EARTH SCIENCE REVIEW

CHAPTER TWO

The transportation of rock material is EROSION

Limestone in caverns that forms from hot springs is called TRAVERTINE
The mineral with the most intense metamorphism is GNEISS
Sedimentary rocks from chemical reactions CHEMICAL
The summary of rock creation patterns is called the ROCK CYCLE
Sedimentary layers STRATA
Compressed plant material; that is not yet coal is called PEAT
Light colored igneous rocks are called FELSIC ROCKS
A mineral used in fertilizers is called APATITE
The last mineral to crystallize from a melt it QUARTZ
A rock formed from molten rock is called an IGNEOUS ROCK
A mineral of chert, agate, and flint is QUARTZ
Soft black coal is called BITUMINOUS
A clay mineral used in ceramics is called KAOLINITE
The ore of aluminum BAUXITE
Cemented mud and clay is called SHALE
Metamorphosed slate is called PHYLLITE
Coarse-grained mafic rock is called GABBRO
Breakdown of rock is called WEATHERING
Detrital rock with sharp pebbles / gravel BRECCIA
Cooling rate producing large crystals is SLOW
Molten rock on the surface is called LAVA
Mineral as gem and abrasives is CORUNDUM
Sediment classification system is called the WENTWORTH SYS.
The energy that drives metamorphic chemical reactions is HEAT
This mineral floats PUMICE
A detrital rock with rounded pebbles / gravel CONGLOMERATE
Metamorphosed limestone MARBLE
Chemical rock made mostly of calcite is LIMESTONE
Intensely metamorphosed rocks beginning as shale are called SCHISTS
Sedimentary rocks made of particles from older rocks DETRITAL
Mineral used in steel making and glass is called FLUORITE
Coarse grained felsic rock GRANITE
Dark colored igneous rock MAFIC
Metamorphism during mountain building REGIONAL
Turned to stone / rock LITHIFIED
Mineral as abrasives and as a gem GARNET
Contains Fe and Mg FERROMAGNESIAN
Mineral used in glass making QUARTZ
Fused sand grains QUARTZITE
Metamorphic rock with aligned minerals; very thin layers FOLIATED
Fine-grained intermediate rock ANDESITE
Molten rock underground MAGMA
Mineral halite; seawater evaporation ROCKSALT
Solidification of molten minerals CRYSTALLIZATION
Fine-grained mafic rock BASALT
Mainly gypsum; seawater evaporation ROCKGYPSUM
Traces of prehistoric life FOSSILS
Mineral used in Plaster of Paris GYPSUM
Shell limestone COQUINA
Cemented sand grains SANDSTONE
Glassy rock made mostly of quartz OBSIDIAN
Buried rocks are subjected to more of this CONFINING PRESSURE
Soft mineral used in cosmetics and powders TALC
Igneous rock formed at depth are called PLUTONIC
Metamorphic coal ANTHRACITE
Cooling rate producing small crystals is FAST
Change of rocks through heat and pressure METAMORPHISM
Igneous rock formed at surface VOLCANIC
Red sandstone in NY State; very coarse ARKOSE
Fine-grained felsic rock RHYOLITE
Mineral used in chemicals and fertilizer SULFUR
Predicts igneous mineral formation BOWEN’S REACTION
Fine-grained igneous rock APHANITIC
Coarse-grained igneous rock PHANERITIC
Metamorphism from intrusive magma CONTACT
Metamorphic rocks without banding NONFOLIATED
Brown coal LIGNITE
Metamorphosed shale SLATE
An ore of titanium ILMENITE
Mostly organic matter; used for power generation COAL
Ore of mercury CINNABAR

The most plentiful rock forming silicate in the earth’s crust is FELDSPAR
Takes up over 50% of the earth’s crust FELDSPAR
On the Mohs hardness scale, feldspar is a 6
Feldspar has __ cleavage planes at __ degrees 2, 90
Two groups of feldspar are ORTHOCLASE AND PLAGIOCLASE
Orthoclase feldspar is very common IN GRANITE
Orthoclase feldspar is ______ in color PINK
Soda-lime feldspar PLAGIOCLASE
Ferromagnesian, green-black in color PLAGIOCLASE
_________ is the 2nd most common mineral, after feldspars QUARTZ
Quartz is the __________ common mineral HARDEST
On the Mohs hardness scale, quartz is a 7
Quartz has _____________ fracture CONCHOIDAL
Conchoidal fracture has a gentle ______ in it CURVE
Quartz occurs in many different _______ COLORS
Mica is a ___ to ___ on the Mohs hardness scale 2, 3
Mica peels away in _______ SHEETS
The two types of mica are MUSCOVITE AND BIOTITE
Most silicates form from _______________________ COOLING MAGMA OR LAVA
Carbonates contain the carbonate ______________ ion POLYATOMIC
__________ is the most common carbonate CALCITE
Calcite is found in _________ and ________ LIMESTONE, MARBLE
Calcite has __ cleavage planes at __ degrees 3, 60
Calcite is susceptible to _______________ _____ HYDROCHLORIC ACID
2 other carbonates that are important are AZURITE, MALACHITE
Azurite is _____ in color BLUE
Malachite is _____ in color GREEN
An oxide is a __________________________________ METAL BONDED WITH OXYGEN
__________ and __________ are important evaporates HALITE, GYPSUM
The most important oxide is __________ HEMATITE
A sulfide is a __________________________________ METAL BONDED WITH SULFUR
__________ and ___________ are important sulfides PYRITE (FOOL’S GOLD), GALENA
__________ is the major ingredient in sheetrock and plaster GYPSUM
__________ is used primarily for road salt in winter HALITE
Huge deposit of _______ is located in upstate NY HALITE
Important native minerals are Au, Pt, C, Cu, S, Ag, Hg
An ____ is a useful metallic mineral that is mined for a profit ORE
A mineral ________ is a known deposit that is not recoverable RESOURCE
The _________ is the useless part of an ore GANGUE
Igneous rocks consist mostly of SILICATES
Igneous rocks form from COOLING/CRYSTALLIZING MAGMA
Extrusive rocks result from VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Rock formed underground is called INTRUSIVE (PLUTONIC)
______ is hot vicious fluid MAGMA
Molecules / Ions arrange themselves into patterns is CRYSTALLIZATION (magma creation)
_____ cooling means large crystals SLOW
Fast cooling means ______ crystals SMALL
Very rapid cooling results in no _____ structure (volcanic glass) CRYSTALLINE
Igneous texture depends on the _____ and ____ of crystals SIZE, SHAPE
Extrusive rocks are _____-grained FINE
Intrusive rocks are _____-grained COARSE
Fine-grained rock have very ____ crystals TINY
Extrusive (fine-grained) rocks are ____________ APHANITIC
Intrusive (coarse-grained) rocks are ___________ PHANERITIC
Intrusive rocks have ______ crystals that are equally sized LARGE
Porphyritic texture is a combination of ____ and ___ crystals LARGE, SMALL
Large crystals are also called PHENOCRYSTS
Magma that suddenly erupts onto surface has _____ texture PORPHYRITIC
Sediments are formed by WEATHERING
Andesite is a _____-grained rock COARSE
Airborne lava cools ________, and has no __________ _________ RAPIDY, CRYSTALLINE
STRUCTURE
Pumice has many ______ and _______ called ________ HOLES, POCKETS, VESICLES
Scoria is formed as lava is ______ ____ ___ __ ____ BEING SHOT INTO THE AIR
Pumice is formed when a ________ is ________ VOLCANO, ERUPTED
Igneous names are groups based on their ___ of light/dark minerals PERCENTAGE
________ is the most common igneous rock BASALT
Granitic rocks are also called ______ rocks FELSIC
Felsic rocks have mostly ____-colored silicates LIGHT
Most of the felsic rocks are rich in ________, about __% SILICA, 70
Felsic rocks also consist of 10% ____ ________ (like Biotite) DARK SILICATES
Four important felsic rocks are _____, _____, _____ and _____ GRANITE, RHHYOLITE, PUMICE, OBSIDIAN
_________ is the most common extrusive rock BASALT
______________ creates sediments WEATHERING
_______ carries sediments away EROSION
____________ turns sediments into other rocks LITHIFICATION
Sedimentary rock is important to ____________ GEOLOGISTS
__% of surface rocks are sedimentary 75
Sedimentary rock tell us ______ _________ EARTH’S HISTORY
Sedimentary rock is also very important ECONOMICALLY
____, ____ and _______ are important sedimentary rocks COAL, OIL, METALS
_____ forms from the breakdown of feldspar CLAY
_______ is very durable QUARTZ
Roundness of detrital rocks indicate ____ AGE
The rounder, the ______ OLDER
_________ _____ tells about transportation PARTICLE SIZE
The larger, the stronger the _______ CURRENT
A detrital rock that is deposited in thick layers STRATA
Natural cements hold strata’s layers together CALCITE, SILICA, IRON OXIDE
Conglomerate is _____-grained COARSE
______ is the weakest detrital rock SHALE
Evapoites form from _____________ _____ _______ EVAPORATING SEA WATER
Calcite can be determined from the ____ test HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCL)
_____ cement is much more durable than calcite cement SILICA
________ ________ rocks result from materials carried in solution CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY
__________ is the most common chemical sedimentary rock LIMESTONE
Limestone is made of mostly ______ CALCITE
Dissolved silicates CHERT, GEODES (microcrystalline quartz)
_____ is mostly organic carbon COAL
Carboniferous Period lasted 300 MILLION YEARS
Material accumulates in _______ swamps TROPICAL
____ is the first step of coal compaction PEAT
_______ & _________ are sedimentary coal LIGNITE, BITUMINOUS
___________ is metamorphic coal ANTHRACITE
_______ marks are preserved in stones sometimes RIPPLE
_____ is sedimentary rock layers STRATA
____________ is creating layers STRATAFICATION
______________ means to “change form” METAMORPHISM
When rocks are changed due to heat and pressure METAMORPHISM
Changes during metamorphism can be extremely _________ RADICAL
_______ can be obliterated during metamorphism FOSSILS
_____ can flow and fold ROCKS
_______ or _______ metamorphism only affects a small area around magma THERMAL, CONTACT
________ metamorphism affects large portions REGIONAL
____ is the most important metamorphism agent HEAT
________ ________ temperatures increase as you go down GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
_______ increases with depth PRESSURE
Pressure can shorten or ________ rocks ELONGATE
Surface rocks are brittle FLEXIBLE
_______ rocks become ductile at high temperatures SURFACE
Low-grade change makes rock ________ DENSER
High-grade change causes ___________ & ________ crystals RECRYSTALLIZATION, LARGER
Many _________ rock have visible crystals METAMORPHIC
Banded structure FOLIATION
Foliation means that the rock has very ____ layers THIN
Nonfoliated rocks are made out of _ mineral and don’t have _____ 1, LAYERS
Foliated rocks are common among __________________ rocks METAMORPHIC
Slate is a ____-grade rock that forms from ______ LOW, SHALE
Schist is a ____-grade rock that forms from ______ HIGH, SHALE
_____ has a very strong banding appearance GNEISS
Gneiss starts as _______ GRANITE
____________ are also common among metamorphic rocks NONFOLIATED ROCKS
______ is a popular building material MARBLE
Marble is a coarse __________ CRYSTALLINE
Quartzite starts as ______ sandstone, and is ____-grade QUARTZ, HIGH
Mineral ______ are a known deposit, don’t know how to get it RESOURCES
Mineral ______ are a known deposit, profitable to mine RESERVE
The ____ is the valuable part of a mineral ORE
The _____ is the useless part of a mineral GANGUE
Ore of Aluminum BAUXITE
Ore of Iron HEMATITE
Ore of Lead GALENA
Ore of Mercury CINNABAR