Recycled Water-Version 2.0

ADSSC/DG
Design
Guidelines

Section 5

Recycled Water Rev: 02 Mar. 2011 Page 1 of 14

ABU DHABI SEWERAGE SERVICES COMPANY
(ADSSC)
DESIGN GUIDELINES
SECTION 5
RECYCLED WATER

Design Guidelines
Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company
(ADSSC)

ADSSC/DG
Design
Guidelines

Section 5

Recycled Water Rev: 02 J an. 2011 Page 2 of 14

DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET
Revision No. Date Revision Description / Purpose of Issue
01 April 2008 First Issue
02 March 2011
- ADSSC new logo
- TSE name has been changed to read Recycled
Water as per RSB commentary.
- Sludge name has been changed to read Bio-solid
as per RSB commentary.
- Sub-Section 5.1.4 revised in implementation of
RSB guidelines for the recycled Water.
- Sub-Section 5.1.5 revised in implementation of
RSB guidelines for use of Recycled water for
irrigation
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

Design Guidelines
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ADSSC/DG
Design
Guidelines

Section 5


TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................... 4
5.1.1 DEFINITION OF RECYCLED WATER ................................................... 4
5.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF RECYCLED WATER ............................................. 4
5.1.3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADSSC ........................................................... 4
5.1.4 RECYCLED WATER STANDARDS ....................................................... 4
5.1.5 RECYCLED WATER USE IN IRRIGATION ........................................... 7
Table 5.1.5.1 Irrigation criteria for trace elements .................................. 8
Table 5.1.5.2 Salinity parameters ........................................................... 8
5.1.6 INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................... 9
5.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................ 9
5.2.1 DISINFECTION ...................................................................................... 9
5.2.1.1CHEMICAL DISINFECTION ................................................................... 9
5.2.1.2 ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION ............................................................. 9
5.2.2 STORAGE TANKS (UP TO 2,000 m
3
CAPACITY) ............................... 10
5.2.2.1CONFIGURATION ................................................................................ 10
5.2.2.2INLET ARRANGEMENT ....................................................................... 10
5.2.2.3OVERFLOW AND WASHOUT ............................................................. 10
5.2.2.4ACCESS ............................................................................................... 10
5.2.2.5VENTILATION ...................................................................................... 11
3
CAPACITY AND ABOVE) ......... 11
5.2.3.1CONFIGURATION ................................................................................ 11
5.2.3.2 INLET ARRANGEMENT ....................................................................... 11
5.2.3.3OVERFLOW AND WASHOUT ............................................................. 11
5.2.3.4ACCESS ............................................................................................... 11
5.2.3.5VENTILATION ...................................................................................... 12
5.2.3.6WATER LEVEL INDICATION ............................................................... 12
5.2.4 PIPEWORK .......................................................................................... 12
5.2.4.1HYDRAULIC DESIGN .......................................................................... 12
5.2.4.2SURGE PROTECTION ........................................................................ 12
5.2.4.3SYSTEM LOSSES ................................................................................ 12
5.2.4.4VALVE CHAMBERS ............................................................................. 13
5.2.4.5FLOWMETERS .................................................................................... 13
5.2.4.6OTHER FEATURES ............................................................................. 13
5.2.5 PUMPING STATIONS .......................................................................... 14
5.2.5.1INLET ARRANGEMENT ....................................................................... 14
5.2.5.2INLET CONTROL ................................................................................. 14
5.2.5.3PUMP SELECTION .............................................................................. 14
5.2.5.4OUTLET CONTROL ............................................................................. 14

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5.1 GENERAL
5.1.1 DEFINITION OF RECYCLED WATER
a) Domestic and industrial wastewater poses a threat to both human health
and to the environment and is therefore collected and subjected to
appropriate treatment to address this risk. The products of wastewater
treatment are bio-solids and Recycled Water.

b) It is the intent of ADSSC to maximize the re-use of all Recycled Water .
ADSSC has identified Recycled Water as a potential source of valuable
irrigation water, however strict quality standards should be applied to
Recycled Water to ensure that it is safe for various and often
unrestricted irrigation applications.

c) The processes used to treat sewage are successful in reducing the
harmful chemical constituents of sewage but, unless some reliable form
of disinfection is incorporated into the treatment process, there remains
a risk of biological contamination from the Recycled Water. ADSSC
currently disinfects all Recycled Water with a tertiary chlorination
process and the Recycled Water meets current unrestricted irrigation
standards (see Section 4 of the Design Guides).

5.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF RECYCLED WATER
a) Recycled Water can be used for a variety of irrigation applications, such
as the irrigation of food crops, non-food crops, watering of golf courses
and watering of public parks. Consideration must also be given to the
possibility that Recycled Water may, under certain circumstances, be
discharged to the marine environment. Standards for such uses and
disposal should therefore be taken into account when considering the
quality standards to be applied to Recycled Water.

5.1.3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADSSC
a) ADSSC has responsibilities with respect to the chemical and biological
quality of the Recycled Water and its availability at the point of discharge
or storage for subsequent use. ADSSC does not have responsibility for
the transfer and distribution of Recycled Water from the storage tanks to
the place of irrigation, nor does it have responsibility for the application
of the Recycled Water: these are the responsibilities of the end user,
which is currently the Public Gardens Directorate of the Abu Dhabi
Municipality.

5.1.4 RECYCLED WATER STANDARDS
a) The standards identified in the Tables 5.4.1 define the minimum quality
requirements for Recycled Water at the Point-of-transfer or discharge.

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Table 5.1.4.1 (a) Recycled Water Quality
Standard
Microbiological Sanitary
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P1 General reuse 100 40 <1
6 to
8
10 10 - - 5
0.5 to
1
. 1
P2
Restricted
reuse
1000 200 <1
6 to
8
10 20 - - 10
0.5 to
1
. 1
P3 Marine 1000 - 0
6 to
9
50 50 2 2 75 1 >3
Notes:
General reuse involves frequent and uncontrolled exposure of the general public to
Recycled Water and Restricted reuse involves infrequent and controlled public
exposure to Recycled Water
Notes:
CFU =Colony Forming Units; NTU =Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; mg/l =
milligrams per liter
Notes:
MAC =Maximum allowable concentration; Average Arithmetic Mean of the
samples taken in any calendar month must comply with the standard
Notes:
Marine and land discharges are also subject to Federal and Emirate laws detailed in
Annex A3 and A4. Any system discharging to land percolation should consider P1
as a minimum acceptable standard unless a site specific assessment in conjunction
with relevant authorities determines otherwise.

b) The need for the disinfection of Recycled Water will depend upon the
exact application of the Recycled Water. Some applications require full
disinfection with residual chlorine providing ongoing protection. Other
applications may need only UV disinfection or no disinfection at all.
c) By its very nature, sewage contains many types of bacteria, viruses and
other potentially harmful micro-organisms. These micro-organisms pose
a particular threat to human health and therefore consideration must be
given to the possible need for disinfection of the Recycled Water prior to
use.

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d) Micro-organisms can enter the human body through three possible
pathways:
i. Injection, i.e. through a cut or abrasion
ii. Ingestion (swallowing) of contaminated material
iii. Inhalation of air containing contaminated particles

f) Infection via injection can occur when Recycled Water comes into
contact with an area of unprotected skin. Sewage treatment plant
operators and other workers who deal with Recycled Water are routinely
exposed to this risk but are given appropriate training and equipment
(i.e. PPE) to protect them against it. If the Recycled Water is used in an
application where only suitably trained staff are likely to come into
contact with the Recycled Water, then disinfection of the Recycled Water
may not be deemed necessary. If however untrained persons (such as
the general public) are likely to come into contact with the Recycled
Water (for example, in a water body used for swimming and other
recreational purposes), then disinfection is necessary.
g) Infection via ingestion occurs when contaminated material is swallowed.
This may occur if the Recycled Water is used for irrigation of food crops,
particularly those intended for direct (i.e. raw) consumption. A risk
assessment should be carried out in these circumstances. If the risk is
considered significant, then the Recycled Water should be disinfected.
h) Infection via inhalation can occur if the Recycled Water is passed
through a small orifice, thereby producing aerosols of contaminated
droplets. Spray irrigation is an example of such a process and in these
circumstances the Recycled Water should normally be disinfected.
i) Table 5.1.4.2 indicates those activities that pose a risk of infection and
therefore may require the disinfection of Recycled Water by chlorine
injection to render the effluent virtually harmless and to control the
growth of algae in the system. A chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/l at the outlet
of the irrigation system should be available. Disinfection of Recycled
Water for reuse as irrigation water by the dosing of chlorine, chlorine
dioxide or sodium hypochlorite shall produce a residual chlorine
concentration of at least 0.5 mg/l in the Recycled Water.

:

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Section 5

Recycled Water Rev: 02 March . 2011 Page 7 of 14

Table 5.1.4.2 Activities posing a risk of infection from Recycled Water
Application
Injection Ingestion Inhalation
Workers Public Workers Public Workers Public
Irrigation of
grass verges

Irrigation of non-
food crops

Irrigation of root
vegetables

Irrigation of
salad
vegetables

Spray irrigation
Ornamental
ponds

Recreational
lakes

Irrigation of
school playing
fields

Fountains

5.1.5 RECYCLED WATER USE IN IRRIGATION
Where Recycled Water is used for irrigation purposes the following additional
Requirements apply:

a) The Recycled Water must meet the standards set out in table 5.1.5.1
derived from Annex 1 of WHO 2006 Guidelines for the safe use of
Wastewater in Agriculture
b) the Disposal Licensee must define the agronomic value of the Recycled
Water by specifying, amongst other things the:

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I. Typical range of total and available nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium; and
II. The salinity of the Recycled Water by providing information on the
parameters identified in Table A2.1 (B).

Table 5.1.5.1 Irrigation criteria for trace elements

Parameter Unit
Maximum allowable
concentration
Aluminum mg/l 5
Arsenic mg/l 0.1
Beryllium mg/l 0.1
Cadmium mg/l 0.01
Chromium mg/l 0.1
Cobalt mg/l 0.05
Copper mg/l 0.2
Fluoride mg/l 1
Iron mg/l 5
Lead mg/l 5
Lithium mg/l 2.5
Manganese mg/l 0.2
Molybdenum mg/l 0.01
Nickel mg/l 0.2
Selenium mg/l 0.02
Vanadium mg/l 0.1
Zinc mg/l 2

Table 5.1.5.2 Salinity parameters

Parameter Unit
Electrical conductivity (dS/m @ 25oC)
Total dissolved solids (TDS) mg/l
Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) meq/l
Sodium (Na+) meq/l
Chloride (Cl-) meq/l
Boron mg/l
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) mg/l

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5.1.6 INFRASTRUCTURE
a) The infrastructure required by ADSSC to provide Recycled Water which
is suitable for irrigation consists of:
i. A treatment process (normally the in-place sewage works)
ii. A disinfection process (most Recycled Water needs to be
disinfected prior to use)
iii. Reservoirs for storage. These are specified in greater detail later.
iv. Connections to allow Recycled Water to be removed
v. A facility to overflow to watercourse/sea

b) As stated in Section 5.1.3, ADSSC have no responsibilities beyond
ensuring that the Recycled Water meets chemical and biological quality
standards and that facilities exist for safe delivery to the Public Gardens
Department of the Abu Dhabi Municipality.

5.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
5.2.1 DISINFECTION
Irrigation water is often used in close proximity to workers and the general
public. Clearly, this poses a risk of infection by biological pathogens
contained within the Recycled Water. There are applications therefore that
require the disinfection of Recycled Water. There are two options: chemical
disinfection or the use of ultraviolet light.

5.2.1.1 CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
a) Chemical disinfection of Recycled Water shall consist of a duty/standby
system dosing chlorine, chlorine dioxide or sodium hypochlorite. The
system shall be installed on the inlet to the Recycled Water holding tank
at the treatment works and shall be sized to dose the maximum flow
entering the tank. Chlorine monitors shall be installed on the outlet of
the Recycled Water Holding Tank and an alarm shall be raised if the
chlorine level drops below 0.5 mg/l. For full details of the equipment
standards see the ADSSC Standard Specification 15150 Disinfection.

b) In addition secondary chlorination would also be required to ensure a
residual chlorine of 0.5 mg/l at the point of transfer. A similar monitoring
system as above should also be installed at the point of transfer.

5.2.1.2 ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION
a) Ultraviolet disinfection is not suitable for applications that require 100%
pathogen kill and is therefore of limited application for Recycled Water
disinfection. If used, the uv plant should meet the following
specifications:

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i. The ultraviolet disinfection phase should consist of at least two units
arranged in a duty/standby configuration.
ii. On-line monitoring of the upstream suspended solids/turbidity
content of the influent shall be carried out.
iii. Continuous monitoring of the uv dose supplied shall be installed.

b) The UV disinfection will also have to meet the requirements set out in
ADSSC Standard Specification 15150 Disinfection in addition to the
above.

3
CAPACITY)
These tanks will normally constructed in reinforced concrete. The tanks
should be gravity fed, should be equipped with a suitable inlet and overflow
and (in the cases where chemical disinfection is used) should be covered.
The tanks should be equipped with facilities for withdrawing large volumes of
Recycled Water by tanker. Should the sewage works be adjacent to a
facility that is likely to have an ongoing and significant need for irrigation
water, then ADSSC will consider installing direct pipework to this facility.
Under normal circumstances this will not be the case and ADSSC will inform
the designers and constructors of sewage treatment works of any specific
requirements of this sort prior to any contract being awarded. See standard
and typical drawings of such tanks for further details.

5.2.2.1 CONFIGURATION
a) Rectangular or square depending on plan area of allocated site.

b) Two equal compartments.

c) Sloping floor to outlet at a gradient of 1 in 70.

d) Internal height 3m.

e) Roof supported on columns to suit structural design.

5.2.2.2 INLET ARRANGEMENT
a) Splitting chamber to provide separate feed, normally 400mm diameter,
to each compartment with appropriate valves and fitting.

b) Ball float valve in each compartment for automatic water level control.

5.2.2.3 OVERFLOW AND WASHOUT
a) Separate pipework and valves to each compartment with discharge to a
common collection chamber for disposal to watercourse or sea.

5.2.2.4 ACCESS

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a) Covers above ball float valves to afford access for maintenance and
possible removal.

b) Water level check facility to each compartment.

c) Lockable covers.

5.2.2.5 VENTILATION
a) Two number required. One no. to each compartment with integral
deodoriser and mosquito screen.

3
CAPACITY AND ABOVE)
a) Constructed in reinforced concrete or steel. See Section 5.2.2 for further
specifications.

5.2.3.1 CONFIGURATION
a) Rectangular with actual dimensions dependent on capacity required,
land availability and shape. Length to breath breadth ratio
recommended as 1.5:1.

b) One compartment.

c) Sloping floor to outlet end at 1 in 200.

d) Maximum height above ground 5m (check with Planning Department
restriction).

e) Roof supported on columns to suit structural design.

a) Single feed pipe under reservoir and up through floor terminating in a
bell-mouth 150mm above floor level. Control inflow through valve on
inlet pipe with remote operation at distribution centre.

5.2.3.3 OVERFLOW AND WASHOUT
a) Overflow level at 100mm above top water level connected to outfall and
designed to be capable of passing maximum inflow. Washout at floor
level in bell-mouth and connected to same outfall. Washout usually
300mm diameter. The washout shall be installed at outlet end of
reservoir with a manual valve. The overflow shall have neither valve nor
other constriction

5.2.3.4 ACCESS

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a) Lockable covers.

b) Openings sufficient to afford suitable access for men and equipment and
over all pipe entries and exits to facilitate inspection.

c) Ladders at each access openings.

d) Staircase access to roof with hand railing.

5.2.3.5 VENTILATION
a) 150mm diameter pipe with integral deodoriser and mosquito mesh
provided for every 400m of roof.

5.2.3.6 WATER LEVEL INDICATION
a) Manometer tube 80mm diameter fixed to outside of reservoir wall with
flip-type colour indicators and relayed to distribution centre.

5.2.4 PIPEWORK
5.2.4.1 HYDRAULIC DESIGN
a) Design of Recycled Water mains should be based on equations such as
Manning, Colebrook-White and Hazen Williams. Pipe roughness factors
shall be as follows:

i. Manning n =0.0075
ii. Colebrook-White ks = 0.15mm (for velocity 1.1 to
1:8m/sec)
ks = 0.3mm (for velocity less than
1.1m/sec)
iii. Hazen Williams 140 for pipe diameters >500mm
135 for pipe diameters <500mm

b) Energy losses through fittings are given as equivalent pipe length ie
factor x pipe diameter, as given in Table 3.4.3, in Section 3 of the Design
Guide.

5.2.4.2 SURGE PROTECTION
a) To be based on:

i. Maximum velocity of flow of 1.1m/s.
ii. Balancing tank.
iii. Pressure relief valves.
iv. Maximum negative pressure of 1.0m water head.

5.2.4.3 SYSTEM LOSSES

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a) 12% system loss is to be allowed.

5.2.4.4 VALVE CHAMBERS
a) Isolation Valves

i. Valves shall be installed at strategic locations to enable isolation of
portions of the network.
ii. Valves shall be provided at cross connections between primary /
secondary mains and secondary distribution mains.
iii. Valves shall be provided at irrigation T-connection pipe.
iv. Maximum spacing shall be 500m in green areas.

b) Air Release Valves shall be installed at:

i. All high points.
ii. Changes in grade.
iii. Minimum 500m spacing.
iv. Selected locations to assist emptying the main.
c) Washout Valves

i. Washout facilities shall be installed at the low points.

5.2.4.5 FLOWMETERS
a) Flowmeters shall be provided at suitable locations to monitor
consumption and irrigation efficiencies.

5.2.4.6 OTHER FEATURES
a) Minimum Cover

i. Without protection 1.2m (depth to top of pipe)
ii. With protection 0.5m (depth to top of protection)

b) Pipe bedding: Refer to the standard drawings

c) Pipeline protection: Use of concrete slab, where required.

d) Thrust blocks.

i. Refer to the standard drawings.
ii. Check manufacturers recommendations for maximum bend without
restraint.
iii. Wherever possible, blocks shall take the form of a cradle wedged
against the undisturbed trench side and design based on the safe
bearing pressure of the ground.
iv. Piling may be required to achieve support from the ground at depth,
subject to results of soils investigation.
v. Arrangement should not impede flexibility or expansion.

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vi. Check for friction factor of safety 1.5, sliding factor of safety 2.0,
overturning factor of safety 2.0 and bearing capacity.

e) Marker Posts are to be provided at bends, features and crossings.

5.2.5 PUMPING STATIONS
Pumping stations for treated sewage effluent will be dry well (closed)
pumping stations, drawing Recycled Water from storage tanks / reservoirs.
The overall approach to Recycled Water pumping station design, general
layout and mechanical / electrical requirements is similar to sewage effluent
pumping stations and shall be as per Section 3.4. The major aspects that
can differ are:

a) The system between the reservoirs and the pumps is continuous without
a break to atmosphere. The suction head on the pipes shall be directly
related to the reservoir level.

5.2.5.2 INLET CONTROL
a) Pressure sensors / relays shall be installed on the suction side of the
pumps to signal the pumps to trip in the event of a set maximum
negative pressure being exceeded.

5.2.5.3 PUMP SELECTION
a) Double entry split casing type with double entry impellers are preferred.

b) Construction materials for the parts in contact with the effluent shall be
resistant to corrosion from the chlorine content.

5.2.5.4 OUTLET CONTROL
a) The design shall maintain a fixed pressure head to allow pump speed /
flow characteristics to develop.

b) Bypass line to the pressure control shall be provided with pressure
sustained by partial closure of a valve.

c) Pressure sensing / relays shall be installed on the delivery main.

END OF SECTION

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