Describe Locards Exchange Principle 1 Identify the types of forensic work Differentiate Reconstruction & Re-enactment 4 3 1 2 Learning Objectives 5 2 3 Diverse subject A forensic scientist cannot tackle all subjects Specialists Fingerprinting Physical evidence Forensic Medicine Forensic Science The body Documents Ballistics Drugs DNA 4 Forensic Medicine vs Forensic Science M.D. BS / BSc. Living Dead Chao Tze Cheng Pornthip Rojanasunan Sir Bernard Spilsbury 5 Forensic Scientist = Celebrity? 6 Murder Rates Worldwide Per 100 000 population (reported) 7 Murder Rates Worldwide Honduras 71 U.S.A. 4.7 Washington D.C. 23.8 Singapore 0.51 U.K. 1.23 Colombia 33 1 What is Forensic Science? How did they know? Based upon forensic science Scientific principles "Strong evidence 2 What is Forensic Science? Evidence Interpretation 3 What is Forensic Science? Interpretation of evidence Found at crime scene 1 Physical objects or measurements 4 What is Forensic Science? Evidence Interpretation Reliability 5 What is Forensic Science? Reliability of evidence How evidence can be trusted 2 To what extent it can be trusted DNA very reliable 6 What is Forensic Science? Cannot be deduced Evidence Interpretation Reliability Can be deduced 7 What is Forensic Science? Can / cannot be deduced from evidence 3 Some aspects beyond the power of forensic science Limits of forensic science 8 Why Science? Philosophy of all science Newton Observations Natural world / crime scene Experiments 9 Why Science? Observations & Experiments Theory Issac Newton 10 Scientists Scientific paper Presentation at a conference Theory 11 Forensic scientists Present theory in court Convince judge / jury Theory Expert Witness Send an innocent person to prison / death Wrong theory 12 Procedures in a case Evidence from: Experts, Witnesses, Police Prosecution v.s. Defense Verdict 13 Verdict given by Judge Judges 14 Jury Local citizens Abolished in some countries Verdict given by Jury Judge 15 Presumption of Innocence Innocent until proven guilty Defense does not have to prove innocence Prosecution has to prove guilt Reasonable doubt 16 Presumption of Innocence Innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt 17 18 September 2009 Randone called the emergency services Felica Lee found dead Sent for autopsy 19 Autopsy results Over 300 blunt force trauma wounds Randone charged Murder Torture 20 Prosecution 1 Torture: Kicked by Randone Cause of death: Asphyxia by smothering Trial 1 2 21 Autopsy results Blood chemistry Felicia Lees blood contained gamma-hydroxybutarate (GHB) 22 Prosecution Defense Verdict 1 2 3 Torture: Kicked by Randone Expert witness Not guilty Cause of death: Asphyxia by smothering Trial 1 2 Cause of death: Seizure caused by GHB 1 23 Verdict Did defense prove Lees death was caused by a drug overdose? No Suggested a reasonable possibility 1 need to convince court of the validity of scientific evidence especially since jury generally not have any scientific training themselves 2 Bournemouth, England, 1939 Walter Dinivan Skull crushed Died without regaining consciousness Wealthy 64 year old found unconscious at home 3 Problem Only one witness Had to rely on forensic evidence Dead victim 4 Safe and pockets emptied Crumpled up brown paper bag Cigarette butts on the floor 1 2 3 Police found Robbery Held murder weapon? Friends? so that wont leave any fingerprints conversation escalated into a fight which then lead to murder 5 Investigation Joseph Williams Came into money Suspect Poor From Walter Dinivan? 6 Few years ago Discovery Use saliva to determine blood type True for most of the population 7 Using new technology Cigarette butts Test the blood group Blood type AB Saliva Rare 8 Joseph Williams Came into money Suspect Poor From Walter Dinivan? Blood group? Investigation 9 Joseph Williams Police followed him into a pub Bought him beer Gave him cigarettes Collected glasses & cigarette ends Analyzed blood group Extracted saliva 10 Joseph Williams Came into money Suspect Poor From Walter Dinivan? Blood group? AB Investigation 11 Police presented evidence Motive Joseph Williams arrested, charged and taken to court Investigation Reasonable evidence 12 Defense Verdict Saliva Jury persuaded to disbelieve forensic evidence Cannot be used to determine blood group Not guilty 13 After the trial Williams went celebrating Drunk Confessed to a journalist Published story after Williams death 14 15 Singapore, 1996 Madam Singh Murdered Cigarette butts Evidence Stabbed in the neck No technology Evidence stored away 16 Singapore, 2005 DNA extracted Evidence presented Saliva extracted Cigarette butts Zulkarnian Kemat Verdict: Guilty 1 Court case Have to show Criminal action was committed Intention to commit the criminal action 1 2 2 Limits of Forensic Science Actus Reus Mens Rea A guilty mind or intention 1 A guilty action Evidence from crime scene 1 2 In someones head 2 3 Dick Cheney Frank Whittington 4 Quail hunting trip Dick Cheney fired at quail In Texas Shot Frank Whittington by accident 5 Footprints in the ground Forensic Science Fingerprints on the gun Pellet from Frank Whittington Could have shown that Dick Cheney shot Frank Whittington 6 Why did Dick Cheney do it? Motive? Accident? Forensic Science 7 Physical evidence only shows Actus Reus 8 Tells you about Does not tell you about Forensic Science Mens Rea Actus Reus Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea The act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty 9 Application of science to Law Criminal justice What is Forensics? Lady Justice 10 Physical What is Forensics? Analysis of evidence Chemical Biological Lady Justice 11 Forensic Science can... Reconstruct past sequence of events 12 Forensic Science can... Forensic evidence Fibres Hair Blood Broken glass Fibres Paint flakes Fingerprints Shoeprints 13 Forensic Science can... Link a suspect to a crime scene Reconstruct past sequence of events 14 Deciding the charge Koh Kailin Had a baby Dumped the baby Baby found Mother was traced and investigated 15 Deciding the charge Dead baby Murder charge reduced to a less serious charge Murder? Very premature baby Pathologist Stillborn? Suicide? 16 Bukit Merah, Singapore, 1972 Boy run over by a train Accident? Forensic medicine specialist Inconsistent injuries Bukit Merah train tracks Pressurized arteries 17 Blood spatter Living body Blood will spurt out in considerable quantities Severed artery Arteries not pressurized Dead body Lesser blood will spurt out 18 Blood spatter Too little blood at the scene for a living body Police investigation Boy was murdered Made to look like a suicide or accident Murderer caught and convicted 1 Uses of Forensic Science Art 2 Uses of Forensic Science William Shakespeare? Shakespeare (1564 1616) 1818 paint Art 3 Uses of Forensic Science Reconstruct past events Drug tests Archaeology Sport International politics Art 4 Uses of Forensic Science Bosnian conflict Bosnian conflict International politics Archaeology Sport Art 5 Uses of Forensic Science Disasters 2004 tsunami International politics Archaeology Sport Art 6 Forensic Science Being done in fiction books before being done in reality About 100 years old 7 Fictional character created by Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle 8 Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle Arthur Conan-Doyle Eye doctor Wrote stories to pass time 9 Edmond Locard (1877 1966) Locards Exchange Principle 10 Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value. Professor Edmond Locard (1877-1966) Locards Exchange Principle 11 Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value. Professor Edmond Locard (1877-1966) 12 Every contact leaves a trace Edmond Locard (1877 1966) Locards Exchange Principle 13 Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value. Professor Edmond Locard (1877-1966) 14 Obvious traces False teeth Some traces are more obvious than others London, 2007 A burglar left his false teeth behind 15 More than one way to leave fingerprints behind 16 Obvious traces Elliotts Builders Merchants 17 Obvious traces Diesel in backyard Stolen Severed finger found Hospitals contacted Culprit was arrested & convicted Attached razor wire to the back wall 1 2 Murder or suicide? Banco Ambrosiano Gods banker U.S. $1.2 billion missing Roberto Calvi 3 Murder or suicide? 11 June Disappeared from Milan 19 June Hanged under Blackfriars Bridge Roberto Calvi 4 Blackfriars Bridge 5 Roberto Calvi Shaved his moustache Escaped to London Adopted a false name Got a false passport 6 Police Roberto Calvi Unable to escape Unable to answer for the missing money Committed suicide 7 Roberto Calvis Son Was convinced that Roberto Calvi did not commit suicide Suicide Second inquest Inquest 8 Bricks in suit pocket False passport U.S. $14 000 in wallet Bags packed 1 2 3 4 Police For drowning Opportunity to travel Going to travel? 9 Neck not broken No drugs in blood No signs of a struggle No water in lungs Watch stopped at 1:52 am 1 2 3 4 5 Pathology Time of hanging Not drowned 10 Murder or suicide? Climbing up and down the scaffolding Blackfriars Bridge under maintenance Surrounded by yellow painted scaffolding Get yellow paint flakes and rust marks on clothes or body 11 No paint flakes Roberto Calvi did not climb down No rust marks May have been raised up to scaffolding 1 2 Forensics 12 Questions Why a rope and bricks? Where did he get the rope? Why no paint flakes on him? Why choose a cold river and not the hotel? How did he travel from hotel to bridge? 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 Not a suicide Likely to have been murdered Questions Not sufficient evidence to convict anyone Who killed Roberto Calvi? 1 2 Moffat, Scotland, 1935 Packages found in river Numerous body parts wrapped in newspaper Moffat 3 Questions How many bodies? Who were they? 1 2 Newspaper wrappings Two female bodies 4 Morecomb e Special edition of Morecombe newspaper Answers Police contacted Mrs. Ruxton & her maid Moffat 5 Skeletal remains Flesh and distinguishing features removed How to identify the body? Face mutilated Fingers removed 6 Identifying the bodies Photographs of the women Look at the angles the women posed in 7 Identifying the bodies Bodies proved to be Mrs. Ruxton & her maid Buck Ruxton arrested Superimposed the two photos 8 Other evidence Bloodstains in the Ruxton house Ruxton claimed innocence Convicted of murder Jury did not believe claim Buck Ruxton 9 Other evidence Controversial case Photographs not good enough as evidence? Buck Ruxton confessed Validated technique Buck Ruxton Around the World 1 1910 Lyon, France 1915 Germany 1923 Austria U.S.A. (L.A.P.D.) Set up by Edmond Locard Around the World 2 1932 U.S.A. (F.B.I.) 1935 U.K. (Scotland Yard) 1925 Holland Finland Sweden Now all part of the Health Sciences Authority In Singapore 3 1960s Pathology lab Chao Tze Cheng 1929 Chemical analysis service Straits Settlements Police Firearms Unit Photography Unit Toxicology Latent Prints Polygraph Voiceprint Psychiatric profiling Computer & Electronic Forensics Forensic Entomology Forensic Engineering Forensic Geology Forensic Anthropology Facial Reconstruction Forensic Odontology 4 Documents Unit DNA Lab Physical Science Unit Biology Unit Forensic Science Laboratories Physical Science Unit 5 Biology Unit Chemical and physical analysis Chemical tests, spectroscopy, microscopy, drugs, material fragments, explosives Biological samples Hair, plants DNA Lab 6 Firearms Unit Essential Guns, bullets, cartridge cases, firearm damage DNA analysis services Documents Unit 7 Photography Unit Determine faked or forged documents Analysis of handwriting, prints, paper, ink Recording & presenting of evidence Determine real & fake photographs 8 Photography Unit 9 Discontinuous black line Pixels are mis-matched Different angle of shadows 1 2 3 Not genuine? Photography Unit 10 Surgeons photograph Loch Ness Monster? Genuine photo Model monster Loch Ness Monster? Toxicology 11 Fingerprinting Polygraph Drugs and poisons in body fluids and organs Visible and latent prints Can we scientifically detect a lie? Voiceprint analysis 12 Osama bin Laden Audio recordings of his voice? Proving that a voice belongs to a particular person Voiceprint analysis Howard Hughes 13 Clifford Irving claimed to possess Howard Hughes authorised biography Denied by Hughes Teleconference Recordings compared Irving convicted of fraud Psychiatric Profiling 14 Computer Forensics What can we tell about the criminal from the way they commit the crime? Retrieving deleted data Following of electronic trail Forensic Engineering 15 Minneapolis I-35 bridge collapse Design fault of bridge Corrosive effect of pigeon droppings? Minneapolis I-35 bridge Why? 16 Forensic Geology Forensic Entomology Using insects to provide information Soil analysis Mineral content 17 Forensic Anthropology Analysis of skeletal remains Skeletal remains When people die in remote places Only found after the body has decomposed Joseph Schexnider 18 No other evidence Abbeville, 2011 Human skeleton found in an old chimney Identified as Schexnider Disappeared in 1984 19 Facial Reconstruction Take skull and rebuild flesh See how person looked like when they were alive Karen Price 20 Facial Reconstruction Reconstructed face shown on TV Victim recognized immediately Skeleton found Alexander Fallon 21 Facial Reconstruction Difficult to tell age 15 years before he was identified Killed in 1987 22 Facial Reconstruction Used modelling clay Now done electronically 23 Forensic Odontology Identification of victim remains Identification of criminals Using teeth to provide information 1 2 Ted Bundy 24 Forensic Odontology Bite mark on victim Comparison to his teeth impressions Convicted & executed 25 J. G. Haigh 26 J. G. Haigh Acid Bath Haigh Killed 9 people 27 J. G. Haigh Acid Bath Haigh Killed 9 people Olive Durand-Deacon Led to his capture
Olive Durand- Deacon Lured Mrs. Durand-Deacon there with talk of investments 28 No conviction for a crime without a body? Had a countryside shed J. G. Haigh Misunderstood the concept 29 J. G. Haigh Must be the body of evidence to prove the occurrence of a crime Haigh: No murder charge without a real body Destroyed victims bodies 30 J. G. Haigh Dissolved them in sulfuric acid 31 Evidence of murder Gall-stones False teeth Individualised 1 2
Dental records 1 Identification & Individualisation Identification What is it? 1 Looking at it Chemical or biological tests
2 Identification & Individualisation Identification What is it? Classification? 1 2 Class characteristics 3 Identification & Individualisation Identification E.g. A shoe What type? 2 What brand? 1 Mens or ladiesshoe? 3 4 Identification & Individualisation Identification E.g. A fibre Cotton, wool, nylon? What kind of fibre? E.g. A shoe 1
5 Identification & Individualisation Identification What calibre bullet? 2 What kind of bullet? E.g. A bullet 1 E.g. A fibre E.g. A shoe 6 Identification & Individualisation Individualisation Narrowing class to one 1 Identification What is it? Classification? 1 2 7 Identification & Individualisation E.g. A shoe Identify whose shoe it is Not always possible to do so Identify shoe brand
8 Identification & Individualisation Who is the manufacturer? 1 E.g. Clothing Individualisation Fingerprints? 9 Identification & Individualisation Serial number? 1 2 E.g. Clothing Individualisation E.g. Tool 10 Identification & Individualisation Individualisation Trace elements or impurities? E.g. Of chemical origin 1 E.g. Clothing E.g. Tool 11 Identification & Individualisation Individualisation Blood type? E.g. Of chemical origin 1 E.g. Tool E.g. Biological samples DNA analysis 2 E.g. Clothing 12 Forensic evidence Fibres Hair Blood Broken glass Fibres Paint Fingerprints Shoeprints Comparison leading to Association 13 Reconstruction Re-enactment Understanding past events Re-do one of the events 1 2 Part of reconstruction 1 Reconstruction & Re-enactment 14 15 2005 London Bombings July 7 bombings 4 bombs exploded on public transport 52 people killed After the bombing 16 2005 London Bombings July 21 Abandoned bomb found Terrorists arrested Failed repeat bombing 17 2005 London Bombings Abandoned bomb found How the bombs were constructed What the bombs were made of 2 1 Detonator Home made explosive 18 Bombers Four attempted to detonate their bombs One abandoned his bomb 19 Bombers Numerous forensic and CCTV evidence Defense Motive Cannot claim those people were not the bombers Hoax bombs 20 Mens Rea What was their intention? Built for hoaxes? Built to cause destruction? Use forensic science to determine if bombs were 21 Mens Rea Reconstructed bomb Re-enactment of explosion Intention to cause death and destruction Not a hoax 22 George Smith 23 George Smith Marry women Steal their money Murder them 1 2 3 24 Smiths wives Took a bath Had an epileptic fit Drowned No sign of struggle or bruising Died the same way Bathtub 25 Brides in the Bath Married seven women Question Drowned accidentally? Murdered? Three died 26 Brides in the Bath If murder by drowning Leaves a lot of bruising No signs of bruising Should have a violent struggle 27 Sir Bernard Spilsbury Re-enactment Female divers Pull their feet Heads went underwater Unconscious No struggle 28 Gareth Williams 29 Gareth Williams Cryptographer working for British Intelligence Found in his apartment in August 2010 Dead for 9 days 30 Investigation found No signs of a struggle No traces of poisoning 2 1 No sign of asphyxiation 3 In the bath 31 Evidence Body found in sports bag Padlocked on the outside 2 1 3 81 x 48 cm Sports bag 32 Gareth Williams Yoga experts unable to lock and padlock ownself from the outside Re-enactment Question http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkirbdxzkq8 Locked by someone else? 1 Richard Crafts Helle Crafts 2 The Woodchipper Murder Married 3 The Woodchipper Murder Married Guns Machinery Travel 2 1 3 Had trouble with money Hired P.I. Helle dropped off at home 4 1986 Nov 19 th
Nov 18 th
Richard sent the children to his sisters house Dec 1 st
P.I. contacted the police Only Richard answers the phone 5 Police investigation Richard: wife disappeared Passed a lie detector test 1 Carpet fragments Strange purchases Chainsaw Freezer Woodchipper No blood 2 3 6 Christmas Day 1986 Crafts house searched Bloodstains on mattress 1 Matched Helles blood type (O+) Witness placed wood-chipper at Lake Zoar Searched river bank 1 Human hair Letters 7 Search of the lake Reservoir with a dam Water level lowered to facilitate search Lake Zoar 8 Search of the lake Chainsaw 1 Human tissue Human hair Blue clothing fibres Serial number restored Richard 9 2660 strands of bleached hair Search of the lake 2 69 slivers of human bone 3 5 droplets of human blood 4 2 teeth 5 Helles hair color O+ One proved to be Helles Chainsaw 1 10 A portion of a human finger Search of the lake 3 oz human tissue 7 8 1 human fingernail 9 1 portion of human toe nail 10 A truncated piece of human skull 6 11 January 1987 Richard Crafts arrested Evidence of murder of Helle Crafts Bail posted at $750 000 How did Richard Crafts kill his wife? 12 Reconstruction of events Helle beaten to death on early Nov 19 th ? Police assumption Body preserved in freezer 1 2 13 Richard Crafts murder plan Sent children to sisters house in Westport Made up a story about electricity problems Returned to Newtown to dispose of Helles body Lake Zoar 14 Used chainsaw to cut up Helles body 3 Ran Helles body parts through woodchipper 4 Helle beaten to death on early Nov 19 th ? Police assumption Body preserved in freezer 1 2 Reconstruction of events Used a pig carcass 15 Re-enactment Put it through a woodchipper Effect of woodchipper on a human body? 16 Re-enactment 17 Pig remains Re-enactment Consistent with human remains found in lake rental witness body parts, tooth hair, tissue (serial number restored) rental hair tissue fibres (rug) Richard Crafts sentenced to 50 years in prison Network of Evidence 18 Types of forensic work Comparison leading to Association Locards Principle: 19 Summary Reconstruction & Re-enactment Every contact leaves a trace 4 3 1 2