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\
|
+ = =
} } }
L
x
tur x
x
lam x
w
L
x
w
w
c
c
dx
h
dx
h L
q
dx
h L
q
T T
,
0
,
0
1 1
1
laminar flow: Re
x
5x10
5
0.6Pr 60
average
) Pr Re 68 . 0 ( )
2
3
(
3 / 1 2 1
L
w
L
w
w
L
k
q
h
q
T T = =
turbulent flow from x> x
cr
:
5x10
5
Re
x
1x10
7
average
) Pr Re 037 . 0 ( )
5
6
(
3 / 1 5 4
L
w
L
w
w
L
k
q
h
q
T T = =
mixed laminar-turbulent flow over length L:
PAGE 12 ME3122
5
cr
2
8
5 4 3 1
5 4 2 1
2
5 4 3 1
10 5 Re for
Re
10 335 . 3
Re 037 . 0
1
) Pr (
Re 037 . 0
1
Re 68 . 0
1
Re
Re
Re 037 . 0
1
) Pr (
=
(
+ =
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
L L
w
cr cr L
cr
L
w
w
k
L q
k
L q
T T
valid for 5x10
5
Re
L
1x10
7
0.6Pr60
Internal Flow in Smooth Circular Tube/Pipe
Laminar flow in isothermal tube with constant temp T
w
:
average
2000 Re for 66 . 3
D
h
s = =
k
D h
Nu
D
Laminar flow in tube with constant wall heat flux q
w
:
average
2000 Re for 36 . 4
D
h
s = =
k
D h
Nu
D
where
h c
h
D u
P
A
D = =
D
Re
4
Turbulent flow in smooth circular tube/pipe (for both isothermal wall or constant heat-flux
wall):
Dittus Boelter equation:
average
n
D D
k
h
Nu Pr Re 023 . 0
D
8 . 0
h
= =
for Re
D
2000 0.6 Pr 100
n = 0.4 for heating of fluid (T
w
> T
b
)
n = 0.3 for cooling of fluid (T
w
< T
b
)
Photons:
PAGE 13 ME3122
Solid angle:
Convection:
Spectral Intensity:
Diffuse emitter:
Blackbody:
Weins displacement law:
Real surfaces:
Semitransparent medium:
View factor:
PAGE 14 ME3122
Radiation exchange:
Radiation network approach:
- END OF PAPER -