AC SIGNALS ACTION TO R-C, R- L CIRCUITS

I.Learning Objectives:
a. Define equivalent resistance of RC circuit
b. Define equivalent resistance of RL circuit
c. Calculate the phase difference of 2 signals.
II.Theory:
Current I(t) and potential difference U(t) in an AC circuits are defined by using Oscilloscope in 2
channel mode. A function generator S
12
is used as a voltage source which has U
0
amplitude and variable
frequency f. Measurements are used to calculate average value of equivelent resistor follow expression:
Z =U
0
/ I
0
and the phase difference between current and potential difference.
Alternating-current circuit (AC) theory:
- If circuit has only resistor, current and potential difference between 2 terminal of resistor have
the same phase
- If AC circuit has only inductions, currents phase is t/2 later than potential difference s phase
- If AC circuit has only capacitor, currents phase is t/2 sooner than potential difference s phase
2.1. AC Circuits have resistor and capacitor in series
RC circuit in series:
- Use current as a origin.
- Potential difference between 2 terminal of resistor and current the same phase
- Potential difference between 2 terminal of capacitor is t/2 later than current .


AC current : i =I
0
. Sin(et)
Potential difference on R : u
R
=U
0RSin
(et)
Potential difference on C : u
C
=U
0CSin
(et - t/2)
Potential difference on RC : u =U
0
Sin (et +)
- With: is the phase difference between potential difference and currents amplitude in circuit.
can be calculated from phase diagram
Potential difference on RC : u =U
0
Sin (et +)
- With: is the phase difference between potential difference and currents amplitude in circuit.
can be calculated from phase diagram.
In series RC circuit: u =u
R
+u
C

RC circuit in series
Gin pha ca
mch RL ni tip
Phase diagram of RC
circuit in series
And U
2
=U
2
r
+U
2
c
U
2
=I
2
(R
2
+1/(e.c)
2
)
So that, we can definde summary resistance of RC circuits in series:

( )
2
2 2
.
1
C
R Z

+ =
Phase difference between potential difference and currents amplitude in circuit is
tg () =
L R U
U
R
C
. .
1

=
Summary: if we know U
R
, U
C ,
and phase difference , we can find current and equivalent resistance in
circuit..
2.2. AC Circuits have resistor and inductor in series
RL circuit in series:
- Use current as a origin.
- Potential difference between 2 terminal of resistor and current the same phase
- Potential difference between 2 terminal of inductor is t/2 sooner than current .

RL circuit in series
AC current : i =I
0
. Sin(et)
Potential difference on R : u
R
=U
0RSin
(et)
Potential difference on L : u
L
=U
0LSin
(et +t/2)
Potential difference on RL circuits : u =U
0
Sin (et +)
- With: is the phase difference between potential difference and currents amplitude in circuit.
can be calculated from phase diagram
With RL sreial circuit: u =uR +u
L

And U
2
=U
2
r
+U
2
L
U
2
=I
2
(R
2
+(e.L)
2
)
So that, we can definde summary resistance of RL circuits in series:
( )
2 2 2
. L R Z + =
Phase difference between potential difference and currents amplitude in circuit is
tg () =
R
L
U
U
R
L
.
=
Summary: if we know U
R
, U
L ,
and phase difference , we can find current and equivalent of resistor in
circuit..
2.3. AC Circuits have inductor and capacitor in series
Phase diagram of RL
circuit in series
- Use current as a origin.
- Potential difference between 2 terminal of capacitor is t/2 later than current .
- Potential difference between 2 terminal of inductor is t/2 sooner than current
AC current : i =I
0
. Sin(et)
Potential difference on L : u
L
=U
0LSin
(et +t/2)
Potential difference on C : u
C
=U
0CSin
(et - t/2)
Potential difference on RL circuit : u =U
0
Sin (et +)
So that: U =U
L
U
C

Summary: The phase difference is t/2 if UL

is greater than UC. And
phase difference is =-t/2 if UL

is smaller than UC.

III.Apparatus
3.1 Define equivalent resistance of RL circuit
Order Equipments Quantity
1 A4 Test board 1
2 Resistor STE 1O, 2W 1
3 Resistor STE 100O, 2W 1
4 Resistor STE 10kO, 0.5W 1
5 500 turns coil 1
6 1000 turns coil 1
7 Funtions Generator S12 1
8 Oscilloscope 303 1
9 Jack 2
10 Wire 1
11 Multimeter 2

3.2. Define equivalent resistance of LC circuit
Order Equipments Quantity
1 A4 test board 1
2 Resistor STE 10O, 2W 1
3 Resistor STE 100O, 2W 1
4 Capacitor STE 1F, 100V 1
5 Capacitor STE 4.7F, 63V 1
6 500 turns coil 1
7 1000 turns coil 1
8 Funtions Generator S12 1
9 Oscilloscope 303, 1
10 Jack 2
11 Wire 1
12 Multimeter 2
IV. Experimenting
4.1 Define standard for Oscilloscope in 2 channel mode.
4.1.1. Function Generator.
- Connect Multimeter to the output port of function Generator for measuring different potential and
frequency.
- Adjust amplitude and frequency in function generator to get the signal with 5000Hz frequecy and
2V different potential at out put ports.
4.1.2. OCR HM 303-6.

Hnh 5.1: Function buttons of OCR HM 303-6
Follow steps:
a. Connect instrument to power outlet, depress red POWER button. LED indicates
operating condition.
b. Depressed the Calibrator pushbutton, the CRO will out put the standard pulse with
1kHz frequency (T=1ms), amplitude 0,2Vpp (V peak to peak: the different potential
between 2 peak of signal.
c. Put the channel I probe to Test Socket (39). Adjust the Volt/Div rotate switch (13) to
0.1 Volt/Div ( mean the length of 0,1 volt is 1 grid line), adjust the Cal button (14)
until the length of peak to peak of the square wave is 2 grid line.
d. Adjust Time/Div rotate switch to 0.2 ms/Div (mean 0,2 ms length is 1 grid line),
adjust Cal (25) to have the lenghth period of signal is 5 grid line. (Standard time/Div)
e. Do all steps above with Channel II

4.2. Define equivalent resistance of RC circuit

Hnh 5.2: Mch RC ni tip
4.2.1. Use OCR to define U
R
on resistor
- The general volt meter and ampere meter can only measure effective value (rms), and can not measure
phase difference so we must use an OCR for measuring them. In OCR we can see the sin signal, measure
the effective voltage Urms by dividing peak to peak voltage Upp to 2 2 .
- Make a circuit like image 5.2 with R =10O, C =0.22F, U(t) is the AC source which get from Function
Generator.
- Use 1 channel of OCR to define potential difference on resistor. OCR must be set to single channel
mode.
- Adjust Volt/ Div, Time/Div button in OCR for the clearest wave in OCRs screen
- Measure the distance between peaks of 2 sequential signals in OCR. Define Upp.
- Calculate effective voltage from Upp
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper.
4.2.2. Use OCR to define U
C
on capacitor
- Make a circuit like image 5.2. Use 1 channel of OCR to define potential difference on capacitor. OCR
must be set to single channel mode.
- Adjust Volt/ Div, Time/Div button in OCR for the clearest wave in OCRs screen
- Measure the distance between peaks of 2 sequential signals in OCR. Define Upp.
- Calculate effective voltage from Upp
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper.
4.2.3. Define phase difference between current and potential
- Make a circuit like image 5.2.
- OCR is set to dual channel mode. Put the probe CHI to B point, mass probe to A to measure potential
difference on R. Put the probe CHII to C point, mass probe to A to measure potential difference on RC
circuit.
Note: in dual channel mode, 2 channel must have common mass point.
- Adjust Volt/ Div, Time/Div button in OCR for the clearest wave in OCRs screen
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper.
- Measure the phase difference in 2 way:
Measure t ( phase difference time of 2 signal) and T ( signals period) in OCR which likes image below.
Calculate these measurements by Time/Div in CRO

Image 5.3: Phase difference of 2 signals
So that: =360
0
. t/T (degree)
Or =2t. t/T (rad)
4.3 Define equivalent resistance on RL circuit
4.3.1. Use OCR to define U
R
on resistor







Image 5.4: RL circuit
- Make the circuit like image 5.4: with R =200O, L is a 1000 turns coil.
- Use 1 channel of OCR to define potential difference on resistor. OCR must be set to single channel
mode. Put signal probe to A point, mass probe to B point.
- Adjust Volt/ Div, Time/Div button in OCR for the clearest wave in OCRs screen
- Measure the distance between peaks of 2 sequential signals in OCR. Define Upp.
- Calculate effective voltage from Upp from Upp and Volt/Div value.
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper.
4.3.2. Use OCR to define U
L
on inductor
- Make the circuit like image 5.4
- Use 1 channel of OCR to define potential difference on inductor L. OCR must be set to single channel
mode. Put signal probe to B point, mass probe to C point.
- Adjust Volt/ Div, Time/Div button in OCR for the clearest wave in OCRs screen
- Measure the distance between peaks of 2 sequential signals in OCR. Define Upp.
- Calculate effective voltage from Upp from Upp and Volt/Div value.
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper.
4.3.3. .Define phase difference between current and potential
- Make the circuit like image 5.4.
- OCR is set to dual channel mode. Put the probe CHI to B point, mass probe to A to measure potential
difference on R. Put the probe CHII to C point, mass probe to A to measure potential difference on RL
circuit.
Note: in dual channel mode, 2 channel must have common mass point.
- Adjust Volt/ Div, Time/Div button in OCR for the clearest wave in OCRs screen
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper.
- Calculate the phase difference of 2 signals like part 4.2
V. Results, calculate
- Source voltage U
0
=...V
5.1. Define equivalent resistance on RC circuit
- Resistor R =....O
- Capacitor C =........F

a. U
R
on resistor.
- Peak to peak potential difference U
Rpp
=(V)
- Effective voltage

......
2 2
= =
Rpp
Rrms
U
U (V)
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper.









b. U
C
on capacitor.
- Peak to peak potential difference U
Cpp
=..... V
- Effective voltage

....
2 2
U
U
Cpp
Crms
= = V
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper
c. Phase difference between current and potential
- Source frequency f =5000 Hz
- Source period .....
f
1
T = = ms
- Phase differences time t =..ms
- Phase difference ....... * 360 = =
T
t
degree ; ...... * 2 = =
T
t
rad
5.2. Define equivalent resistance on RL circuit
- Resistor R =....O
- 1000 turns coil.
a. U
R
on resistor.
- Peak to peak potential difference U
Rpp
=..... (V)
- Effective voltage

....
2 2
U
U
Rpp
Rrms
= = (V)
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper
b. U
L
on inductor.
- Peak to peak potential difference U
Lpp
=...... (V)
- Effective voltage ....
2 2
U
U
Lpp
Lrms
= = (V)
- Draw signal graph in OCR to paper
c. Phase difference between current and potential
- Source frequency f =5000 Hz
t /ms
U /mV
- Source period ....
f
1
T = = ms
- Phase differences time t =.....ms
- Phase difference .....
T
t
* 360 = = degree ; ....
T
t
* 2 = t = rad
VI. Review Question
1. What is the experiments process?
2. How do frequency effect to resistor, capacitor, inductor ?
3. Is phase difference the same with theory ? Explain it.