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Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Vol. 52, No 2, 2007


Pages 155-168
UDC: 628.1.033:663.64
Original scientific paper







DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE CONTENT IN DRINKING WATER AND
TEA INFUSIONS USING FLUORIDE ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE

M. B. Rajkovi
1
and Ivana D. Novakovi
1


Abstract: Potentiometric analysis of fluoride content (as F

ion) in
solutions by using fluoride ion-selective electrode is simple, reliable and cheap.
Very small concentrations of fluoride-ions (to 10
6
mol/dm
3
) can be determined
by fluoride selective electrode, with regulation of ion strength of a solution and
control of concentration of hydroxide ions and interfering ions of metals. The
influence of pH and complexing ions of metals can be successfully regulated by
the TISAB solution and by preserving pH value in the range from 5.00 to 7.00.
The content of fluorides in the samples can be determined by the method of direct
potentiometer, and in the case of very low concentration by standard addition
method.
In this paper it was analysed the determination of fluoride ions
concentration in bottled mineral waters and water from Belgrade plumbing in two
Belgrade districts (Palilula and Novi Beograd) and in tea, by using the fluoride
selective electrode.
It was determined that the content of fluoride ions in bottled mineral
water significantly differs from values given on declaration, and that content of
fluoride ions varies over a period of time. The content of fluoride ions in water
from plumbing in two Belgrade districts at the time of analysis was significantly
increased and exceeded values given in Regulation for drinking water quality.
The received results from the analysis of fluorides in teas show that
fluorides exist in teas in different concentrations. There are also differences
between the same kinds of tea, which is noted with mint (Mentha piperitae
folium), as a consequence of differences between soils where it was planted.

1
Milo B. Rajkovi, PhD., Professor, rajmi@agrifaculty.bg.ac.yu; Ivana D. Novakovi,
Assistant, inovak@agrifaculty.bg.ac.yu Institute of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Chair of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O.Box 14, 11081 Belgrade-Zemun,
Nemanjina St. 6, Serbia
M.B. Rajkovi and Ivana D. Novakovi 156
As taking of fluorides, according to World Health Organisation
recommendation (WHO), is limited in the range from 2 to 4 mg per day, it is
necessary to give the content of fluorides on all products that are used in human
consumption.
Key words: bottled mineral water, drinking water, fluoride selective
electroda, direct potentiometry, standard addition method, Total Ionic Strength
Adjustment Buffer (TISAB).

Introducti on

Flour belongs to a group of halogen elements and it is the most reactive
non-metal. Flour is the lightest member of the group of halogen elements, and its
chemical behaviour mainly differs from other halogen elements, and some of
these differences are evident in its reaction in natural water.
Fluorides come naturally into water by dissolving minerals that contain
fluor, such as fluorite (CaF
2
), the most common fluor mineral, apatite
(Ca
5
(Cl,F,OH)(PO
4
)
3
), cryolite (Na
3
AlF
6
). Amphibole minerals, such as
hornblende and some sorts of mica, can contain fluor that partially replaces
hydoxide ion. Rocks rich in alkali metals have a larger content of fluoride than
other volcanic rocks. Fresh volcanic ash, as well as the ash of the other sediments
can contribute to fluor content increasing in surface waters. Mixed minerals
NaMgAl(F,OH)
6
H
2
O and Al
2
(F,OH)
6
H
2
O and are rare, but can contribute to the
fluoride content increasing while rinsing with water. In water that contains
significant amounts of Ca
2+
ion, it is possible to make balance and create hardly
dissolving calcium fluoride. According to values for the dissolving result of
calcium fluoride in water, where activity of calcium ion is 0.001 mol/dm
3
,
concentration of fluoride ions is 3.1 mg/dm
3
. Total concentration of fluoride ions
will be somewhat higher, which depends on ion strength and complexing effects,
and it will be higher in waters where the concentration of Ca
2+
ion is smaller (that
is, in waters with low hardness) (Hem, 1985).
Natural water contains less than 0.1 ppm fluoride ions, and in our waters
it moves from 0.05 to more than 0.6 ppm. Mineral waters consist, on average,
0.16 to 6.45 ppm. Recommended limited value for fluoride in drinking water by
World Health Organisation (WHO) and European Union (EU) is 1.5 ppm (WHO,
1984), while in our country the standard is 1 ppm (Offi ci al Gazet t e of FRY,
1998; Offi ci al Gazet t e of FRY, 1999).
Fluor content in water is expressed through the free fluoride-ion
concentration, whose concentration depends on origin and nature of water. This
form is dominant in many water samples, although other forms of dissolved fluor
can be present. Fluoride ion has small ion radius, so it shows great tendency to
behave as ligand. Fluoride ion, because of that, forms a great number of different
Fluoride content in drinking water and tea 157
complex ions, where central ion has a large coordination number (mostly 6).
Fluor forms stable complexes in water with Al
3+
, Be
2+
and Fe
3+
ions, and with
boron it forms mixed fluoride-hydroxy complexes. As fluoride ion has the same
electricity and almost the same radius as hydroxide ion, these ions can mutually
change in mineral structures.
In acid solutions, fluor can be connected with silicium, making complex
ions [SiF
6
]
2
and [SiF
4
], however, conditions for stability of these complexes
rarely exist in natural water. In the cycles of water circulation, fluorides are mostly
transferred in the form of complexes with aluminium (www. i nchem. org).
Calculations, according to stability constant, show that aluminium fluoride
complexes will be present in natural water where pH values are smaller than 7.00.
Although the greatest part of dissolved aluminium in such conditions is linked in
different complex ions, concentration of fluoride ions in such conditions is
usually higher than concentration of aluminium, so a very small part of total
fluoride ion is linked into complex compounds with aluminium.
The main source of fluor intake is drinking water and food, and secondary
are stomatology prophylactic preparations. To date there are not reliable data
about minimal daily nutritive requirements for fluor. Fluoride ion in traces in
drinking water helps in growth and development of healthy, resistant teeth and
bones. In many researches it was determined that fluorides are efficient in
prevention of dental caries. Teeth enamel is mostly made of mineral
hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite contains hydroxide ion, which fiercely attacks
acids (results of bacteria in mouth where they are feeding with sugar), as a
difference from much weaker basis, fluoride-ion in fluoroapatite (Dal maci j a,
2000).
Surplus of fluorides in organism can provoke teeth and skeleton fluorose.
Fluorides inhibit many enzymes. Affected enzyme contains metal ion which
unites with fluoride and creates metal-fluoride complex. Fluor in organism has its
optimal, security-tolerant and toxic dose, which depends of persons age, weight
and health. In the first year of life the optimal content of fluor is 0.045 mg/kg of body
mass, tolerant 0.073 mg/kg, chronically toxic 0.150 mg/kg. Optimal dosage of fluor for
adults is 0.020-0.025 mg/kg of body mass (www. mi neral wat ers. org).
The sources of water pollution with fluorides are above all industrial
waste waters from the production of aluminium, copper and nickel, steam-
generating stations, then phosphate minerals treatment, production and usage of
phosphorus fertilizers, usage of fluor - based pesticides, production of glass,
cement, glues and adhesive means. Transport and form of fluorides in water
depends on environment pH value, water hardness and the presence of ion
changeable substances, such as alumina. In waste waters fluorides can be present
in the form of weak and highly toxic hydrofluoric acid (HF) whose toxicity can be
seen in its characteristic to penetrate into tissue, because small molecules of HF
quickly move through skin to tissue and damage it permanently.
M.B. Rajkovi and Ivana D. Novakovi 158
Fluoride selective electrode

The most important electro analytic method for determination of fluoride
ion in water solution is usage of ion selective electrode for fluorides. Fluoride
selective electrode is very sensitive, and temperature range of electrode goes from
0 to 50C. For potentiometric analysis of fluoride ion, in commercial usage, there
are mostly used electrodes with homogenic membrane made from fluoride lantana
(LaF
3
), which was first suggested by Frant and Ross (Frant and Ross, 1966;
Frant , 1994). Active phase of fluoride selective electrode makes monocrystal
LaF
3
which is doping by Eu
2+
ions, in order to decrease membrane ohm resistance.
The great selectivity of electrode is in the fact that only fluoride ions are included
in the process of diffusion (Cammann, 1979). Commercially available
electrodes are made by putting the electro-active material into the electrode
carrier. The electrode carrier is the most common organic polymer substance
(PVC, epoxy resin, polypropylene, Teflon etc.). The interior of the electrode
carrier is filled with sodium chloride solution of 1 mol/dm
3
concentration and
sodium fluoride solution of 0.01 mol/dm
3
concentration, inner referent electrode is
Ag/AgCl electrode. The detection limit of monocrystal ion selective electrodes
depends on the product of solubility of hardly dissolved compound in test
solution. Even if the test solution doesnt contain fluoride ions, when the fluoride
selective electrode plunge into the solution it will come to LaF
3
dissolving, and
concentration of La
3+
and fluoride ions will be adequate to values that are
countable from the product of LaF
3
dissolving (Bral i et al., 2001). This means
that in the solution there will always be present low, constant, concentration of
fluoride ions, so the applicability of ionometria for fluoride ion is from 510
-7

mol/dm
3
to 1 mol/dm
3
of fluoride.
At 25C the potential of the fluoride selective electrode is determined by
the following expression:

-
F
e j
log k k a E + = (1)
where k
e
is an electrode constant, k has theoretical value 2.303RT/nF, a
F

the activity of fluoride ion in a solution. If the activity of fluoride ion in a solution
is expressed through the concentration and the coefficient of activity, the
following expression is received:

]) F [ log( k k
-
F
e j
-
+ = E

(2)
In practical measurements, ion intensity of a solution is kept by regular
adding of the constant solution amount with high ion intensity, which is called
mixed buffer TISAB (Total Ionic Strenght Adjustment Buffer), both to standard
solutions and to sample solutions (Rekal i , 1989; Harri s, 2003). Then the
coefficient of fluoride ions activity is constant and goes into constant k
e
, so the
electrode potential is linear with logarithm of fluoride ions concentration:

] [F log S k
- '
j
+ =
e
E (3)
Fluoride content in drinking water and tea 159
Fluoride selective electrode is very selective to fluoride ions, but at the
same time, in a certain amount, it is selective to hydroxide ion. Adjustment of pH
value with buffer is necessary because fluoride and hydroxide ions have the same
electricity and similar ion radius, so hydroxide ions can interfere in the
measurement of the fluoride selective electrode. In acid solutions hydrofluoric is
formed, to which the fluoride selective electrode is not sensitive. In that way, with
solution pH values decreasing, the activity of fluoride ion in solution also
decreases, so the measurement will not be reliable.
On the other hand, in highly base solutions a thin layer of La(OH)
3
is
formed on the surface of the sensor part:

LaF
3(s)
+ 3OH

La(OH)
3(s)
+ 3F


In this way, the concentration of fluoride ions in solution increases, that
is, with the increasing of solution pH values, electrode potential of the ion
selective electrode becomes more negative.
Accordingly, it can be concluded that pH value of the solution during the
measurement by the fluoride selective electrode must be in the range 5.00-7.00.
Before the measurement with the fluoride selective electrode, all precautions must
be taken to remove all organic uncleanness from the solution, above all
chloroform (CHCl
3
).
Determination by the fluoride selective electrode means previous
calibration with the solution with known concentration. During the measurement
of concentration by the fluoride selective electrode, it is advisable, instead of
calibration with two points, to construct calibration diagram, by EMS
measurement in 5-6 standard solutions of different concentrations. This
calibration diagram is then used to determine of fluoride ions concentration in the
sample by EMS measurement and reading from calibration curve. If the fluorides
solutions are highly dilute, concentration of fluoride ions is determined by
standard addition method.
Methods of fluoride ions determination in biological fluids (liquids)
(above all in whey) are in detail explained in the monograph (Fuchs, 1976) and
the book by Bailescu and Cosofret (Bai l escu and Cosofret , 1980).
Determination of fluorides by direct potentiometric is shown in Luthi and Sahlias
work (Lut hi and Sahl i , 1974), and the method is also elaborated by Novakovi
and associates (Novakovi and Raj akovi , 2004; Novakovi et al., 2005a).
Fluoride-selective electrode today has primary role for determination of
fluorides in drinking water, and it is used for determination of fluorides in:
drinking water (Li and Li u, 1995; Li and Ge, 1991; Ji, 1985; Wang, 2003),
mineral water (Di mi t ri j evi et al., 1990; Gi gos et al., 1984), waste waters
(Yamada et al., 1988; Lai and Tang, 2003; Gol ovanova and Si vokonev,
1986), ground waters (Ion et al., 2005; Kani ewski et al., 1985) and sea water
(Sun, 2002).
M.B. Rajkovi and Ivana D. Novakovi 160
In this paper, it is analysed the usage of fluoride selective electrode for
determination of fluoride ion content in the samples of bottled mineral water and
drinking water from water-supply system in two Belgrade districts: Palilula and
Novi Beograd, and in different tea solutions. By the usage of the ion selective
electrodes the fluoride ion content can be determined in concentrations higher
than 0.1 mg/dm
3
. The advantage of ion selective electrode usage for
determination of fluoride ion is in a wider range of linearity, short time of
response, non-destructivity of samples and there is no contamination of samples.

Material and Methods

Measurements of fluoride ion in bottled mineral water and drinking water
from water-supply system were done on ion meter type PHM240 (Radiometer,
France). Fluoride selective electrode was used as sensor electrode (type ISE25F)
and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as a reference electrode.
In order to construct a calibration curve, for fluoride ion determination in
drinking water, standard solutions were prepared. First, the standard working
solution R
o
of 100 mg/dm
3
concentration was prepared by dissolving the
necessary amount of sodium fluoride. Before the measurement, sodium fluoride
was dried for an hour at 110C. Solutions of 0.1-10 mg/dm
3
concentration of
fluoride ion were prepared by diluting the standard working solution (for
determination of fluoride in drinking water and 0.1-5 ppm fluoride ions for
determination of fluoride in tea, respectively). Diluted solutions were prepared in
0.1 mol/dm
3
solution of potassium nitrate, in order to regulate ion intensity
(Novakovi et al., 2005b).
Concentration of fluoride ion in tea solutions was measured on ion meter
type C863 (Consort, Belgium), and combined fluoride selective electrode was
used as a sensor electrode (type ISE27B).
Tea solutions were prepared as follows: in a glass of 100 cm
3
it was
measured about 1 g of sample on analytic scale and was added about 80 cm
3
of
boiled distillate water. Leaves of tea remained in water for 5-30 minutes,
according to the manufacturer's manual for tea preparing. Then tea was filtered,
cooled and put into 100 cm
3
measuring glass. Tea that was in bags was measured
in the way that bags were torn, and the complete content was put into a glass
during the measurement (Novakovi and Raj kovi , 2007).
Before distilled water was added to the measurement line in measuring
glass, 10.00 cm
3
of standard fluoride solution of 10 ppm concentration was added.
Mixed buffer solution, which was used for pH values of TISAB solution
adjustment and for regulating ion intensity of tea solution, was prepared in the
following way: in 500 cm
3
distilled water 58 g sodium chloride, 30.00 g of sodium
nitrate and 57 cm
3
glacial acetic (ethanoic) acid were dissolved. Before final
dilution pH value of mixed buffer solution was adjusted to 5.50 with 5 mol/dm
3
of
Fluoride content in drinking water and tea 161
sodium hydroxide solution. After regulating pH values, received solution was put
into 1 dm
3
measuring glass and filled with distilled water to measurement line.
Standard solutions were put into separate flasks, the magnetic nucleus
was inserted and the stirring speed was adjusted. Electrode was put into the
solution and after a few seconds the measurement was done.
Potential in a standard solution and in the samples was measured in the
same way. 25.00 cm
3
standard solution (sample) was measured with pipette into
separate flasks, 25.00 cm
3
solution of TISAB buffer was added, the magnetic
nucleus was inserted and the stirring speed was adjusted. Electrode was put into
the solution and after five minutes the potential was read.
Then the standard solutions potential was measured, according to which
calibration curve was constructed. In every sample the fluoride ion content was
measured five times in order to evaluate precision and reproductivity of received results.
The results of statistic processing of data are shown through standard
deviation (), medium deviation (
m
) and relative mistake of average values
(Lacroi x, 1978; Raj kovi , 2004). Relative mistake was not determined because
there did not exist the referential value of fluoride content in all analysed samples
according to which the received results could be checked.
In Table 1 the names of analysed water, which are on the declaration are
shown. Together with bottled mineral water where fluoride ion content is known,
there were selected waters that do not have the fluoride ion content on the
declaration, and also water from water-supply system of the city of Belgrade.

T a b. 1. - The names of analysed water and its producers

Sample Producer
Water from water-supply system of Novi Beograd Beogradski vodovod
Water from water-supply system of Palilula Beogradski vodovod
Vuji voda Vuji, Valjevo
Rosa Vlasinka, Beograd
Duboka Bambi, Poarevac
Voda-voda Voda-voda, Gornja Toplica
Aqua viva Knjaz Milo, Aranelovac
Knjaz Milo Knjaz Milo, Aranelovac

In order to determine fluorides dissolved in tea, water solutions were
made from the tea of different manufacturers, which were bought in a store, and
which are shown in Table 2.

T a b. 2. - Different samples of tea

Sample of tea Producer
1. Wild mint (Mentha piperitae folium) Tea collected in nature.
2. Sage (Salviae officinalis) Fructus DOO, Baka Palanka
3. St.John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) LOCUS, Drina Pak, Ljubovija
4. Domestic mint (Mentha piperita L.) LOCUS, Drina Pak, Ljubovija
5. Chamomile (Chamomillae flos) Vitamin, Horgo
M.B. Rajkovi and Ivana D. Novakovi 162
Results and Discussion

Calibration curve was received by combined fluoride selective electrode
used to determine fluoride ions content in analysed water, shown in Fig. 1.
According to calibration curve, fluoride ion content in samples of bottled waters
and water from water-supply system from different Belgrade districts was
determined, which is shown in Table 3. for all measurements per sample.

0,1 1 10
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
E

/

m
V
c(F
-
) / mg/L

Fig. 1. - Calibration curve for fluoride ion in drinking water determination

T a b. 3. - Contents of fluoride in tea samples

Drinking water
Standard
deviation
()
M
e
a
n

d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n

(

m
)

Declaration
F
o
u
n
d

v
a
l
u
e

(
p
p
m
)


Relative error of
mean value
(%)
sample 1. 0.382 0.220 1 2.44 38.85
sample 2. 0.060 0.035 1 1.86 8.01
Vuji voda 0.102 0.059 0 1.28 19.77
Rosa 0.064 0.037 0 0.89 17.66
Duboka 0.064 0.037 0 0.78 6.86
Voda-voda 0.115 0.067 0.48 1.32 7.26
Aqua viva 0.399 0.230 0.20 1.46 22.66
Knjaz Milo 0.065 0.037 1.71 0.99 5.46

The obtained results show the reliability of the method by determining
fluorides in drinking water in most samples. Lack of referential value (especially
Fluoride content in drinking water and tea 163
in bottled waters) refers to the fact that manufacturer has to analyse water that is
put on the market regularly, because significant deviations from measured values,
which are given and/or are not given on declaration are noticed. In the analysis of
drinking water samples, taken in two Belgrade districts, it is seen that fluoride ion
content is higher than maximum allowed concentration (Offi ci al Gazet t e of
FRY, 1998, 1999), but it varies in certain amount. Namely, water-supply system
of Novi Beograd and Palilula are supplied from different systems, so the
differences in fluoride ion content are expected and proven.
In order to follow the changes in fluoride ion content, the analyses of a
number of samples were done in September 2004 (Novakovi and
Raj akovi , 2004). Comparison of received results with results shown in Table
4. shows the important changes in fluoride ion content during these several
months. The tendency of fluoride ion content can be clearly seen in almost all the
samples. The increasing of fluoride ion content in drinking water from water-
supply system is especially important. Analysis, done in September 2004, showed
that the content of fluoride ion in drinking water was changed and that in some
period of time it highly increased.
Calibration curve is received by the combined fluoride selective electrode
used for F

ion content determination in analysed tea, shown in Fig. 2.



1
40
60
80
E, mV
c(F
.
), ppm

Fig. 2. - Calibration curve for fluoride ion in tea determination

M.B. Rajkovi and Ivana D. Novakovi 164
According to the calibration curve, the content of fluoride-ion was
determined in solutions of analysed tea by using of combined fluoride-selective
electrode, and the obtained results are shown in Tables 4 and 5.

T a b. 4. - Contents of fluoride in tea samples (in mg/dm
3
)

c(F

), mg/dm
3
No. of
measurements Wild mint Sage Domestic mint St.John's wort Chamomile
1 0.1536236 0.288023 0.0267812 0.0030047 0.01098012
2 0.118172 0.231320 0.0291458 0.00298762 0.0115993
3 0.118172 0.277254 0.02527263 0.00298762 0.01298762
4 0.122101 0.249492 0.0298762 0.0023723 0.01298762
5 0.1277057 0.237136 0.0268252 0.0023823 0.0103616

T a b. 5. - Contents of fluoride in tea samples (in ppm)

c(F

), ppm No. of
measurements Wild mint Sage St.John's wort Domestic mint Chamomile
1 11.67 28.70 1.86 0.20 1.05
2 11.76 23.08 2.04 0.20 1.03
3 11.72 27.54 1.71 0.20 1.22
4 12.17 24.88 2.14 0.15 1.26
5 12.73 23.45 1.82 0.16 1.06
__
X 12.00 25.53 1.91 0.18 1.12

Statistic processing of the results received by the analysis of fluoride in
analysed tea is shown in Table 6.

T a b. 6. - Statistical processing of measurement results

Sample
Found
value
(ppm)
Standard
deviation
()
Mean
deviation
(
m
)
Relative error of
mean value
(%)
Relative
standard
deviation
(%)
Wild mint 12.00 0.5636 0.2520 5.83 4.70
Sage 25.53 2.4820 1.1100 12.07 9.72
St.John's wort 1.91 0.1734 0.0775 11.26 9.08
Domestic mint 0.18 0.0250 0.0112 17.27 14.00
Chamomile 1.12 0.1074 0.0480 11.90 9.55

The obtained results for determination show the validity of the
method of determination of fluoride in tea samples. The results were very
reproductive in the samples of hand-picked mint, while in other teas there were
certain deviations, especially in domestic mint, which can be explained by the
lowest concentration of fluorides (just 0.18 ppm).
Different values of fluorides in teas show that teas were grown on
different soils, from where they were accumulated into the plant fruit. It is an
Fluoride content in drinking water and tea 165
interesting datum that fluoride content in sage is several times (ca. two, ten,
twenty), and even several hundred times higher than fluorides content in other
teas (for example domestic mint). This is significant because in preparing tea
solutions, fluorides from a plant come into the solution even up to 94.90% (WHO,
1984; Fung et al., 1999).
In that way the usage of sage tea over a long time interval and in large
quantities can lead to over-dosage of fluoride ion that can produce damaging
effects on human health.

Concl usi on

Potentiometric determination of fluoride content in solutions by usage of
the fluoride electrode is simple, cheap and reliable. All negative interfering effects
that can influence the method of determination are eliminated by the usage of
TISAB buffer. The content of fluorides in samples is determined by the method of
direct potentiometry and, in the case of very low values, by standard addition method.
The content of fluoride ion in analysed bottled waters is remarkably
different from values given on declarations. In the majority of analysed bottled
waters fluoride ion content is higher than values given on declarations. Although
the fluoride ion content is less than maximum allowed, especially significant is
the presence of these ions in bottled waters where the content of these ions is not
given (Vuji voda, Duboka and Rosa).
Changes in fluoride ion content in bottled waters in comparison to
previously done analysis show the tendency of growth (Voda-voda and Aqua
viva), while only bottled water Knjaz Milo has decreasing tendency.
The analysis of the fluoride ion content in drinking water from water-
supply system in two Belgrade districts shows that it is higher in comparison to
previous analysis and that it was increased by almost eight times.
The obtained results show that fluorides exist in teas in very different
concentrations. There are differences between the same sort of tea, as was noted
with mint (Menthihaepiperitae folium). As the analysed samples of mint were
grown on different soil, variability in fluorides content in the same sort of tea can
be attributed to the type of soil as well as conditions in which mint was grown.
As taking of fluorides, according to recommendation of World Health
Organisation (WHO), is limited in the range from 2 to 4 mg per day, on all
products for human use it is necessary to give the fluoride content.

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Science, Technology
and Development, Republic of Serbia (grant number ON 142039) for support of the work.

M.B. Rajkovi and Ivana D. Novakovi 166
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Received September 17, 2007
Accepted December 31, 2007















M.B. Rajkovi and Ivana D. Novakovi 168
ODREIVANJE SADRAJA FLUORIDA U VODI ZA PIE I AJEVIMA
FLUORID-SELEKTIVNOM ELEKTRODOM

M. B. Rajkovi
1
i Ivana D. Novakovi
1


R e z i m e

Potenciometrijsko odreivanje sadraja fluorida (kao F

-jon) u rastvorima
upotrebom fluoridne jon-selektivne elektrode je jednostavno, pouzdano i jeftino.
Fluorid-selektivnom elektrodom mogu se odrediti veoma niske koncentracije
fluorid-jona (do 10
6
mol/dm
3
), uz regulisanje jonske jaine rastvora i
kontrolisanje koncentracije hidroksid-jona i interferirajuih jona metala. Uticaj
pH i kompleksirajuih jona metala moe se uspeno regulisati rastvorom TISAB-
a i odravanjem pH vrednosti u oblasti od 5,00 do 7,00. Sadraj fluorida u
uzorcima moe se odrediti metodom direktne potenciometrije, a u sluaju veoma
niskih koncentracije, metodom standardnog dodatka.
U radu je vreno odreivanje koncentracije F

-jona u flairanim
mineralnim vodama (Vuji voda, Rosa, Duboka, Voda-voda, Aqua
viva, Knjaz Milo) i vodi iz beogradskog vodovoda sa dve beogradske optine
(Palilula i Novi Beograd) i u ajevima (Divlja nana (Mentha piperitae folium),
aj od alfije (Salviae officinalis), aj od kantariona (Hypericum perforatum),
Domaa nana (Mentha piperita L.), aj od kamilice (Chamomillae flos)),
upotrebom fluorid-selektivne elektrode.
Uoeno je da sadraj fluorid-jona u flairanim mineralnim vodama znatno
odstupa od vrednosti koje su date na deklaraciji, ali i da sadraj fluorid-jona varira
tokom vremena. Sadraj fluorid-jona u vodi iz vodovoda sa dve beogradske
optine, u vreme analiziranja je znatno povean i premauje vrednosti propisane
Pravilnikom o kvalitetu vode za pie.
Dobijeni rezultati ispitivanja fluorida u ajevima ukazuju da se fluoridi
nalaze u ajevima u razliitim koncentracijama. Do razlike dolazi i meu istim
vrstama aja, to je zabeleeno kod nane (Mentha piperitae folium), to je
posledica pre svega zemljita na kojem je nana uzgajana.
Kako je, saglasno preporukama Svetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO),
unoenje fluorida limitirano u opsegu 2 do 4 mg dnevno, na svim proizvodima
koji se koriste u humanoj upotrebi potrebno je navesti i sadraj fluorida.

Primljeno 17. septembra 2007.
Odobreno 31. decembra 2007.

1
dr Milo B. Rajkovi, redovni profesor, rajmi@agrifaculty.bg.ac.yu; Ivana D. Novakovi,
asistent-pripravnik, inovak@agrifaculty.bg.ac.yu Institut za prehrambenu tehnologiju i biohemiju,
Katedra za hemiju i biohemiju, Poljoprivredni fakultet, P.O.Box 14, 11081 Beograd-Zemun,
Nemanjina 6, Srbija

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