Tutorial: Programming in Java

for Android Development

Adam C. Champion and Dong Xuan
CSE 4471: Information Security
Autumn 2013
Based on material from C. Horstmann [1], J. Bloch [2], C. Collins et al. [4],
M.L. Sichitiu (NCSU), V. Janjic (Imperial College London), CSE 2221 (OSU), and other sources
Outline
Getting Started
Java: The Basics
Java: ObjectOriented Programming
Android Programming
Getting Started (1)
Need to install Java Development Kit (JDK) to write
Java (and Android) programs
Do not install Java Runtime Environment (JRE);
JDK and JRE are different!
Can download the JDK for your OS at http://java.oracle.com
Alternatively, for OS X, Linux:
OS X:
Open !"##$%&'(%)*+!,(%$%(%-+!.-/0%*'$1'##
Type 3'4'& at command line
Install Java when prompt appears
Linux:
Type +56) '#(78-( %*+('$$ 6-9'5$(736: at command line
(Debian, Ubuntu)
Other distributions: consult distributions documentation
Install!
Getting Started (2)
After installing JDK, download Android SDK
from http://developer.android.com
Simplest: download and install Android
Developer Tools (ADT) bundle (including
Android SDK) for your OS
Alternatives:
Download/install Android Studio (beta) from this site
(based on IntelliJ IDEA)
Install Android SDK tools by themselves, then install
ADT for Eclipse separately (from this site)
Well use ADT with SDK (easiest)
Install!
Getting Started (3)
Unzip ADT package to directory ;'6(7<5*6$-7)+=, then run
;'6(7<5*6$-7)+=!-&$%#+-!>&$%#+- app. You should see this:
Getting Started (4)
Go to Eclipse preferences
(Window!Preferences or
ADT!Preferences), select
Android tab
Make sure the Android SDK
path is correct (;'6(7
<5*6$-7)+=!+6:)
Strongly recommend testing
with real Android device
Android emulator: very slow
Install USB drivers for your
Android device
Getting Started (5)
Bring up the Android SDK Manager
Recommended: Install Android 2.2, 2.3.3 APIs and 4.x API
Do not worry about Intel x86 Atom, MIPS system images
In Eclipse, click Window!Show View!Other and
select views Android!Devices, Android!LogCat
Now youre ready for Android development!
Outline
Getting Started
Java: The Basics
Java: ObjectOriented Programming
Android Programming
Java Programming Language
Java: generalpurpose
language designed so
developers write code
once, it runs anywhere
The key: Java Virtual
Machine (JVM)
Program code compiled to
JVM bytecode
JVM bytecode interpreted
on JVM
Well focus on Java 5
(Android uses this). See
chapters 17 in [1].
Our First Java Program (1)
#5<$%& &$'++ ?-$$)@)/$6
A
#5<$%& +('(%& 4)%6 0'%*BC(/%*8DE '/8+F
A
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BH?-$$) I)/$6JKFL
M
M
Dont forget to match curly braces A,M or semicolon at the end!
In Eclipse: File!New!Java Project, name project
?-$$)@)/$6 (no quotes), click Finish. Open ?-$$)@)/$6 in
Package Explorer. Rightclick +/& directory, select New!Class,
and create a class ?-$$)@)/$6 with a 0'%*BF method. To run the
program, rightclick HelloWorld project, click Run As
Our First Java Program (2)
Rightclick,
New!Class
Explaining the Program
Every .java source file contains one class
We create a class ?-$$)@)/$6 that greets user
The class ?-$$)@)/$6 must have the same name as the source file
?-$$)@)/$613'4'
Our class has #5<$%& scope, so other classes can see it
Well talk more about classes and objects later
Every Java program has a method 0'%*BF that executes the program
Method signature must be exactly
#5<$%& +('(%& 4)%6 0'%*BC(/%*8DE '/8+F A 111 M
This means: (1) 0'%*BF is visible to other methods; (2) there is only
one 0'%*BF method in the class; and (3) 0'%*BF has one argument
('/8+, an array of C(/%*8 variables)
Java thinks 0'%*BF, N'%*BF, 0%"OBF are different methods
Every Java method has curly braces A,M surrounding its code
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon, e.g.,
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BH?-$$) I)/$6JKFL
Program prints ?-$$) I)/$6J to the console, then quits
Basic Data Types (1)
Java variables are instances of mathematical types
Variables can store (almost) any value their type can have
Example: the value of a boolean variable can be either (/5- or 9'$+-
because any (mathematical) boolean value is true or false
Caveats for integer, floatingpoint variables: their values are subsets of
values of mathematical integers, real numbers. Cannot assign
mathematical 2
500
to integer variable (limited range) or mathematical !2
to a floatingpoint variable (limited precision; irrational number).
Variable names must start with lowercase letter, contain only letters,
numbers, P
Variable declaration: <))$-'* < Q (/5-L
Later in the program, we might assign 9'$+- to <: < Q 9'$+-L
Java strongly suggests that variables be initialized at the time of
declaration, e.g., <))$-'* <L gives a compiler warning (*5$$ pointer)
Constants defined using 9%*'$ keyword, e.g.,
9%*'$ <))$-'* 9'$+-R))$ Q S"TC>L
Basic Data Types (2)
Javas primitive data types: [5]
Primitive type Size Minimum Maximum Wrapper type
<))$-'* 1bit N/A N/A R))$-'*
&U'/ 16bit Unicode 0 Unicode 2
16
1 VU'/'&(-/
<G(- 8bit 128 +127 RG(-
+U)/( 16bit 2
15
+2
15
1 CU)/(
%*( 32bit 2
31
+2
31
1 W*(-8-/
$)*8 64bit 2
63
+2
63
1 T)*8
9$)'( 32bit IEEE 754 IEEE 754 S$)'(
6)5<$- 64bit IEEE 754 IEEE 754 X)5<$-
Note: All these types are signed, except &U'/.
Basic Data Types (3)
Sometimes variables need to be cast to another type, e.g.,
if finding average of integers:
%*( %*(Y*- Q Z[ %*(.I) Q \[ %*(.U/-- Q ][ *50W*(+ Q \L
6)5<$- 6)5<Y*- Q B6)5<$-F%*(Y*-[ 6)5<.I) Q B6)5<$-F0GW*(.I)[ 6)5<.U/-- Q
B6)5<$-F%*(.U/--L
6)5<$- '48 Q B6)5<Y*- ^ 6)5<.I) ^ 6)5<.U/--F!B6)5<$-F*50W*(+L
N'(U library has math operations like +_/(BF, #)IBF, etc.
C(/%*8: immutable type for sequence of characters
Every Java variable can be converted to C(/%*8 via ()C(/%*8BF
The ^ operation concatenates C(/%*8s with other variables
Let +(/ be a C(/%*8. We can find +(/s length (+(/1$-*8(UBF),
substrings of +(/ (+(/1+5<+(/%*8BF), and so on [6]
Basic Data Types (4)
A literal is a fixed value of a variable type
.`,>, S"TC> are <))$-'* literals
", a(, aK, and a5b]&b are &U'/ literals (escaped
tab, quote characters, Unicode value for \pi)
7Z, b, b]c, bdZ' are %*( literals (last two are octal and
hexadecimal)
b1c, Z1b, Z>e, e1b\]>\] are 6)5<$- literals
"( YC,, ?-$$) I)/$6J are C(/%*8 literals
Comments:
Single-line: !! +)0- &)00-*( () -*6 )9 $%*-
Multi-line: !f &)00-*(+ +#'* 05$(%#$- $%*-+ f!
Common Operators in Java
!"#$%& ())*+,% -.,# $%" /)0(*+
J ^^ gg
^ hh ^ g ^ g
ii f ! j f !
; =
;Q =Q
QQ JQ
; =
;Q =Q
QQ JQ
; =


Notes:
Compare C(/%*8 objects using the -_5'$+BF method, not QQ or JQ
ii and hh use short-circuit evaluation. To see this, say <))$-'* &'*k%8+S$G Q S"TC>
and we evaluate (&'*k%8+S$G ii ;+)0- R))$-'* -d#/-++%)*=). Since &'*k%8+S$G is
S"TC>, the second part of the expression wont be evaluated.
The second operand of j (integer modulus) must be positive.
Dont compare 6)5<$-s for equality. Instead, define a constant like so:
9%*'$ 6)5<$- >kCWTYO Q Z>geL !! )/ +)0- )(U-/ (U/-+U)$6
l !! &U-&: %9 N'(U1'<+B6)5<$-Z 7 6)5<$-\F ; >kCWTYO
Control Structures: Decision (1)
Programs dont always follow straight line execution; they
branch based on certain conditions
Java decision idioms: if-then-else, switch
if-then-else idiom:
%9 B;+)0- R))$-'* -d#/-++%)*=F
A
!! (':- +)0- '&(%)*
M
-$+- %9 B;+)0- )(U-/ R))$-'* -d#/-++%)*F
A
!! (':- +)0- )(U-/ '&(%)*
M
-$+-
A
!! 6) +)0-(U%*8 -$+-
M
Control Structures: Decision (2)
Example:

9%*'$ 6)5<$- YTXPX`YWX Q \1b[ 9%*'$ 6)5<$- O>@PX`YWX Q m1bL
6)5<$- 0GX/)%6 Q m1ZL
%9 B0GX/)%6 ; YTXPX`YWXF
A
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BH"*(%_5-JKFL
M
-$+- %9 B0GX/)%6 = O>@PX`YWXF
A
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHn-/G 0)6-/*JKFL
M
-$+-
A
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHo)5/ 6-4%&-p <'/-$G +5##)/(-61KFL
M

Code prints n-/G 0)6-/*J to the screen.
What if 0GX/)%6 QQ Z1Z? 0GX/)%6 QQ \1]?
Control Structures: Decision (3)
Example two:

9%*'$ 6)5<$- q>TToPR>"O Q m1Z[ 9%*'$ 6)5<$- WV>PV`>"N Q m1bL
9%*'$ 6)5<$- >kCWTYO Q Z>geL
6)5<$- 0GX/)%6 Q m1ZL
%9 B0GX/)%6 = WV>PV`>"NF
A
%9 BN'(U1'<+B0GX/)%6 7 WV>PV`>"NF ; >kCWTYOF
A
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHW&- V/-'0 C'*6I%&UKFL
M
-$+-
A
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHq-$$G R-'*KFL
M
M
-$+-
A
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHY$6 4-/+%)*KFL
M

Code prints q-$$G R-'* to screen. Note nested if-then-else, >kCWTYO usage.
Control Structures: Decision (4)
Other idiom: switch
Only works when comparing an int or boolean
variable against a fixed set of alternatives
Example:
%*( '#% Q ZbL
+I%(&U B'#%F
A
&'+- ]p CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHV5#&':-KFL </-':L
&'+- mp CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHX)*5(KFL </-':L
&'+- rp CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHs&$'%/KFL </-':L
&'+- tp CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHS/)G)KFL </-':L
&'+- Zbp CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHu%*8-/</-'6KFL </-':L
&'+- ZZp CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BH?)*-G&)0<KFL </-':L
&'+- Zcp CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHW&- V/-'0 C'*6I%&UKFL </-':L
&'+- Zep CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHq-$$G R-'*KFL </-':L
6-9'5$(p CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BHY(U-/KFL </-':L
M
Control Structures: Iteration (1)
Often, blocks of code should loop while a condition holds (or fixed # of times)
Java iteration idioms: while, do-while, for
While loop: execute loop as long as condition is true (checked each iteration)
Example:

C(/%*8 +(/ Q H'''''KL
%*( 0%*T-*8(U Q ZbL

IU%$- B+(/1$-*8(UBF ; 0%*T-*8(UF
A
+(/ Q +(/ ^ H'KL
M

CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*B+(/FL

Loop executes 5 times; code terminates when +(/ Q H''''''''''K
Notice: if the length of +(/ was 0%*T-*8(U, the while loop would not
execute
Control Structures: Iteration (2)
While Loop
C(/%*8 +(/ Q H''''''''''KL
%*( 0%*T-*8(U Q ZbL

IU%$- B+(/1$-*8(UBF ;
0%*T-*8(UF
A
+(/ Q +(/ ^ H'KL
M

CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*B+(/FL
Do-While Loop
C(/%*8 +(/ Q H''''''''''KL
%*( 0%*T-*8(U Q ZbL

6)
A
+(/ Q +(/ ^ H'KL
M
IU%$- B+(/1$-*8(UBF ;
0%*T-*8(UF

CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*B+(/FL

Unlike the while loop, the do-while loop executes at least once so long as condition is true.
The while loop prints '''''''''' whereas the do-while loop prints ''''''''''' (11 's)
Control Structures: Iteration (3)
The for loop has the following structure:

9)/ B;-d#/-++%)*Z=L ;-d#/-++%)*\=L ;-d#/-++%)*]=F
A
1 1 1
M

Semantics:
;-d#/-++%)*Z= is loop initialization (run once)
;-d#/-++%)*\= is loop execution condition (checked every iteration)
;-d#/-++%)*]= is loop update (run every iteration)
Example:

%*( %L
9)/ B% Q bL % ; ZbL %^^F
A
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BH% Q K ^ %FL
M
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*BH% Q K ^ %FL

What do you think this code does?
Methods and Design-by-Contract (1)
Design your own methods to perform specific, well-defined tasks
Each method has a signature:
#5<$%& +('(%& `-(5/*.G#- 0-(U)6B#'/'0.G#-Z #'/'0Z[ l #'/'0.G#-O #'/'0OF
A
!! #-/9)/0 &-/('%* ('+:
M
Example: a method to compute area of rectangle:
#5<$%& +('(%& 6)5<$- 9%*6`-&("/-'B6)5<$- $-*8(U[ 6)5<$- I%6(UF
A
/-(5/* $-*8(U f I%6(UL
M
Each method has a precondition and a postcondition
Precondition: constraints methods caller must satisfy to call method
Postcondition: guarantees method provides if preconditions are met
For our example:
Precondition: $-*8(U = b1b, I%6(U = b1b
Postcondition: returns $-*8(U v I%6(U (area of rectangle)
Methods and Design-by-Contract (2)
In practice, methods are annotated via JavaDoc,
e.g.,
!ff
V)0#5(- '/-' )9 /-&('*8$-1

w#'/'0 $-*8(U T-*8(U )9 /-&('*8$-
w#'/'0 I%6(U @%6(U )9 /-&('*8$-
w/-(5/* "/-' )9 /-&('*8$-
f!
Methods called from 0'%*BF (which is +('(%&)
need to be defined +('(%& too
Some methods may not return anything (4)%6)
Array Data Structure
Array: fixed-length sequence of variable types; cannot
change length at run-time
Examples:
9%*'$ %*( O,NC.,X>O.C Q ZbL
C(/%*8DE +(56-*(+L !! X-&$'/'(%)*
C(/%*8DE +(56-*(+ Q *-I C(/%*8DO,NC.,X>O.CEL
!! X-&$'/'(%)* '*6 %*%(%'$%x'(%)*
C(/%*8DE 0)/-C(56-*(+ Q A H"$%&-K[ HR)<K[ H`)U%(K[ H@-%KML
!! X-&$'/'(%)* '*6 -d#$%&%( %*%(%'$%x'(%)*
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*B0)/-C(56-*(+1$-*8(UF !! k/%*(+ m
Enhanced 9)/ loop: executed for each element in array
Example:
9)/ BC(/%*8 +(56-*(p 0)/-C(56-*(+F
A
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*B+(56-*( ^ H[ KFL
M
Prints "$%&-[ R)<[ `)U%([ @-%[ to screen
Array indices are numbered 0, , N1; watch for off-by-one
errors! 0)/-C(56-*(+DbE is "$%&-; 0)/-C(56-*(+D]E is @-%
Two-Dimensional Arrays
We can have two-dimensional arrays.
Example:
9%*'$ %*( `Y@C Q ]L 9%*'$ %*( VYT,NOC Q ]L
&U'/DEDE (%&.'&.)- Q *-I &U'/D`Y@CEDVYT,NOCEL !! 6-&$'/-
9)/ B%*( % Q bL % ; `Y@CL %^^F
A
9)/ B%*( 3 Q bL 3 ; VYT,NOCL 3^^F
A
(%&.'&.)-D%ED3E Q yPzL !! W*%(%'$%x- () y<$'*:z
M
M
!! .%&g('&g()- $)8%& 8)-+ U-/- BI%(U y{z+[ yYz+F
(%&.'&.)-1$-*8(U returns number of rows;
(%&.'&.)-DbE1$-*8(U returns number of columns
Higher-dimensional arrays are possible too
Parameterized Data Structures
We can define data structures in terms of an arbitrary variable type
(call it Item).
"//'GT%+(;W(-0=, a variable-length array that can be modified at
run-time. Examples:
"//'GT%+(;C(/%*8= '//C(/%*8+ Q *-I "//'GT%+(;C(/%*8=BFL
"//'GT%+(;X)5<$-= '//X)5<$-+ Q *-I "//'GT%+(;X)5<$-=BFL
'//C(/%*8+1'66BH"$%&-KFL '//C(/%*8+1'66BHR)<KFL '//C(/%*8+1'66BH`)U%(KFL
'//C(/%*8+1'66BH@-%KFL
C(/%*8 +(/ Q '//C(/%*8+18-(BZFL !! +(/ <-&)0-+ HR)<K
'//C(/%*8+1+-(B\[ H`'3KFL !! H`'3K /-#$'&-+ H`)U%(K
CG+(-01)5(1#/%*($*B'//C(/%*8+1+%x-BFFL !! #/%*(+ m
Notice:
Need to call %0#)/( 3'4'15(%$1"//'GT%+(L at beginning of program
Off-by-one indexing: cannot call '//C(/%*8+18-(BmFL
Auto-boxing: we cannot create an "//'GT%+( of 6)5<$-s. We need to
replace 6)5<$- with wrapper class X)5<$-. (Recall the primitive data
types table)
Other parameterized data types include T%+(s, C-(s, N'#s, C('&:s,
|5-5-s, ./--s (see chapters 1416 in [1])
Exception Handling (1)
If we had called '//C(/%*8+18-(BmF, we
would have an error condition
The JVM throws an W*6-dY5(Y9R)5*6+ exception,
halts execution
Exception Handling (2)
We handle exceptions using the try-catch-finally structure:
(/G
A
!! V)6- (U'( &)5$6 (/%88-/ '* -d&-#(%)*
M
&'(&U BW*6-dY5(Y9R)5*6+>d&-#(%)* -F !! Y/ '*)(U-/ >d&-#(%)*
A
!! V)6- (U'( H/-+#)*6+K () -d&-#(%)*[ -181[
-1#/%*(C('&:./'&-BFL
M
9%*'$$G
A
!! V)6- (U'( -d-&5(-+ /-8'/6$-++ )9 IU-(U-/ -d&-#(%)* )&&5/+
M
There can be many &'(&U blocks for different >d&-#(%)*s, but there is only
one (/G block and one (optional) 9%*'$$G block. (See Section 7.4 in [1] for
the full hierarchy of >d&-#(%)*s)
Exceptions always need to be caught and reported, especially in Android
Outline
Getting Started
Java: The Basics
Java: ObjectOriented Programming
Android Programming
Objects and Classes (1)
Classes serve as blueprints that describe the states and behaviors of objects,
which are actual instances of classes
For example, a Vehicle class describes a motor vehicles blueprint:
States: on/off, driver in seat, fuel in tank, speed, etc.
Behaviors: startup, shutdown, drive forward, shift transmission, etc.
There are many possible Vehicles, e.g., Honda Accord, Mack truck, etc. These
are instances of the Vehicle blueprint
Many Vehicle states are specific to each Vehicle object, e.g., on/off, driver in
seat, fuel remaining. Other states are specific to the class of Vehicles, not any
particular Vehicle (e.g., keeping track of the last Vehicle ID # assigned).
These correspond to instance fields and static fields in a class.
Notice: we can operate a vehicle without knowing its implementation under
the hood. Similarly, a class makes public instance methods by which objects
of this class can be manipulated. Other methods apply to the set of all Vehicles
(e.g., set min. fuel economy). These correspond to static methods in a class
Objects and Classes (2)
#5<$%& &$'++ n-U%&$-
A
!! W*+('*&- 9%-$6+ B+)0- )0%((-6 9)/ </-4%(GF
#/%4'(- <))$-'* %+Y* Q 9'$+-L
#/%4'(- <))$-'* %+X/%4-/W*C-'( Q 9'$+-L
#/%4'(- 6)5<$- 95-$W*.'*: Q Zb1bL
#/%4'(- 6)5<$- +#--6 Q b1bL

!! C('(%& 9%-$6+
#/%4'(- +('(%& C(/%*8 $'+(n%* Q Hm"m"k]",fX>}}}}}tKL

!! W*+('*&- 0-(U)6+ B+)0- )0%((-6 9)/ </-4%(GF
10(*$- n-U%&$-BF A l M !! V)*+(/5&()/
10(*$- 4)%6 +('/(,#BF A l M
10(*$- 4)%6 +U5(Y99BF A l M
10(*$- 4)%6 8-(W+X/%4-/W*C-'(BF A l M !! 8-((-/[ +-((-/ 0-(U)6+
10(*$- 4)%6 +-(W+X/%4-/W*C-'(BF A l M
#/%4'(- 4)%6 0'*'8-N)()/BF A l M !! N)/- #/%4'(- 0-(U)6+ l

!! C('(%& 0-(U)6+
10(*$- +('(%& 4)%6 +-(n%*BC(/%*8 *-In%*F A l M
M
Objects and Classes (3)
How to use the n-U%&$- class:
First, create a new object via constructor n-U%&$-BF, e.g., n-U%&$-
0GV'/ Q *-I n-U%&$-BFL
Change Vehicle states, e.g., +('/(,#BF or +U5(Y99BF the n-U%&$-
You can imagine other use cases
Mark a new n-U%&$-s ID number (VIN) as taken by calling
n-U%&$-1+-(n%*BlF
Caveat: VINs more complex than this (simple) implementation [7]
Notes:
Aliasing: If we set n-U%&$- 0G./5&: Q 0GV'/, both 0GV'/ and 0G./5&:
point to the same variable. Better to perform deep copy of
0GV'/ and store the copy in 0G./5&:
*5$$ reference: refers to no object, cannot invoke methods on *5$$
Implicit parameter and the (U%+ reference
Access control: public, protected, private
Inheritance (1)
Types of n-U%&$-s: N)()/&G&$-, V'/, ./5&:, etc. Types of V'/s:
C-6'*, V)5#-, C,n. Types of ./5&:s: k%&:5#, S$'(<-6.
Induces inheritance hierarchy
Subclasses inherit fields/methods from superclasses.
Subclasses can add new fields/methods, override those of
parent classes
For example, N)()/&G&$-s 6/%4-S)/I'/6BF method differs
from ./5&:s 6/%4-S)/I'/6BF method
Inheritance (2)
#5<$%& &$'++ n-U%&$-
A
l
#5<$%& 4)%6 6/%4-S)/I'/6
B6)5<$- +#--6F
A
!! R'+- &$'++ 0-(U)6
M
M
#5<$%& &$'++ N)()/&G&$-
+2"+%/3 n-U%&$-
A
l
#5<$%& 4)%6 6/%4-S)/I'/6
B6)5<$- +#--6F
A
!! "##$G #)I-/l
M
M
Inheritance denoted via -d(-*6+ keyword
Inheritance (3)
#5<$%& &$'++ ./5&: -d(-*6+ n-U%&$-
A
#/%4'(- <))$-'* 5+-"I6 Q (/5-L
l
#5<$%& ./5&:B<))$-'* 5+-"I6F A (U%+15+-"I6 Q 5+-"I6L M
l
#5<$%& 4)%6 6/%4-S)/I'/6B6)5<$- +#--6F
A
%9 B5+-"I6F
A
!! "##$G #)I-/ () '$$ IU--$+l
M
-$+-
A
!! "##$G #)I-/ () )*$G 9/)*(!<'&: IU--$+l
M
M
M
Polymorphism
Suppose we create n-U%&$-s and invoke the 6/%4-S)/I'/6BF method:
n-U%&$- 4-U%&$- Q *-I n-U%&$-BFL
n-U%&$- 0)()/&G&$- Q *-I N)()/&G&$-BFL
./5&: (/5&:Z Q *-I ./5&:B(/5-FL
n-U%&$- (/5&:\ Q *-I ./5&:B9'$+-FL
!! V)6- U-/- () +('/( 4-U%&$-+l
4-U%&$-16/%4-S)/I'/6Bc1bFL
0)()/&G&$-16/%4-S)/I'/6BZb1bFL
(/5&:Z16/%4-S)/I'/6BZc1bFL
(/5&:\16/%4-S)/I'/6BZb1bFL
For 4-U%&$-, n-U%&$-s 6/%4-S)/I'/6() method is invoked
For 0)()/&G&$-, N)()/&G&$-s 6/%4-S)/I'/6BF method is invoked
With (/5&:Z and (/5&:\, ./5&:s 6/%4-S)/I'/6BF function is invoked
(with all-wheel drive for (/5&:Z, not for (/5&:\).
Dynamic method lookup: Java looks at objects actual types in determining
which method to invoke
Polymorphism: feature where objects of different subclasses can be treated
the same way. All n-U%&$-s 6/%4-S)/I'/6BF regardless of (sub)class.
The Y<3-&( Class
Every class in Java is a subclass of Y<3-&(
Important methods in Y<3-&(:
()C(/%*8BF: Converts the Y<3-&( into a C(/%*8
representation
-_5'$+BF: Compares contents of Y<3-&(s to see if
theyre the same
U'+UV)6-BF: Hashes the Y<3-&( to a fixed-length
C(/%*8, useful for data structures like ?'+UN'#,
?'+UC-(
If you create your own class, you should override
()C(/%*8BF and U'+UV)6-BF
Interfaces
Java interfaces abstractly specify methods to be implemented
Intuition: decouple method definitions from implementations (clean design)
Interfaces, implementations denoted by %*(-/9'&-, %0#$-0-*(+ keywords
Example:

#5<$%& %*(-/9'&- X/%4-'<$-
A
#5<$%& 4)%6 6/%4-S)/I'/6B6)5<$- +#--6FL
M

#5<$%& &$'++ n-U%&$- %0#$-0-*(+ X/%4-'<$-
A
#5<$%& 4)%6 6/%4-S)/I'/6B6)5<$- +#--6F A !! %0#$-0-*('(%)* M
M

#5<$%& &$'++ N)()/&G&$- -d(-*6+ n-U%&$- %0#$-0-*(+ X/%4-'<$-
A
#5<$%& 4)%6 6/%4-S)/I'/6B6)5<$- +#--6F A !! %0#$-0-*('(%)* M
M
The V)0#'/'<$- Interface
Comparing Y<3-&(s is important, e.g., sorting in data
structures
The V)0#'/'<$- interface compares two Y<3-&(s, e.g.,
' and <:
#5<$%& %*(-/9'&- V)0#'/'<$-
A
%*( &)0#'/-.)BY<3-&( )(U-/Y<3-&(FL
M
'1&)0#'/-.)B<F returns negative integer if ' comes
before <, b if ' is the same as <, and a positive integer
otherwise
In your classes, you should implement V)0#'/'<$- to
facilitate Y<3-&( comparison
Object-Oriented Design Principles
Each class should represent a single concept
Dont try to fit all functionality into a single class
Consider a class per noun in problem description
Factor functionality into classes, interfaces, etc. that express the
functionality with minimal coupling
For software projects, start from use cases (how customers will use
software: high level)
Then identify classes of interest
In each class, identify fields and methods
Class relationships should be identified: is-a (inheritance), has-a
(aggregation), implements interface, etc.
Packages provide class organization mechanism
Examples: java.lang.*, java.util.*, etc.
Critical for organizing large numbers of classes!
All classes in a package can see each other (scope)
Outline
Getting Started
Java: The Basics
Java: ObjectOriented Programming
Android Programming
Introduction to Android
Popular mobile device
OS: 52% of U.S.
smartphone market [8]
Developed by Open
Handset Alliance, led by
Google
Google claims 900,000
Android device
activations [9]
Source: [8]
Android Highlights (1)
Android apps execute on
Dalvik VM, a clean-room
implementation of JVM
Dalvik optimized for efficient
execution
Dalvik: register-based VM,
unlike Oracles stack-based
JVM
Java .class bytecode translated
to Dalvik EXecutable (DEX)
bytecode, which Dalvik
interprets
Android Highlights (2)
Android apps written in Java 5
Actually, a Java dialect (Apache Harmony)
Everything weve learned still holds
Apps use four main components:
"&(%4%(G: A single screen thats visible to user
C-/4%&-: Long-running background part of app (not
separate process or thread)
V)*(-*(k/)4%6-/: Manages app data (usually stored in
database) and data access for queries
R/)'6&'+(`-&-%4-/: Component that listens for particular
Android system events, e.g., found wireless device,
and responds accordingly
App Manifest
Every Android app must include an
"*6/)%6N'*%9-+(1d0$ file describing functionality
The manifest specifies:
Apps Activities, Services, etc.
Permissions requested by app
Minimum API required
Hardware features required, e.g., camera with
autofocus
External libraries to which app is linked, e.g., Google
Maps library
Activity Lifecycle
"&(%4%(G: key building
block of Android apps
Extend "&(%4%(G class,
override )*V/-'(-BF,
)*k'5+-BF, )*`-+50-BF
methods
Dalvik VM can stop any
"&(%4%(G without warning,
so saving state is important!
Activities need to be
responsive, otherwise
Android shows user App
Not Responsive warning:
Place lengthy operations in
.U/-'6s, "+G*&.'+:s
Source: [12]
App Creation Checklist
If you own an Android device:
Ensure drivers are installed
Enable developer options on device under Settings,
specifically USB Debugging
Android 4.2, 4.3: Go to Settings!About phone, press Build number
7 times to enable developer options
For Eclipse:
Make sure youve enabled LogCat, Devices views. Click a
connected device in Devices to see its log
Programs should log states via '*6/)%615(%$1T)8s
T)816B"kkP."uPC.`[ H6-<58KF, where "kkP."uPC.` is a
9%*'$ C(/%*8 tag denoting your app
Other commands: T)81-BF (error); T)81%BF (info); T)81IBF
(warning); T)814BF (verbose) same parameters
Creating Android App (1)
Creating Android app
project in Eclipse:
Go to
File!New!Other,
select Android Application
Project (Android folder),
click Next
Enter app, project name
Choose package name
using reverse URL
notation, e.g.,
-651)+510G'##
Select APIs for app, then
click Next
Creating Android App (2)
Click Next for the next
two windows
Youll see the Create
Activity window.
Select Blank Activity
and click Next.
Enter Activitys name
and click Finish
This automatically
creates Hello World
app
Deploying the App
Two choices for deployment:
Real Android device
Android virtual device
Plug in your real device;
otherwise, create an Android
virtual device
Emulator is slow. Try Intel
accelerated version, or perhaps
U((#p!!III18-*G0)(%)*1&)0!
Run the app: right click project
name, select Run As!Android
Application
Underlying Source Code
#'&:'8- -651)+51U-$$)'*6/)%6L

%0#)/( '*6/)%61)+1R5*6$-L
%0#)/( '*6/)%61'##1"&(%4%(GL
%0#)/( '*6/)%614%-I1N-*5L

#5<$%& &$'++ N'%*"&(%4%(G -d(-*6+ "&(%4%(G
A
wY4-//%6-
#/)(-&(-6 4)%6 )*V/-'(-BR5*6$- +'4-6W*+('*&-C('(-F
A
+5#-/1)*V/-'(-B+'4-6W*+('*&-C('(-FL
+-(V)*(-*(n%-IB`1$'G)5(1'&(%4%(GP0'%*FL
M

wY4-//%6-
#5<$%& <))$-'* )*V/-'(-Y#(%)*+N-*5BN-*5 0-*5F
A
!! W*9$'(- (U- 0-*5L (U%+ '66+ %(-0+ () (U- '&(%)* <'/ %9 %( %+ #/-+-*(1
8-(N-*5W*9$'(-/BF1%*9$'(-B`10-*510'%*[ 0-*5FL
/-(5/* (/5-L
M
M
3#-4546,$%7-"$8$"9:;,8,
Underlying GUI Code
;`-$'(%4-T'G)5( d0$*+p'*6/)%6Q!"##$%&&'(")*+',+-./01.,(0*&+$2&/)'&+-./01.!
d0$*+p())$+Q!"##$%&&'(")*+',+-./01.,(0*&#004'!
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PI%6(UQ!*+#("5$+/)-#!
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PU-%8U(Q!*+#("5$+/)-#!
'*6/)%6p#'66%*8R)(()0Q!6.1*)-&+(#171#857)/#1(+45*+/91-!
'*6/)%6p#'66%*8T-9(Q!6.1*)-&+(#171#85"0/1:0-#+45*+/91-!
'*6/)%6p#'66%*8`%8U(Q!6.1*)-&+(#171#85"0/1:0-#+45*+/91-!
'*6/)%6p#'66%*8.)#Q!6.1*)-&+(#171#857)/#1(+45*+/91-!
())$+p&)*(-d(Q!,;+1-<(#171#8! =

;.-d(n%-I
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PI%6(UQ!>/+$5(0-#)-#!
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PU-%8U(Q!>/+$5(0-#)-#!
'*6/)%6p(-d(Q!6'#/1-9&")4405>0/4.! &=
;!`-$'(%4-T'G)5(=

#+34*,9)0"4,-"$8$"9<=,$%:2=*
`-$'(%4-T'G)5(s are quite complicated. See [13] for details
The App Manifest
;~d0$ 4-/+%)*Q!?,@! )-(0.1-9A!B#CDE!F=
;0'*%9-+( d0$*+p'*6/)%6Q!"##$%&&'(")*+',+-./01.,(0*&+$2&/)'&+-./01.!
#'&:'8-Q!).B,0'B,")440+-./01.!
'*6/)%6p4-/+%)*V)6-Q!?!
'*6/)%6p4-/+%)*O'0-Q!?,@! =

;5+-+g+6:
'*6/)%6p0%*C6:n-/+%)*Q!E!
'*6/)%6p('/8-(C6:n-/+%)*Q!?G! &=

;'##$%&'(%)*
'*6/)%6p'$$)IR'&:5#Q!#/B)!
'*6/)%6p%&)*Q!6./+>+H4)&1(54+B-(")/!
'*6/)%6p$'<-$Q!6'#/1-9&+$$5-+*)!
'*6/)%6p(U-0-Q!6'#84)&<$$I")*)! =
;'&(%4%(G
'*6/)%6p*'0-Q!).B,0'B,")440+-./01.,;+1-<(#171#8!
'*6/)%6p$'<-$Q!6'#/1-9&+$$5-+*)! =
;%*(-*(g9%$(-/=
;'&(%)* '*6/)%6p*'0-Q!+-./01.,1-#)-#,+(#10-,;<JK! &=
;&'(-8)/G '*6/)%6p*'0-Q!+-./01.,1-#)-#,(+#)90/8,L<MKNOPQ! &=
;!%*(-*(g9%$(-/=
;!'&(%4%(G=
;!'##$%&'(%)*=
;!0'*%9-+(=
7%/#)$/6,%$>+3":2=*
A More Interesting App
Well now examine an
app with more features:
WiFi Tester (code on
class website)
Press a button, scan for
WiFi access points
(APs), display them
Underlying Source Code (1)
wY4-//%6-
10(*$- 8)$/ )%?#+,"+@A0%/*+ 3,8+/B%3",%-+!","+C
A
301+#:)%?#+,"+@3,8+/B%3",%-+!","+CD
+-(V)*(-*(n%-IB`1$'G)5(1+(#171#85>15C1RS

!! C-( 5# @%9%N'*'8-/1
0@%9%N'*'8-/ Q B@%9%N'*'8-/F 8-(CG+(-0C-/4%&-BV)*(-d(1TJUJ5VPQWJNPRS

!! V/-'(- $%+(-*-/ )<3-&( 9)/ R5(()*1 @U-* R5(()* %+ #/-++-6[ +&'* 9)/
!! "k+ *-'/<G1
R5(()* <5(()* Q BR5(()*F 9%*6n%-IRGW6B`1%61HB##0-RS
<5(()*1+-(Y*V$%&:T%+(-*-/B%+E F$+E:G%?*$-HI$3"+%+#@C
A
10(*$- 8)$/ )%?*$-H@F$+E 8C
A
())*+,% 3-,%!",#"+/ J =K$>$6,%,&+#:3",#"!-,%@CD

!! W9 (U- +&'* 9'%$-6[ $)8 %(1
$> @L3-,%!",#"+/C I)&:!"#$%& ()*+* ,-./ 0.*1!2333(45
M
MFL

!! C-( 5# W*(-*(S%$(-/ 9)/ @%S% +&'* /-+5$(+ '4'%$'<$- W*(-*(1
0W*(-*(S%$(-/ Q %+E B%"+%"M$*"+#@CD
0W*(-*(S%$(-/1'66"&(%)*B@%9%N'*'8-/1VN<K5QPVMLIV5<W<JL<XLP5<NIJYKRS
M
Underlying Source Code (2)
Code much more complex
First get system @%9%N'*'8-/
Create listener Y<3-&( for button that
performs scans
We register Broadcast Receiver,
0`-&-%4-/, to listen for
@%9%N'*'8-/s finished scan system
event (expressed as W*(-*(
@%9%N'*'8-/1CV"OP`>C,T.CP
"n"WT"RT>P"V.WYO)
Unregister Broadcast Receiver when
leaving "&(%4%(G
wY4-//%6-
1#)"+-"+/ 8)$/ )%N+30=+@C
A
301+#:)%N+30=+@CD
/-8%+(-/`-&-%4-/B0`-&-%4-/[
0W*(-*(S%$(-/FL
M

wY4-//%6-
1#)"+-"+/ 8)$/ )%O,03+@C
A
301+#:)%O,03+@CD
5*/-8%+(-/`-&-%4-/B0`-&-%4-/FL
M


The Broadcast Receiver
#/%4'(- 9%*'$ R/)'6&'+(`-&-%4-/ 0`-&-%4-/ Q *-I R/)'6&'+(`-&-%4-/BF
A
wY4-//%6-
#5<$%& 4)%6 )*`-&-%4-BV)*(-d( &)*(-d([ W*(-*( %*(-*(F
A
C(/%*8 '&(%)* Q %*(-*(18-("&(%)*BFL
%9 B@%9%N'*'8-/1CV"OP`>C,T.CP"n"WT"RT>P"V.WYO1-_5'$+B'&(%)*FF
A
T)81-B."u[ C&'* /-+5$(+ '4'%$'<$-FL
T%+(;C&'*`-+5$(= +&'*`-+5$(+ Q 0@%9%N'*'8-/18-(C&'*`-+5$(+BFL
0"#C(/ Q L
9)/ BC&'*`-+5$( /-+5$( p +&'*`-+5$(+F
A
0"#C(/ Q 0"#C(/ ^ /-+5$(1CCWX ^ L L
0"#C(/ Q 0"#C(/ ^ /-+5$(1RCCWX ^ L L
0"#C(/ Q 0"#C(/ ^ /-+5$(1&'#'<%$%(%-+ ^ L L
0"#C(/ Q 0"#C(/ ^ /-+5$(19/-_5-*&G ^ N?xLL
0"#C(/ Q 0"#C(/ ^ /-+5$(1$-4-$ ^ 6R0a*a*L
M
!! ,#6'(- ,W () +U)I '$$ (U%+ %*9)/0'(%)*1
+-(.-d(n%-IB0"#C(/FL
M
M
ML
User Interface
Updating UI in code
1#$8,"+ 8)$/ 3+"P+2"F$+E@!"#$%& 3"#C
A
.-d(n%-I (4 Q B.-d(n%-IF
9%*6n%-IRGW6B`1%61#)Z#71)>RL
(41+-(N)4-0-*(N-(U)6B%+E
!-#)**$%&6)8+=+%"6+".)/@CCD
(41+-(.-d(B+(/FL
M

This code simply has the UI display
all collected WiFi APs, makes the
text information scrollable
UI Layout (XML)
;T%*-'/T'G)5( d0$*+p'*6/)%6Q!"##$%&&'(")*+',+-./01.,(0*&+$2&
/)'&+-./01.!
d0$*+p())$+Q!"##$%&&'(")*+',+-./01.,(0*&#004'!
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PI%6(UQ!C1445$+/)-#!
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PU-%8U(Q!C1445$+/)-#!
'*6/)%6p)/%-*('(%)*Q!7)/#1(+4!=

;R5(()*
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PI%6(UQ!C1445$+/)-#!
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PU-%8U(Q!>/+$5(0-#)-#!
'*6/)%6p%6Q!6[1.&HB##0-!
'*6/)%6p(-d(Q!6'#/1-9&HB##0-5#)Z#!&=

;.-d(n%-I
'*6/)%6p%6Q!6[1.&")+.)/!
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PI%6(UQ!C1445$+/)-#!
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PU-%8U(Q!>/+$5(0-#)-#!
'*6/)%6p(-d(Q!6'#/1-9&+$541'#!
())$+p&)*(-d(Q!,T1U1<(#171#8!
'*6/)%6p(-d(C(G$-Q!H04.!
'*6/)%6p8/'4%(GQ!()-#)/!=
;!.-d(n%-I=

;.-d(n%-I
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PI%6(UQ!C1445$+/)-#!
'*6/)%6p$'G)5(PU-%8U(Q!C1445$+/)-#!
())$+p&)*(-d(Q!,T1U1<(#171#8!
'*6/)%6p%6Q!6[1.&#)Z#71)>!
'*6/)%6p+&/)$$<'/+Q!7)/#1(+4!=
;!.-d(n%-I=
;!T%*-'/T'G)5(=

Android Programming Notes
Android apps have multiple points of entry: no 0'%*BF method
Cannot sleep in Android
During each entrance, certain Y<3-&(s may be *5$$
Defensive programming is very useful to avoid crashes, e.g.,
%9 BJB0GY<3 QQ *5$$FF A !! 6) +)0-(U%*8 M
Java concurrency techniques are required
Dont block the main thread in Activities
Implement long-running tasks such as network connections
asynchronously, e.g., as "+G*&.'+:s
Recommendation: read [4]; chapter 20 [10]; [11]
Logging state via '*6/)%615(%$1T)8 throughout app is essential
when debugging (finding root causes)
Better to have too many permissions than too few
Otherwise, app crashes due to security exceptions!
Remove unnecessary permissions before releasing app to public
Event handling in Android GUIs entails many listener Y<3-&(s
Concurrency: .U/-'6s (1)
.U/-'6: program unit (within process) executing independently
Basic idea: create class that implements `5**'<$- interface
`5**'<$- has one method, /5*BF, that contains code to be executed
Example:
#5<$%& &$'++ Y5/`5**'<$- %0#$-0-*(+ `5**'<$-
A
#5<$%& 4)%6 /5*BF
A
!! /5* &)6-
M
M
Create a .U/-'6 object from `5**'<$- and +('/(BF .U/-'6, e.g.,
`5**'<$- / Q *-I Y5/`5**'<$-BFL
.U/-'6 ( Q *-I .U/-'6B/FL
(1+('/(BFL
Problem: this is cumbersome unless .U/-'6 code is reused
Concurrency: .U/-'6s (2)
Easier approach: anonymous inner classes, e.g.,
.U/-'6 ( Q *-I .U/-'6B*-I `5**'<$-B
A
#5<$%& 4)%6 /5*BF
A
!! &)6- () /5*
M
MFL
(1+('/(BFL
Idiom essential for one-time network connections in
Activities
However, Threads can be difficult to synchronize,
especially with UI thread in Activity. AsyncTasks are
better suited for this
Concurrency: AsyncTasks
"+G*&.'+: encapsulates asynchronous task that interacts with UI thread
in "&(%4%(G:
#5<$%& &$'++ "+G*&.'+:;k'/'0+[ k/)8/-++[ `-+5$(=
A
#/)(-&(-6 `-+5$( 6)W*R'&:8/)5*6Bk'/'0.G#- #'/'0F
A
!! &)6- () /5* %* <'&:8/)5*6
#5<$%+Uk/)8/-++Bk/)8/-++.G#- #/)8/-++FL !! ,W
l
/-(5/* `-+5$(L
M

#/)(-&(-6 4)%6 )*k/)8/-++,#6'(-Bk/)8/-++.G#- #/)8/-++F
A
!! %*4):- 0-(U)6 %* "&(%4%(G () 5#6'(- ,W
M
M
Extend "+G*&.'+: with your own class
Documentation at http://developer.android.com
Thank You
Any questions?
References (1)
1. C. Horstmann, Big Java Late Objects, Wiley, 2012. Online: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.
com.proxy.lib.ohiostate.edu/book//9781118087886
2. J. Bloch, Effective Java, 2nd ed., AddisonWesley, 2008. Online: http://proquest.
safaribooksonline.com.proxy.lib.ohiostate.edu/book/programming/java/9780137150021
3. S.B. Zakhour, S. Kannan, and R. Gallardo, The Java Tutorial: A Short Course on the Basics,
5th ed., AddisonWesley, 2013. Online: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.proxy.lib.
ohiostate.edu/book/programming/java/9780132761987
4. C. Collins, M. Galpin, and M. Kaeppler, Android in Practice, Manning, 2011. Online:
http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.proxy.lib.ohiostate.edu/book/programming/android/
9781935182924
5. M.L. Sichitiu, 2011, http://www.ece.ncsu.edu/wireless/MadeInWALAN/AndroidTutorial/PPTs/
javaReview.ppt
6. Oracle, http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/index.html
7. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Identification_Number
8. Nielsen Co., Whos Winning the U.S. Smartphone Market?, 6 Aug. 2013,
http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2013/whos-winning-the-u-s-smartphone-market-.html
9. Android Open Source Project, http://www.android.com
References (2)
10. http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=index&itemId=1118087887&bcsId=7006
11. B. Goetz, T. Peierls, J. Bloch, J. Bowbeer, D. Holmes, and D. Lea, Java Concurrency in
Practice, Addison-Wesley, 2006, online at
http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/programming/java/0321349601
12. https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities.html
13. https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/declaring-layout.html#CommonLayouts