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SUMMARY
LESSON 4 Sediment Dynamics
The particles move due to the average bed shear stress exceeding
the critical shear stress of the particle and display different ways of
movement depending on the flow condition, sediment size, fluid and
sediment densities, and the channel conditions.
AT RELATIVELY SLOW SHEAR STRESS
particles roll or slide along the bed
particles remain in continuous contact with the bed and the
movement is generally intermittent (CONTACT LOAD)
ON INCREASING THE SHEAR STRESS
some particles loose contact with the bed for some time,
and hop or bounce from one point to another in the
direction of the flow (SALTATION LOAD)
SUMMARY
CONTACT LOAD
SALTATION LOAD
BED LOAD
LESSON 4 Sediment Dynamics
SUMMARY
FURTHER INCREASE IN SHEAR STRESS
particles may go in suspension and remain thus due to the
turbulent fluctuations and get carried downstream by stream
flow
these sediment particles are termed as SUSPENDED LOAD
TWO PARTS DEPENDING ON THE SIZES OF MATERIAL IN
SUSPENSION
one part is composed of the sizes of sediment found in
abundance in the bed
second part is composed of those fine sizes not available
in appreciable quantities in the bed (WASH LOAD)
LESSON 4 Sediment Dynamics
SUMMARY
BED LOAD
SUSPENDED LOAD
TOTAL LOAD
LESSON 4 Sediment Dynamics
REGIMES OF FLOW
The regimes of flow can be divided into the following
categories:
1.Plane bed with no motion of sediment particles
2.Ripples and dunes
3.Transition
4.Antidunes
LESSON 4 Sediment Dynamics
1. PLANE BED WITH NO MOTION OF SEDIMENT PARTICLES
flow characteristics are such that the average shear stress on
the bed is less than the critical shear stress, therefore, the
sediment particle on the bed does not move
water surface remains fairly smooth if the Froude number is low
Mannings equation can be used for prediction of the mean
velocity of flow
REGIMES OF FLOW
LESSON 4 Sediment Dynamics
1. RIPPLES AND DUNES
sediment particles on the bed start moving when the average
shear stress of the flow exceeds the critical shear stress which
results in small triangular undulations on the channel bed called
RIPPLES
REGIMES OF FLOW
LESSON 4 Sediment Dynamics
REGIMES OF FLOW
Do NOT occur for sediment particles coarser than 0.6 mm
Distance between the successive crests of the ripples is usually
less than 0.4m
Height from crest to trough is usually less than 0.04m
Sediment movement is confined in the region near the channel
bed
LESSON 4 Sediment Dynamics
2. RIPPLES AND DUNES
with increase in discharge, and consequently the average shear
stress, the ripples grow in sizes which are then termed as DUNES
REGIMES OF FLOW
LESSON 4 Sediment Dynamics
REGIMES OF FLOW
Triangular in shape but larger than ripples
Triangular sections are not symmetric and the upstream face is
inclined at about 10
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