268

Index
aardvark, 211
abiotic factors, 223
acetic orcein, 2
acetylcholine, 27
acidied phloroglucinol, 2
acrosome, 14, 41
activation energy, 133
active immunity, 181
active loading, 100, 102
active site, 1312
active transport, 29, 323, 102
acute illness, 189
adaptation, 222
adenine, 124
adipose tissue, 120, 144
adrenaline, 68, 192
aerobic respiration, 15
Agaricus, 215
agglutination, 182
AIDS, 167
alleles, 47, 219, 223
allopatric speciation, 2278
alveoli, 53, 556, 190
amino acids, 10810
amino group, 108
ammonium nitrate, 1578
AMP, 27
amylase, 136
amylose, 117
anaemia, 143
anaphase, 37, 39
angina, 147
animal kingdom, 216
Anopheles, 1723
anteaters, 21011
antibiotic resistance, 2245
antibiotics, 159, 168, 174, 187
antibodies, 17684
antigen-presenting cells, 175, 177,
179
antigens, 17680
aorta, 65, 74
aphid, 100, 164
apoplast pathway, 90
Archaea, 217
arctic-alpines, 237
arteries, 736, 146
arterioles, 734
articial immunity, 181
articial insemination, 156
asexual reproduction, 40
aspirin, 28
atherosclerosis, 1467, 192
ATP, 15, 323
ATPase, 131
atrio-ventricular node (AVN), 70, 72
atrio-ventricular valves, 668
atrium, 657
attentuation, 183
autotrophs, 143
B lymphocytes, 1757, 17980
bacteria, 159, 167, 1745, 224
balanced diet, 144
basal body, 18
basement membrane, 46, 534
bicuspid valve, 667
bilayer, 25, 120
binomial, 209
biodiversity, 199207, 23542
biodiversity action plans, 2412
biotic factors, 2223
blackberries, 210
blastocyst, 40
blood, 7980
blood clotting, 174, 192
blood doping, 84
blood groups, 21920
blood plasma, 77
blood pressure, 74, 778, 150
blood vessels, 739
body mass index, 144
Bohr efect, 83
bone marrow, 41
botanic gardens, 240
breast feeding, 181
breathing, 57
breathing rate, 59
broad-spectrum pesticides, 158
bronchioles, 535
bronchitis, 189, 190
bronchus, 534
Bt cotton, 2267
calcium, 143
callose, 100
cambium, 423
cancer, 189, 191
Candida, 174
capillaries, 53, 736
capillary, permeability of wall, 77
capillary bed, 74
capsid, 169
capsule, 20, 216
captive breeding, 238
carbaminohaemoglobin, 82
carbohydrates, 11618, 143
carbon dioxide transport, 82
carbon monoxide, 189, 192
carbonic anhydrase, 82
carboxyhaemoglobin, 192
carboxyl group, 108, 119
carcinogen, 191
cardiac arrest, 72, 147
cardiac cycle, 67, 6972
cardiac muscle, 65, 147
cartilage, 54
Casparian strip, 91
catalase, 1345
catalysts, 131
cattle breeding, 156
cell, animal, 8, 10,
cell, plant, 9, 1112
cell cycle, 36
cell division, 3640, 47
cell membranes, 2434
cell signalling, 258
cell surface membrane, 17, 24
cell ultrastructure, 1012
cell wall, 1819
cellulose, 1819, 11718
centrioles, 17, 37, 39
centromere, 369
cerebrum, 192
channel protein, 27, 29
chimpanzees, 21213
Chlamydomonas, 215
chlorenchyma, 44
chloroplast, 15
cholesterol, 256, 121, 1489
chromatids, 369
chromatin, 13
chromosomes, 13, 19, 3640, 47
chronic illness, 189
chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), 189
chylomicrons, 149
cilia, 1718
ciliated cells, 46, 534, 191
ciliated epithelium, 46, 535
circulatory systems, 634
cisternae, 13
CITES, 240
class, 209
classication, 20917
climate change, 235, 237
269
Index
clone, 177, 183
closed circulatory system, 64
Clostridium, 181
clot, 174
coenzymes, 140
cofactors, 140
cohesion, 108
collagen, 734, 111, 114, 143, 147
collenchyma, 92
community, 199
companion cells, 42, 99103
competitive inhibition, 138
complementary base pairing, 126
concentration gradient, 29
condensation reaction, 1089, 116,
119
conservation, 23642
continuous variation, 21921
convergent evolution, 211
coordination, 46
coronary artery, 65
coronary heart disease (CHD),
14650, 192
coronary thrombosis, 147
cortex, 88, 90, 92
cotton, 2257
covalent bond, 108
COX-1 and COX-2, 28
crenation, 31
cristae, 15
cuticle, 44, 93
cyclic AMP, 27
cytokines, 178
cytokinesis, 36, 389
cytosine, 124
cytoskeleton, 18
Darwin, Charles, 2212
DDT, 158
denaturation, 137
dendrochronology, 43
density, of water, 108
deoxyribose, 1245
diaphragm, 53, 57
diastole, 67, 6972
diet, 14351
diferentiation, 40
difusion, 29, 63
difusion gradient, 51
digoxin, 68
diploid cells, 47
dipole, 107
disaccharides, 11617
discontinuous variation, 21920
disease, 166
dissociation curve, 801, 834
disulde bonds, 11112
diversity index, 2067
DNA, 13, 19, 36, 1248, 16970,
211, 22930
Doll, Richard, 195
domains, 217
dopamine, 192
double circulatory system, 64
Drosophila melanogaster, 2301
ecosystem, 199
elastic bres, 55, 57, 734, 76, 189
elastin, 190
electrocardiogram (ECG), 712
electromagnetic spectrum, 6
elephants, 22930, 239
emphysema, 18991
endocytosis, 14, 33
endodermis, 901
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 134
endothelium, 736
envelope, 13, 15, 24, 269
environmental factors, 2223
environmental impact assessment,
242
environmental variation, 21920
enzyme concentration, 135
enzyme inhibition, 28
enzymes, 111, 127, 13140
enzymes, efect of pH, 137
enzymes, efect of temperature, 137
enzymesubstrate complex, 1312
eosin, 2
epidemiology, 194
epithelia, 46
Equus, 2289
erythrocytes, 41, 7982
erythropoetin (EPO), 84
Escherichia coli, 224
ester bond, 119
ethnobotany, 187
Eukarya, 217
eukaryotic cells, 820
evolution, 21931
ex situ conservation, 238
exchange surfaces, 51
exocytosis, 33
expiratory reserve volume, 59
extinction, 233
eyes, 2301
facilitated difusion, 29
family, 209
fats, 11921
fat-soluble vitamins, 120
fatty acids, 119
fermenter, 1623
fertilisers, 1578
fetal haemoglobin, 834
bres, 114, 188
brillation, 72
brils, 114, 117
brin, 115, 174
brinogen, 174
brous protein, 111, 11415
sh, circulatory system, 64
shing, 234
accid , 312
agella, 1718, 20
owering plant, 216
uid mosaic model, 26
food preservation, 1602
food spoilage, 160
fossils, 2289
frame quadrat, 201
freeze-drying, 160
fungi, 154, 1589, 174, 187, 215
fungicide, 159
Fusarium, 162
G1 and G2 phases, 36
gametes, 47
gamma radiation, 162
gas exchange, 516
genes, 128, 2301
genetic code, 128
genetic modication (GM), 2267
genetic variation, 219
genus, 209
geographical isolation, 2278
global warming, 237
globular protein, 111, 115
glucose, 107, 116
glycerol, 119
glycogen, 41, 118
glycogen phosphorylase, 118
glycolipids, 256
glycoproteins, 256, 53
glycosidic bond, 11618
goblet cells, 534, 191
Golgi apparatus, 14
G-protein, 27
grana, 15
guanine, 124
guard cells, 93

H5N1, 1867
habitat, 199
270
Index
haem, 111
haemocoel, 64
haemoglobin, 41, 804, 110, 111,
113, 143
haemoglobinic acid, 82
haploid cells, 47
HDL, 149
health, 166
heart, 6572
heart attack, 72, 147
heart disease, 14650
helicase, 127
Helicoverpa armigera, 226
helix, 110, 114, 126
herd immunity, 183
heterotrophs, 143
hexose, 116
hierarchy, 209
hinge cells, 96
histones, 19
HIV/AIDS, 167, 16971
homeobox genes, 2301
homologous chromosomes, 47
horse evolution, 2289
hydophobic, 120
hydrogen bond, 1056, 11012,
114, 118, 1257
hydrolases, 131
hydrolysis reaction, 109, 119
hydrophilic, 25, 120
hydrophobic, 25, 120
hydrophobic interactions, 11112
hydroxyl group, 119
hypertension, 150, 192
hyphae, 163, 215
hypodermic needles, 169
Hyracotherium, 2289
immune response, 17482
immunity, 1805
immunoglobulins, 182
in situ conservation, 238
in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 238
induced t, 131
infectious disease, 1837
inuenza, 186
inhibitors, 138
insecticides, 225
insects, gas exchange, 63
inspiratory reserve volume, 59
intercostal muscles, 53, 57
International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN), 236
interphase, 36
involuntary muscle, 54
iodine solution, 2
ion channel, 27, 29
ionic bonds, 107, 11112
iron, 143
irradiation, 162
irreversible inhibition, 139
karyotype, 47
keratin, 115
kick sampling, 203
kingdom, 209, 214
Krebs cycle, 15
kymograph, 58
latent heat, 106
LDL, 149
leaf rust, 154
leaf structure, 44, 93
leptin, 145
leucocytes, 41
light green (stain), 2
lignin, 42, 912
Linnaeus, Carolus, 20910
lipids, 11921, 143
lipoproteins, 1479
liver, 14950
locust, 216
Longworth trap, 203
Loxodonta africana, 239
lumen, 73
lung cancer, 189, 191
lungs, 189
lymph, 789
lymph node, 79
lymph vessels, 789
lymphatics, 789
lymphocytes, 16970, 17580
lysis, 31
lysosomes, 14, 41, 176
lysozyme, 174
macrophages, 556, 167, 175, 177
magnication, 25
malaria, 113, 1724, 187
malnutrition, 144, 167
maltase, 116
maltose, 11617
mammals, 210
mark, release, recapture, 2034
marram grass, 96
matrix, 15
mean, 220
meiosis, 47, 219
membrane, 17
memory cells, 1779, 183
meristems, 42
mesosome, 20
metabolic poisons, 139
metabolic reactions, 105
metaphase, 37, 39
methylene blue, 2
microbril, 19
micrometre, 3
microorganisms, and food, 1603
microscope, electron, 67
microscope, light, 12
microtubules, 1718, 37, 41
middle lamella, 18
milk, 161
milk production, 156
minerals, 143
mitochondria, 1516
mitosis, 3640
mitral valve, 667
MMR vaccination, 185
mode, 220
Monera, 214
monosaccharides, 116
monotremes, 210
mosquitoes, 1723
moss, 216
MRSA, 224
mucous membrane, 175
mucus, 534, 175, 191
muscle, 54, 57, 65, 147
mushroom, 215
mutation, 36, 219
mycelium, 215
Mycobacterium, 1678
mycoprotein, 162
myocardial infarction, 147
myogenic, 68
myxomatosis, 223
nanometre, 3
natural immunity, 181
natural selection, 2223
Nepenthes, 2401
neutrophil elastase, 189
neutrophils, 41, 175, 18990
nicotine, 189, 192
non-competitive inhibition, 139
nuclear envelope, 13
nuclear pore, 13
nucleic acids, 1249
nucleolus, 13
nucleotide, 1245
271
Index
nucleus, 13
nutrients, 1434
obesity, 1445
oedema, 78
open circulatory system, 63
opportunistic disease, 170
optimum pH, 138
optimum temperature, 137
order, 209
organ, 44
organic food, 157
Oryx dammah, 2389
osmosis, 29, 302, 88
osteoporosis, 143
oxygen, 29
oxygen transport, 801, 834
oxyhaemoglobin, 80
pacemaker, 68, 70, 72
palisade cells, 42, 44
palisade mesophyll, 93
pangolin, 211
papillary muscle, 68
Paramecium, 215
parasites, 166
parenchyma, 44, 92
partial pressure, 801
partially permeable, 24
particulates, 189
passive immunity, 181
passive smoking, 189
passive transport, 29
pasteurisation, 161
pathogen, 166, 180
pectin, 18
peptide bond, 1089
peptidoglycan, 19
percentage cover, 202
pericycle, 90
pesticides, 155, 1589
phagocytes, 175
phagocytosis, 41, 176
phloem, 424, 90, 92, 99103
phospholipids, 256, 120, 148
photosynthesis, 15
phylogeny, 20913
phylum, 209
Phytophthora infestans, 236
pickling, 161
pili, 20
pit, 912
pitcher plants, 2401
pith, 92
pits, 42
plant kingdom, 216
plaque, 1467
plasma cells, 177, 179, 183
plasma membrane, 17, 24
plasma proteins, 77
plasmid, 20, 225
plasmodesmata, 90
Plasmodium, 1723
plasmolysis, 312
platelets, 79, 147
platypus, 210
pleural uid, 53
pleural membranes, 53
point quadrat, 202
pollution, 158
polymerase, 127
polynucleotides, 1249
polypeptide, 109
polysaccharides, 11618
populations, 199, 2223
potassium transport, 323
potato blight, 236
potometer, 98
predation, 223
pressure potential, 32
primary response, 180
primary structure, 110
product, 132
prokaryotes, 214
prokaryotic cells, 1920
prophase, 37, 39
prophylatics, 172
protease, 189
proteins, 10815, 143
Protoctista, 215
pulmonary artery, 65
pulmonary circulation, 64
pulmonary vein, 65
purine, 124
Purkyne tissue, 70, 72
pyrimidine, 124
quadrat, 2002
quaternary structure, 113
quinine, 187
R groups, 108, 112
rainforests, 235
random sampling, 2002
rate of reaction, 1346
receptor, 27
red blood cells, 41, 7982
Red List, 236
replication, of DNA, 127
reproductive isolation, 2278
resistance, 1545, 168, 172, 2245
resolution, 5
respiration, 15
respiratory distress syndrome, 56
retrovirus, 169
reverse transcriptase, 169
reversible inhibition, 138
Rhagoletis pomonella, 2278
rhizoids, 216
Rhizopus, 215
rhodopsin, 143
ribose, 1289
ribosomes, 13
ribs, 53
Rio Convention on Biological
Diversity, 241
RNA, 13, 1289, 163, 169
root hairs, 42, 8890
rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER), 13
Rubus, 210
Russel Wallace, Alfred, 221
salt, and CHD, 150
salting, 161
sampling, 2004, 207
sap, 100
SARS, 186
saturated fat, 120, 148
scale bar, 4
scanning electron microscope
(SEM), 7
Scottish ora, 237
secondary response, 180
secondary structure, 110
secretion, 14
seed banks, 240
selection pressure, 223
selective breeding, 1526, 236
semi-conservative replication, 127
semilunar valves, 75
septum, 65
sickle cell anaemia, 113
sieve elements, 99
sieve plates, 42, 99
Simpsons Index of Diversity, 2067
single circulatory system, 64
sink, 100
sino-atrial node (SAN), 68, 70, 72
smoking, 18995
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(SER), 13
272
Index
smooth muscle, 54, 734
soda lime, 58
sodium chloride, 107
sodium transport, 323
sodiumpotassium pump, 323, 68
solvent, 107
source, 100
speciation, 2278
species, 199, 20910
species density, 201
species evenness, 206
species frequency, 201
species richness, 201
specic heat capacity, 106
spermatozoa, 41
sphygomanometer, 74
spindle, 17, 379
spiracles, 54
spirometer, 58
sponges, 45
spongy mesophyll, 44, 934
spores, 216
squamous epithelium, 46
SSSIs, 240
stain, 2
Staphylococcus, 174, 224
staple foods, 151
starch, 117
starch grains, 15
statins, 150
stele, 901
stem cells, 40
steroids, 121
stomata, 93, 96
stroke, 192
stroma, 15
stylets, 100
subclavian vein, 79
suberin, 91
substrate, 1312
substrate concentration, 136
sucrose, transport, 1002
sugars, 1167
surface area : volume ratio, 50
surface tension, 108
surfactant, 56
sweep netting, 203
sympatric speciation, 2278
symplast pathway, 90
system, 44
systematic sampling, 200
systemic circulation, 64
systole, 67, 6972
T helper cells, 1789
T killer cells, 1789
T lymphocytes, 16970, 1756,
17880
tar, 189
taxa, 209
taxonomy, 209
telophase, 37, 39
temperature, and membrane
permeability, 334
tertiary structure, 110
thrombin, 111
thrush, 174
thylakoids, 15
thymus gland, 175
tidal volume, 58
tigers, 239
tissue uid, 77
tissues, 40, 446
tomatoes, 1589
tonoplast, 17
totipotent, 40
toxins, 160, 182
trachea, in humans, 53, 175
trachea, in insects, 64
tracheole, 54
transect, 200
translocation, 99103
transmission electron microscope
(TEM), 6
transpiration, 88, 938
transpiration stream, 93
transport systems, 62
transporter protein, 323
tricuspid valve, 6667
triglycerides, 11920
tuberculosis (TB), 1678, 171, 189
tubulin, 17
tumour, 191
tunica media and tunica externa,
735
turgor, 312
ultra heat treatment (UHT), 161
unsaturated fat, 120
uracil, 1289
vaccination, 1837
vacuole, 17
valves, 6668, 7576, 78
variation, 21921
vascular bundle, 434, 923
veins, 73, 756
vena cava, 65
ventilation rate, 59
ventricle, 657
venules, 73, 75
vesicle, 14, 33
Vioxx, 28
viruses, 169, 223
viscosity, of water, 108
vital capacity, 59
vitamins, 140, 143
V
max
, 136
water, 1058
water potential, 29, 78, 8890, 157,
161
wheat, 1525
white blood cells, 11, 41, 79, 1757
xerophytes, 967
xylem, 424, 8894
yeast, 40
zoos, 23840
zygote, 36