i

A
PROJECT REPORT
on
EVAPORATIVE CONDENSATION IN WINDOW A.C.
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by
AUTI VISHAL ASHOK
CHAKAVE PRASHANT BABAN
GHOSALKAR SHRADDHA SUDHIR
SINGH GAURAV ARVIND
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. AMOL DAYMA
H.O.D. MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT (not required)


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SHIVAJIRAO S. JONDHLE COLLEGE OF ENGG.& TECHNOLOGY,
ASANGAON
2013-2014

ii

APPROVAL SHEET
The project report entitled EVAPORATIVE CONDENSATION IN WINDOW A.C.
submitted by
AUTI VISHAL ASHOK
CHAKAVE PRASHANT BABAN
GHOSALKAR SHRADDHA SUDHIR
SINGH GAURAV ARVIND
approved for partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering.


PROF. AMOL DAYMA PROF. AMOL DAYMA
Head Guide
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Shivajirao S. Jondhle college of Engg.& Tech. Shivajirao S. Jondhle college of Engg.&
Tech
Asangaon Asangaon


Principal
Shivajirao S. Jondhle college of Engg.& Tech.
Asangaon

EXAMINERS

1. ____________
2. ____________
CONTENTS
iii

List of Figures
List of Tables
Definitions (Nomenclature)
(Abstract)
Chapter No

1




2.






3.


4






5
6
7

Title
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Air conditioning
1.2 Evaporative cooling
1.3 Existing VCR System
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Vapor-compression refrigeration cycles
2.2 Compressors
2.3 Condensers
2.4 Expansion device
2.5 Evaporators
2.6 Refrigerant
2.7 Tonnes of refrigerant
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
3.1 concept of evaporative condensation
EXPERIMENTATION
4.1 Aim
4.2 prior concept
4.3 New concept
4.4 apparatus
4.5 stepwise procedure
4.6 observation table
4.7 calculation
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
EXPENDITURE
REFERENCE


Page No.
1



6








23

26






35
38
40
iv


Sr. no.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2



List of figure
Figure
window ac unit
evaporative cooling system
vapour compression system
p-h diagram of VCR system
reciprocating compressor
Rotary Compressor
centrifugal compressor
air cooled condensor
water cooled condenser
tube in tube water cooled condenser
Shell and coil condenser
Shell and tube condenser
Evaporative condenser
Capillary tube
Automatic or constant pressure expansion valve
Thermostatic expansion valve
Dry expansion evaporator
Example Setup For Evaporative Condensation
Block Diagram Of Evaporative Condenser
Pressure v/s Enthalpy Diagram of VCR system
Pressure v/s Enthalpy diagram of VCR system with sub-
cooling
(make list of tables and fig. in tabular for)










v

List of Table
Sr No Table
4.1 Reading for Simple VCR System
4.2 Reading for Subcooling In VCR System
4.3 Cut-Off Time of Compressor
5.1 Comparisons of C.O.P
5.2 Comparison of Heat Rejected By Condenser
5.3 Comparison of Mass Flow Rate


Fig. no. Figure name Page no.










ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
we would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere and heartily thanks to
PROF. AMOL DAYMA, H.O.D. , Department of Mechanical Engineering for their
timely guidance and inspiration, without which my work would not have been
completed.
vi

we would like to thanks to DR.NEERAJ AGRAWAL , Associate Professor ,
Department of Mechanical Engineering , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
Institute , Lonere. For their valuable guidance about evaporative cooling system.
we would also like to thank him to giving me this opportunity to study the vast and
interesting field of tool condition monitoring.
submitted by :
AUTI VISHAL ASHOK
CHAKAVE PRASHANT BABAN
GHOSALKAR SHRADDHA SUDHIR
SINGH GAURAV ARVIND














vii

ABSTRACT
An air conditioner is a major or home appliance, system, or mechanism designed to
change the air temperature and humidity within an area (used for cooling and
sometimes heating depending on the air properties at a given time). The cooling is
typically done using a simple refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation is used,
commonly for comfort cooling in buildings and motor vehicles.
As water is evaporated, energy is lost from the air, reducing the temperature. Two
temperatures are important when dealing with evaporative cooling systems.
In this system we going to used basic principal of evaporative cooling system in air
conditioning unit for increasing its efficiency.
Procedure used:
Main procedure is to work on coefficient of performance (C.O.P.) of air conditioning
unit as per the basic principle in which cooling effect is obtain by evaporation of liquid
i.e. water.
Calculation and comparison of C.O.P. of following two systems :
Window air conditioner
Window air conditioner using evaporative condensation i.e. water cooled condesation
system
(for all pages use margin left 1.5, right 1, top 1 & bottom
1)
(always use a single tab for new sentence)
8

DEFINITIONS
AC Air conditioner
oF Degrees Fahrenheit
EC Evaporative condenser
EER Energy Efficiency Ratio
EIR Electric input ratio
HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
RECS Residential Energy Consumption Survey
TXV Thermostatic expansion valve
W Watt
K kelvin
















9









CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
(this page not required)

10

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Air conditioning (always use single tab for new sentence)
Air conditioning (often referred to AC or A/C) is the process of altering the properties
of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more favorable conditions, typically with the
aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space to improve comfort. More
generally, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology, heating, cooling, de-
humidification, humidification, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement, that modifies the
condition of air.
An air conditioner is a major or home appliance, system, or mechanism designed to
change the air temperature and humidity within an area (used for cooling and sometimes
heating depending on the air properties at a given time). The cooling is typically done using a
simple refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation is used, commonly for comfort cooling
in buildings and motor vehicles. In construction, a complete system of
heating, ventilation and air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC".

Fig.1.1 : window ac unit

11

1.2 Evaporative cooling
An evaporative cooler (also swamp cooler, desert cooler and wet air cooler) is a device that
cools air through the evaporation of water. Evaporative cooling differs from typical air
conditioning systems which use vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycles.
Evaporative cooling works by employing water's large enthalpy of vaporization. The
temperature of dry air can be dropped significantly through the phase transition of liquid
water to water vapor (evaporation), which can cool air using much less energy
than refrigeration. In extremely dry climates, evaporative cooling of air has the added benefit
of conditioning the air with more moisture for the comfort of building occupants.
Air washers and wet cooling towers use the same principles as evaporative coolers but are
designed for purposes other than directly cooling the air inside a building. For example, an
evaporative cooler may be designed to cool the coils of a large air conditioning or
refrigeration system to increase its efficiency.

Fig.1.2 : evaporative cooling system
Evaporative cooling works because as warm air passes through a series of wet filter pads, the
water in the pads evaporates, therefore cooling the air passing through them. No refrigerants
are required, with their complex, energy intensive compression systems, in the production of
cold air used in evaporative cooling. This is why these systems run at 10% of the power of
air-con units.

12

1.3 EXISTING VCR SYSTEM

Fig.1.3 : vapour compression system
The existing cycle of consists of 4 basic parts viz. compressor, condenser, capillary
tube and an evaporator. The compressor used is a reciprocating compressor. An air cooled
condenser is used. Capillary tube which has reducing diameter is used in the system. It is the
cheapest expansion device available which satisfies the required condition of the refrigerant
in the system. Refrigerant used in the present available system in the market is R22.
The hot vapour refrigerant from the evaporator flows into the compressor after taking heat
from the evaporator. The reciprocating compressor compresses this vapour refrigerant. This
increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. The condition of the refrigerant at
the outlet of the compressor is superheated. This superheated vapour refrigerant is then
supplied to the condenser.
The refrigerant from the compressor is cooled inside the condenser. First few coils of
condenser cool the refrigerant by taking out the latent heat from the refrigerant. This reduces
the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant and the vapour refrigerant gets converted into
liquid refrigerant due to removal of latent heat from the refrigerant. Next some coils further
cool the refrigerant by removing sensible heat from the refrigerant. In this stage of the
condenser, the temperature of the refrigerant is reduced at constant pressure. The remaining
coils of the condenser coil further reduce the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant. This
stage is called sub cooling. This increases the refrigerant effect. Thus a system with sub
CAPILLARY TUBE

CONDENSOR
COMPRESSOR
EVAPORATOR
13

cooling will have better coefficient of performance. The cooled liquid refrigerant from the
condenser is then passed through the capillary tube. This further reduces the temperature and
pressure of the refrigerant. This is due to the frictional resistance offered by a small diameter
tube. One of the biggest advantages using a capillary tube is that when the compressor stops
the refrigerant continues to flow inside the evaporator and equalizes the pressure between the
high side and low side of the system. This considerably decreases the static load on the
compressor. Thus a low starting torque motor can be used to drive the compressor. Since the
refrigerant charge in the capillary tube system is critical therefore no receiver is required.
This low pressure low temperature liquid refrigerant from the capillary tube flows into the
evaporator. due to the temperature difference between the liquid refrigerant and the
surrounding inside the evaporator, heat transfer takes place between the two. As we know
that the heat transfers from high temperature to low temperature, heat from the surrounding
which is at high temperature flows to refrigerant which is at low temperature. This increases
the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. This causes phase transformation due to the
latent heat absorbed and the liquid refrigerant gets converted into vapour refrigerant. The hot
vapour refrigerant from the evaporator is then supplied to the compressor and the cycle is
repeated.
Another important component of the existing system is the circulating fan. The fan is
situated along with the evaporator. The fan circulates the cold air that is generated in the
evaporator section in the entire refrigerating unit and produces cooling inside the entire
refrigerator. The malfunctioning of the fan can result in the breakdown of the refrigerating
unit as effective cooling will not be available in some section of the refrigerating unit.
A thermostat is also used which is connected to the overload and relay of a
compressor. It acts like a censor. The required temperature in the refrigerator is set in the
thermostat. When the set temperature inside the refrigerator is reached, the thermostat sends
signal to the compressor and the compressor stops. When the temperature inside the
refrigerator rises above the set temperature the thermostat sends signal to the compressor and
the compressor starts again. Defrosting is also provided in some of the refrigerating systems.



14









CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
(this page not required)



15

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLES
Vapor-compression refrigeration is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most
widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It is also used in
domestic and commercial refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage
of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other commercial and
industrial services. Oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical processing plants, and natural
gas processing plants are among the many types of industrial plants that often utilize large
vapor-compression refrigeration systems.

Liquid saturation curve Vapour saturation curve

P2 3 Condensation 2 Condenser pressure
Wet region Superheated region
Sub-cooled region Expansion Compression

P1 4 Evaporation 1 Evaporator pressure

h3 = h4 Enthalpy h1 h2
fig. 2.1 : p-h diagram of VCR system
Refrigeration may be defined as lowering the temperature of an enclosed space by removing
heat from that space and transferring it elsewhere. A device that performs this function may
also be called a heat pump.
The vapor-compression uses a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs and
removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere.
16

All such systems have four components:
1. a compressor
2. condenser
3. a thermal expansion valve(also called a throttle valve)
4. an evaporator.
Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a
saturated vapor and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as
well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated
vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed with either cooling
water or cooling air. That hot vapor is routed through a condenser where it is cooled and
condensed into a liquid by flowing through a coil or tubes with cool water or cool air flowing
across the coil or tubes. This is where the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system
and the rejected heat is carried away by either the water or the air (whichever may be the
case).
The condensed liquid refrigerant, in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated liquid, is
next routed through an expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure.
That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic flash evaporation of a part of the liquid
refrigerant. The auto-refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the
temperature of the liquid and vapor refrigerant mixture to where it is colder than the
temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated.
The cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator. A fan circulates
the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid
and vapor mixture. That warm air evaporates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture.
At the same time, the circulating air is cooled and thus lowers the temperature of the enclosed
space to the desired temperature. The evaporator is where the circulating refrigerant absorbs
and removes heat which is subsequently rejected in the condenser and transferred elsewhere
by the water or air used in the condenser.
To complete the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again a
saturated vapor and is routed back into the compressor.


17


2.2 COMPRESSORS
A refrigerant compressor as the name indicates is a machine used to compress the
vapour refrigerant from the evaporator and to raise its pressure so that the the corresponding
saturation temperature is higher than that of the cooling medium. It also continually circulates
the refrigerant through the the refrigerating system. Since the compression of refrigerant
requires some work to be done on it therefore a compressor must be driven by some prime
mover.
Classification of compressors:
1) According to method of compression
a) Reciprocating compressor
b) Rotary compressor
c) Centrifugal compressor
2) According to number of working strokes
a) Single acting
b) Double acting
3) According to number of stages
a) Single stage or single cylinder
b) Multi stage or multi cylinder
4) According to location of prime mover
a) Semi-hermetic compressor
b) Hermetic compressor


18


2.2.1 Reciprocating compressor:

Fig. 2.2 reciprocating compressor
The compressor in which the refrigerant is compressed by reciprocating motion of
the piston is called reciprocating compressor. These compressors are used for refrigerants
which have comparatively low volume per kg and a large differential pressure. The
compression cylinders also known as stages, of which a particular design may have from one
to six or more, provide confinement for the process gas during compression. A piston is
driven in a reciprocating action to compress the gas. Arrangements may be of single-or dual-
acting design. (In the dual-acting design, compression occurs on both sides of the piston
during both the advancing and retreating stroke.) Some dual-acting cylinders in high-pressure
applications will have a piston rod on both sides of the piston to provide equal surface area
and balance loads. Tandem cylinder arrangements help minimize dynamic loads by locating
cylinders in pairs, connected to a common crankshaft, so that the movements of the pistons
oppose each other. Gas pressure is sealed and wear of expensive components is minimized
19

through the use of disposable piston rings and rider bands respectively. These are formed
from comparatively soft metals relative to piston and cylinder/liner metallurgy or materials
such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Process gas is drawn into the cylinder, squeezed,
contained and then released by mechanical valves that typically operate automatically by
differential pressures. Depending on system design, cylinders may have one or multiple
suction and discharge valves. Unloaders and clearance pockets are special valves that control
the percent of full load carried by the compressor at a given rotational speed of its driver.
Unloaders manipulate the suction valves action to allow the gas to recycle. Clearance pocket
valves alter the cylinder head space (clearance volume). They may be fixed or variable.
2.2.2 Rotary compressor

Fig.2.3 Rotary Compressor
In rotary compressors, the vapour refrigerant from the evaporator is compressed due to the
movement of the blades. The rotary compressors are positive displacement type compressors.
Since the clearance in the rotary compressor is negligible therefore they have high volumetric
efficiency. The rotary compressor is adaptable to direct drive by induction motors , gasoline
or diesel engines. The units are compact, relatively inexpensive, and require
operating attention and maintenance. They occupy a fraction of the space and weight
of a reciprocating machine of equivalent capacity. Rotary compressor units are classified
20

into three general groups, slide vane-type, lobe-type, and liquid seal ring-type. The rotary
slide vane-type, has longitudinal vanes, sliding radially in a slotted rotor mounted
eccentrically in a cylinder. The centrifugal force carries the sliding vanes against the
cylindrical case with the vanes forming a number of individual longitudinal cells in the
eccentric annulus between the case and rotor. The suction port is located where the
longitudinal cells are largest. The size of each cell is reduced by the eccentricity of the rotor
as the vanes approach the discharge port, thus compressing the air.
2.2.3 Centrifugal compressors

Fig. 2.4 : centrifugal compressor
This compressor increases the pressure of low pressure vapour refrigerant to high
pressure using centrifugal force. The centrifugal compressors are generally used for
refrigerants that require large displacement and less condensing pressure. A single stage
centrifugal compressor in its simplest form consists of an impeller, to which a number of
curved vanes are fitted symmetrically. The impeller rotates in an air tight volute casing with
inlet and outlet points. The impeller draws in low pressure vapour refrigerant from the
evaporator. When the impeller rotates it pushes the vapour refrigerant from centre of the
impeller to its periphery by centrifugal force. the kinetic energy thus attained at the impeller
outlet is converted into pressure energy when the high velocity vapour refrigerant passes over
the diffuser. The volute casing collects the vapour refrigerant from the diffuser and it further
converts kinetic energy into pressure energy before it leaves the refrigerant to the evaporator.
21

The centrifugal compressor has no valves, pistons and cylinder. The only wearing parts are
the main bearings.
2.3 CONDENSERS
Condenser is an important device used in high pressure side of a refrigeration system.
Its function is to remove heat of hot vapour refrigerant discharged from the compressor. The
hot vapour refrigerant consist of heat absorbed by the evaporator and the heat of compression
added by mechanical energy of compressor motor. The heat from hot vapour refrigerant in a
condenser is removed first by transferring it to the walls of the condenser tubes and then from
the tubes to the condensing or cooling medium. The condensing medium may be water or air
or combination of the two. The selection of condenser depends upon capacity of refrigeration
system, the type of refrigerant used and type of cooling medium available.
The condenser cools the refrigerant in following three stages:
a) The superheated vapour is cooled to saturation temperature corresponding to pressure
of the refrigerant.
b) Saturated vapour refrigerant gives up its latent heat and is condensed to a saturated
liquid refrigerant.
c) The temperature of the liquid refrigerant is reduced below its saturation temperature
in order to increase the refrigerating effect.
Classification of condensers:
a) Air cooled condenser
b) Water cooled condenser
c) Evaporative condenser
2.3.1 Air cooled condenser
22


Fig. 2.5 : air cooled condensor
Air cooled condenser is one in which the removal of heat is done by air. It consist of copper
or steel tubing through which the refrigerant flows. The size of tube usually ranges from 6mm
to 18mm outside diameter. Generally copper tubes are used because of its excellent heat
transfer ability. The tubes are usually provided with plate type fins to increase the surface
area for heat transfer. The fin spacing is quite wide to reduce dust clogging. The condensers
with single row of tubing provide most efficient heat transfer. Thus is because the air
temperature rises as it passes through each row of tubing. However single row tubing requires
more space than multi row condensers. Air cooled condensers may have two or more rows of
tubing. More than eight rows of tubing is not efficient because air temperature will be too
close to the condenser temperature to absorb any more heat after passing through eight rows
of tubing.
Types of air cooled condensers:
a) Natural convection air cooled condenser
b) Forced convection air cooled condenser
2.3.2 Water cooled condenser
23


Fig. 2.6 : water cooled condenser
A water cooled condenser is one in which water is used as the condensing medium.
they are always preferred when an adequate supply of clear and inexpensive water and means
of water disposal are available. These condensers are commonly used in commercial and
industrial refrigerating units. The water cooled condensers may use either of the two systems:
a) Waste water system
b) Recirculated water system
The water cooled condensers operate at a lower condensing temperature than an air cooled
condenser. this is because the supply water temperature is normally lower than the ambient
air temperature. But the difference between condensing and cooling medium temperatures is
normally the same. Thus the compressor for a water cooled condenser requires less power
for the same capacity.
Types of water cooled condenser:
a. Tube in tube or double tube condenser
24


Fig. 2.7 : tube in tube water cooled condenser

b. Shell and coil condenser

Fig.2.8 : Shell and coil condenser
c. Shell and tube condenser
25


Fig. 2.9 : Shell and tube condenser



2.3.3 Evaporative condenser
26


Fig. 2.10 : Evaporative condenser
The evaporative condenser uses both air and water as condensing medium to condense hot
vapour refrigerant to liquid refrigerant. These condenser performs combined functions of
water cooled condenser and cooling tower.
The water is pumped from a sump to spray header and sprayed through nozzles over
condenser coils through which the hot vapour refrigerant from the compressor is passing. The
heat transfers from refrigerant through the condensing tube walls and into the water that is
wetting the outside surface of tubes. At the same time a fan draws air from the bottom side of
condenser and discharged out at top of condenser. The air causes the water from the coil
surface to evaporate and absorb latent heat of evaporation from remaining water to cool it.
The cold water that drops down into a sump is recirculated. The eliminator is provided above
spray header to stop particles of water escaping along with the discharged air.

2.4 EXPANSION DEVICES
27

The expansion device also known as metering device or throttling device is an important
device that divides the high pressure side and low pressure side of a refrigerating system. it is
connected between the compressor and the evaporator. The expansion device performs the
following functions:
1) It reduces the high pressure liquid refrigerant to low pressure liquid refrigerant before
being fed to the evaporator.
2) It maintains the desired pressure difference between high and low pressure sides of the
system. So that the liquid refrigerant vapourises at the desired pressure in the
evaporator.
3) It controls the flow of refrigerant according to the load on the evaporator.
The expansion devices used with dry expansion evaporators are called expansion valve and
the expansion devices used with flooded evaporators is known as float valve.
Types of expansion devices are as follows:
1) Capillary tube
2) Hand operated expansion valve
3) Automatic or constant pressure expansion valve
4) Thermostatic expansion valve
5) Low side float valve
6) High side float valve
Some important types of expansion devices are explained below:
2.4.1 Capillary tube

Fig. 2.11 : capillary tube
28

The capillary tube is used as expansion device in small capacity hermetic sealed refrigerating
units such as domestic refrigerators, water coolers, air conditioners and freezers. It is a copper
tube of small internal diameter and varying length depending upon the application. The inside
diameter of tube used in refrigeration work is generally about 0.5 to 2.25mm and length
varies from 500mm to 5000mm. it is installed in the liquid line between condenser and the
evaporator. A fine mesh is provided at the inlet of the tube in order to protect it from any
contaminants. A small filter drier is used on some system to provide additional freeze up
applications.
In operation, liquid refrigerant from condenser enters capillary tube. Due to frictional
resistance offered by the small diameter tube pressure drops. The frictional resistance is
directly proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the diameter. The cost of
capillary tube is less than all other forms of expansion devices. Also the refrigerant charge in
a capillary tube system is critical, therefore no receiver is necessary.
2.4.2 Automatic or constant pressure expansion valve

Fig. 2.12 : Automatic or constant pressure expansion valve
Automatic expansion valve is also known as constant pressure expansion valve because it
maintains constant evaporator pressure regardless of the load on the evaporator.
29

The automatic expansion valve consist of a needle valve and a seat , a metallic diaphragm,
spring and a adjusting screw. The opening and closing of the valve depends upon two
opposing forces acting on diaphragm:
1) The spring pressure and the atmospheric pressure on top of the diaphragm
2) The evaporator pressure acting below the diaphragm.
When the evaporator pressure falls down, the diaphragm moves downwards to open the
valve. This allows more liquid refrigerant to enter into the evaporator and thus increasing the
evaporator pressure till the desired evaporator pressure is reached. On the other hand when
the evaporator pressure rises, the diaphragm moves upwards to reduce the opening of the
valve. This decreases the flow of liquid refrigerant in the evaporator which in turn lowers the
evaporator pressure till the desired evaporator pressure is reached.
When the compressor stops, the liquid refrigerant continues to flow inside the evaporator and
increases the pressure inside the evaporator. The increase in the evaporator pressure causes
the diaphragm to move upwards and the valve is closed. It remains closed until the
compressor starts again and reduces the pressure in the evaporator.
2.4.3 Thermostatic expansion valve

Fig. 2.13 : Thermostatic expansion valve
The thermostatic expansion valve consists of an additional feature that is of feeler or thermal
bulb which is mounted on the suction line near outlet of the evaporator coil. This feeler bulb
30

is partially filled with same liquid refrigerant as used in the refrigerating system. The opening
and closing of the valve depends upon following forces acting on the diaphragm:
1) The spring pressure acting on the bottom of the diaphragm.
2) The evaporator pressure acting on the bottom of the diaphragm.
3) The feeler bulb pressure acting on top of the diaphragm.
Since the feeler bulb is installed on the suction line, therefore it will be at the same
temperature as the refrigerant at that point.
If the load on the evaporator increases, it causes the liquid refrigerant to boil faster in the
evaporator coil. The temperature of the feeler bulb increases due to early vapourisation of the
liquid refrigerant. Thus the feeler bulb pressure increases and the pressure is transmitted
through the capillary tube to the diaphragm. The diaphragm moves downwards and opens the
valve to admit more quantity of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator. This continues until
pressure equilibrium on the diaphragm is reached. On the other hand, when the load on the
evaporator decreases, less liquid refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator. The excess liquid
refrigerant flows towards the evaporator outlet which cools the feeler bulb due to which
feeler bulb pressure decreases. The low feeler bulb pressure through the capillary tube is
transmitted to the diaphragm and it moves upwards. This reduces the opening of the valve
and thus the flow of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator. The evaporator pressure decreases
due to reduced quantity of liquid refrigerant flowing in the evaporator. This continues till the
evaporator pressure and the spring pressure maintains equilibrium with feeler bulb pressure.
2.5 EVAPORATORS
The evaporator is an important device used in low pressure side of a refrigeration
system. The liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve enters into the evaporator where it
boils and changes into vapour. The function of the evaporator is to absorb heat from the
surrounding location or medium which is to be cooled, by means of a refrigerant. The
temperature of the boiling refrigerant in the evaporator must always be less than that of the
surrounding medium so that the heat flows to the refrigerant. The evaporator becomes cold
and remains cold due to following reasons:
1) The temperature of the evaporator coil is low due to the low temperature of the
refrigerant inside the coil.
31

2) The low temperature of the refrigerant remains unchanged because any heat it absorbs
is converted to latent heat as boiling proceeds.
The evaporator is also known as a cooling coil or a chilling coil or a freezing coil.
Classification of evaporators:
1) According to type of construction
a) Bare tube coil evaporator
b) Finned tube evaporator
c) Plate evaporator
d) Shell and tube evaporator
e) Shell and coil evaporator
f) Tube in tube evaporator
2) According to the manner in which the liquid refrigerant is fed:
a) Flooded evaporator
b) Dry expansion evaporator
3) According to mode of heat transfer
a) Natural convection evaporator
b) Forced convection evaporator
4) According to operating conditions:
a) Frosting evaporator
b) Non-frosting evaporator
c) Defrosting evaporator


32

Some important types of evaporators are explained below:
2.5.1 Flooded evaporators
In flooded evaporators, a constant liquid refrigerant level is always maintained. A
float control valve is used as expansion device which maintains a constant liquid level inside
the evaporator. The liquid refrigerant from the receiver passes through the low side float
control valve and accumulator before entering the evaporator. The accumulator serves as
storage for liquid refrigerant. It maintains a constant liquid level inside the evaporator and
helps to separate the liquid refrigerant from the vapour returning to the compressor. Due to
the heat supplied by the surrounding the liquid evaporates and the liquid level inside the
evaporator falls down. The accumulator supplies more liquid to the evaporator in order to
keep the liquid refrigerant in the evaporator at proper level. In this way the level of liquid
refrigerant in the accumulator also falls down. Since the float within the float chamber rests
on liquid refrigerant at the same level as in the accumulator, therefore the float also falls
down and opens the float valve. Now the liquid refrigerant from receiver is admitted to the
accumulator. As the liquid level in the accumulator rises and reaches to the constant level the
float also rises with it till the float control valve closes.
The advantage of the flooded evaporator is that the whole surface of the evaporator
coil is in contact with the liquid refrigerant under all load conditions. Thus it gives high heat
transfer rate than a dry expansion evaporator of the same size. However the flooded
evaporator is more expensive to operate as it requires more refrigerant charge. The flooded
evaporator has many industrial applications especially is chemical and food processing
industries.
2.5.2 Dry expansion evaporator

Fig. 2.14 : Dry expansion evaporator
33

Dry expansion evaporator use very little refrigerant as compared to flooded evaporators
having same coil volume. The dry expansion evaporators are only one-fourth or one-third
filed with liquid refrigerant. In dry expansion valve the liquid refrigerant from the receiver is
fed by an expansion valve to the evaporator coil. The expansion valve controls the rate of
flow of liquid refrigerant in such a way that all the liquid refrigerant is vapourised by the time
it reaches the end of the evaporator coil or at suction line to the compressor. The vapour is
also superheated to a limited extent.
The rate at which the liquid refrigerant is fed to the evaporator generally depends
upon the rate of vapourisation and increases or decrease as the load on it increases or
decreases. When the cooling load on the evaporator is light the quantity of the liquid
refrigerant inside the evaporator is small. If the coil diameter is small the bubbles can cause
dry areas on the interior of the coils. These dry areas reduce the rate of heat transfer. Thus the
evaporator efficiency decreases as the dry areas increases that is when the load on the
evaporator is light. If the cooling load on the evaporator is heavy the expansion valve allows
large quantity of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator coil in order to accommodate the heavy
load. In this case the liquid and the vapour separate. The liquid refrigerant flows along the
bottom of the coil and the vapour rises towards the top. in this way the evaporator efficiency
is greatest. However this efficiency depends upon the diameter of the evaporator tube,
quantity of the refrigerant in the evaporator and velocity of the liquid refrigerant within the
evaporator coil.
2.6 REFRIGERANTS
The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which during their cycle in the refrigeration
system absorbs heat from a low temperature system and discards the heat to high temperature
system. The natural ice and mixture of ice and salt were the first refrigerants. The suitability
of refrigerant for particular application is determined by its physical, thermodynamic,
chemical properties and by various practical factors. There is no one refrigerant that can be
used for all types of applications. There is no ideal refrigerant. If one refrigerant has certain
good advantages it will have some disadvantages also.
An ideal refrigerant must have following properties:
1) low boiling point
2) High critical temperature
34

3) High latent heat of vapourisation
4) Low specific heat of liquid
5) Low specific volume of vapour.
6) Non-corrosive to metal
7) Non flameable and nonexplosive
8) Non-toxic
9) Low cost
10) Easy to liquify at moderate temperature and pressure
Classification of refrigerants:
1) Primary refrigerants
The refrigerants which directly take part in the refrigeration system are called as
primary refrigerant.
The primary refrigerants are further classified as:
a) Halo-carbon refrigerants
Commonly used halo-carbon refrigerants are: R11, R12, R13, R21 and R22.
b) Azeotrope refrigerants
Various Azeotrope refrigerants used are: R500, R502, R503 and R504.
c) Inorganic refrigerants
Commonly used inorganic refrigerants are: R118, R717, R729, R744 and R764
d) Hydro-carbon refrigerants:
Various hydro-carbon refrigerants are: R170, R290, R600, R1130 and R1150
2) Secondary refrigerants
The refrigerant that is first cooled by primary refrigerant and then is used for cooling
purpose is known as secondary refrigerants.
Brine is an example of secondary refrigerant.

35

2.7 Tonne Of Refrigeration
The cooling capacity of refrigeration systems is often defined in units called "tons of
refrigeration". The most common definition of that unit is: 1 ton of refrigeration is the rate of
heat removal required to freeze a short ton (i.e., 2000 pounds, 907.2 kg) of water at 32 F (0
C) in 24 hours. Based on the heat of fusion for water being 144 Btu per pound, 1 ton of
refrigeration = 12,000 Btu/h = 12,660 kJ/h = 3.517 kW. Most residential air conditioning
units range in capacity from about 1 to 5 tons (3.5 - 18 kW) of refrigeration.
A much less common definition is: 1 tonne of refrigeration is the rate of heat removal
required to freeze a metric ton (i.e., 1000 kg) of water at 0 C in 24 hours. Based on the heat
of fusion being334.9 kJ/kg, 1 tonne of refrigeration = 13,954 kJ/h = 3.876 kW. As can be
seen, the definition of 1 tonne of refrigeration in metric units is 10 percent larger than 1 ton of
refrigeration using old imperial units.
















36









CHAPTER 3
DESIGN PRINCIPLE 0F PROJECT
(this page not required)



37

3. DESIGN PRINCIPLE 0F PROJECT
3.1 concept of evaporative condensation
Evaporative condensers improve the heat rejection process by using the cooling effect of
evaporation. Water is sprayed over the condensing coil from above while air is
simultaneously blown up through the coil from below to naturally lower the condensing
temperature. The lower condensing temperature reduces compressor workload. As a result,
your system operates more efficiently than air cooled alternatives and it uses far less
energy. In fact, the reduced compressor kW draw (25 to 30%) coupled with demand charge
savings (up to 30% of a utility bill in some cases) can result in operating cost savings of more
than 40% versus air-cooled condensers. But the benefits do not stop here:

The reduced compressor kW draw can lower electrical installed costs because wire
sizes, disconnects and other electrical controls can be reduced.

Repair costs and downtime can be reduced and component life can increase because
the compressors work against a smaller pressure differential versus air-cooled
condensers.

Fig. 3.1 : Example Setup For Evaporative Condensation
38

In the evaporative-cooled condensing process, water is sprayed over the condenser coil as the
condenser fans draw air across the coil to evaporate the spray and cool the refrigerant tubes
toward the ambient wet bulb temperature. Unlike an air-cooled condenser which rejects heat
from the
refrigerant to the air at the ambient dry bulb temperature, an evaporative cooled condenser
rejects heat from the refrigerant to the water at the wet bulb temperature which can be 15 to
25F lower than dry bulb. The lower condensing temperature means that the evaporative-
cooled condenser can reject more heat than an air-cooled condenser, while requiring less
compressor work and consuming less energy. As a result an evaporative cooled
condenser can be 20% to 40% more efficient than a comparable air-cooled condenser. In
addition the electrical service to the unit can be sized for lower amps, reducing installed
costs.


Fig 3.2 : Block Diagram Of Evaporative Condenser

39









CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTATION
(this page not required)









40



4. EXEPERIMENTATION
Aim :
To determine coefficient of performance (c.o.p.) and heat rejection Qr in condenser of
window AC unit by;
1. Air cooled condenser
2. Evaporative condensation
Prior concept:
Concept of simple vapor compression cycle used in window ac.
Evaporative cooling system
New concept:
Subcooling in VCR system .
Evaporative condensation (i.e. water + air cooled condenser ) system used in VCR system
Apparatus :
1. Window ac unit
2. Evaporative cooling system
-evaporative pad
-water distribution system
Procedure :
1. Study the complete VCR system used in domestic AC system
2. Install AC unit in closed room having 150 sq ft area
3. Take readings of every point in VCR system at different room temperature .
4. Install evaporative cooling system for water cooled condenser in window ac unit .
41

5. Again took readings at different room temperature in same area and atmospheric
condition.
6. Prepare observation table for readings at various room temperature.
7. calculate COP (coefficient of performance) and Heat lost by refrigerant in
condensation process i.e heat rejected by condenser
Diagram :

42

Observation table :
1. Reading using simple VCR system
Room temp
C
Evaporative
temp
Compressor
temp
Condensate
temp
Expansion
temp
16 16 80 40 21
20 20 95 47 26
24 24 104 58 30
Table 4.1 : reading for simple VCR system
2. readings using subcooling in VCR system (i.e. evaporative condensation)
Room temp
C
Evaporative
temp
Compressor
temp
Condensate
temp
Expansion
temp
16 16 60 33 21
20 20 75 36 26
24 24 95 42 30
Table 4.2 : reading for subcooling in VCR system
3. cut off time of compressor ( from 34 C room temp)
Room temp Cut-off time during simple VCR
system
(min)
Cut-off time during VCR system
with subcooling
(min)
24 12 10.30
20 6.35 5.2
16 4.8 4
Table 4.3 : cut-off time of compressor




43

Calculation :
Refrigerant : R22
Power consumption : 1235 W
Cooling capacity : 1 Tr = 3.5 kw = 3457 Watt
Energy efficiency : 2.8 EER
Calculation on the basis of P-h diagram
Case 1 : calculation for simple VSR system
Consider following p-h diagram,
Liquid saturation curve Vapour saturation curve

P2 3 Condensation 2 Condenser pressure
Wet region Superheated region
Sub-cooled region Expansion Compression

P1 4 Evaporation 1 Evaporator pressure

h3 = h4 Enthalpy h1 h2

Fig. 4.1 : Pressure v/s Enthalpy Diagram of VCR system
Diagram is of ideal theoretical process for conventional system of domestic refrigerator
where we use Air-cooled condenser to cool high pressure, high temperature refrigerant. In
this case we are assuming that, point 1 is on the vapor saturated curve but in actual process it
will shift slightly in superheated region. Also we have considered that condenser cools the
refrigerant upto liquid saturation curve and whole refrigerant is saturated liquid at point 3.
44

Hence as describe before,
Process 1-2 is Compression (Assuming isentropic process which is practically not possible)
consuming 1235 watt power, producing Refrigeration effect of 3457 watt.
Description of points and lines on above curve
Sample calculation for room temperature = 16
Evaporator Temperature: 16 C
Condensation Temperature: 40 C (check suffix and prefix in report)
Form Mathur-Mehta chart,
h1 = 410 KJ/Kg ,
h2 = 428 KJ/Kg
Wc = mr ( h2 h1 ) ....(1)
Putting all the values in above equation (1)
1235 = mr (428 410) * 10^3
Therefore,
mr = 0.068 kg/s/Tr
Aslo, Refrigeration effect or Cooling Effect,
RE = 3457 watt
Therefore,
RE = mr (h1 h4)
3457 = 0.068 (410 h4)*10^3
h4 = 359.16 KJ/Kg
This is sufficient data to plot complete diagram on P-h chart.
COP = RE / WC
45

= (410-359.16) / (428-410)
= 2.8
Now Heat lost by refrigerant in condensation process i.e heat rejected by condenser is,
Qr = mr (h2 h3)
= 0.0686 ( 428 250 ) *10^3
Qr = 12210.8 watt .(2)
This is exact amount of heat that condenser has to escape to surrounding so that, refrigerant
will produce desired effect. Now if we increase the heat lost in condenser by
EVAPORATIVE CONDENSATION then we can get more cooling effect in refrigerator.
This was calculation for Air- cooled condenser in use.
Case 2 : calculation for VCR with subcooling
Whenever we use water cooled condenser then, more heat can be possibly removed from
refrigerant and point 3 can be shifted to sub-cooled region.
Consider following diagram of P-h chart for water cooled condenser in use.

P2 3 3 2
Pressure Condensation Condenser pressure
Compression
Sub-cooled Region Expansion Superheated region
Wet region P1 4 4 1 Evaporator pressure
Evaporation

h4=h3 Enthalpy h1 h2
Fig 4.2 Pressure v/s Enthalpy diagram of VCR system with sub-cooling
46

Evaporator Temperature: 16 C
Condensation Temperature: 33 C
Degee of subcoolig = 40-33 = 7 C
C
pl
= 4.187 KJ/KGK
Form R.S.Khurmi chart,
h1 = 410 KJ/Kg
h2 = 424 KJ/K
h3= 250 kj/kgk
Enthalpy at 3 ,
h3=h3 - C
pl
(t3-t3)
=250 4.187(40-33)
h3=216.295 kj/kg k
Wc = mr ( h2 h1 ) ....(3)
Putting all the values in above equation (3)
1235 = mr (424 - 410)
Therefore,
mr = 0.0882 kg/s/Tr
Aslo, Refrigeration effect or Colling Effect,
RE = 3457 watt
Therefore,
RE = mr (h1 h4)
3457 = 0.0882 (410 h4)*10^3
h4 = 370.80 KJ/Kg
47

This is sufficient data to plot complete diagram on P-h chart.
COP = RE / WC
= (410-370.80) / (424-410)
= 2.8
Now Heat lost by refrigerant in condensation process i.e heat rejected by condenser is,
Qr = mr (h2 h3)
= 0.0882 ( 424 216.295 ) *10^3
Qr = 18319.58 watt (4)
According to (2) and (4) it has been shown that, calculation according two different charts
gives us different values of Heat rejected in condenser.
For further calculation we shall take value of Qr that we have calculated from Mathur
Mehta chart.
As said before whenever we shall use water cooled condenser then as shown in above
diagram point 3 will shift into sub cooled region. But how much will that shift is
unpredictable before calculation so just to start with the process, we shall assume that water
takes all the heat from refrigerant instead of air without any loss and amount is similar to that
in previous case.








48










CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
(this page not required)


49

5. RESULT AND CONCLUSION
Results :
1. Coefficient of performance in simple VCR system and subcooling in VCR system are as
follow :
ROOM Temp Coefficient of performance (cop)
Simple VCR Subcooling in VCR
16 2.88 2.79
20 2.79 2.82
24 2.79 2.798
Table 5.1 : comparisons of c.o.p
2. Heat rejected by condenser (kw) in simple VCR system and subcooling in VCR system
are as follow :
ROOM Temp Heat rejected by condenser (kw)
Simple VCR Subcooling in VCR
16 11.75 17.97
20 11.662 23.67
24 34.48 76.78
Table 5.2 : comparison of heat rejected by condenser
3. Mass flow rate (kg/sec/Tr) in simple VCR system and subcooling in VCR system are as
follow :
ROOM Temp Mass flow rate (kg/sec/Tr)
Simple VCR Subcooling in VCR
16 0.0686 0.0882
20 0.0686 0.10292
24 0.2403 0.3183
Table 5.3 : comparison of mass flow rate


50

CONCLUSION :
1. There is no more difference in coefficient of performance by using subcooling VCR
system as compare to simple VCR system.
2. In calculation according two different charts gives us different values of Heat rejected
in condenser at different room temperature.
3. Mass flow rate (kg/sec/Tr) is increased in subcooling in VCR system as compare to
simple VCR system.
4. By using subcooling in VCR system water takes all the heat from refrigerant instead
of air without any loss and amount is similar to that in previous case.
5. Because of increase in mass flow rate and heat rejection in condenser , time required
for cooling desired area get reduced . i.e. increased in cooling rate of unit.
FUTURE SCOPE :
This is attempt to increase the cooling capacity of standard household window A.C. system
while reducing energy usage. This is accomplished by evaporative cooling of the air entering
the condenser (outside part) unit. The lower temperature allows the condenser to operate at
lower temperature and pressure. This reduced pressure allows ac compressor to pump
additional refrigerant and decrease the energy useage .
By adopting these system , indirectly we save energy by reducing compressor work.











51










CHAPTER 6
EXEPENDTURE
(this page not required)



52

6. EXPENDITURE

sr.no. Componenet Cost
1 Window a.c. unit 4000/-
2 Table 1400/-
3 Cooler Motor 150 /-
4. Other equipment (pipe, wire , socket, thermacol sheet etc. ) 500/-
5. Mechanic charges 400/-
Total 6450/-











53









CHAPTER 7
REFERANCE

54

REFERENCES

1. DR.NEERAJ AGRAWAL , Associate Professor and their M.TECH Student
department of mechanical engineering
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar technological Institute , lonere.
2 Textbook of Refrigerating and Air conditioning
Author: R.S Khurmi
Published by: S. Chand, Delhi
3 . refrigerant and psychometric properties
(tables and charts)
Mathur & Mehta
4 textbook of refrigeration and air conditioning
Author: Anantnarayan
5. S.S. Lifestyle Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai
Dealers of evaporative pad
6. www.google.com
7. www.wikipedia.com
8 . technical papers on evaporative condensation and evaporative cooling system




55




56




57



58