The LM335 Temperature Sensor

The LM335 temperature sensor is an easy to use, cost-effective sensor with decent accuracy
(around +/- 3 degrees C calibrated). The sensor is essentially a zener diode whose reverse
breakdown voltage is proportional to absolute temperature.
Since the sensor is a zener diode, a bias current must be established in order to use the device.
The spec sheet states that the diode should be biased between 400 uA and 5 mA; we'll bias it at 2
mA. It is important to note that self-heating can be a significant factor, which is why I'm not
choosing a higher bias current. The bias circuit is as follows:

The temperature sensor's voltage output is related to absolute temperature by the following
equation: Vout = VoutT0 * T / T0, where T0 is the known reference temperature where VoutT0
was measured. The nominal VoutT0 is equal to T0 * 10 mV/K. So, at 25 C, VoutT0 is nominally
298 K * 10 mV/K = 2.98 V (to be really accurate, we'd need a reference temperature and a
voltmeter, but nominal values are OK for our purposes). Thus, the voltage dropped between +5
and the diode is 5V - 2.98V = 2.02V. In order to get 2 mA bias current, we need a 1 K resistor
for R1.
A pinout of the sensor is provided below:




IC CA3140
CA3140 is the 4.5MHz BiMOS Operational Amplifier with MOSFET inputs and Bipolar output. This Op
Amp combines the advantage of PMOS transistors and high voltage bipolar transistors.
CA3140 datasheet
CA3140 has gate protected MOSFETs (PMOS) transistors in the input circuit to provide very
high input impedance typically around 1.5T Ohms.
The IC requires very low input current as low as 10pA to change the output status, high or low.
The IC has very fast response and high speed of performance. The output stage of the IC uses
bipolar transistors and includes built in protection against damage from load terminal short
circuiting to either supply rails or to ground.

The use of PMOS FET in the input stage results in common mode input voltage capabilities
down to 0.5 volts below the negative supply terminals. These operational amplifiers are
internally phase compensated to achieve stable operation in unity gain follower operation, and
additionally, have access terminal for a supplementary external capacitor if additional frequency
roll-off is desired. Terminals are also provided for use in applications requiring input offset
voltage Nulling.
Pin connections
The CA3140 Series has the same 8-lead pin out

Pin1Offset Null
Pin2 Inverting input INV
Pin3 Non inverting input Non-INV
Pin4 Ground- Negative supply
Pin5 Offset Null
Pin6 Output
Pin7 Positive supply
Pin8 Strobe
Operating conditions
Supply voltage 36 volt maximum
Input terminal current 1mA
CA3140 Block Diagram

Nulling of Offset Voltage
The input offset voltage can be nulled by connecting a 10K pot between the terminals 1 and 5
and returning its wiper to the ground. This technique, however, gives more adjustment range
than required and therefore, a considerable portion of the potentiometer rotation is not fully
utilized.
Low Voltage Operation
Operation at total supply voltages as low as 4V is possible with the CA3140. A current regulator
based upon the PMOS threshold voltage maintains reasonable constant operating current and
hence consistent performance down to these
lower voltages.
Bandwidth and Slew Rate
For those cases where bandwidth reduction is desired, for example, broadband noise reduction,
an external capacitor connected between Terminals 1 and 8 can reduce the open loop -3dB
bandwidth. The slew rate will, however, also be proportionally reduced by using this additional
capacitor. Thus, a 20% reduction in bandwidth by this technique will also reduce the slew rate by
about 20%.
Input Circuit Considerations
The amplifier inputs can be driven below the terminal 4 potential, but a series current limiting
resistor is recommended to limit the maximum input terminal current to less than 1mA to prevent
damage to the input protection circuitry. Moreover, some current limiting resistance should be
provided between the inverting input and the output when the CA3140 is used as a unity gain
voltage follower. This resistance prevents the possibility of extremely large input signal
transients from forcing a signal through the input protection network and directly driving the
internal constant current source which could result in positive feedback via the output terminal.
A 3.9 K resistor is sufficient.The typical input current is on the order of 10pA when the inputs
are centered at nominal device dissipation. As the output supplies load current, device dissipation
will increase, raising the chip temperature and resulting in increased input Current.It is well
known that MOSFET devices can exhibit slight changes in characteristics due to the application
of large differential input voltages that are sustained over long periods at elevated temperatures.
Both applied voltage and temperature accelerate these changes. The process is reversible and
offset voltage shifts of the opposite polarity reverse the offset.
Amplifier circuit: (Darlington Pair)
In electronics, the Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair) is a compound structure consisting
of two bipolar transistors (either integrated or separated devices) connected in such a way that the current
amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second one.
[1]
This configuration gives a much
higher common/emitter current gain than each transistor taken separately and, in the case of integrated
devices, can take less space than two individual transistors because they can use a shared collector.
Integrated Darlington pairs come packaged singly in transistor-like packages or as an array of devices
(usually eight) in an integrated circuit.







A Darlington pair behaves like a single transistor with a high
current gain (approximately the product of the gains of the two
transistors). In fact, integrated devices have three leads (B, C
and E), broadly equivalent to those of a standard transistor.
A general relation between the compound current gain and the individual gains is given by:

If
1
and
2
are high enough (hundreds), this relation can be approximated with:

Darlington pairs are available as integrated packages or can be made from two discrete transistors; Q
1
(the
left-hand transistor in the diagram) can be a low power type, but normally Q
2
(on the right) will need to
be high power. The maximum collector current I
C
(max) of the pair is that of Q
2
. A typical integrated
power device is the 2N6282, which includes a switch-off resistor and has a current gain of 2400 at
I
C
=10A.
A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
A typical modern device has a current gain of 1000 or more, so that only a small base current is needed to
make the pair switch on. However, this high current gain comes with several drawbacks.