DIFFERENCE BETWEN DO, MAKE

Do and Make are two verbs which frequently confuse students

When do you use DO?
DO is used as follows:
1. DO is used when talking about work, jobs or tasks. Note, they do
not produce any physical object.
Have you done your homework?
I have guests visiting tonight so I should start doing the
housework now.
I wouldn't like to do that job.
2. DO is used when we refer to activities in general without being
specific. In these cases, we normally use words like thing, something,
nothing, anything, everything etc.
Hurry up! I've got things to do!
Don't just stand there do something!
Is there anything I can do to help you?
3. We sometimes use DO to replace a verb when the meaning is
clear or obvious. This is more common in informal spoken English:
Do I need to do my hair? (do = brush or comb)
Have you done the dishes yet? (done = washed)
I'll do the kitchen if you do the lawns (do = clean, do = mow)
Remember Do can also be as an auxiliary verb (for making questions
in the present tense - Do you like chocolate?) For more about Do used
in this case, see our page about Do vs Does. Here we will be talking
about Do as a normal verb.
When do you use MAKE?
Make is for producing, constructing, creating or building something
new.
It is also used to indicate the origin of a product or the materials
that are used to make something.
His wedding ring is made of gold.
The house was made of adobe.
Wine is made from grapes.
The watches were made in Switzerland
We also use Make for producing an action or reaction:
Onions make your eyes water.
You make me happy.
Its not my fault. My brother made me do it!
You make after certain nouns about plans and decisions:
make the arrangements,
make a choice
We use Make with nouns about speaking and certain sounds:
make a comment
make a noise
make a speech
We use Make with Food, Drink and Meals:
make a cake
make a cup of tea
make dinner
Compare Do and Make
A: You have to make a cake for Simon.
B: Ill do it later.
Notice how in the response the verb DO is used. This is because the
meaning is clear and to avoid saying Ill make it later. which could
sound repetitive.


Expressions with DO
The following words are normally used with Do:
a burp
a course
a crossword
a dance
a drawing
a fart
a favor / favour
a job
a painting
a project
a service
an assignment
anything
badly
business
chores
damage
everything
exercises
good
harm
laundry
nothing
research
right (the right thing)
something
the gardening
the housework
the ironing
the dishes
the rest
the shopping
the washing
well
work
wrong (the wrong thing)
your best
your hair
your homework
your job
your nails
your work


Expressions with MAKE
The following words are normally used with MAKE:
a bet
a cake
a call
a change
a choice
a comment
a complaint
a confession
a connection
a cup of coffee / tea
a date
a decision
a demand
a difference
a discovery
a face
a fool of yourself
a fortune
a friend
a fuss
a joke
a line
a list
a living
a loss
a mess
a mistake
a noise
a pass at someone
a plan
a point
a prediction
a profit
a promise
a reservation
a sandwich
a scene
a sound
a speech
a statement
a suggestion
advances
alterations
an appointment
an announcement
an attempt
an effort
an error
an escape
an exception
an excuse
an impression
an observation
an offer
amends
arrangements
breakfast
certain
clear
dinner
faces
famous
fun of someone
love
lunch
inquiries
peace
possible
progress
money
room
sales
sense
someone rich
someone smile
sure
trouble
war
your bed
your mind up
your way



THE ING DIFFRENCE USES

The ing form can be used like a noun, like an adjective or like a verb.
Smoking is forbidden.
I have a long working day.
I don't like dancing.
When it is used like a noun it may or may not have an article before it.
Marketing is a very inexact science.
The marketing of the product will continue for a few months yet.
It can also be part of a 'noun phrase'.
Speaking to an audience is always stressful.
Swimming after work is very relaxing.
In formal English, we would use a possessive with the ing form. In informal English,
many people do not.
I'm angry about his missing the meeting.
Do you mind my coming?
As an adjective, the ing form can be used before a noun.
I was met by a welcoming party at the airport.
Let's go to the meeting room.
The ing form is used after prepositions.
Before leaving, you need to speak to Sarah.
After discussing it with her, I've changed my mind.
Instead of feeling sorry for yourself, do some work for charity.
Notice that when 'to' is used as a preposition, it is followed by the ing form.
I don't object to working this Sunday.
I'm looking forward to seeing him again.
I'm used to working long hours.
There are many verb + -ing combinations. Here are some common ones:
I admit telling her.
I appreciate having the raise.
I avoid speaking to him.
I consider blowing your nose in public to be wrong.
I delayed coming until the last possible moment.
He denied telling her.
I detest going to parties.
I enjoy dancing.
I feel like having a party.
I've finished writing the report.
I've given up going to the gym.
I can't help thinking about it.
I can't imagine ever leaving this company.
I don't mind doing that.
He put off talking to her as long as he could.
I can't stand drinking beer.
Some verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or ing form but with different
meanings. Here are some common ones:
I stopped smoking last month. (I no longer smoke.)
I stopped to smoke a cigarette. (I stopped what I was doing and had a cigarette.)
I remember telling him. (A memory of the past.)
I must remember to tell him. (Something to remember for the future.)
I'm interested in finding out more details. (Interested about the future.)
I was interested to read his report. (Interested in the past.)
Some verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or ing form but with the same
meaning. Here are some common ones:
I love to go shopping.
I love going shopping.
I'm afraid to fly.
I'm afraid of flying.
I started to learn English 5 years ago.
I started learning English 5 years ago.
four different ways to use the -ing form
#1 Use the -ING form of verbs in continuous
tenses
Continuous tenses are when an action is in progress, for example:
Present continuous:
Im studying English.
Shes watching TV.
Were having lunch at the moment.
Present perfect continuous:
Ive been thinking a lot about this decision.
Hes been working here since 1995.
Theyve been waiting for you for an hour.
Past continuous:
When I came home last night, you were already sleeping.
I found $10 on the street while I was jogging in the park.
Future continuous:
Sorry, I cant meet with you tomorrow afternoon. Ill be taking my friend to the
airport.
#2 Use the -ING form when the verb is the
subject of the sentence
Skiing is my favorite winter sport.
Eating vegetables is good for your health.
Living in an English-speaking country helps you improve your English fast.
#3 Use the -ING form after prepositions
I improved my English by practicing every day.
We left the party after saying goodbye to everyone.
I cant believe he passed the test without studying at all!
Theyve made a lot of money since launching their new product.
I want to talk to you about investing in the stock market.
Exception: Never use the -ING form after to:
I need to practice my English more.
My mother told me to study for the test.
Wed like to invest in this technology.
The girl didnt want to leave the party.
#4 Use the -ING form after these verbs in
English
Here are some common verbs in English that are followed by -ing.
admit
The politician admitted stealing millions of dollars.
avoid
You should avoid eating after 10 PM.
consider
Have you considered buying a laptop computer?
enjoy
I enjoy surfing and playing tennis.
finish
I finally finished cleaning the house at midnight.
cant stand
I cant stand going to parties where I dont know anyone.
dont mind
I dont mind working overtime.
look forward to
I look forward to seeing you next week.
keep (continue)
My ex-boyfriend keeps calling me even though Ive told him I dont want to talk
to him!
practice
I need to practice writing in English.
spend (time)
My roommate spends hours watching TV.
stop
He stopped smoking ten years ago.
suggest/ recommend
I suggest taking some time off.
The doctor recommended getting more rest.


the present perfect tense

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time
before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect
with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was
a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the
Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times,
several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS


Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of a material describe how it will react
to physical forces. Mechanical properties occur as a result of the
physical properties inherent to each material, and are determined
through a series of standardized mechanical tests.

Strength
Strength has several definitions depending on the material type
and application. Before choosing a material based on its published
or measured strength it is important to understand the manner in
which strength is defined and how it is measured. When
designing for strength, material class and mode of loading are
important considerations.
For metals the most common measure of strength is the yield
strength. For most polymers it is more convenient to measure the
failure strength, the stress at the point where the stress strain
curve becomes obviously non-linear. Strength, for ceramics
however, is more difficult to define. Failure in ceramics is highly
dependent on the mode of loading. The typical failure strength in
compression is fifteen times the failure strength in tension. The
more common reported value is the compressive failure strength.

Elastic limit
The elastic limit is the highest stress at which all deformation
strains are fully recoverable. For most materials and applications
this can be considered the practical limit to the maximum stress a
component can withstand and still function as designed. Beyond
the elastic limit permanent strains are likely to deform the
material to the point where its function is impaired.

Proportional limit
The proportional limit is the highest stress at which stress is
linearly proportional to strain. This is the same as the elastic limit
for most materials. Some materials may show a slight deviation
from proportionality while still under recoverable strain. In these
cases the proportional limit is preferred as a maximum stress level
because deformation becomes less predictable above it.

Yield Strength
The yield strength is the minimum stress which produces
permanent plastic deformation. This is perhaps the most common
material property reported for structural materials because of the
ease and relative accuracy of its measurement. The yield strength
is usually defined at a specific amount of plastic strain, or offset,
which may vary by material and or specification. The offset is the
amount that the stress-strain curve deviates from the linear elastic
line. The most common offset for structural metals is 0.2%.

Ultimate Tensile Strength
The ultimate tensile strength is an engineering value calculated by
dividing the maximum load on a material experienced during a
tensile test by the initial cross section of the test sample. When
viewed in light of the other tensile test data the ultimate tensile
strength helps to provide a good indication of a material's
toughness but is not by itself a useful design limit. Conversely
this can be construed as the minimum stress that is necessary to
ensure the failure of a material.

True Fracture Strength
The true fracture strength is the load at fracture divided by the
cross sectional area of the sample. Like the ultimate tensile
strength the true fracture strength can help an engineer to predict
the behavior of the material but is not itself a practical strength
limit. Because the tensile test seeks to standardize variables such
as specimen geometry, strain rate and uniformity of stress it can
be considered a kind of best case scenario of failure.

Ductility
Ductility is a measure of how much deformation or strain a
material can withstand before breaking. The most common
measure of ductility is the percentage of change in length of a
tensile sample after breaking. This is generally reported as % El
or percent elongation. The R.A. or reduction of area of the sample
also gives some indication of ductility.

Toughness
Toughness describes a material's resistance to fracture. It is often
expressed in terms of the amount of energy a material can absorb
before fracture. Tough materials can absorb a considerable
amount of energy before fracture while brittle materials absorb
very little. Neither strong materials such as glass or very ductile
materials such as taffy can absorb large amounts of energy before
failure. Toughness is not a single property but rather a
combination of strength and ductility.
The toughness of a material can be related to the total area under
its stress-strain curve. A comparison of the relative magnitudes of
the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and percent elongation
of different material will give a good indication of their relative
toughness. Materials with high yield strength and high ductility
have high toughness. Integrated stress-strain data is not readily
available for most materials so other test methods have been
devised to help quantify toughness. The most common test for
toughness is the Charpy impact test.
In crystalline materials the toughness is strongly dependent on
crystal structure. Face centered cubic materials are typically
ductile while hexagonal close packed materials tend to be brittle.
Body centered cubic materials often display dramatic variation in
the mode of failure with temperature. In many materials the
toughness is temperature dependent. Generally materials are more
brittle at lower temperatures and more ductile at higher
temperatures. The temperature at which the transition takes place
is known as the DBTT, or ductile to brittle transition temperature.
The DBTT is measured by performing a series of Charpy impact
tests at various temperatures to determine the ranges of brittle and
ductile behavior. Use of alloys below their transition temperature
is avoided due to the risk of catastrophic failure.

Fatigue ratio
The dimensionless fatigue ratio f is the ratio of the stress required
to cause failure after a specific number of cycles to the yield
stress of a material. Fatigue tests are generally run through 10
7
or
10
8
cycles. A high fatigue ratio indicates materials which are more
susceptible to crack growth during cyclic loading.

Loss coefficient
The loss coefficient is an other important material parameter in
cyclic loading. It is the fraction of mechanical energy lost in a
stress strain cycle. The loss coefficient for each material is a
function of the frequency of the cycle. A high loss coefficient can
be desirable for damping vibrations while a low loss coefficient
transmits energy more efficiently. The loss coefficient is also an
important factor in resisting fatigue failure. If the loss coefficient
is too high, cyclic loading will dissipate energy into the material
leading to fatigue failure.


Simple Present

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The
action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that
often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
Does the Sun circle the Earth?


The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true
before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the
speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about
people or things.
Examples:
Cats like milk.
Birds do not like milk.
Do pigs like milk?
California is in America.
California is not in the United Kingdom.
Windows are made of glass.
Windows are not made of wood.



Simple Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the
specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a play yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
Did you have dinner last night?
She washed her car.
He didn't wash his car.






We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00,
and met the others at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?


The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past.
A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two
years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
They sat at the beach all day.
They did not stay at the party the entire time.
We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.