Unit 4: The Newtonian World

This unit consists of three teaching modules: 15% of the total Advanced GCE marks 1h
written paper
Module 1: Newtons laws and momentum
4.1.1 Newtons laws of motion
4.1.2 Collisions
Module 2: Circular motion and oscillations
4.2.1 Circular motion
4.2.2 Graitational !ields
4.2." #im$le harmonic oscillations
Module ": Thermal Physics
4.".1 #olid% li&uid and 'as
4.".2 Tem$erature
4."." Thermal $ro$erties of materials
4.1.1 Newtons laws of motion Covere
d
in class
Revise
d
a! state and use each of "ewton#s three laws of motion$
%! de&ne linear momentum as the product of mass and velocit' and
appreciate the vector nature of momentum$
c! de&ne net force on a body as e(ual to rate of change of its
momentum$
d! select and appl' the e(uation to solve pro%lems$
e! e)plain that F * ma is a special case of "ewton+s second law when
mass m remains constant$
f! de&ne impulse of a force$
g! recall that the area under a force against time graph is e(ual to
impulse$
h! recall and use the e(uation impulse * change in momentum,
4.1.2 Collisions
a! state the principle of conservation of momentum$
%! appl' the principle of conservation of momentum to solve pro%lems
when %odies interact in one dimension$
c! de&ne a perfectly elastic collision and an inelastic collision$
d! e)plain that whilst the momentum of a s'stem is alwa's conserved in
the interaction %etween %odies- some change in kinetic energ' usuall'
occurs,
4.2.1 Circular motion
a! de&ne the radian$
%! convert angles from degrees into radians and vice versa$
c! e)plain that a force perpendicular to the velocit' of an o%.ect will make
the o%.ect descri%e a circular path$
d! e)plain what is meant %' centripetal acceleration and centripetal force$
e! select and appl' the e(uations for speed and centripetal
acceleration
f! select and appl' the e(uation for centripetal force
4.2.2 Gravitational fields Covere
d in
class
Revised
a! descri%e how a mass creates a gravitational &eld in the space
around it$
%! de&ne gravitational feld strength as force per unit mass$
c! use gravitational &eld lines to represent a gravitational &eld$
d! state "ewton+s law of gravitation$
e! select and use the e(uation for the force %etween two point or
spherical o%.ects$
f! select and appl' the e(uation for the gravitational &eld
strength of a point mass$
g! select and use the e(uation determine the mass of the
Earth or another similar o%.ect$
h! e)plain that close to the Earth+s surface the gravitational &eld
strength is uniform and appro)imatel' e(ual to the acceleration of free
fall$
i! anal'se circular or%its in an inverse s(uare law &eld %' relating the
gravitational force to the centripetal acceleration it causes$
.! de&ne and use the period of an o%.ect descri%ing a circle$
k! derive the e(uation from &rst principles$
l! select and appl' the e(uation for planets and satellites
natural and arti&cial!$
m! select and appl' /epler+s third law T
2
0 r
3
to solve pro%lems$
n! de&ne geostationary orbit of a satellite and state the uses of such
satellites,
4.2.3 Simle harmonic oscillations
a! descri%e simple e)amples of free oscillations$
%! de&ne and use the terms displacement- amplitude- period-
frequency- angular frequency and phase diference$
c! select and use the e(uation period * 1/frequency$
d! de&ne simple harmonic motion$
e! select and appl' the e(uation a * 1 23f!
2
x as the de&ning e(uation
of simple harmonic motion$
f! select and use x * Acos23ft! or x * Asin23ft! as solutions to the
e(uation
a * 1 23f!
2
x $
g! select and appl' the e&uation v
ma)
* 23f!A for the ma)imum speed
of a simple harmonic oscillator$
h! e)plain that the period of an o%.ect with simple harmonic motion is
independent of its amplitude$
i! descri%e- with graphical illustrations- the changes in displacement-
velocit' and acceleration during simple harmonic motion$
.! descri%e and e)plain the interchange %etween kinetic and potential
energ' during simple harmonic motion$
k! descri%e the e4ects of damping on an oscillator' s'stem$
l! descri%e practical e)amples of forced oscillations and resonance$
m! descri%e graphicall' how the amplitude of forced oscillation
changes with fre(uenc' near to the natural fre(uenc' of the s'stem$
n! descri%e e)amples where resonance is useful and other e)amples
where resonance should %e avoided,
4.3.1 Solids! li"uids and #ases Covere
d
in class
Revise
d
a! descri%e solids- li(uids and gases in terms of the spacing- ordering and
motion of atoms or molecules$
%! descri%e a simple kinetic model for solids- li(uids and gases$
c! descri%e an e)periment that demonstrates 5rownian motion and
discuss the evidence for the movement of molecules provided %' such an
e)periment$
d! de&ne the term pressure and use the kinetic model to e)plain the
pressure e)erted %' gases$
e! de&ne internal energy as the sum of the random distri%ution of kinetic
and potential
energies associated with the molecules of a s'stem$
f! e)plain that the rise in temperature of a %od' leads to an increase in
its internal energ'$
g! e)plain that a change of state for a su%stance leads to changes in its
internal energ' %ut not its temperature$
h! descri%e using a simple kinetic model for matter the terms melting-
%oiling and evaporation,
4.3.2 Temerature
a! e)plain that thermal energ' is transferred from a region of higher
temperature to a region of lower temperature$
%! e)plain that regions of e(ual temperature are in thermal e(uili%rium$
c! descri%e how there is an a%solute scale of temperature that does not
depend on the propert' of an' particular su%stance ie the thermod'namic
scale and the concept of a%solute 6ero!$
d! convert temperatures measured in kelvin to degrees Celsius or vice
versa!:
T /!* 7C! 8 29:,15$
e! state that a%solute 6ero is the temperature at which a su%stance has
minimum internal energ',
4.3.3 Thermal roerties of materials
a! de&ne and appl' the concept of speci&c heat capacit'$
%! select and appl' the e(uation E * mc;<$
c! descri%e an electrical e)periment to determine the speci&c heat
capacit' of a solid or a li(uid$
d! descri%e what is meant %' the terms latent heat of fusion and latent
heat of vaporisation,
4.3.4 $deal #ases
a! state 5o'le+s law$
%! select and appl'
c! state the %asic assumptions of the kinetic theor' of gases$
d! state that one mole of an' su%stance contains =,>2 ? 1>
2:
particles
and that
=,>2 ? 1>
2:
mol
@1
is the Avogadro constant N
A
$
e! select and solve pro%lems using the ideal gas e(uation e)pressed as
pV ( NkT and pV ( nRT% where N is the num%er of atoms and n is the
num%er of moles$
f! e)plain that the mean translational kinetic energ' of an atom of an
ideal gas is directl' proportional to the temperature of the gas in kelvin$
g! select and appl' the e(uation for the mean translational
kinetic energ' of atoms,