
(including CPICH itself).
What is Eb/No:- By definition Eb/No is energy bit over noise density, i.e. is the ratio of the energy per
information bit to the power spectral density (of interference and noise) after dispreading.
Eb/No = Processing Gain + SIR
For example, if Eb/No is 5dB and processing gain is 25dB then the SIR should be -20dB or better
What is SIR:- SIR is the Signal-to-Interference Ratio the ratio of the energy in dedicated physical control
channel bits to the power density of interference and noise after dispreading.
Ec/No < -8 db: good quality of signal and no of the already discussedalgorithms (IRATH, CM, and CSR) may
be triggered in this interval.
-12 db < Ec/No < -8 db: acceptable quality of signal, UE enters in compressed mode when Ec/No = -12 db
-18 db < Ec/No < -12 db: signal can be decoded with a modest quality.UE is in compressed mode. UEs
existing in this area consume a greatamount of resources (power, codes )
Ec/No < -18 db: signal cannot be decoded. UE moves to GSM (if it ispossible)
8.Sometimes we say Ec/Io and sometimes we say Ec/No, are they different?
Io = own cell interference + surrounding cell interference + noise density
No = surrounding cell interference + noise density
That is, Io is the total received power density including CPICH of its own cell, No is the total received power
density excluding CPICH of its own cell. Technically Ec/Io should be the correct measurement but, due to
equipment capability, Ec/No is actually measured. In UMTS, Ec/No and Ec/Io are often used
interchangeably.
The Radio Network Controller (RNC): owns and controls the radio resources in its domain (the Node Bs
connected to it). RNC is the service access point for all services UTRAN provides the CN, for example,
management of connections to the UE.
The RNC controlling one Node B (i.e. terminating the Iub interface towards the Node B) is indicated as the
Controlling RNC (CRNC) of the Node B. The Controlling RNC is responsible for the load and congestion
control of its own cells, and also executes the admission control and code allocation for new radio links to
be established in those cells.
The Node B (Base Station)
The main function of the Node B is to perform the air interface L1 processing (channel coding and
interleaving, rate adaptation, spreading, etc.). It also performs some basic Radio Resource Management
operations such as the inner loop power control. It logically corresponds to the GSM Base Station. The
enigmatic term Node B was initially adopted as a temporary term during the standardisation process, but
then never changed.
RAB (Radio Access Bearer) Management. This function combines all RAB handling:
RAB Set-up, including the possibility for queuing the set-up;
modification of the characteristics of an existing RAB;
clearing an existing RAB, including the RAN-initiated case.
9. what is Pilot Pollution?
Pilot pollution means that there are too many strong Cells within the coverage, but none of the pilots is
dominant.Simply speaking, when the number of strong cells exceeds the active set size, there is pilot
pollution in the area. Typically the active set size is 3, so if there are more than 3 strong cells then there is
pilot pollution. Definition of strong cell: pilots within the handover window size from the strongest cell.
Typical handover window size is between 4 to 6dB. For example, if there are more than 2 cells (besides the
strongest cell) within 4dB of the strongest cell then there is pilot pollution.
In idle or cell_FACH mode, phenomenon of the pilot pollution is that a UE can not firmly camp on a cell at
one location because of receiving many pilot channels with similar quality (or signal strength), i.e., Ec/No (or
RSCP). The condition to determine the area has pilot pollution in idle or cell_FACH mode is that third pilot
appears in the cell re-selection region.
In cell_DCH mode, phenomenon of the pilot pollution is that a UE at one location frequently changes its
active set cells (active set update rate is very high) because of receiving many pilot channels with similar
quality (or signal strength), i.e., Ec/No (or RSCP). It causes high signaling load in RRC and Iub interfaces and
the capacity of RNC is consequently reduced.
The condition to determine the area has pilot pollution in cell_DCH mode is the number of pilots within the
Reporting Range 1b: threshold for drop window range is larger than Max Active Set.

Effect of Pilot Pollution
High BLER
Low system capacity
High call drop rate due to frequent handover
Low access success rate due to no dominant cell
HOW TO REDUCE THE PILOT POLLUTION PROBLEM ?
Maximise the signal inside the best server
Minimise the energy overshoot from the neighbor cells with some RF consideration (tilt, azimuth,)
Proper transmit power and power ratio of sites
Probable Solution : adjust engineering parameters of an antenna so that a best server forms around the
antenna. For handover problems caused by pilot pollution, adjust engineering parameters of other
antennas so that signals from other antennas becomes weaker and the number of pilots drops
10. what is the Power control? whay we need?
3G(FDD-WCDMA) is Based on CDMA techonology here we have a One frequency 5MHz UL/DL,we are using
same frequency every ware in the sites.we can see that wcdma we are using 1 Frequency in all sites so every
ware is Co-Cahnnel so its criate a latoff interfarance every ware so minimize the interfarane powercontrol is
interdiused.
Explain Near far effect?
All users use the same bandwidth at the same time and therefore users interfere with one another. Due to
the propagation path loss, the signal received by the base station from a UE close to the base station will be
stronger than the Signal received from another terminal located at the boundary. Hence, the distant user
will be dominated by the close user. This is called the near-far effect. To achieve a considerable capacity, all
signals, irrespective of distance, should arrive at the base station with the same mean power. A solution to
this problem is power control, which attempts to achieve the same mean received power for each user.
For example: Mobile stations UE1 and UE2 operate within the same frequency, separable at the base
station only by their respective spreading codes. It may happen that UE2 at the cell edge suffers a path loss,
say 70 dB above that of UE1 which is near the base station BS. If there were no mechanism for UE1 and UE2
to be power-controlled to the same level at the base station, UE1 could easily to mask UE2 and thus block a
large part of the cell, so-called near-far problem of CDMA. The optimum strategy in the sense of maximizing
capacity is to equalize the received power per bit of all mobile station at all times. Power Control in
WCDMA 1.5 KHz(1500 Tims/Sec)
Its objective is to maximize capacity by minimizing power and interference
Open Loop Power Control
Uplink open-loop power control
Downlink open-loop power control
Closed-loop power control
Outer-loop power control
Uplink outer-loop power control
Downlink outer-loop power control
Inner-loop power control
Uplink inner-loop power control
Downlink inner-loop power control
Open-loop power control: is used to set the initial power of UE (in random access) and downlink
channels. The TPC commands used in inner-loop power control are relative, so it needs a starting point and
this is defined by open-loop power control. Also, this is useful in setting the power level in case of common
shared channels, where it is difficult to send each UE the necessary TPC commands. In case of uplink, UE and
broadcasted cell/system parameters are used to set initial access power on RACH. And in case of downlink,
the measurement report of UE is used to set the initial power of downlink channels.
The open loop power control tolerance is 9dB under normal conditions and 12dB under extreme
conditions.
Closed-loop power control: is the power control mechanism used in UMTS to solve near-far problem,
minimize interference and to keep the signal quality to optimum level. Closed-loop power control is used in
uplink (UL) as well as downlink (DL). However, the motive in both the cases are different. In uplink, signals
from different UEs reach NodeB with different power strength, thus causing the stronger signal blocking the
weaker one, resulting in near-far effect. In downlink, there is no near-far effect, but the UEs near the cell-
edge or in high interference region may need extra power to overcome the increased other cell interference
and weak signal due to Rayleigh fading.
Closed-loop power control can be divided into outer-loop and inner-loop power control. In case of uplink,
the RNC manages the outer-loop and Node B manages the inner-loop and for downlink, UE manages the
outer-loop and Node B manages the inner-loop.
Inner-loop power control: (also called fast closed-loop power control), operates at 1500 times per sec
(1.5 kHz) [From where did this value of 1.5 kHz come from? Answer: A UMTS 10 ms frame consists of 15 TPC
commands. This results in a power control frequency of 1500 Hz (15/10ms)] and relies on the feedback
information from the opposite end of the link (or channel) to maintain the signal to interference (noise)
ratio to a target level set by the outer-loop power control. The transmission power is increased or decreased
by a certain fixed step size depending on whether the received SIR is below or above the target SIR. Precise
power control can lead to optimum use of bandwidth resulting in increase cell capacity.
The UL inner-loop power control lets the UE adjust its output power in accordance with one or
more TPC commands received in the downlink direction. Remember the increase and decrease in
power is limited by upper and lower bounds as defined in 3GPP TS 25.101. The upper bound, i.e. UE
maximum output power, is set depending on the Power class of UE. This can also be set below the
maximum capability of the UE through signaling when the link is established. The lower bound, i.e.
UE minimum output power defined as the mean power in one timeslot (TS), and shall be less than -
50 dB.
The DL inner-loop power control is used to control the transmission power of downlink channels
at Node B as per the TPC commands received from UE. However, in some situations Node B may
ignore the increase/decrease these TPC commands. For example, in case of congestion (high load
scenario), the Node B can ignore the TPC commands from UE.
Outer-loop power control is used to set the target quality value for inner-loop power control, i.e it adjusts
the target SIR in Node B which is used during inner-loop power control. Now the question is why do we
need to adjust the target SIR? Outer-loop power control tries to keep the quality of a connection to desired
value. Too high quality will waste the resources.

11. What is Handover(Soft,Softer,Hard,Inter-freq,,,,,)?
Ans:- Handover (Handoff):-Handover is a process in mobile communications in which a connected cellular
call or a data session is transferred from one cell site (base station)to another Cell site without disconnecting
the session. As a key component of the mobile communication system, the cell has a limited coverage area.
The primary function of the handover is to provide the continuous service for the moving UEs in the
coverage of the network.
Different types of handovers have been introduced in the UMTS system.
here in WCDMA we have a few handovers..
Soft/Softer Handover
Hard Handover
Intra-System handover
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-System handover
Inter-RAT handover
Softer Handover:- a UE is connected to cells owned by the same NodeB.a UE is connected to cells owned
by the same NodeB
Softer handover uplink: NodeB performs maximum ratio combining, i.e. NodeB rake receiver combines
signals from different paths and forms a stronger signal.
Soft Handover:- when a UE is connected to cells owned by different NodeB. SHO is a handover in which the
mobile station adds and removes radio links in such a manner that the UE (User Equipment) always keeps
radio links to at least two Node Bs *1+. During the softer handover, the UE has a connection to two or more
sectors of a single Node B. UE continuously measures the CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) level of suitable
cells and sends the results to the RNC. According to this measurement RNC decides which SHO event will be
activated. Three events are defined: addition of a cell to the Active Set,replacement of a cell and a cell
removal.(3dB threshold for soft handover.)

The formula of Soft (Softer) Handover Success Rate:
Soft (Softer) Handover Success Rate = Soft (Softer) Handover Success / Soft (Softer) Handover Request
100%
Measurement events of soft handover/softer handover
Event 1A: The quality of a cell reaches the quality of the best cell or active set quality thais cell add
a in to the active set
Event 1B: The quality of a cell is far lower than the quality of the best cell its a removed a cell from
active set
Event 1C: Replacement event. A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary
CPICH.ie replace a cell.
Event 1D: Change of the best cell
Event 1E: Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
Event 1f: a Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold.

Advantages:- Because of the signal combination, the combination gain can overcome some of the
path loss During the handover, UE has several RLs with the network, call drop caused by ping-pong handover
can be avoided.
Disadvantages:- Soft handover will occupy more resource ,such as CE, Iub transmission, especially
for the code resources for BE service When the downlink power from different cells are not balanced, it will
cause side-effect in downlink.
Soft HO Failure.What parameters should be checked?Time To Trigger?Hysteresis? Signal degrades
too much,but the UE doesn't a add a better cell from its monitored set. There's no active set
update.
SHO tuning is done mainly with Parameters like
FMSC: Addition Window (2.5 dB)
FMCS: Drop Window (4 dB)
FMSC: Addition Time (100ms)
ADJS: Cell Individual offset (neighbour based info)
Different sets could mprove the SHO performance
1) city area: lot of overlapping/capacity problems- > smaller add/drop window
2)rural area: poor coverage area -> reliable settings with cost of SHO OH
rapid field drop-> special settings
3)In Dense City area (with good CPICH EcNo levels in Active set) Small SHO overhead could be done with low
Add/Drop window (2/4 dB)
In Rural area/Highways (with low CPICH EcNo 13-16 in active set) more loose add/drop window (4/6 dB)
could be used to have more reliability for SHO synchronisation
Individual Cell Offset (ADJSEcNoOffset) value could be used for earlier SHO timing for targeted cells to avoid
drop due to rapid field drop
There are some settings for different clutter you can try them also
For Rural Clutter
Addition window-------4db(Default is 2.5db)
Drop Window-----------6db(Default is 4db)
That setting will give you More reliability, time for SHO synchronization in low traffic, average coverage
area.
For Urban Clutter default setting works ok.
For Rapid field drop you can adjust the parameter AdjsEcNoOffset (Default 0db) to -10 or +10 for locations
like Gate, Round-the-corner, tunnel orIn case of poor HO success rate for a given adj.
For early cell reselection in poor coverage are you cal also modify the parameter Qhyst2 (Default value 4db)
to 2db.
Hard Handover:- HHO is a category of HO procedures in which all the old radio links of a mobile are released
before the new radio links are established. For real-time bearers it means a short disconnection of the
bearer; for non-real-time bearers HHO is lossless.Hard handover can take place as intra or inter frequency
handover.(6dB threshold for hard handover)
Intra-frequency handover:- in UMTS system,hard handover are possible as well.these intra-frequency
handover accurs between cells Operated within the same WCDMA carrier.such handover can be performed
in UMTS network.when the MS is in SHO between the cells belonging to defferent radio network system.
Advantages:- The code resources and hardware resource consumption is reduced.
Disadvantages:- High call drop rate due to the ping-pong handover Reduced capacity compared
to an ideal soft handover, due to no soft handover gain
Event 1D: Change of best cell

Inter-frequency handover:- these inter-frequency handover accurs within the cells belonging to diffaerent
WCDMA Carriers.such handover cen be completed for example handover between diffarent cells like Pico
cell and micro cell.
Advantages;-
The handover success rate is higher than that of the intra-frequency hard handover.
The load balance is maintained among the carriers.
For hierarchical cells, a proper configuration of different data rates can be implemented.
Disadvantages:-
The extra radio resources are consumed due to the compressed mode.
The hard handover with the re-establishment timer prolongs the handover duration and
introduces the risk of call drops
Measurement report-Events:-
Event 2D: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold.
Used to enable the compressed mode.
Event 2F: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold.
Used to disable the compressed mode.
Event 2B: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold and
the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold. Used to trigger the coverage-
based handover.
Event 2C: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold. Used to
trigger the speed estimation inter-layer handover
Inter-System handover-Inter-RAT handover:-
IRAT (Inter-Radio Access Technology) Inter-RAT handover refers to the handover between different systems,
such as UMTS and GSM, which use different radio access technologies (RAT). Based on handover directions,
inter-RAT handover is of two types
UMTS->GSM handover (mainly described in this lecture)
GSM->UMTS handover
Based on triggering causes, UMTS->GSM handover includes:
UMTS->GSM coverage-based handover
UMTS->GSM load-based handover
UMTS->GSM coverage-based handover: The coverage of UMTS is discontinuous at the very beginning. On
the border, if the signal quality of UMTS rather than GSM is poor and if all services of the UE are supported
by GSM, UMTS->GSM coverage-based handover is triggered. The CPICH Ec/N0 or CPICH RSCP of the UMTS
cell to which the UE connects is lower than the corresponding threshold. In addition, there is a GSM cell
whose GSM carrier RSSI is higher than the preset threshold.
UMTS->GSM load-based handover:-If the load of UMTS rather than GSM is heavy and all services of the UE
are supported by GSM, UMTS->GSM load-based handover is triggered. The load of the UMTS cell to which
the UE connects is higher than the threshold
2D Event: When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is lower than the preset threshold, the
RNC enables the compressed mode and starts inter-RAT measurement. .(initiate GSM measurement)
2F Event: When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is higher than the preset threshold, the
RNC disables the compressed mode and stops inter-RAT measurement.( stop GSM measurement)
3A Event: When the signal quality of the currently used UMTS frequency is lower than the preset threshold
while the signal quality of any other system is higher than the preset threshold, the RNC triggers UMTS-
>GSM handover based on coverage (based on coverage)
3C Event: When the signal quality of any other system is higher than the preset threshold, the RNC triggers
UMTS->GSM handover based on load or service. (based on non-coverage)
Advantages:-
Coverage: solve the transition between different RATs
Capacity: leverage the existing equipment to a maximum extent (2G->3G)
Disadvantages:-
The procedure is complex and has the high requirements on the equipment compatibility.
The UE is complex.
18.What is Compressed mode?why we Need ?
Ans:-When Radio Condition is poor below thrisholed value RSCP-92dBm,Ec/Io-12dB.The compressed mode
includes two types, spreading factor reduction (SF/2) and high layer approaches.The usage of type of
compressed mode is decided by the RNC automatically, according to spreading factor used in uplink or
downlink. then Sf/2 is used to send the data to reduise the time of transmiting the signal in the remaining
time Ue Sened 2G or 4G frequency and send the messurment report to RNC
Event 2D:- When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is lower than the preset threshold, the
RNC enables the compressed mode and starts inter-RAT measurement.
Event 2F:- When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is higher than the preset threshold, the
RNC disables the compressed mode and stops inter-RAT measurement.
Compressed Mode Parameter:
TGSN (Transmission Gap Starting Slot Number): A transmission gap pattern begins in a radio frame, called
firstradio frame of the transmission gap pattern, containing at least one transmission gap slot. TGSN is the
slot numberof the first transmission gap slot within the first radio frame of the transmission gap pattern;
TGL1 (Transmission Gap Length 1): Duration of the first transmission gap within the transmission gap
pattern, expressed in number of slots;
TGL2 (Transmission Gap Length 2): Duration of the second transmission gap within the transmission gap
pattern, expressed in number of slots. If this parameter is not explicitly set by higher layers, then TGL2
=TGL1;
TGD (Transmission Gap Start Distance): Duration between the starting slots of two consecutive
transmission gaps within a transmission gap pattern, expressed in number of slots. The resulting position of
the second transmission gap within its radio frame(s) shall comply with the limitations of TS 25.101 (Ref [2]).
If this parameter is not set by higher layers, then there is only one transmission gap in the transmission gap
pattern;
TGPL1 (Transmission Gap Pattern Length): Duration of transmission gap pattern 1;
TGPL2 (Transmission Gap Pattern Length): Duration of transmission gap pattern 2. If this parameter is not
explicitly set by higher layers, then TGPL2 = TGPL1.
The following two parameters (integers) control the transmission gap pattern sequence start and repetition:
TGPRC (Transmission Gap Pattern Repetition Count): Number of transmission gap patterns within the
transmission gap pattern sequence; From Figure 10 it seems TGPRC is even, therefore the number of slots in
TG Sequence is: 0.5*TGPRC (TGPL1+TGPL2)
TGCFN (Transmission Gap Connection Frame Number): CFN of the first radio frame of the first pattern 1
within the transmission gap pattern sequence.

14. What are the conditions you typically set to trigger IRAT handover?
Ans:-RSCP and Ec/Io are used to trigger IRAT handover:RSCP -100dBm.Ec/Io -16dBm.

Why do I need a Scanner?
50x higher performance than test mobiles can deliver
Independent to the network
Hidden neighborhoods
Pilot Pollution and interference causes are not detectable
Spectrum analysis provides a detection of external interferences
Independent of mobile chipsets > reference
Higher level and time accuracy compared to mobile based measurements
Use of only one unit for different networks and applications
No costs and no capacity will be allocated
Cheaper compared to many band-dedicated units

17.what is the SSV Drive&Clluster Drive in Wcdma?
Ans:-WCDMA RNO Single Site Verification(SSV-Drive test)
Through the single site verification, check whether the following functions in each cell are proper.

Configuration data collection(From Planner)
Site installation check (Ensure that the feeder is connected properly.)
Site state and alarm check
Parameter configuration check in idle&Ded mode
Objectivity: scrambling code, frequency, and LAC/RAC
Call check in connection mode(Voice,Vedio,R99,HSDPA,SMS..all Services)
Coverage check (CPICH RSCP & CPICH Ec/Io)
Handovers Soft,softer,Hard Handovers check.
Before the site check, collect the configuration data of network planning and other data in RNC database,
and ensure that the configured data is consistent with the planned one.when visited the site need to check
the site installation type as per planned like (height,azimuth,tits..) ofter thet Before the site verification, the
optimization engineers need to confirm with the product support engineers whether the alarm is generated,
whether problems are solved, and whether cell state is proper. Check whether the cell configuration data is
consistent with the planned one by the UE/Scanner such as NODEBNAME,LOCELL ID, MAXTXPOWER, LAC,
RAC,PSC CODE, and UARFCNDOWNLINK. Azimuth,tilts.



Drive Test contents:-
Through the drive test need to check all services UE/Scanner (Voice,Video,Ftp,HSDPA,SMS..) in wach sector
or cell the test point should be near the center of the cell, with line-of-sight distance to the NodeB. In this
way, better coverage and little signal fluctuation are implemented. For a macro cell, the test spot should be
less than 100 m from the NodeB in the direction of major beam of cell antenna, with line-of-sight distance to
the NodeB. The test spot should not locate right under the NodeB because other sectors in the same NodeB
also have strong signals, which cannot ensure that the test is performed in the cell to be measured. The test
spot is determined by observing CPICH RSCP measured by the Scanner.
After site verification of radio parameters, its possible to perform Drive test in global area in order to
optimize the radio performance (detect call drops, Handover Failures, Call set up Failures,Interfarance,Poilat
Poluction and resolve these problems) For 3G Service Check, the following tests will be considered:
3G short and Long call,Video call,SMS.R99 FTP download.HSDPA & HSUPA FTP transfer.


15. What are the typical KPIs in WCDMA?
Ans:-WCDMA RAN Key Performance Indicators.



Accessibility:-
RRC setup procedure:-



The formula of RRC Setup Success Rate:
RRC Setup Success Rate = RRC Connection Setup Success / RRC Connection Request 100%
We shood maintain the KIP
PERF ITEM GOOD NORMAL BAD
RRC Setup Success Rate >98% >=95% <95%
Possible failure :
UE does not receive the RRC setup message from RNC
RNC does not receive the RRC setup complete message
RRC rejected due to congestion
Possible reason:-
BAD RF Condition
Sites Overshooting
Interference pilot polution Ec/Io is poor
Transmission packet loss
Hardware alarm
UE SRNC NodeB
RRC RRC RRC Connection Request
RRC
RRC
Assign RNTI, L1, L2 Parameter
RRC
AAL2 Setup and FP synchronization
RRC Connection Setup
RRC RRC Connection Setup Complete
RAB setup success ratio:-
RAB setup procedure DCH-DCH, synchronized


Possible failure
CN send RAB assignment Req, but UE does not receive RB setup message
UE receives RB Setup but RNC does not receive RB setup complete
Possible reason
BAD RF Condition
Sites Overshooting
Interference pilot polution Ec/Io is poor
Transmission packet loss
Hardware alarm

Call drop ratio:
Call Drop Rate of Signaling Plane is calculated by counting RNC-originated Iu connection release.
Can be divided into two parts: CS&PS



The formula of Call Drop Rate of CS Signaling Plane:
Call Drop Rate of CS Signaling Plane = RNC-originated CS Domain Iu Connection Release / RNC-
originated CS Domain Iu Connection Setup Success 100%
The formula of Call Drop Rate of PS Signaling Plane:
Call Drop Rate of PS Signaling Plane = RNC-originated PS Domain Iu Connection Release / RNC-
originated PS Domain Iu Connection Setup Success 100%
We shood maintain the KPI
PERF ITEM GOOD NORMAL BAD
CS AMR CALL DROP RATE(%) <1% <=2% >2%
VP CALL DROP RATE(%) <1% <=2% >2%
PS SERVICE DROP RATE(%) <1% <=3% >3%
HSDPA SERVICE DROP RATE(%) <1% <=3% >3%
HSUPA SERVICE DROP RATE <1% <=3% >3%
Possible causes:
UE SRNC NodeB CN
RANAP RANAP RAB Assignment Request
ALCAP Iu Data Transport Bearer Setup
RRC RRC
RRC
RB Setup
RRC RB Setup Complete
RANAP RANAP RAB Assignment Response
NBAP RRC RL Reconfig Prepare
NBAP NBAP
NBAP NBAP
ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup
RL Reconfig Ready
RL Reconfig Commit
Perf Item Good Normal Bad
AMR RAB Assignment Success Rate [%] >98% >=95% <95%
Video Call RAB Assignment Success Rate [%] >98% >=95% <95%
PS RAB Assignment Success Rate [%] >98% >=95% <95%
BAD RF Condition
Sites Overshooting
Interference pilot polution Ec/Io is poor
Transmission packet loss
Hardware alarm
Call Drop Due to Neighbor Cell Missing:-
Generally, the call drop is caused by neighbor cell missing during the early phase of optimization. For the
intra-frequency neighbor cells, you can use the following methods to determine whether the call drop is
caused by intra-frequency neighbor cell missing.
Method 1: Check the EcIo information about cells in the active set recorded by the UE and the Best Server
EcIo information recorded by the Scanner. If the EcIo recorded by the UE is poor and the Best Server EcIo
recorded by the Scanner is good, check whether the Best Server scrambling code recorded by the Scanner is
included in the intra-frequency measurement control. If the scrambling code is not included, you can infer
that the call drop is caused by the neighbor cell missing.
Method 2: If the UE reconnects to the network immediately after the call drop and the cell scrambling code
used during the reconnection of the UE is inconsistent with that used during the call drop, the call drop may
be caused by the neighbor cell missing. You can confirm the cause through the measurement control. The
neighbor cell missing, including the inter-frequency neighbor cell missing and the inter-RAT neighbor cell
missing can result in call drop.
Method 3: Adopt the Nastar neighbor cell analysis function to check whether the neighbor cell missing
problem exists.
Method 4: Enable the measurement analysis detection set (RNC detection set) to report 1A event.
Call Drop Due to Coverage Problem:-
Generally, poor coverage implies that both the RSCP and EcIo are poor. You can confirm the coverage
problem by checking the transmit power of uplink/downlink special channels through the following
methods: If the uplink transmit power reaches the maximum value before the call drop and the uplink BLER
is poor or the single user tracing recorded by the RNC suggests that Node B reports RL failure, you may infer
that the call drop is caused by poor uplink coverage. If the downlink transmit power reaches the maximum
value before the call drop and the downlink BLER is poor, you may infer that the call drop is caused by poor
downlink coverage. You can also confirm the coverage problem through the following simple and direct
method:Check the data collected by the Scanner. If both the RSCP and EcNo of the best cell are poor, you
can determine that the poor coverage results in the call drop.
Call Drop Due to Handoff Problem:-
There are two reasons for the call drop caused by the soft handoff/inter-frequency, that is, it is too late to
perform the handoff or ping-pong handoff. In terms of the signaling process, for the CS service, the UE does
not receive the active set update command;
for the PS service, the TRB is reset before the handoff of the UE.In terms of signal, there are two scenarios
in which it
is too late for the handoff:
(1) Corner: The EcIo of the source cell has a sudden sharp drop, and the EcNo of the target cell has an
unexpected
dramatic increase.
(2) Pinpoint: The EcIo of the source cell increases after a period of time in rapid fall. The EcIo of the target
cell has a
sudden increase in a short time period.The ping-pong handoff involves the following cases:
(1) The primary cell changes rapidly: Two or more cells take turns to be the primary cell. The primary cell
has better
RSCP and EcIo and exists in a short period of time.
(2) There are multiple secondary cells: The RSCP is normal, and there is slight difference between RSCPs of
cells. The EcIo in each cell is poor.
Call Drop Due to Interference Problem:-
For the downlink, if the CPICH RSCP is greater than -85 dB and the EcIo is smaller than -13 dB, the call drop
tends to occur. This may be caused by downlink interference.For the uplink, if the RTWP is 10 dB greater
than the normal value (-104 to -105), there may be a call drop. This is caused by pilot pollution.
Missing neighbor
Problem description: The drop occurs when the signal quality is bad on the Best Serving cell with the
possibility for the UE to perform a SHO on a better cell that is not declared as a Neighbor. The Active Set best
server is cell of SC= 248. During the call, cell of SC = 464 becomes the strongest cell but is not added to
the active set, as it is not defined as neighboring cell (Figure 2.11). The cell of SC =464 acts as an increasing interferer
until eventually the call is released.
SHO success ratio:
The formula of Soft (Softer) Handover Success Rate: Soft (Softer) Handover Success Rate = Soft (Softer)
Handover Success / Soft (Softer) Handover Request 100%
When the UE handles the ACTIVE SET UPDATE message, the abnormal cases may be occurred and the UE shall
transmit an
ACTIVE SET UPDATE FAILURE message with the following failure causes
Configuration unsupported
Incompatible simultaneous reconfiguration
Protocol error
Invalid configuration
If the time expired before RNC receives the message ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE or ACTIVE SET UPDATE FAILURE
from UE,RNC increases the SHO failure counter with the following cause No response from UE
We shood maintan the KPI


6. What are the major differences between GSM and UMTS handover decision?
GSM:Time-based mobile measures of RxLev and RxQual mobile sends measurement report every SACH period (480ms).
BSC instructs mobile to handover based on these reports.
UMTS:Event-triggered reporting UE sends a measurement report only on certain event triggers.
UE plays more part in the handover decision.
10. What can we try to improve when access failure is high?
When access failure is high we can try the following to improve RACH performance:
Increase maximum UE transmit power allowed: Max_allowed_UL_TX_Power.
Increase power quickly: power_Offset_P0.
Increase number of preambles sent in a given preamble cycle: preamble_Retrans_Max.
Increase the number of preamble cycles: max_Preamble_Cycle.
Increase number of RRC Connection Request retries: N300.
In 1 call 20times preambles we can sent if need we can increase
35. How to Calculate Max Numbers of Users in Cell?
Ans:- W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
: loading factor (assuming 50%)

Take 12.2kbps as example:
M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8

The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for example:
A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 2 (1 SF64) 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 users/cell.
49. How many slots are there in a WCDMA Frame? How big is a frame in ms. how many chips are there in a
slot?
WCDMA Frame is 15 slots wide. It is 10ms in length. There are 2560 chips in one slot. Chip rate is 3840 Kc/s
Length of frame = 10 ms
Number of chips in a frame = 3840 *10=38400 chips.
Number of chips in a slot = 38400/15= 2560 chips
How much power usually a Node B is allocated to control channels?
The power allocated to control channels may depend on equipment vendor recommendation. Typically no
more than 20% of the total NodeB power is allocated to control channels, including CPICH. However, if
HSDPA is deployed on the same carrier then the total power allocated to control channel may go up to 25
to 30% because of the additional HSDPA control channels required.
65. When is System information sent to UE?
Ans:- The system information is regularly broadcast to the UE on the BCCH. When a parameter in the system information is
changed, all UE in a cell are notified by a paging message or by a system information change indication
message
77. What is a typical UE sensitivity level?
Ans:- The service and load determines the UE sensitivity; in general, in no-load condition, the sensitivity is
between -105dBm and -120dBm. For Ericsson, the UE sensitivity level is calculated at around:
CS12.2: -119 dBm
PS-64: -112 dBm
PS-128: -110 dBm
PS-384: -105 dBm
HSDPA: -95 dBm
78. What is a typical NodeB sensitivity level?
The service and load determines the NodeB sensitivity; in general, in a no-load condition, the sensitivity is
between -115dBm to -125dBm. For Ericsson, the NodeB sensitivitylevel is calculated at around:
CS12.2: -124 dBm
PS-64: -119 dBm
PS-128: -115 dBm
PS-384: -115 dBm
79. W hat is a typical NodeB maximum output power?-UMTS
Ans:- The maximum NodeB output power is usually 20W or 40W, that is, 43dBm or 46dBm.
Also upto 100W
SIB(System Information Block) and their Details
system information block is multiplexed with synchronization channel. Synchronization channel occupies
the first time slot (TS) and SIB occupies the other 9 time slots.
SIB1 : NAS Information. UE Timers and counters to be used in RRC Idle & Connected State
SIB2: List of URA Identities
SIB3: Parameters for Cell Selection and Reselection
SIB4: Same as SIB3 but used in Connected State
SIB5: Configuration parameters of common physical channels in a cell. PCH and PICH Info (CPCH)
SIB6: Configuration of Common and Shared physical channel
SIB7: Contains fast changing UL interface params and dynamic. As this is changes often so controlled by
timer
SIB8: Used in FDD . Static CPCH info of cell. Used in Connected mode only
SIB9: CPCH info. As it changed often, controlled by timers connected mode only.
SIB10 : DRAC Procedure, used when CELL_DCH controlled by timer
SIB11 : Measurement control information to be used in CELL
SIB12: Same as SIB11 but used in connected mode only
SIB13: For ANSI-41 . It also has 4 associated SIBS 13.1 to 13.4. Reference to subblocks. Used when System is
ANSI-41.
SIB14: Parameters for common and dedicated physicall DPCH UL outer loop power control info for TDD
SIB15: Assistance info for UE positioning. Used to reduce signalling by position. 15.1 to 15.5 sub sibs.
SIB16: Predefined channel conf. used while hand over. Radio Bearer transport channel, physical channel
params to be stored by UE in idle/connected mode. Several occurances but UE doesnot bother.
SIB17: Shared channel info fo rTDD only
SIB18: PLMN Identities of neighbouring cells. Used in Shared Access N/w with the cell reselection process
If my MS is on Video Call & it takes Handover from UMTS Cell to GSM Cell. So would my Video Call Services
Terminated or Converted to circuit switch speech call ?
As far I am concern I believe that After handover to GSM The video call will stop...
Bcoz there UMTS is a separete technology and hence GSM will not support the RAB assignment process used for data rates.
Only the speech will go to GSM as an Speech voice call.
Bcoz the The Video call is an CS data call hence it van't go the GPRS with low data rates.
In my opinion, if handover between UMTS and GSM is successful, and if there is HSCSD feature enabled as
the pooltype on the target cell, voice call will continue, although it will be useless to use due to insufficient
data speed.The speed of the transfer itself is not a parameter for a call drop,so the voice call cant be dropped as long as there is HSCSD enabled and
sufficient TCH on A interface. Voice call would be mainained in either case.
How to increase CS traffic usage on 3G with Huawei equipment
1). Make Mobile cell reselection more easily from 2G to 3G, check the below parameters:
qsearch_i: normally set to 7 (always search 3G in 2G idle mode)
qsearch_C_Initial: 0-use qsearch_i to decide, 1-always search
fdd_qoffset: decide how many DBs the 3G cell should above or below 2G cell for cell reselection
fdd_rep_quant: decide Mobile measure CPICP's RSCP or Ec/No, 0 for RSCP, 1 - Ec/No
fdd_multirat_reporting: Number of 3G cells should be reported in the measurement report
fdd_qmin: decide how much the target 3G cell's Ec/No should be above this threshold when MS does cell
reselection to 3G
What is 3GPP?
The Connectivity Packet Platform (CPP) comprises a multiprocessor control system, using commercially
available processors, functionality for element management, and an ATM transport system. The Connectivity
Packet Platform consists of modules including both software(such as programs that set up connections and
modify operating parameters) and hardware (such as processor boards, switch boards, and
backplaneconnectors).CPP is a platform from which it is possible to develop an ATM Cell Switching network
node, for example, a simple
ATM switch, or a AAL2 switching node, or an RBS, or an RNC. Connectivity Packet Platform provides most of
The transport network layer functionality required for the WCDMA RAN application.
What is Release 99:
Release '99
Bearer services
64 kbit/s circuit switch
384 kbit/s packet switched
Location services
Call services: compatible with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), based on Universal Subscriber
Identity Module (USIM)
Voice quality features - Tandem Free Operation
What is HSDPA?
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3GPP Release 5 feature that provides data-related enhancements
on top of WCDMA Rel '99 functionalities. HSDPA offers higher data rates for end-users and larger capacity in the
radio network. HSDPA uses the High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) channel in the RNC. Signal
processing for HS-DSCH channel includes FP, ciphering, and MAC functions.
What is Control Plane?
The radio network protocol for control plane is called Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP)and is
used towards both the MSC node and the SGSN node. One RNC is connected to up to two Core Network parts per
UE connection, using RANAP signaling, carried on SCCP for ATM and SCTP for IP.No connection when the RNC acts
as a DRNC, one or two when the RNC acts as an SRNC (circuit and/or packet switched part).
What is User Plane?
Two main types of User plane bearers are provided over the Iu:
Towards the circuit switched Core Network for voice or Circuit Switched Data using AAL2 connections.
Towards the packet Core Network for IP traffic, using packet tunneling over Iu by the GTP-U protocol, carried by
UDP/IP. This is carried over AAL5 when ATM is used. One UE connection may be involved in both types of Radio
Access Bearers. The Iu interface supports a user
What is MDC(Macro Diversity Combining) application?
Macrodiversity Combining is done during soft handover, that is: separate radio channels (from different base
stations) are combined to one channel in the RNC in order to achieve maximum obtainable quality. Soft handover
is applicable for all Dedicated Channels (DCH). DCHs can be used for user traffic and signaling The Macrodiversity
Combining (MDC) application handles the combining and splitting of the Media Access Control (MAC) frames
arriving to the serving RNC from the Iub/Iur interface during a soft handover. The main functions offered by the
MDC feature are:
Iu User Plane protocol towards the core network (CN)
Radio Link Control (RLC) layer for RT data
ciphering of the RLC/MAC PDUs
Media Access Control (MAC) layer for dedicated channels
macrodiversity combining and splitting of the MAC frames
Frame Protocol (FP) layer for Iub and Iur interfaces
outer loop Power Control (PC) support
Macrodiversity Combining application is used in the Radio Network Controller (RNC)
network element.
What is RLC layer does?
Radio Link Control protocol
The RLC protocol implementation supports 3GPP Release 4 features: transparent mode. For transparent data
transfer service the application supports segmentation and reassembly, and transfer of user data functions.
The application also provides QoS setting and notification of unrecoverable errors.
What is Ciphering?
Ciphering is always performed in the serving RNC. Signalling procedures required for ciphering mode setting involve RANAP and RRC signalling for
radio access bearer (RAB) parameter management.
The ciphering function is performed either in the RLC sub-layer or in the MAC sub-layer
according to the following rules:
If a radio bearer is using a non-transparent RLC mode (AM or UM), ciphering is performed
in the RLC sub-layer. Ciphering is performed on Payload Unit (PU) basis.
If a radio bearer is using the transparent RLC mode, ciphering is performed in the
MAC sub-layer (MAC-d entity).
Only DTCH and DCCH channels are encrypted.
What is Power Control in RNC?
The target of the power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-to-interference
ratio (SIR target) that is required for the sufficient quality of the connection
What is Iu Interface?
The Iu is the interface between the Core Network and WCDMA RAN, moreprecisely between the RNC node and
the different domains of Core Network. The terms Iu-CS and Iu-PS are used to indicate associations to the
circuit switched network and the packet switched network, respectively. The term Iu-BC is used to indicate
association to broadcast of unacknowledged messages.
the Circuit Switched domain, Iu-CS to MSC server (RANAP) and MGw (Iu User Plane)
the Packet Switched domain, Iu-PS to the SGSN
the Broadcast domain, Iu-BC from the Cell Broadcast Center (CBC) The Iu interface is an open, standardized
interface providing multi-vendorequipment to be supplied for both the Core Network and the WCDMA RAN.

What is Iur Interface?
The Iur interface is a WCDMA internal interface for the communication between two RNC nodes (and
between two RNSs). It is an open and standardized interface. The interface contains a control plane for radio
signaling and AAL2 connection establishment and a user plane supporting guaranteed QoS on ATM or IP. Notethat all
ATM user plane traffic is carried on the same type of AAL2 connection, packet data, voice, and Unrestricted Digital
Information (UDI).
159.)What is HSUPA?
HSUPA stands for High Speed Uplink Packet Access, and improves the uplink performance in networks which support HSUPA.
3G networks support a maximum of 384kbps on the uplink. HSUPA will support a maximum of 1.9Mbps. The average uplink
speed will be about 1Mbps.
160.)Do 3.5G/HSPA networks support Voice?
HSPA is purely a data network. All Voice traffic is supported on the current 3G network.
161.)What are the benefits of using 3.5G/HSPA for the end-user?
As a result of the enhancement, 3.5G/HSPA promises a better broadband multimedia experience. For the business user, HSDPA enables high-speed
Internet access and rapid download of emails with attachments. For the consumers, HSDPA allows faster downloading of
high-resolution digital images, high-quality music downloads, Mobile TV, and mobile multi-player games.
162.)What do I need to enjoy the enhanced experience using 3.5G/HSPA?
To enjoy 3.5G/HSPA services, you will require a HSDPA-enabled phone and a 3G USIM.
163.)What is the maximum download speed of StarHub's 3.5G/HSPA network?
StarHub's 3.5G/HSPA network currently supports download speeds of up to 21Mbps, and upload speeds of up to 5.76Mbps.
(Note: Actual bandwidth and speeds experienced are dependent on a combination of factors including the mobile equipment,
software used, internet traffic and destination server. Presently only the Mobile Broadband Modem supports up to 21Mbps
(download) and up to 5.76Mbps (upload). Most handsets available today only supports HSDPA, with download speeds of up
to 3.6Mbps and upload speeds of 384kbps.)
164.)What affects the download and upload speeds when using the HSPA service?
As with any network, the actual bandwidth experienced will have to take into account network and protocol overheads and
therefore the actual addressable bandwidth might be lower. In addition to this, performance will also be affected by the
following: the mobile equipment that you are using and the bandwidth it supports the websites and servers you are accessing
the types of Applications being used the radio conditions level of congestion on the Internet
HSDPA in W-CDMA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink with data transmission
up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations
includes Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ),
fast cell search, and advanced receiver design.
In 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards, Release 4 specifications provide efficient IP support enabling provision
of services through an all-IP core network and Release 5 specifications focus on HSDPA to provide data rates up to
approximately 10 Mbps to support packet-based multimedia services. MIMO systems are the work item in Release
6 specifications, which will support even higher data transmission rates up to 20 Mbps. HSDPA is evolved from and backward
compatible with Release 99 WCDMA systems. Currently (2002) 3GPP is undertaking a feasibility study on high-speed downlink
packet access.

What is benefit of shorter TTI in HSDPA?
1)After every TTI the resources can be redistributed among the users. Therefore, the resource usage is more efficient.
2)each UE reports about the channel quality after every TTI by sending the CQI.
3)CQI is sent after the very short period of time of 2 ms, it is possible to effectively perform link adaptation even in rapidly
changing conditions.
What is Latency in HSDPA?
Latency is the time a packet needs to travel from sender to receiver. While UMTS typically features an end-to-end latency
of approximately 200ms, HSDPA manages to lower the delay times in transmission to around 100ms.
What is Link Adaption?
HSDPA uses link adaptation, which means the way of transmission is changed according to the quality of the channel conditions.
If a user is in favourable conditions, for example close to the nearest antenna tower, this user will be assigned a high data rate.
When the user moves into worse channel conditions, for example far away from the antenna tower, the transmission
parameters will be changed accordingly and thus the data rate will be decreased.

130) How power control is implemented in HSDPA?
Ans:- Initial power is set in the same way as open loop power control of DCH & there is no further power control on HSDPA
shared channel HS-DSCH.The channel rate is controlled by adaptive modulation & coding format.
The principle & functionality of the power control for the HSDPA associated dedicated channels are the same as for the DPCH
power control.
HS-DPCCH power is an offset relative to DPCCH depending upon whether the UE is in soft handoff or not. The power of
HS-SCCH is fixed.
125) What is Multiple PDP and what is meant by Multi RAB and multi call?
2 PS - Multiple PDP
PS+CS Multi RAB
2CS Multi Call.
110) What is Channelisation / scrambling?
Spreading is applied to the Physical Channels (except SCH). It consists of two distinct operations: a. Channelisation and
b. Scrambling Channelisation is performed before scrambling.Channelisation:
The term spreading is also used to refer to channelisation. Channelisation is the basis for Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) encoding. This operation transforms every data symbol of a signal into a number
of chips. The bandwidth of the resulting signal occupies a
much larger bandwidth typically 5 MGHz and therefore the name Wideband-CDMA or W-CDMA.The number of chips per data
symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF).
Scrambling:
108) Features of Rel99/Rel5/Rel6/7?
Release 99:
Release '99
Bearer services
64 kbit/s circuit switched
384 kbit/s packet switched
Location services
Call services: compatible with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), based on Universal Subscriber
Identity Module (USIM)
Release 5 2002 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

HSDPA Basic Concepts
1)In HSDPA a common channel with fixed power is employed for data transfer. Users are separated in
both the time and code domains. A fixed spreading factor is employed but multi codes operation is
possible for increased data rates.
2)Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) replaces the role of power control so that the modulation
and coding rate are changed depending on the channel condition.
3)This is accomplished by locating the scheduling algorithm for channel allocation at the Node B
instead of the RNC in Release 99.



Drive Test and Radio-optimization for UMTS/GSM Networks
Introduction
_ Site verification of radio parameters
_ Network performance checking in static positions
_ Network performance checking in mobile positions
_ Area Drive test verification
_ Drive test analysis & recommendations
_ Case Studies
Our company specialized in radio telecommunication puts under your disposition our skills and experiences
concerning:
Site verification radio parameters
- Drive test data
- Analysis and recommendations in order to optimize the performance of our network
We perform testing for 2G and 3G networks (GSM/GPRS/EDGE/ UMTS/R99/HSDPA/HSUPA)

Preparation for DT (drive test)
Hardware
Test phone
Scanner
GPS
Software
Drive test software, for example, GENEX Probe
Drive test post process software, for example, GENEX Assistant



Hardware Checking
_ For each cell, we choose one location close the BTS. The target Cell should be in the Light of Sight.
_ The following items should be checked approximately:
_ Antenna Azimuth
_ Antenna Tilt
Note: This test should be repeated for each Sector
Network Checking
_ For 2G Network Check, we could collect the information below using an IDLE UE locked in 2G mode :
_ Frequency
_ BCCH
_ BSIC
_ Cell ID
_ LAC/RAC
_ For 3G Network Check, we may collect the information below using an IDLE UE locked in 3G mode :
_ Frequency
_ Primary Scrambling Code
_ Cell ID
_ LAC/RAC
For 2G Service Check, we could do the following tests using a UE locked in 2G mode
_ Mobile originated calls, Mobile terminated calls, EDGE FTP Download, EDGE FTP Upload
_ For 3G Service Check, we are able to do the following tests using a UE locked in 3G mode
_ AMR originated call, AMR terminated call
_ R99 FTP download, R99 FTP Upload
_ HSDPA FTP download and HSUPA FTP Upload
For 2G Service Check, we use 2 UEs and one GPS in order to execute the long and short calls tests.
_ For 3G Service Check, we use 2 UEs in order to execute the AMR long and short calls and data transfer.
Note: the test should be made Clockwise and anti clockwise
Area Drive test verification
After site verification of radio parameters, its possible to perform Drive test in global area in order to
optimize the radio performance (detect call drops, Handover Failures, Call set up Failures and resolve these
problems)
_ For 2G Service Check, the following tests will be considered:
_ 2G Long and Short call
_ Automatic Long call (2G and 3G)
_ EDGE FTP Download
_ MOS
_ For 3G Service Check, the following tests will be considered:
_ 3G short and Long call
_ R99 FTP download
_ HSDPA & HSUPA FTP transfer
_ MOS


RF Optimization&Drive test Workflow
Preparation:
Set the optimization target
Divide the optimization cluster
Draw out the test route line
Prepare the DT tools
The DT result is satisfied,with optimization target?
Problem Analysis
neighbor cell list
poor coverage
pilot pollution
handover
Interference
Engineering parameters adjust
Neighbor cell list adjust

RF optimization KPI target;-



RF optimization clusters division
In WCDMA we have divided to sites in Cluster is the area for one time drive test One cluster should contains

Drop Call Analysis - RF related issues :
Poor coverage (RSCP & Ec/Io)
High interference and hence poor Ec/Io
Poor uplink coverage (insufficient UE Tx power)
Poor dominance (best cell changes too frequently resulting in too many SHO events)
Pilot pollution (too many cells present)
Missing neighbors
Fast change of RF conditions (e.g. turning a corner)

Check areas of poor coverage, suggestion value as below:
Good: RSCP -85 dBm
Fair: -95 dBm RSCP < -85 dBm
Poor: RSCP < - 95 dBm
Examine the RSCP coverage on per cell bases in order to highlight any cells that have too large a footprint.
CPICH Ec/Io Plot
Good: Ec/Io -8 dB
Fair: -14 dB Ec/Io < -8 dB
Poor: Ec/Io < - 14 dB


WCDMA Evolution
1)WCDMA evolved from GSM/GPRS, inheriting much of the upper layer functionality directly from those
systems. The first commercial deployments of WCDMA are based on a version of the standards called
Release 99.
2)Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is another system in the GSM/GPRS family that some
operators have deployed as an intermediate step before deploying WCDMA.
3)HSDPA was introduced in WCDMA Release 5 to offer higher speed Downlink data services.
4)Release 6 introduces the Enhanced Uplink (EUL) that will provide faster data services for the Uplink.


Release 99 Packet Data
1)There are different techniques defined in the Release 99 specification to enable Downlink packet data.
Most commonly, data transmission is supported using either the Dedicated Channel (DCH) or the Forward
Access Channel (FACH).
2)The DCH is the primary means of supporting packet data services. Each user is assigned a unique
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code dependent on the required data rate. Fast closed loop
Power Control is employed to ensure that a target Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) is maintained in order
to control the block error rate (BLER). Macro Diversity is supported using soft handover.
3)Data transfer can also be supported on the FACH. This common channel employs a fixed OVSF code. As it
needs to be received by all UEs, higher data rates are generally not supported. Macro Diversity is also not
supported and the channel operates with a fixed (or slow changing) power allocation. Each data block
contains a unique UE identifier that allows a given UE to keep itsown data and discard that belonging to
other UEs.
The Release 99 or current UMTS system provide data rates of 384Mbps to 2Mbps.HSDPA will increase peak d
ata rates up to 14Mbps

Release 99 Downlink Limitation
Dedicated Channel Features ( DCH )
Maximum implemented downlink of 384kbps
OVSF code limitation for high data rate users
Rate switching according to burst throughput is slow
Outer loop power control responds slowly to channel
Common Channel Features ( FACH )
Good for burst data application
Only low data rates supported
Fixed transmit power

Release 99 Downlink Limitations
Ans:-Although WCDMA Release 99 standard allows for maximum data rates of up to 2.0 Mbps, it has only
been widely implemented with a maximum data rate of 384 kbps. This data rate is achieved by allocating a
dedicated channel to each user. The use of dedicated resources can be a limitation, especially for data
applications with bursty characteristics. Each dedicated channel uses an OVSF code. Shorter codes are used
for higher data rates and longer codes for lower data rates. When an OVSF of a particular length is used, all
longer OVSF codes derived from that code become unavailable. This limits the number of simultaneous
high speed data users in a given cell. The Release 99 standards provide support for a Secondary Scrambling
Code, which eases this limitation, but it has not been widely implemented in commercial systems and will
likely be removed from future versions of the specification. The data rate of a dedicated channel can be
adjusted to accommodate varying requirements of a data service application, but the procedure for doing
so is slow and thus inefficient. Capacity is controlled both by the maximum amount of PA power that is
available and by the power requirement of each data service. In dedicated mode, fast power control is used
so that a target Eb/No is achieved on the Downlink. However, the required Eb/No set point changes at a
much slower rate. This can result in wasted resources whereby a better than required Eb/No is achieved for
the required BLER.
WCDMA Channels
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
Logical Channels:
The MAC layer provides data transfer services on logical channels. A set of logicalchannel types is defined for
different kinds of data transfer services as offered by MAC.Each logical channel type is defined by the type of
information that is transferred.Logical channel types are depicted in Logical channels are classified into
two groups:
Control channels for the transfer of control plane information
Traffic channels for the transfer of user plane information
Control channel (CCH)
Control Channels Devide in to seven group
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicated control channel (DCCH)
Common control channel (CCCH)
Shared channel control channel (SHCCH)
ODMA dedicated control channel (ODCCH)
ODMA common control channel (OCCCH)
Broadcast control channel (BCCH): Downlink channel for broadcasting system control information.
Paging control channel (PCCH): Downlink channel that transfers paging information and is used when:
Network does not know the location cell of the mobile station;
The mobile station is in the cell connected state (utilizing sleep mode procedures)
Common control channel (CCCH): Bidirectional channel that transfers control information between network and
mobile stations. This channel is used:
By the mobile stations having no RRC connection with the network;
By the mobile stations using common transport channels when accessing a new cell after cell reselection.
Dedicated control channel (DCCH) Point-to-point bidirectional channel that transmits dedicated control
information between a mobile station and the network.This channel is established through RRC connection
setup procedure.
ODMA common control channel(OCCCH) Bidirectional channel for transmitting control information between
Mobile stations.
ODMA dedicated control channel(ODCCH) Point-to-point bidirectional channel that transmits dedicated control
information between mobile stations. This channel is established through RRC connection setup procedure.
Traffic channel (TCH) are tow typs
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
ODMA dedicated traffic channel (ODTCH)
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) Point-to-point channel, dedicated to one mobile station, for the transfer of
user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink
ODMA dedicated traffic channel (ODTCH) Point-to-point channel, dedicated to one mobile station, for the transfer of
user information between mobile stations. An ODTCH exists in relay link. A point-to-multipoint unidirectional
channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified mobile stations.
Transport Channels
There exist two types of transport channels:
Dedicated channels;
Common channels,
There is one dedicated transport channel, the dedicated channel (DCH), which is a downlink or uplink
transport channel. The DCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part of the cell using beam-
forming antennas. The DCH is characterized by the possibility of fast rate change (every 10 ms), fast power
control, and inherent addressing of mobile stations.
shows the mapping between logical and transport channels. The following connections exist:
BCCH is connected to BCH and may also be connected to FACH.
PCCH is connected to PCH.
CCCH is connected to RACH and FACH.
SHCCH is connected to RACH and USCH/FACH and DSCH.
DTCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a DCH, a CPCH
(FDD only).
CTCH is connected to FACH.
DCCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a DCH, a CPCH
to FAUSCH, CPCH.
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
The transport channels are channel coded and matched to the data rate offered by physical channels.
Thereafter, the transport channels are mapped on the physical channels. Physical channels consist of radio
frames and time slots. The length of a radio frame is 10 ms and one frame consists of 15 time slots. A time
slot is a unit, which consists of fields containing bits. The number of bits per time slot depends on the
physical channel. Depending on the symbol rate of the physical channel, the configuration of radio frames or
time slots varies. The basic physical resource is the code/frequency plane. In addition, on the uplink,
different information streams may be transmitted on the I and Q branch. Consequently, a physical channel
corresponds to a specific carrier frequency, code, and, on the uplink, relative phase (0 or p/2).
There are two Physical Channes
Uplink Physical Channels
Downlink Physical Channels

Uplink Physical Channels There are two uplink dedicated physical and two common physical channels:
The uplink dedicated physical data channel (uplink DPDCH) and the uplink dedicated physical control
channel (uplink DPCCH);
The physical random access channel (PRACH) and physical common packet channel (PCPCH).
Downlink Physical Channels
There is one downlink dedicated physical channel, one shared and five common control channels:
Downlink dedicated physical channel (DPCH);
Physical downlink shared channel (DSCH);
Primary and secondary common pilot channels (CPICH);
Primary and secondary common control physical channels (CCPCH);
Synchronization channel (SCH).
Downlink dedicated physical channel (DPCH);
The dedicated transport channel is transmitted time multiplexed with control information generated at layer
1 (known pilot bits, power-control commands, and an optional transport-format combination indicator).
DPCH can contain several simultaneous services when TFCI is transmitted or a fixed rate service when TFCI is
not transmitted. The network determines if a TFCI should be transmitted.
Common pilot channel (CPICH) Common pilot channel (CPICH) is a fixed-rate (30 Kbps, SF=256) downlink
physical channel that carries a predefined bit/symbol sequence. There are two types of common pilot
channels, the primary and secondary CPICH
Primary and secondary common control physical channels (CCPCH);
The primary CCPCH is a fixed-rate (30 Kbps, SF=256) downlink physical channels used to carry the BCH.
Common control physical channels are not inner-loop power controlled. Figure 6.11 shows the frame
structure of the primary CCPCH. The primary CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each slot.
Instead, primary and secondary SCHs are transmitted during this period.
synchronization channel (SCH)
the synchronization channel (SCH) used for cell search. The SCH consists of two subchannels, the primary and
secondary SCH. The primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256 chips, the primary
synchronization code (PSC) transmitted once every slot. The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Release 5 - 2002
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN for Iub and Iur
A UMTS packet air interface
3.6 Mbps up to theoretical 14.4 Mbps peak/user
Use of 16QAM modulation in addition to QPSK modulation
Add-on solution on top of 3GPP R99/R4 architecture
HSDPA terminals co-exist with R99 terminals
No modification to the Core Network & Traffic Classes
QPSK modulation
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
HSDPA-Channels:

New HSDPA Channels
High Speed Downlink shared Channel ( HS-DSCH )
Downlink Transport Channel
High Speed Shared Control Channel ( HS-SCCH )
Downlink Control Channel
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel ( HS-PDSCH )
Downlink Physical Channel
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel ( HS-DPCCH )
Uplink Control Channel


HS-PDSCH: High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Transfer of actual HSDPA data
5 - 15 code channels
QPSK or 16QAM modulation
2 ms TTIs
Fixed SF16
Th HS DSCH channel is the data transport channel that all active HSDPA users connected to the NodeB will
use. The use of a shared channel is a key characteristic of HSDPA and being a common resource, the HS-DSCH
is dynamically shared between users.
The HS-DSCH supports adaptive coding and modulation changing to adapt to the changing conditions within
the system. The use of the 2ms TTI means that schedulingdelays are reduced and it also enables fast tracking
of the channel conditionsallowing for the optimum use of the available resource.It is worth noting that the
HS-DSCH is not power controlled but rate controlled.This allowsthe remaining power, after the other
required channels have been serviced to be used for the HS-DSCH, and this means that the overall power
available is used efficiently.

High Speed Signalling Control Channel (HS-SCCH)This HSDPA channel is used to signal the scheduling to
the users every 2 ms according to the TTI. The channel carries three main elements of information:
It carries the UE identity to allow specific addressing of individual UEs on theshared control channel.
The HS-SCCH carries the Hybrid ARQ to enable the combining process to proceed.
This channel carries the Transport Format and Resource Indicator (TFRI). This identifies the scheduled
resource and its transmission format
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)This HSDPA channel is used to provide feed
back to the scheduler and it is located in the uplink. The channel carries the following information:
Channel Quality Information which is used to provide instantaneous channel information to the scheduler.
HARQ ACK/NAK information which is used to provide information back about the successful receipt and
decoding of information and hence to request the resending information that has not been successfully
received.These channels are added to the existing 3G UMTS channels and provide the additional data
capability and adaptivity required to enable the much faster downloadspeeds provided by 3G HSDPA

HSDPA Sector Throughput
The HSDPA sector throughput depends on many parameters, such as Node B system loading,Node B scheduler
model)and the network layout. Several simulations havebeen performed by QUALCOMM to estimatethe HSDPA
sector throughput and its sensitivity to some of the above parameters. It was found that for a typical outdoor urban
environment(assuming 75 percent of the users are static or pedestrian and 25 percent are vehicular at30 km/h), the
and no
receivediversity). This result is based on a Proportional Fair scheduler, a full-
HSDPA frequency with 80 percent power for HSDPA users (i.e. 20 percent overheadchannels). This corresponds to an
almost 200percent improvement over WCDMA R99(700-800 kbps) and 350 percent over EGPRS*.As shown in Figure
2-2, the sector throughput increases with the UE capabilities. In fact,15-code capability can improve the
sector throughput by an average of 10 percent, while16QAM modulation can add another six percentto eight
percent. Receive diversity, if used, canbring 40 to 55 percent improvement resulting ina sector throughput of 3.2 to
3.6 Mbps. Note thatthe receive diversity gains derive from internal simulations assuming equal antenna gainsand no
envelope correlation between the two antennas. In reality, the expected gains mightbe lower depending on the
antenna gain difference (between the primary and thesecondary antenna) and the envelop ecorrelation
improve the sector throughput by an additional15 to
25 percent
HSDPA Single Sites Problem
1)Because In the Same RNC, other Sites HSPA speed is normal, so this is just single sites Problem, this issue almost
caused by IUB Transmittion.
2)What RF Person should firstly confirm is that the Parameter Setting is no Problem, then we can ask BSS and
Transmittion Person to check the IUB transmittion.
3)Checking the Sites(Cell) Parameter Configure in RNC according to the HSDPA DATA Transmittion Troubleshooting
which I have give a training before.
4)Checking NodeB Parameter Configure in NodeB according to the HSDPA DATA Transmittion Troubleshooting
which I have give a training before.(should log on NodeB)
5)Do Ping IP test in RNC to the Special NodeB
6)Especially the size of the Packet should be 1500, the Number of Ping Packets should be at least 100
If have any Packets lost, it meas IUB transmittion have Problem.


Maximum data rate
For example, the largest transport block size is 27,952 bits, which corresponds to the highest data rate of 13.976
Mbps (27,952 bits/2 ms = 13.976 Mbps). This data rate isobtained by using 16QAM, an effective code rate of 0.9714,
and 15 HS-PDSCHs.In real life, the 14 Mbps headline figure for HSDPA is not achievable. It is physically possible to
configure such a channel but there is nowhere it could be used. The channel configuration requires close-to-perfect
link conditions. In Figure 13, the code domaindisplay that shows the 15 HS-PDSCHs with the 16QAM constellation
display for one ofthe HS-PDSCHs illustrates that most of the cells capacity would be consumed by this high data rate
HS-DSCH configuration
Realistic peak data rates are likely to be much lower than 14 Mbps. As an example, themost stringent single link
conformance test requirement for the UE in Release 5 isbased on a five-code QPSK channel with nominal data rate of
1.6 Mbps. The required throughput is 1.269 Mbps. The most stringent closed loop diversity conformance
testrequirement for the UE in Release 5 is based on a four-code 16QAM channel with nominal data rate of 2.332
Mbps. The required throughput in this case is 1.5 Mbps. Inboth these test cases the signal needs to be 10 dB above
the noise and the UE consumeshalf the cell power


HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates
The HSDPA feature is optional for terminals in Release 5 with a total of 12 different categories of terminal (from a
physical layer point of view) with resulting maximum data rates ranging between 0.9 and 14.4 Mbps. The HSDPA
capability is other wise independent from Release 99-based capabilities, but if HS-DSCH has been configured for the
terminal,then DCH capability in the downlink is limited to the value given by the terminal. A terminal can indicate
32, 64, 128 or 384 kbps DCH capability, as described in Chapter 6.The terminal capability classes are shown in Table
11.3. The first ten HSDPA terminal capability categories need to support 16 QAM, but the last two, categories 11 and
12, support only QPSK modulation. The differences between classes lie in the maximum number of parallel codes
that must be supported and whether the reception in every 2 ms TTI is required. The highest HSDPA class supports
10 Mbps.there is the soft buffer capability with two principles used for determining the value for soft buffer
capability. The specifications indicate the absolute values, which should be understood in the way that a higher
value means support for incremental redundancy at maximum data rate, while a lower value permits only soft
combining at full rate. While determining when incremental redundancy can be applied also, one needs to observe
the memory partitioning per ARQ process defined by the SRNC. There is a maximum of eight ARQ processes per
terminal.

Category number 10 is intended to allow the theoretical maximum data rate of 14.4 Mbps,permitting basically the
data rate that is achievable with rate 1/3 turbo coding and significant puncturing, resulting in the code rate close to
1. For category 9, the maximum turboencoding block size (from Release 99) has been taken into account when
calculating the values, thus resulting in the 10.2 Mbps peak user data rate value with four turbo-encoding blocks. It
should be noted that, for HSDPA operation, the terminal will not report individual values but only the category.
12 distinct terminal classes. From a Layer 2/3 point of view, the important terminal capability parameter to note is
the RLC reordering buffer size that basically determines the window length of the packets that can be in the
pipeline to ensure in-sequence delivery of data to higher layers in the terminal. The minimum values range from 50
to 150 kB, depending on the UE category.
Besides the parameter part of the UE capability, the terminal data rate can be largely varied by changing the coding
rate as well. Table 11.4 shows the achievable data rates when keeping the number of codes constant (15) and
changing the coding rate as well as the modulation. Table 11.4 shows some example bit rates without overhead
considerations for different transport format and resource combinations (TFRCs).



These theoretical data rates can be allocated for a single user or divided between several users. This way, the
network can match the allocated power/code resources to the terminal capabilities and data requirements of the
active terminals. In contrast to Release 99 operation, it is worth noting that the data rate negotiated with the core
network is typically smaller than the peak data rate used in the air interface. Thus, even if the maximum data rate
negotiated with the core network was, e.g., 1 Mbps or 2 Mbps, the physical layer would use (if conditions permit) a
peak data rate of, e.g., 3.6 Mbps.




HSDPA-Throughput Analysis

a)HSDPA Radio Charts
The information presented in the five charts within this form is the most useful for determiningthe cause of low
throughput.
i.)CQI UE reported CQI.
ii).Throughput (RAW and MAC) plot of raw physical layer throughput with MAC layerthroughput
iii).ACK/NACK percentage of Acknowledgments and Negative Acknowledgements sent,including DTX samples in
the total sample space.
iv).DTX discontinuous transmission, DTX rate is equal to the total Number of DTX receiveddivided by the total
number ACK, NACK and DTX reported, as a percentage.
v).MAC FER MAC frame erasure rate is the number of HS-DSCH blocks received in errorover the total number of
valid HS-SCCH decodes.
b)HSDPA Radio Table
The information presented in this table provides an instantaneous reference for:
a)CQI UE reported CQI
b)Max CQI expected maximum CQI achievable based on UE classc
C)NACK Rate (without DTX) NACK % when considering only received transport blocks.
d)HS-MAC BLER block error rate as seen at the MAC-hs entity in the UE.
e)16 QAM Modulation usage percentage of TTIs over a 200ms interval that use 16QAM.
f)UE State indication of the current UE state, useful to check if UE is in HS-DSCH state atthe time of a low
throughput event.
g)Time timestamp of the selected event or point in the file.
h)HS Serving Celli.
i).SC scrambling code of the active set cell transmitting the HS-PDSCHii.
ii).Ec/No current Ec/No of the serving scrambling code

2. No HS-DSCH Assignment
HS-PDSCH Assignment if the HS-PSDSCH is not available the UE will be assigned (resourcedependent) a R99 DCH
bearer. This will result in lower than expected throughput as R99 DCHbearers have a maximum bearer rate of
384kbps. A HS-PDSCH is assigned to UE provided:
a.HSDPA is configured and is operational in the cell.
b.UE supports HSDPA
c.The number of users allocated in a cell does not exceed 16.
d.Sufficient code resources are available.
e.Downlink Load is below the admission threshold for HSDPA.
f.Uplink Load is below the admission threshold for the creation of the associated DCH
Recommendation: confirm parameter set is aligned to CIQ and HSDPA is enabled in the cell.Check for abnormally
high load (UL and DL) using RNC counters over a low traffic period. Faultrelated loading may result in the allocation
of a non-HSDPA bearer, if high load is present withlow traffic, this indicates a problem with the Node B or antenna
system, escalate to fieldoperations to investigate further

3. Low CQI:CQI Channel Quality Indicator is a measure of channel quality, estimated and reported bythe UE and
possibly adjusted by the NodeB before being used with lookup tables to determinethe appropriate TFRC to use in
the next scheduled TTI. As the NodeB does may not directly usethe reported CQI values, discrepancy between the
allocated TFRC and expected TFRC ispossible, however commonly low CQI results in a TFRC with low user data
throughput and ahigh CQI results in high throughput within the capability of the UE and network.
example of how CQI affects throughput. In this example CQI increases fromapproximately 15 to 21 as a result of a
HS-DSCH switch, resulting in a significant increase inthroughput.
Recommendation: low CQI indicates poor channel quality, resulting from low RSCP and orEc/No. Optimize the
downlink coverage in the area of concern to improve coverage and ordominance. The same steps as presented for
the coverage analysis in the R99 DCH may befollowed.
4. High DTX %:
DTX The DTX percentage is a measure of the percentage of available TTIs a given UE has Not been scheduled for,
that is, a high value near to 100% indicates that the UE is rarely beingscheduled, a value close to 0% indicates that
the UE is nearly always being scheduled. Thefollowing are possible causes of high DTX
A)UE is incapable of receiving subsequent TTIs as defined by UE class.
b).UE is being starved (under-scheduled) by an unfair scheduler (eg. MAX CQI orProportional Fair with low fairness)
c).Lack of data to transmit, ie. The Node Bs buffer for the given UE is empty at or for anumber scheduling intervals
i.Congestion on the Iub preventing the NodeB buffer from being replenished.
ii.Slow or congested application server.
D)UE does not receive scheduling indications on the HS-SCCH due to poor downlink coverage/interference.
e).Level of sharing on the HS-PDSCH ie. Number of users. If there are two activeHSDPA users in a cells coverage
area, DTX will approximate 50% per user (assuminground robin scheduling) and throughput will be halved

Recommendation: Where a consistently high DTX rate is observed in good RF across a widearea of a cells footprint
it is probable that there is a hardware issue at the NodeB, this should beescalated to field operations to investigate
further on site. It may be necessary to re-commissionHSDPA on the site.
Where high DTX is observed sporadically throughout a session it is probable that there isinsufficient data in the
buffers for the UE to be continuously scheduled, this can be due tocongestion in the Iub or an under-performing FTP
server. Verify the performance of the FTPserver with static testing and check RNC counters for Iub congestion
events.
5. High NACK %
ACK vs. NACK For every TTI in which a UE is scheduled to receive data, the UE will respondby sending an ACK or
NACK depending on whether or not the transmission was correctlyreceived or not. (Note that if the UE does not
receive the scheduling information on the HS-SCCH, no HARQ response is sent (DTX)).
As each NACK requires a physical layer retransmission of the transport block a high percentageof NACKs can cause
low throughput. This is only true where Uu_ HSDPA_Throughput_MACdecreases as a result. It is feasible that the
retransmissions can be absorbed with a higherUu_HSDPA_Payload_L1 rate.
A consistently high NACK % indicates that the link adaptation algorithm is not able to adequatelytrack the radio
environment, this can result from:
a).NodeB or ATS problem when a site or cell is consistently showing high NACK % for allsessions on the site / cell,
this can indicate a problem with the NodeB configuration orantenna system.
b).UE is over reporting CQI less likely scenario as CQI reporting accuracy is standardized.There is still a possibility
that a UE under performs in this area however and this willcause a reduction in system throughput when more than
one user is active in a cell.
Recommendation: If present consistently from a given time to the end of the drive test verifythe UE performance
in a static test to rule this out as a cause. If the problem is observed on allHSDPA connections in a particular cell
escalate to a field technician to verify the antenna systemand antenna system settings in the NodeB for the affected
cell/cells, and to confirm the HSDPA commissioning parameters, these should align to the CIQ data. To overcome UE
CQI over-reporting it is possible to use the E\\\ RBS cqiAdjustmentOn parameter. This activates the NodeBCQI
adjustment algorithm which targets a NACK% of 10%. Warning this can result is reduceduser throughput in good
RF. This parameter should not be changed without prior approval.
6. Mobility:
Mobility while mobility should no longer severely impact user throughput (with the use of A-DCH SHO and HS-
PDSCH switching), it is possible that incorrectly set mobility parameters forHSDPA may cause delayed HS-PDSCH
switching, as a result the HS-PDSCH may not always beon the best server and experience lower than achievable
throughput. In addition constant
switching or ping pong switching can cause reduced application throughput as data in the sourceNodeB buffer is
discarded and recovered in the target cell through higher layer retransmissions(RLC)
Recommendation: verify e1d trigger parameter alignment, optimize SHO area by creatingsingle cell dominance in
the affected area


HSUPA(High Speed Uplink Packet Access)
This introduces an important feature of 3GPP R6, High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). As an uplink (UL) high
speed data transmission solution, HSUPA provides a theoretical maximum UL rate of 5.76 Mbps on the Uu interface.
The peak data rate supported by Huawei RAN6.1 is 1.92 Mbps. It improves user experience with significantly higher
data rate, lower delay, and faster connection setup, which allows operators to offer new services and attract new
users.
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
1. In HSUPA, the Node B allows several UEs to transmit at a certain power level at the same time. These grants
are assigned to users by using a fast scheduling algorithm that allocates the resources on a short-term basis
(every 10ms or 2ms).
2. The rapid scheduling of HSUPA is well suited to the bursty feature of packet service. During periods of high
activity, a given user may get a larger percentage of the available resources, while getting little or no
bandwidth during periods of low activity.

New Uplink Transport Channel

Adaptive Modulation and Coding ( AMC )
AMC ( Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) based on CQI ( Channel Quality Indicator )
UE measures the channel quality and reports to NodeB every 2ms or more cycle
NodeB selects modulation scheme ,data block size based on CQI

CQI Mapping Table

W-CDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) brings GSM into 3G. W-CDMA is a type of 3G cellular network
and is a highspeed transmission protocol used in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). UMTS offers
packet-based transmission for text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia content.
HSPAHigh-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a mobile telephony protocol that helps improve the performance of UMTS.
HSPA uses improved modulation schemes, while refining the protocols that mobile devices and base stations use to
communicate. These processes improve radio bandwidth utilization provided by UMTS
HSDPAHigh-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G mobile telecommunications protocol from the HSPA
mobile protocol family. HSDPA enables higher data transfer speeds and capacity in UMTS-based networks. The
standard currently supports peak downlink speeds of up to 14.4 Mbps in 5 MHz bandwidth.
HSUPA
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is also a 3G mobile telecommunications protocol from the HSPA mobile
protocol family. The HSUPA protocol enables peak uplink speeds of up to 5.76 Mbps

HSPA+
Evolved HSPA (HSPA+) is a wireless broadband standard that provides peak speeds of up to 42 Mbps on the
downlink and 22 Mbps on the uplink, using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and higher order
modulation.



WCDMA MOC Call Flow









R99 Call Flow



HSDPA Call Flow

Lte-UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE)
The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) represents a major advance in cellular technology. LTE is designed to meet
carrier needs for high-speed data and media transport as well as high-capacity voice support well into the next
decade.It encompasses high-speed data, multimedia unicast and multimedia broadcast services. Although technical
specifications are not yet finalized, significant details are emerging. This paper focuses on the LTE physical layer
(PHY).
The LTE PHY is a highly efficient means of conveying both data and control information between an enhanced base
station (eNodeB) and mobile user equipment (UE). The LTE PHY employs some advanced technologies that are new
to cellular applications. These include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO) data transmission. In addition, the LTE PHY uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access (OFDMA) on the downlink (DL) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) on the
uplink (UL).OFDMA allows data to be directed to or from multiple users on a subcarrier-by-subcarrier basis for a
specified numberof symbol periods. Due to the novelty of these technologies in cellular applications, they are
described separately before delving into a description of the LTE PHY.
Although the LTE specs describe both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) to
separate UL and DL traffic, market preferences dictate that the majority of deployed systems will be FDD. This paper
therefore describes LTE FDD systems only.
LTE Release 8 Key Features
High spectral efficiency
OFDM in Downlink
SingleCarrier FDMA in Uplink
Very low latency
Short setup time & Short transfer delay
Short hand over latency and interruption time
Support of variable bandwidth
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Compatibility and interworking with earlier 3GPP Releases
FDD and TDD within a single radio access technology
Efficient Multicast/Broadcast

LTE Design Goals
The LTE PHY is designed to meet the following goals [1]:
1. Support scalable bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 MHz
2. Peak data rate that scales with system bandwidth
a. Downlink (2 Ch MIMO) peak rate of 100 Mbps in 20 MHz channel
b. Uplink (single Ch Tx) peak rate of 50 Mbps in 20 MHz channel
3. Supported antenna configurations
a. Downlink: 4x2, 2x2, 1x2, 1x1
b. Uplink: 1x2, 1x1
4. Spectrum efficiency
a. Downlink: 3 to 4 x HSDPA Rel. 6
b. Uplink: 2 to 3 x HSUPA Rel. 6

5. Latency
a. C-plane: <50 100 msec to establish U-plane
b. U-plane: <10 msec from UE to server
6. Mobility
A. Optimized for low speeds (<15 km/hr)
B. High performance at speeds up to 120 km/hr
C. Maintain link at speeds up to 350 km/hr
7. Coverage
a. Full performance up to 5 km
b. Slight degradation 5 km 30 km
c. Operation up to 100 km should not be precluded by standard

2.3 Supported Frequency bands
The LTE specifications inherit all the frequency bands defined for UMTS, whichis a list that continues to grow. There
are at the time of this writing 15 FDDoperating bands and 8 TDD operating bands. Signicant overlap exists
betweensome of the bands, but this does not necessarily simplify designs since therecan be band-specic
performance requirements based on regional needs. Thereis no consensus on which band LTE will first be deployed,
since the answeris highly dependent on local variables. This lack of consensus is a significantcomplication for
equipment manufacturers and contrasts with the start of GSMand W-CDMA, both of which were specified for only
one band. What is nowfirmly established is that one may no longer assume that any particular band isreserved for
any one access technology.
Evolved UMTS Radio Access Network (EUTRAN
Downlink OFDM 100Mbps+ (20MHz spectrum)
Uplink SC-FDMA 50Mbps+ (20MHz spectrum)
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based radio design and techniques are
used to spread data over many sub-carriers provides greater immunity to fading, resulting in
an overall increase in delivery reliability)
FDD Frequency Division Multiplex
End-user latency <10mS
Control plane latency (Transition time to active state) < 100mS (for idle to active)
Flexible and Scaleable Bandwidth (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20MHz) 1.25MHz suitable for in-
band migration (re-use of existing spectrum) and 5MHz 20MHz for clear spectrum green
field deployments and expansion of spectrum as demand grows
Frequency spectrum choice and flexibility of deployment in GSM, CDMA, UMTS bands (450,
700, 850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2500MHz) means that global roaming will be possible
Mobility will be supported up to 500kmph but like other technologies will be optimized for
lower speeds (from 0 to 15kmph)
Coverage (Cell sizes) 5 100km with slight degradation after 30km
VoIP Roughly 3 times UMTS voice capacity
MIMO - Advanced antennas already standardized will increase the overall sector throughput
E2E QOS allowing prioritization of different class of service

Advantages of 4G Wireless Systems:

Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services
IP based mobile system
High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit
Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services
Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service driven services
Better scheduling and call admission control techniques
Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make multi hop network service a difficult
problem)
Better spectral efficiency
Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be all ]IP, look for 4G systems to be
compatible with all common network technologies, including802.11, WCDMA, Blue tooth, and Hyper LAN).
An infrastructure to handle pre existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are
currently under development
PCI Planning :
There are two main strategy options:
_ Neighboring sites are grouped into clusters, and each cluster is assigned a limited number of Code Groups. Each
site is assigned a specific Code Group and each sector a specific
Color Group
_ Random planning i.e. PCI plan that does not consider PCI grouping and does not follow any specific reuse pattern



PCIs should be split into 3 different color groups and 168 code groups
_ Code groups should be reserved for special purposes, e.g. inbuilding and PLMN borders or for future expansions
_ If a color group is assigned per sector and a code group is assigned per site, this will eliminate the risk of having the
same k or frequency shift in the same site, in adjacent cells or pointing at each other



Typically 10-15 3-sector sites in a cluster
Use a subset of the code groups in each cluster
If there are ~70 code groups available, PCIs may be repeated everyfifth or sixth cluster
Structured planning like this eliminates the risk of having
conflicting k or frequency shift in the same site, in adjacent cells or
pointing at each other
Also the risk of having conflicting SSS sequences in adjacent cells
is reduced although this may appear at cluster borders

LTE Supporting Technologies-
MIMO
MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which
multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver). The antennas at
each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. MIMO is
one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being MISO (multiple input, single output)
and SIMO(single input, multiple output).
In conventional wireless communications, a single antenna is used at the source, and another single antenna
is used at the destination. In some cases, this gives rise to problems with multipath effects. When an
electromagnetic field (EM field) is met with obstructions such as hills, canyons, buildings, and utility wires,
the wavefronts are scattered, and thus they take many paths to reach the destination. The late arrival of
scattered portions of the signal causes problems such as fading, cut-out (cliff effect), and intermittent
reception (picket fencing). In digital communications systems such as wireless Internet, it can cause a
reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of two or more antennas, along
with the transmission of multiple signals (one for each antenna) at the source and the destination,
eliminates the trouble caused by multipath wave propagation, and can even take advantage of this effect.
Benefit of MIMO
The benefits of different MIMO schemes in downlink are roughly as follows
1)transmit power is doubled by adding another amplifier (3dB)
ii)average received signal power is doubled because of two-antenna reception (3dB)
iii) diversity from four signal paths brings additional gain which however strongly depends on the
propagation environment (here pessimistically assumed 0 1dB, higher gains are possible).

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex):
OFDM technology has been incorporated into LTE because it enables high data bandwidths to betransmitted
efficiently while still providing a high degree of resilience toreflections and interference. The access schemes
differ between the uplink anddownlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access is used
inthe downlink; while SC-FDMA(Single Carrier - Frequency Division MultipleAccess) is used in the uplink. SC-
FDMA is used in view of the fact that its peak to average power ratio is small and the more constant power
enables high RF power amplifier efficiency in the mobile handsets - an important factor for battery power
equipment
SAE ( System Architecture Evolution):
With the very high data rate and lowlatency requirements for 3G LTE, it is necessary to evolve the
systemarchitecture to enable the improved performance to be achieved. One change isthat a number of the
functions previously handled by the core network have beentransferred out to the periphery. Essentially
this provides a much "flatter" formof network architecture. In this way latency times can be reduced and
data can be routed more directly to its destination
3G LTE specification overview:
It is worth summarizing the key parameters of the 3G LTE specification. In view of thefact that there
are a number of differences between the operation of the uplink anddownlink, these naturally differ
in the performance they can offer.
Parameter Details


These highlight specifications give an overall view of the performance that LTE willoffer. It meets the
requirements of industry for high data download speeds as well asreduced latency - a factor important for
many applications from VoIP to gaming and interactive use of data. It also provides significant
improvements in the use of theavailable spectrum.


Lte-Channels
Transport channels: In order to reduce complexity of the LTE protocol architecture, the number of
transport channels has been reduced. This is mainly due to the focus on shared channel operation, i.e. no
dedicated channels are used any more.
Downlink transport channels are
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Downlink annShared Chel (DL-SCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Multicast Channel (MCH)
Uplink transport channels are:
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)

Logical channels: Logical: channels can be classified in control and traffic channels

Control channels are:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Traffic channels are:
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH

eNB Functionalities
Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control,
Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink
(scheduling);
IP header compression and encryption of user data stream;
Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME can be determined from the
information provided by the UE;
Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME);
Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or O&M);
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling;
Scheduling and transmission of PWS (which includes ETWS and CMAS) messages (originated from
the MME).

LTE (RF)Drive Test-optimization

To meet customers' requirements for high-quality networks, LTE trialnetworks must be optimized during
and after project implementation. Radiofrequency (RF) optimization is necessary in the entire optimization
process.This document provides guidelines on network optimization for networkplanning and optimization
personnel.


Single site verification
Single site verification, the first phase of network optimization, involvesfunction verification at each new
site. Single site verification aims toensure that each site is properly installed and that parameters
arecorrectly configured
1)First should check the azimuth and tilt, any problem the work should bestopped and directly
inform Huawei the problems.
2)The DT teams should select points as below (updated: 1,4,7 are canceled,only 6 points needed) to do the
network entry/ Download/ upload/ ping test.The points location can be changed as the real signal condition
3)If the teams find any problem (include but not only: wrong BSID or PCI; lowthroughput; high ping delay) in
the test they should report it to coordinator right now. Take care on the feeder across! At last finish and
submit the SSVreport (refer to the attachment).
4)If there is no cross feeder, the terminal should access to correct
BSIandcorrect PCI. If there is cross feeder, please report to Huawei SSV supervisor. And the remaining test
for this site should be stopped.
5)Throughput test should be done with FTP. Currently, there is one Huawei
FTP is available for throughput test. FTP IP:ftp://10.218.240.115/user name: huawei,
password: huawei;ftp://10.212.195.139/ user name:
wimax,password: wimax. Please use FTP software (suggest to use filezilla,because it can download several
files together.) to download the files (atleast 10 files together) at least for 1 minute. Using first stopwatch of
DUmeter to record the average DL/UL throughput during test.
6)All the throughput test mentioned in this document must beperformed in this way
7)Ping test: click start button on your desktop and then: Start-> Run-> inputcmd-> enter-
> input ping 10.218.240.115 n 100 or ping10.212.195.139 n 100 > enter-> wait until output 10 ping
delay result onthe screen-> record the average ping delay
8)Take a snapshot which includes all the above test result (ping anddownload, upload), signal information,
PCI, terminal Tx power, etc

Define services to be tested
Voice, Video, FTP, HTTP, FTP, Ping, etc.Mode of service, HSPA, HSDPA, LTE.These tables and pass/fail criteria
must be established.

3)Begin DT
i.The DT will follow before confirmed wimax DT boundary. Using HuaweiE398s USB terminal and Huawei
Genex Probe DT software to perform theDT. During the DT the engineers should parallel perform network
entry,minimum guarantee DownLoad/UpLoad test. By this after the DT can getthe test result of coverage
probability/ successful setup rate / sessionestablish delay/ dropped session rate/ minimum rate guarantee
of downstream&upstream/ handoff/ wireless link burst error rate.
ii.All the streets should be covered. The speed should less than 30km/h. Inthe DT engineers should always
pay attention on the PCI/RSRP/SINR. If any problem happened they should click the pause button to
pause thetest and after solving continue the test. Any problems like KPI fail toachieve must be informed to
Huawei on time. After DT the log should betransferred to Huawei.
iii).In the DT the team should always take care the PCI and performance, thebad performance DT log or
wrong test log will need repeating work. It is ok that feedback the problems to Huawei when you mee some
problems
4)Begin PT(point test)
i.Cell edge coverage probability
To the cell edge coverage probability, select 20 edge points (SINR is higher than0dBbut lower than5dB&
RSRP is lower than-100dB) to perform ftpdownload, each point last 1 min. Record the detail coordinates and
test results.
he RSRP and SINR must be check from Probe, you can use test plan todownload and take a Snapshots like
the Average downstream throughput sector level pictures, check the RSRP and SINR like this picture

Acceptable range: successful rate> 80%Target range: successful rate> 85%
ii.Average downstream throughput terminal level
To the average downstream/upstream throughput (terminal level), select 3points of one sector (RSRP=-
105~-95 / -95~-80/ >-80SINR=0~10/15~25/25~35) to perform the ftp download/ upload for 1 min
Record the average throughput of the 3 points. This test should be implementedfor 20% of sectors per
cluster.
Please pay more attention to 3 points:
RSRP=-105~-95,SINR=0~10, keep the DL throughput between 5M to 15M
RSRP=-95~-80, SINR=15~25, keep the DL throughput between 25M to 35M
RSRP>-80, SINR=25~35, keep the DL throughput between 45M to 55M

The RSRP must be check from Probe, then you can test plan to finish thiswork.This test plan PT will
be provided by huawei. And you need to take aSnapshots like the Average downstream throughput
sector level pictures
3.Measure Method
KPI Test includes DT and PT (point test)
1)DT(Drive Test):
i).The DT will follow before confirmed wimax DT boundary. Using HuaweiE398s USB terminal and Huawei
Genex Probe&Assistant DT softwareto perform the DT. During the DT the engineers should parallelperform
network entry, minimum guarantee DownLoad/UpLoad test.By this after the DT can get the test result of
coverage probability/successful setup rate / session establish delay/ dropped session rate/minimum rate
guarantee of downstream&upstream/ handoff/ HSR/wireless link burst error rate.
ii).To the coverage probability, need to show out the statistic of pointspercentage of RSRP>-110dBm&SINR>-
3dB, show the RSRP & SINR &PCI map picture
iii).Successful setup rate= ERAB Setup Success Counter / ( ERAB SetupSuccess Counter + ERAB Setup Failure
Counter);
iv).Session establishment delay= T(Attach CMP)-T(Attach REQ);
v).Dropped session rate= ERAB Abnormal Rel Counter / ERAB Setup SucCounter.
vi).To the minimum rate guarantee of downstream&upstream, theengineers will perform ftp download and
upload by one fixed size file(DL 80MB and UL 20MB) withnon-GBR account, thedownload&upload
will be ceaselessly repeated until finish the DT. Then calculate the average throughput of these tests. The
test resultwill be filtered as contract requirements and only the valid serviceresult will be calculated. This
after filter result will be the KPI result of this test item.
vii).Handover successful rate(HSR)= HO Success Counter / ( HO SuccessCounter + HO Failure Counter);
viii).In any 1 min of the DT cannot happen more than 6 times HO, if thisnot happen, the handoff test is
passed.
ix).To the wireless link burst error rate, calculate the average RBLER inthe DT, the average RBLER of the DT
should be less than 1% toachieve the contract KPI.
x).All the above test result will be filtered as the RF test conditiondefined in contract and the final result
listed in the report shouldbase on the test result after this filter. The service drop or test failhappened at
bad RF points defined by contract will be excluded.Besides, Huawei should provide all the original logs when
submit theKPI reports
2)PT(Point Test):
xi).To the cell edge coverage probability, select 20 edge points (SINR ishigher than 0dB but lower than 5dB &
RSRP is lower than -95dBm) toperform ftp download, each point last 1 min. Do a statistic for thesuccessful
service points percentage.
xii).To the average downstream/upstream throughput (terminal level),select 3 points (RSRP=-105~-95 / -
95~-80/ >-80) to perform the ftpdownload/ upload for 1 min. Record the average throughput of the
3points. This test should be implemented for 20% of sectors percluster
xiii).To the average downstream/upstream throughput (sector level), use 2or 3 terminals (can be negotiated
by Mobily & Huawei to detail testrequiremtns) to perform the ftp download/ upload for 1 min at thesame
time. In the 2 terminals condition the modulation should bearound 64QAM and 16QAM. This test should be
implemented for 20%of sectors per cluster.
xiv).To the Maximum round trip latency, select 1 edge point (RSRP=-100~-90) to perform the ping test. The
ping packet size is 32KB and theping repeat times is 100. Record the average ping delay. This testshould be
implemented for 20% of sectors per cluster.
xv).Calculate the maximum jitter based on above ping result. 5 biggest jitter values should be canceled. This
test should be implemented for20% of sectors per cluster.
xvi).As contract requirements, if the site has other commercial users, thethroughput KPI is not must
achieved, DT team just normally recordthe test result & the slot occupy rate from NOC M2000. For that
thetest is a long term work and the ftp problem is always met, as toavoid any delay by the ftp server, to all
the ftp related test itemsHuawei can use either Mobily ftp server (ftp.bayanat.com.sa) orHuawei server.
xvii.Huawei should provide all the original logs when submit the KPIreports.
Cluster Pre-Drive
System Check:
Get latest cluster drive routes. 90% cluster readiness ( You can set whatever readiness your
methodology allows for )
No major alarms ( From OSS -So you can make sure that OSS team must send a copy of the
BTS or eNB alarm reports at the beginning of each day, if possible )
Ensure the sites in the test clusters are unlocked and put on cell - reserved
Activate the UETR tracing in OSS (if available)
(Lets add one more term, make sure to activate UETR for the correct number
Check List during Drive:
Check that logfiles are active and recording while driving.
If DL/UL sessions stop or hang unexpectedly during testing, stop and re-start session.
Note problematic areas such as those below: -
Poor RSCP (<-100dBm), Poor CINR (<0dB), Low DL throughput (<5Mbps)
Sites not transmitting even when UE is at close range.
Swapped feeders (PCI not present at expected coverage area)
Laptop/ UE connection problems, etc.
Take note of inaccessible drive routes
Drive round the site in both clockwise and anti-clockwise direction (Onlyapplicable
for single site test)

RSRP of LTE cells(Reference Signal Received Power): RSRP is a RSSI type of measurement. It
measures the average received power over the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals
within certain frequency bandwidth. RSRP is applicable in both RRC_idle and RRC_connected modes, while
RSRQ is only applicable in RRC_connected mode. In the procedure of cell selection and cell reselection in idle
mode, RSRP is used. RSRP is the LTE equivalent of 3G UMTS RSCP.
RSRQ of LTE cells(Reference Signal Received Quality): RSRQ is a C/I type of measurement and it
indicates the quality of the received reference signal. It is defined as (N*RSRP)/(E-UTRA Carrier RSSI), where
N makes sure the nominator and denominator are measured over the same frequency bandwidth;. RSRQ is
the LTE equivalent of 3G UMTS Ec/ N0.
UTRA RSSI: The carrier RSSI (Receive Strength Signal Indicator) measures the average total received power
observed only in OFDM symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0 (i.e., OFDM symbol 0 & 4
in a slot) in the measurement bandwidth over N resource blocks. The total received power of the carrier
RSSI includes the power from co-channel serving & non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal
noise, etc.
GSM Carrier RSSI: This is the RSSI (in dBm) for the signal level of the GSM cells measuredon the UEs
receiver antenna and compared to a reference level of 1mW.

RSRP, RSRQ ,RSSI are the measurements that the UE takes for cell reselection or handover puroposes. It is
not used for the purposes of the transmission settings, but to take the decision (by the UE in case of cell
reselection; or eNB in case of handover) to move the UE to other cell. In the case of handover, the UE
sends the measurement results according to the eNB commands (e.g. periodically or triggered by event).
The power of the eNB is constant and does not depend on the RSRP / RSRQ / RSSI measurements.



RF optimization
RF (or cluster) optimization starts after all sites in a planned area are installed and verified. RF optimization
aims to control pilot pollution while optimizing signal coverage, increase handover success rates, andensure
normal distribution of radio signals before parameteroptimization. RF optimization involves optimization
and adjustment ofantenna system hardware and neighbor lists. The first RF optimizationtest must traverse
all cells in an area to rectify hardware faults
Preparations for RF Optimization
Network plan, network structure diagram, site distribution, siteinformation, and
engineering parameters
Drive test results (such as service drop points and handoverfailure points) in the current
area
Reference signal received power (RSRP) coverage diagram
Signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) distribution diagram
Measured handover success rates
Areas to be optimized can be determined by comparing thedistribution of RSRPs, SINRs, and
handover success rates withthe optimization baseline.