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Boiler Condenser
Feed water
Heater
Main Categories Of
Exchanger
Heat exchangers
Recuperators Regenerators
Wall
Wall separating
separating streams
streams Direct contact
Most heat exchangers have two streams, hot and cold, but
some have more than two
Recuperators/Regenerators
Recuperative:
Has separate flow paths for each fluid
which flow simultaneously through the
exchanger transferring heat between
the streams
Regenerative
Has a single flow path which the hot
and cold fluids alternately pass
through.
Compactness
Simplest type has one tube inside another - inner tube may
have longitudinal fins on the outside
Fluid R”,
m2K/Watt
Seawater and treated boiler feedwater (below 50oC) 0.0001
Seawater and treated boiler feedwater (above 50oC) 0.0002
River water (below 50oC) 0.0002-0.001
Fuel Oil 0.0009
Regrigerating liquids 0.0002
Steam (non-oil bearing) 0.0001
Basic flow arrangement in
tube in tube flow
t1 t2 t2 t1
T1 T2 T1
Parallel Flow T2
T1 Counter Flow
T1
Temperature
T2
Temperature
T2
t1 t2 t2 t1
Position
Position
Heat Exchanger Analysis
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
method
.
Want a relation Q = UA ΔTm
− dQ& − dQ&
Now from (1) dTh = dTc =
m& h ch m& c cc
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∴ d (Th − Tc ) = dQ ⎜⎜
& − ⎟⎟
⎝ m& c cc m& h ch ⎠
Heat Exchanger Analysis
(contd…)
Subtract dQ& from (2),
d (Th − Tc ) ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= U ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟dA
Th − Tc ⎝ m& c cc m& h ch ⎠
Integrate 1 → 2
⎛ Th 2 − Tc 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = UA⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ Th1 − Tc1 ⎠ ⎝ m& c cc m& h ch ⎠
Q& = UA(LMTD )
LMTD is Log Mean Temperature Difference
Condenser Evaporator
Multipass HX Flow
Arrangements
In order to increase the surface area for convection
relative to the fluid volume, it is common to design for
multiple tubes within a single heat exchanger.
With multiple tubes it is possible to arrange to flow so that
one region will be in parallel and another portion in counter
flow.
Δθ eff = FT ⋅ LMTDCF
⎣1 − R ⋅ P ⎥⎦
( )⎤⎥
FT = 1− X1/ Nshell
⎡ 2 − P R +1− R 2 +1 ess: P =
Effectiven , forR ≠1
(R − 1) ln ⎢
( )⎥⎦ R −X 1/ Nshell
⎢⎣ 2 − P R + 1 + R + 1
2
P=
Po
, for R = 1
t 2 − t1 Po ⋅ R − 1
Po = X =
N shell − Po ⋅ (N shell − 1) T1 − t1 Po − 1
T1 − T2
Capacity ratio R = T,t = Shell / tube side; 1, 2 = inlet / outlet
t 2 − t1
Multipass HX Flow
Arrangements (contd…)
1.0
FT
R=10.0 R=0.1
0.5
0.0 P 1.0
Effectiveness-NTU Method
= CA ΔTA = CB ΔTB
then only thefluid withlesserof CA , CB
heat capacityrate can haveΔTmax
Effectiveness-NTU
Method(contd…)
&
Q
&
i.e. Q max = C min ΔTmax and ε =
C min (Th .in − Tc.in )
& = εC (T − T )
or, Q min h .in c.in
Procedure:
Determine Cmax, Cmin/Cmax
Get UA/Cmin, → ε from
chart
Procedure:
Determine Cmax, Cmin/Cmax
Get UA/Cmin, → ε from
chart
. ⎛ kg ⎞⎛ ⎞
Cmax = m g cw = ⎜⎜ 2.5 ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 4179 J ⎟⎟ = ⎛⎜10,448 W ⎞⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg.°C ⎠ ⎝ °C ⎠
= =
− −
= = =
− −
Effectiveness-NTU Method
(contd…)
C ⎫
min =0.467⎪⎪
Cmax ⎪
⎪⎪
⎬ → → NTUmax=1.4
⎪
ε =0.649 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪⎭
⎛ ⎞
1.4⎜ 4,882W⎟
NTUmaxC ⎜ °C⎟
A= min = ⎝ ⎠
=38.0m2
U 180 W
m2°C