*P1.55 The device in Fig. P1.

54 is called a rotating disk viscometer

[27]. Suppose that R 5 cm and h 1 mm. If the torque
required to rotate the disk at 900 r/min is 0.537 N m,
what is the viscosity of the fluid? If the uncertainty in each
parameter (M, R, h, ) is 1 percent, what is the overall
uncertainty in the viscosity?
*P1.56 The device in Fig. P1.56 is called a cone-plate viscometer
[27]. The angle of the cone is very small, so that sin
, and the gap is filled with the test liquid. The torque M
to rotate the cone at a rate is measured. Assuming a lin-
ear velocity profile in the fluid film, derive an expression
for fluid viscosity as a function of (M, R, , ).

8
r
L
0
4
Q
p

Pipe end effects are neglected [27]. Suppose our capillary

has r
0
2 mm and L 25 cm. The following flow rate
and pressure drop data are obtained for a certain fluid:
Q, m
3
/h 0.36 0.72 1.08 1.44 1.80
p, kPa 159 318 477 1274 1851
What is the viscosity of the fluid? Note: Only the first three
points give the proper viscosity. What is peculiar about the
last two points, which were measured accurately?
P1.59 A solid cylinder of diameter D, length L, and density
s
falls due to gravity inside a tube of diameter D
0
. The clear-
ance, D
0
D D, is filled with fluid of density and
viscosity . Neglect the air above and below the cylinder.
Derive a formula for the terminal fall velocity of the cylin-
der. Apply your formula to the case of a steel cylinder,
D 2 cm, D
0
2.04 cm, L 15 cm, with a film of SAE
30 oil at 20C.
P1.60 For Prob. 1.52 suppose that P 0.1 hp when V 6 ft/s,
L 4.5 ft, b 22 in, and h 7/8 in. Estimate the vis-
cosity of the oil, in kg/(m s). If the uncertainty in each
parameter (P, L, b, h, V) is 1 percent, what is the over-
all uncertainty in the viscosity?
*P1.61 An air-hockey puck has a mass of 50 g and is 9 cm in di-
ameter. When placed on the air table, a 20C air film, of
0.12-mm thickness, forms under the puck. The puck is
struck with an initial velocity of 10 m/s. Assuming a lin-
ear velocity distribution in the air film, how long will it
take the puck to (a) slow down to 1 m/s and (b) stop com-
pletely? Also, (c) how far along this extremely long table
will the puck have traveled for condition (a)?
P1.62 The hydrogen bubbles which produced the velocity pro-
files in Fig. 1.13 are quite small, D 0.01 mm. If the hy-
drogen-water interface is comparable to air-water and the
water temperature is 30C estimate the excess pressure
within the bubble.
P1.63 Derive Eq. (1.37) by making a force balance on the fluid
interface in Fig. 1.9c.
P1.64 At 60C the surface tension of mercury and water is 0.47
and 0.0662 N/m, respectively. What capillary height
changes will occur in these two fluids when they are in
contact with air in a clean glass tube of diameter 0.4 mm?
P1.65 The system in Fig. P1.65 is used to calculate the pressure
p
1
in the tank by measuring the 15-cm height of liquid in
the 1-mm-diameter tube. The fluid is at 60C (see Prob.
1.64). Calculate the true fluid height in the tube and the
percent error due to capillarity if the fluid is (a) water and
(b) mercury.
Problems 51
R R
Clearance
h
Oil

P1.54

Fluid
R

*P1.57 For the cone-plate viscometer of Fig. P1.56, suppose that
R 6 cm and 3. If the torque required to rotate the
cone at 600 r/min is 0.157 N m, what is the viscosity of
the fluid? If the uncertainty in each parameter (M, R, ,
) is 1 percent, what is the overall uncertainty in the vis-
cosity?
*P1.58 The laminar-pipe-flow example of Prob. 1.12 can be used
to design a capillary viscometer [27]. If Q is the volume
flow rate, L is the pipe length, and p is the pressure drop
from entrance to exit, the theory of Chap. 6 yields a for-
mula for viscosity:
P1.56
30 Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

= =

o
r
4
3 o
0
r
or: Torque M 2 r
dr
hsin 2hsin

We may compute the cones slowing down from the angular momentum relation:
2
o o o
d 3
M I , where I (cone) mr , m cone mass
dt 10

= = =
Separating the variables, we may integrate:
o
w t 4
o
o
0
r d
dt, or: .
2hI sin
Ans

=
2
o
o
5 r t
exp
3mhsin


1.54* A disk of radius R rotates at
angular velocity inside an oil container
of viscosity , as in Fig. P1.54. Assuming a
linear velocity profile and neglecting shear
on the outer disk edges, derive an expres-
sion for the viscous torque on the disk.

Fig. P1.54
Solution: At any r R, the viscous shear r/h on both sides of the disk. Thus,
w
R
3
0
r
d(torque) dM 2r dA 2r 2 r dr,
h
or: M 4 r dr
h
Ans

= = =

= = .

4
R
h



1.55 Apply the rotating-disk viscometer of Prob. 1.54, to the particular case R = 5 cm,
h = 1 mm, rotation rate 900 rev/min, measured torque M = 0.537 Nm. What is the fluid
viscosity? If each parameter (M,R,h,) has uncertainty of 1%, what is the overall
uncertainty of the measured viscosity?
Solution: The analytical formula M = R
4
/h was derived in Prob. 1.54. Convert the
rotation rate to rad/s: = (900 rev/min)(2 rad/rev 60 s/min) = 94.25 rad/s. Then,
4 4
hM (0.001 m)(0.537 N m) kg
or
m s R (94.25 rad/s)(0.05 m)
Ans


= = = .



2
N s
0.29
m

Chapter 1 Introduction 31

For uncertainty, looking at the formula for , we have first powers in h, M, and and a
fourth power in R. The overall uncertainty estimate [see Eq. (1.44) and Ref. 31] would be
1/ 2
2 2 2 2
h M R
2 2 2 2 1/ 2
S S S S (4S )
[(0.01) (0.01) (0.01) {4(0.01)} ] 0.044 or: Ans


+ + +

+ + + . 4.4%

The uncertainty is dominated by the 4% error due to radius measurement. We might
report the measured viscosity as 0.29 4.4% kg/ms or 0.29 0.013 kg/ms.

1.56* For the cone-plate viscometer in
Fig. P1.56, the angle is very small, and the
gap is filled with test liquid . Assuming a
linear velocity profile, derive a formula for
the viscosity in terms of the torque M
and cone parameters.

Fig. P1.56
Solution: For any radius r R, the liquid gap is h = r tan. Then
w
r dr
d(Torque) dM dA r 2 r r, or
r tan cos



= = =



R
3
2
0
2 2 R
M r dr , or: .
sin 3sin
Ans

= = =
3
3Msin
2 R

1.57 Apply the cone-plate viscometer of Prob. 1.56 above to the special case R = 6 cm,
= 3, M = 0.157 N m, and a rotation rate of 600 rev/min. What is the fluid viscosity? If
each parameter (M,R,,) has an uncertainty of 1%, what is the uncertainty of ?
Solution: We derived a suitable linear-velocity-profile formula in Prob. 1.56. Convert
the rotation rate to rad/s: = (600 rev/min)(2 rad/rev 60 s/min) = 62.83 rad/s. Then,
3 3
3Msin 3(0.157 N m)sin(3 ) kg
or .
m s 2 R 2 (62.83 rad/s)(0.06 m)
Ans

= = =



2
N s
0.29
m

For uncertainty, looking at the formula for , we have first powers in , M, and and a
third power in R. The overall uncertainty estimate [see Eq. (1.44) and Ref. 31] would be
1/ 2
2 2 2 2
M R
2 2 2 2 1/ 2
S S S S (3S )
[(0.01) (0.01) (0.01) {3(0.01)} ] 0.035, or: Ans


= + + +

+ + + = . . 3 5 %

The uncertainty is dominated by the 3% error due to radius measurement. We might
report the measured viscosity as 0.29 3.5% kg/ms or 0.29 0.01 kg/ms.

with manometer fluid
m
. One side of the manometer is open
to the air, while the other is connected to new tubing which
extends to pressure measurement location 1, some height H
higher in elevation than the surface of the manometer liquid.
For consistency, let
a
be the density of the air in the room,

t
be the density of the gas inside the tube,
m
be the den-
sity of the manometer liquid, and h be the height difference
between the two sides of the manometer. See Fig. P2.38.
(a) Find an expression for the gage pressure at the mea-
surement point. Note: When calculating gage pressure, use
the local atmospheric pressure at the elevation of the mea-
surement point. You may assume that h H; i.e., assume
the gas in the entire left side of the manometer is of den-
sity
t
. (b) Write an expression for the error caused by as-
suming that the gas inside the tubing has the same density
as that of the surrounding air. (c) How much error (in Pa)
is caused by ignoring this density difference for the fol-
lowing conditions:
m
860 kg/m
3
,
a
1.20 kg/m
3
,

t
1.50 kg/m
3
, H 1.32 m, and h 0.58 cm? (d) Can
you think of a simple way to avoid this error?
is very large. If the inclined arm is fitted with graduations
1 in apart, what should the angle be if each graduation
corresponds to 1 lbf/ft
2
gage pressure for p
A
?
Problems 107
P2.38 An interesting article appeared in the AIAA Journal (vol. 30,
no. 1, January 1992, pp. 279280). The authors explain that
the air inside fresh plastic tubing can be up to 25 percent
more dense than that of the surroundings, due to outgassing
or other contaminants introduced at the time of manufacture.
Most researchers, however, assume that the tubing is filled
with room air at standard air density, which can lead to sig-
nificant errors when using this kind of tubing to measure
pressures. To illustrate this, consider a U-tube manometer
h
(1)
(2)
30
2 m
P2.35
P2.39 An 8-cm-diameter piston compresses manometer oil into
an inclined 7-mm-diameter tube, as shown in Fig. P2.39.
When a weight W is added to the top of the piston, the oil
rises an additional distance of 10 cm up the tube, as shown.
How large is the weight, in N?
P2.40 A pump slowly introduces mercury into the bottom of the
closed tank in Fig. P2.40. At the instant shown, the air
pressure p
B
80 kPa. The pump stops when the air pres-
sure rises to 110 kPa. All fluids remain at 20C. What will
be the manometer reading h at that time, in cm, if it is con-
nected to standard sea-level ambient air p
atm
?
50 cm
50 cm
Oil
SG = 0.8
Water
SG = 1.0
L

P2.36
1 in
Reservoir

D =
5
16
in
p
A
P2.37
h
H
1
U-tube
manometer

m

t
(tubing gas)

a
(air)
p
a
at location 1 p
1
P2.38
P2.44 Water flows downward in a pipe at 45, as shown in Fig.
P2.44. The pressure drop p
1
p
2
is partly due to gravity
and partly due to friction. The mercury manometer reads
a 6-in height difference. What is the total pressure drop
p
1
p
2
in lbf/in
2
? What is the pressure drop due to fric-
tion only between 1 and 2 in lbf/in
2
? Does the manome-
ter reading correspond only to friction drop? Why?
108 Chapter 2 Pressure Distribution in a Fluid
P2.41 The system in Fig. P2.41 is at 20C. Compute the pres-
sure at point A in lbf/ft
2
absolute.
D = 8 cm
d = 7 mm
Meriam red
oil, SG = 0.827
10 cm
15
Piston
W
8 cm
9 cm
Air: p
B
Water
Mercury
Pump
p
atm
h
2 cm
Hg
10 cm
P2.39
P2.40
Water
Water
5 in
10 in
6 in
Mercury
A
Oil, SG = 0.85
p
a
= 14.7 lbf/in
2
P2.41
h
1
p
A
1
p
B
1
h
2
h
1

P2.42
5 ft
Flow
1
2
45
6 in
Mercury
Water
P2.44
P2.42 Very small pressure differences p
A
p
B
can be measured
accurately by the two-fluid differential manometer in Fig.
P2.42. Density
2
is only slightly larger than that of the
upper fluid
1
. Derive an expression for the proportional-
ity between h and p
A
p
B
if the reservoirs are very large.
*P2.43 A mercury manometer, similar to Fig. P2.35, records h
1.2, 4.9, and 11.0 mm when the water velocities in the pipe
are V 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 m/s, respectively. Determine if
these data can be correlated in the form p
1
p
2
C
f
V
2
,
where C
f
is dimensionless.
P2.45 In Fig. P2.45, determine the gage pressure at point A in
Pa. Is it higher or lower than atmospheric?
P2.46 In Fig. P2.46 both ends of the manometer are open to the
atmosphere. Estimate the specific gravity of fluid X.
P2.47 The cylindrical tank in Fig. P2.47 is being filled with wa-
ter at 20C by a pump developing an exit pressure of 175
kPa. At the instant shown, the air pressure is 110 kPa and
H 35 cm. The pump stops when it can no longer raise
the water pressure. For isothermal air compression, esti-
mate H at that time.
P2.48 Conduct the following experiment to illustrate air pres-
sure. Find a thin wooden ruler (approximately 1 ft in
EES
P3.119 Revisit the turbine cascade system of Prob. 3.78, and de-
rive a formula for the power P delivered, using the
angular-momentum theorem of Eq. (3.55).
P3.120 A centrifugal pump impeller delivers 4000 gal/min of wa-
ter at 20C with a shaft rotation rate of 1750 r/min. Ne-
glect losses. If r
1
6 in, r
2
14 in, b
1
b
2
1.75 in,
V
t1
10 ft/s, and V
t2
110 ft/s, compute the absolute ve-
locities (a) V
1
and (b) V
2
and (c) the horsepower required.
(d) Compare with the ideal horsepower required.
P3.121 The pipe bend of Fig. P3.121 has D
1
27 cm and D
2

13 cm. When water at 20C flows through the pipe at 4000

gal/min, p
1
194 kPa (gage). Compute the torque re-
quired at point B to hold the bend stationary.
P3.124 A rotating dishwasher arm delivers at 60C to six nozzles,
as in Fig. P3.124. The total flow rate is 3.0 gal/min. Each
nozzle has a diameter of

1
3
6

in. If the nozzle flows are equal

and friction is neglected, estimate the steady rotation rate
of the arm, in r/min.
Problems 201
P3.121
P3.122
P3.123
P3.124
P3.125
1
2
V
2
, p
2
= p
a
B
50 cm
50 cm
V
1
, p
1
C
, V
V
h
1
h
2
V
F
n
L
h
3

75
4 ft

150 ft/s
5 in
40
5 in 6 in
Q
x
y
0
d <R, L
V
w
Closed
valve
R L
<
*P3.122 Extend Prob. 3.46 to the problem of computing the center
of pressure L of the normal face F
n
, as in Fig. P3.122. (At
the center of pressure, no moments are required to hold
the plate at rest.) Neglect friction. Express your result in
terms of the sheet thickness h
1
and the angle between
the plate and the oncoming jet 1.
P3.123 The waterwheel in Fig. P3.123 is being driven at 200 r/min
by a 150-ft/s jet of water at 20C. The jet diameter is 2.5
in. Assuming no losses, what is the horsepower developed
by the wheel? For what speed r/min will the horsepower
developed be a maximum? Assume that there are many
buckets on the waterwheel.
*P3.125 A liquid of density flows through a 90 bend as shown
in Fig. P3.125 and issues vertically from a uniformly
porous section of length L. Neglecting pipe and liquid
weight, derive an expression for the torque M at point 0
required to hold the pipe stationary.
Chapter 3 Integral Relations for a Control Volume 213

3.121 The pipe bend of Fig. P3.121 has
D
1
= 27 cm and D
2
= 13 cm. When water at
20C flows through the pipe at 4000 gal/
min, p
1
= 194 kPa (gage). Compute the
torque required at point B to hold the bend
stationary.
Solution: First convert Q = 4000 gal/
min = 0.252 m
3
/s. We need the exit velocity:

Fig. P3.121
2 2 1 1
2
0.252 m m
V Q/A 19.0 Meanwhile, V Q/A 4.4
s s ( /4)(0.13)
= = = = =
We dont really need V
1
, because it passes through B and has no angular momentum. The
angular momentum theorem is then applied to point B:
B B 1 1 2 2
p A p A ( ) m( ) = + + = &
1 2 2 2 1 1
M T r j r i r V r V
But r
1
and p
2
are zero,
B
hence m( ) Q[(0.5 0.5 ) (19.0 )] = = + &
2 2
T r V i j i
Thus, finally, T
B
= (998)(0.252)(0.5)(19.0)(k) 2400 k N m (clockwise) Ans.

3.122 Extend Prob. 3.46 to the problem
of computing the center of pressure L of
the normal face F
n
, as in Fig. P3.122. (At
the center of pressure, no moments are
required to hold the plate at rest.) Neglect
friction. Express your result in terms of the
sheet thickness h
1
and the angle between
the plate and the oncoming jet 1.

Fig. P3.122
Solution: Recall that in Prob. 3.46 of this Manual, we found h
2
= (h
1
/2)(1 + cos) and
that h
3
= (h
1
/2)(1 cos). The force on the plate was F
n
= QVsin. Take clockwise
moments about O and use the angular momentum theorem:
( )

= = +
= + =
| | | | | |
& & &
o n 2 z 3 z 1 z
2 2 2
2 2 3 3 2 3
M F L m m m
Vh (h V/2) Vh ( h V/2) 0 (1/2) V h h
2O 2 3O 3 1O 1
r V r V r V

214 Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 3
2
1 1
(1/2) V h h h h
Thus L .
2h sin V h sin
Ans

= = =
1
1
h cot
2

The latter result follows from the (h
1
, h
2
, h
3
) relations in 3.46. The C.P. is below point O.

3.123 The waterwheel in Fig. P3.123 is
being driven at 200 r/min by a 150-ft/s jet
of water at 20C. The jet diameter is 2.5 in.
Assuming no losses, what is the horse-
power developed by the wheel? For what
speed r/min will the horsepower developed
be a maximum? Assume that there are many
buckets on the waterwheel.
Solution: First convert = 200 rpm =
20.9 rad/s. The bucket velocity = V
b
=
R = (20.9)(4) = 83.8 ft/s. From Prob. 3.51
of this Manual, if there are many buckets,
the entire (absolute) jet mass flow does the
work:

Fig. P3.123

= =

=

4

=
&
jet b jet b jet jet b jet b
2
P m V (V V )(1 cos165 ) A V V (V V )(1.966)
2.5
(1.94) (150)(83.8)(150 83.8)(1.966)
12
ft lbf
108200 .
s
Ans 197 hp

Prob. 3.51: Max. power is for V
b
= V
jet
/2 = 75 ft/s, or = 18.75 rad/s = 179 rpm Ans.

3.124 A rotating dishwasher arm delivers at 60C to six nozzles, as in Fig. P3.124. The
total flow rate is 3.0 gal/min. Each nozzle has a diameter of
3
16
in. If the nozzle flows are
equal and friction is neglected, estimate the steady rotation rate of the arm, in r/min.

Fig. P3.124

xx
a

c

yy
a

c

zz
a

c

xy

yx

1
2

xz

zx

1
2

yz

zy

1
2

c
where a and c are constants of the fluid. Make all the same
assumptions as in the derivation of Eq. (4.140). (a) Find the
velocity profile u(y). (b) How does the velocity profile for
this case compare to that of a newtonian fluid?
w

z
w

x
u

x
u

y
w

y
u

x
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 273
2 cm
1.5 m
5 cm
SAE 10 oil
2 m/s
Fixed cylinder
Moving rod
2 cm
P4.90
Word Problems
W4.1 The total acceleration of a fluid particle is given by Eq.
(4.2) in the eulerian system, where V is a known function
of space and time. Explain how we might evaluate parti-
cle acceleration in the lagrangian frame, where particle po-
sition r is a known function of time and initial position,
r fcn(r
0
, t). Can you give an illustrative example?
W4.2 Is it true that the continuity relation, Eq. (4.6), is valid for
both viscous and inviscid, newtonian and nonnewtonian,
compressible and incompressible flow? If so, are there any
limitations on this equation?
W4.3 Consider a CD compact disk rotating at angular velocity
. Does it have vorticity in the sense of this chapter? If
so, how much vorticity?
W4.4 How much acceleration can fluids endure? Are fluids like
astronauts, who feel that 5g is severe? Perhaps use the flow
pattern of Example 4.8, at r R, to make some estimates
of fluid-acceleration magnitudes.
W4.5 State the conditions (there are more than one) under which
the analysis of temperature distribution in a flow field can
be completely uncoupled, so that a separate analysis for
velocity and pressure is possible. Can we do this for both
laminar and turbulent flow?
W4.6 Consider liquid flow over a dam or weir. How might the
boundary conditions and the flow pattern change when we
compare water flow over a large prototype to SAE 30 oil
flow over a tiny scale model?
W4.7 What is the difference between the stream function and
our method of finding the streamlines from Sec. 1.9? Or
are they essentially the same?
W4.8 Under what conditions do both the stream function and
the velocity potential exist for a flow field? When does
one exist but not the other?
W4.9 How might the remarkable three-dimensional Taylor in-
stability of Fig. 4.18 be predicted? Discuss a general pro-
cedure for examining the stability of a given flow pattern.
W4.10 Consider an irrotational, incompressible, axisymmetric
(/ 0) flow in (r, z) coordinates. Does a stream func-
tion exist? If so, does it satisfy Laplaces equation? Are
lines of constant equal to the flow streamlines? Does a
velocity potential exist? If so, does it satisfy Laplaces
equation? Are lines of constant everywhere perpendicu-
lar to the lines?
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
This chapter is not a favorite of the people who prepare the FE
Exam. Probably not a single problem from this chapter will appear
on the exam, but if some did, they might be like these.
FE4.1 Given the steady, incompressible velocity distribution V
3xi Cyj 0k, where C is a constant, if conservation of
mass is satisfied, the value of C should be
(a) 3, (b) 3/2, (c) 0, (d) 3/2, (e) 3
FE4.2 Given the steady velocity distribution V 3xi 0j Cyk,
where C is a constant, if the flow is irrotational, the value
of C should be
(a) 3, (b) 3/2, (c) 0, (d) 3/2, (e) 3
FE4.3 Given the steady, incompressible velocity distribution V
3xi Cyj 0k, where C is a constant, the shear stress
xy
at the point (x, y, z) is given by
(a) 3, (b) (3x Cy), (c) 0, (d) C,
(e) (3 C)