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Modelling and Analysis of System Transients Using Digital Programs

IEEE Special Publication
Introduction
A. Keri (Chair), A.M. Gole
1. INTRODUCTION
This document is written in order to provide guide-
lines for the modeling of power system apparatus for use in
time - domain solution of electromagnetic transient phenom-
enon. This publication has been arranged in the following
eight (8) parts.
Part 1 :Background
Part 2 :Power Electronics
Part 3:Slow Transients
Part 4 :Switching Transients
Part 5 :Fast Front Transients
Part 6 :Very Fast Front Transients
Part 7 :Protection And Control
Part 8 :Bibliography

A general statement of each area is as follows.

1.1 BACKGROUND
This section presents a comprehensive summary of
the background and state of the art for the transient solutions,
representation of control systems, and modeling of power
system components.
1.2 POWER ELECTRONICS
The guideline presents the basic issues that are criti-
cal for successfully modeling of power electronics devices
and the interface between power electronics and the utility or
industrial system. Modeling aspects are presented for simu-
lation of the semiconductor switching devices, power elec-
tronics system, snubber treatment, and simulation errors and
control. A number of simulation examples, including
FACTS modeling, are presented.
1.3 SLOW TRANSIENTS
Modeling guidelines are presented for investiga-
tions of small signal torsional oscillations, large -signal shaft
transient stresses, turbine -blade vibrations, fast bus transfer,
controller interactions, harmonics interaction, and resonance
phenomena. Sample test systems and simulation results are
provided.
1.4 SWITCHING TRANSIENTS
The range of frequencies of primary interest in a
switching transients study vary from the fundamental power
frequency up to 10 kHz. Switching surge modeling guide-
lines are presented including modeling of the various power
system components such as transmission lines, cables, trans-
formers, source equivalents, loads and circuit breakers. In
addition, typical case studies are also presented.
1.5 FAST FRONT TRANSIENTS
Modeling guidelines are presented for fast front
transients (i.e., frequency range from 10 kHz up to 1 MHz),
with particular emphasis on lightning surge analysis of over-
head lines and substation. Modeling philosophies, simpli-
fied mathematical relationships, typical data, and examples
are given for various power system components. A case
study is presented in order to illustrate the overall modeling
procedure.
1.6 VERY FAST FRONT TRANSIENTS
The objective of this section is to provide an expla-
nation of the phenomena of very fast transients, in the fre-
quency range of 100 kHz to 50 MHz. This type of transients
typically occur in the gas insulated substations (GIS).
Effects and modeling guidelines for GIS are presented. An
example of a GIS calculation with detailed input data is pro-
vided. A simulation accuracy is verified with field measure-
ments.
1.7 PROTECTION AND CONTROL
General guidelines for modeling of protection sys-
tems is presented. Because digital modeling of protection
systems in the electromagnetic transients programs is a rela-
tively new procedure, this section describes the advantages
and limitations of the protection system modeling . Model-
ing of instrument transformers, relays - electromechanical,
static and microprocessor based are summarized and models
are presented.
1.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
A comprehensive list of references on the subject-
are provided.
DRAFT July 98