XtraedgeAugust 2010

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 AUGUST 2010


"People with integrity do what they say they are going to do.
Others have excuses."
Rudyard Kipling, the celebrated English author and poet, once said, "We
have forty million reasons for failure, but not a single excuse." Yet today
we are literally inundated with a tidal wave of excuses from every
direction. In fact, it seems everyone has a reason, explanation or
justification for not doing what they were supposed to do.
Why do so many of us crank out one excuse after another for virtually
everything we fail to do? Well, for starters, excuses are easy. In fact,
they're way too easy. After all, making excuses doesn't require any effort
or commitment on our part. All we have to do is toss out excuse after
excuse and we feel we're off the hook, since the best excuses always
absolve us of any personal responsibility whatsoever.
While getting in the habit of making of excuses is easy, excuse making
doesn't get any of us anywhere close to where we want to go in life.
Sooner or later all of our years of excuses eventually catch up with us.
Before we realize it, the best of life has slipped away in a lazy, hazy, crazy
blur of excuses.
Ninety-nine percent of the failures come from people who have
the habit of making excuses. Hold yourself responsible for a
higher standard than anybody else expects of you, never excuse
yourself.
The person who really wants to do something invariably finds a way to get
it done. And for those who don't want to do something; well, one excuse
is just as good as another I suppose. What it all boils down to is simply
this: what kind of person do you really want to be? Do you want to make
excuses - or make something happen instead?
It's time to turn all of your excuses loose once and for all. Each and every
time you fall short, pick yourself up, learn from your mistakes and
immediately get going again. No complaining, no explaining and absolutely
no excuses allowed. You will find that the minute you stop making excuses
and start finding a way to get the job done, you'll start making your life
everything it could be and should be... and so much more.
Get rid of the excuses and you can get anywhere you've ever dreamed of
going.

Presenting forever positive ideas to your success.
Yours truly

Pramod Maheshwari,
B.Tech., IIT Delhi

Every effort has been made to avoid errors or
omission in this publication. In spite of this, errors
are possible. Any mistake, error or discrepancy
noted may be brought to our notice which shall be
taken care of in the forthcoming edition, hence any
suggestion is welcome. It is notified that neither the
publisher nor the author or seller will be
responsible for any damage or loss of action to any
one, of any kind, in any manner, there from.
No Portion of the magazine can be
published/ reproduced without the written
permission of the publisher

All disputes are subject to the exclusive
jurisdiction of the Kota Courts only.
Owned & Published by Pramod Maheshwari,
112, Shakti Nagar, Dadabari, Kota & Printed
by Naval Maheshwari, Published & Printed at
112, Shakti Nagar, Dadabari, Kota.

Editor : Pramod Maheshwari
WORRY IS A MISUSE OF IMAGINATION.
Volume - 6 Issue - 2
August , 2010 (Monthly Magazine)

Editorial / Mailing Office :
112-B, Shakti Nagar, Kota (Raj.) 324009
Tel. : 0744-2500492, 2500692, 3040000
e-mail : xtraedge@gmail.com
Editor :
Pramod Maheshwari
[B.Tech. IIT-Delhi]
Cover Design
Om Gocher, Govind Saini
Layout
Rajaram Gocher

Circulation & Advertisement
Ankesh Jain, Praveen Chandna

Ph (0744)- 3040000, 9001799502
Subscription
Sudha Jaisingh Ph. 0744-2500492, 2500692
Strictly reserved with the publishers

Editorial
Unit Price Rs. 20/-
Special Subscription Rates
6 issues : Rs. 100 /- [One issue free ]
12 issues : Rs. 200 /- [Two issues free]
24 issues : Rs. 400 /- [Four issues free]


Volume-6 Issue-2
August, 2010 (Monthly Magazine)

NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS

Much more IIT-JEE News.
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
Challenging Problems in Physics,, Chemistry & Maths
Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE- 2011 & 2012

S

Success Tips for the Months

" Always bear in mind that your own
resolution to succeed is more important
than any other thing."
"God gave us two ends. One to sit on and
one to think with. Success depends on
which one you use; head you win -- tails,
you lose."
"The ladder of success is best climbed by
stepping on the rungs of opportunity."
"Success is getting what you want.
Happiness is wanting what you get."
"The secret of success in life is for a man
to be ready for his opportunity when it
comes."
"I don't know the key to success, but the
key to failure is trying to please
everybody."
"The secret of success is to be in harmony
with existence, to be always calm to let
each wave of life wash us a little farther up
the shore."

CONTENTS

INDEX PAGE

NEWS ARTICLE 4
22-year-old becomes youngest IIT teacher
Delhi power firm, IIT tie-up to reduce power loss

IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 6
Prof. Mohit Renderia & Dr. Rajiv Laroia

KNOW IIT-JEE 7
Previous IIT-JEE Question

XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 54

Class XII IIT-JEE 2011 Paper
Class XI IIT-JEE 2012 Paper

Regulars ..........

DYNAMIC PHYSICS 14

8-Challenging Problems [Set# 4]
Students Forum
Physics Fundamentals
Capacitor - 2
Work power energy & Conservation Law

CATALYSE CHEMISTRY 30

Key Concept
Reaction Mechanism
Solid State
Understanding : Physical Chemistry

DICEY MATHS 43

Mathematical Challenges
Students Forum
Key Concept
Vector
Permutation & Combination

Study Time........
Test Time ..........

22-year-old becomes
youngest IIT teacher

MUMBAI: IITians often liken the
generation gap between themselves
and their teachers to that between
MS-DOS and Windows. This
semester, however, the students on
the Powai campus can look forward
to someone much closer to their
age: a physics teacher who has just
entered his 20s.
At 22, Tathagat Avatar Tulsi, who
has never studied in a classroom,
plans to ask his students how they
would want to be taught. "I have
never taught in a class. But I
believe I can come down to the
level of a student and help them
understand the subject," he said.
Having completed high school
when he was nine, his graduation
in science at 10, an MSc in Physics
at 12, and his PhD in Quantum
Computing from the Indian
Institute of Science (IISc),
Bangalore, at 21, Tulsi says he is
going to write to the Limca Book
of Records to include him as the
youngest faculty member in the
country. Having achieved a lot
pretty early in life, Tulsi may seem
like a young man in hurry, but he
has set a huge task for himself to
come up with an important
scientific discovery, which will
probably lead him to his ultimate
dream: to own that shining piece of
gold with Alfred Nobel on the
obverse.
The "wonder boy", who suffered
humiliation in August 2001 when a
delegation of scientists taken by
the department of science &
technology to Lindau in Germany
for an interaction with Nobel
laureates, suggested that he was
not a thinker, but a "fake prodigy"
who had "mugged up" theories.
Putting that behind, the Patna boy
will stay on the Powai campus in
the faculty quarters and work
towards achieving that dream.
That "not-so-distant" goal is
probably why Tulsi chose teaching
over a vocation. "I want to pursue
my research and at IIT-B, I will
have the leisure to continue my
research and one day set up a lab
focused on quantum computation
in our country." Going to foreign
shores is currently not on Tulsis
plans. He chose the Powai college
over Waterloo University, Canada,
and the Indian Institute of Science
Education & Research (IISER),
Bhopal, both of which had also
offered him teaching jobs.

Delhi power firm, IIT tie-
up to reduce power loss
New Delhi: The BSES Yamuna
Power Limited (BYPL) and the
Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT)-Delhi have come together to
improve the quality and reliability
of power supply by reducing
transmission and distribution
losses.
A memorandum of understanding
(MoU) was signed Monday
between BYPL CEO Ramesh
Narayanan and Anil Wali, managing
director, Foundation for
Innovation and Technology
Transfer (FITT) - a society
established by IIT-Delhi, to focus
on how to bring the next-level or
"SMART" technology to the power
distribution business and to keep
pace with technological innovations
taking place in the transmission
business.
Both BYPL and IIT-Delhi will
appoint one principal project
investigator each. The cost of the
projects will be borne by BYPL.
IANS.

Forests ministry teams
with IITs for Ganga
management plan

New Delhi: The Indian Institutes of
Technology (IIT), the premier
higher technical educational
institutions of the Ministry of
Human Resource Development
(HRD) have committed themselves
to the responsibility of
development of a management plan
of the Ganga river basin called the
National Ganga River Basin
Management Plan Project
(NGBRM).
Seven IITs have come together for
this purpose. The IITs have
accepted this societal challenge as
part of their response to the
present-day challenges of the
Indian society.
"It is required to ensure that the
flow of the river Ganga must be
continuous (Aviral Dhara), the
river must have longitudinal and
lateral connectivity, the river must
have adequate space for its various

functions and the river must not be
seen as a carrier of waste loads
(Nirmal Dhara)," stated an official
press release. The management
plan will outline the strategy and
the actions that need to be
undertaken for the maintenance
and restoration of the Ganga basin.
The management plan should take
into account the constraints of
population, urbanization,
industrialization and agriculture
activities.
The IITs will form several thematic
groups and each group will develop
a detailed outline for the
improvement of ecological health
of the basin system. Besides the
thematic groups, the IITs will also
integrate in a holistic manner, all
the issues into a comprehensive
management plan.
In order to develop this plan,
discussions will be held with local,
state and other agencies who have
to deal with the maintenance of
the basin system. The management
plan will also take into account the
experience of earlier attempts of
Ganga Action Plans. The HRD
ministry and the Ministry of
Environment & Forests are coming
together to support the initiatives
of the IITs. The work is estimated
to be carried out in a period of 18
months. The funding for this
project is estimated to be about
Rs.15 crores. An agreement has
been signed between the Directors
of seven IITs and the Ministry of
Environment & Forests in the
presence of Minister of State for
HRD, Kapil Sibal and Mister of
State for Environments and Forest,
Jairam Ramesh.
This initiative will involve not only
faculty and students of seven IITs
but will also take help from
experts from other institutes and
universities also.

IIT seeks robotic solution
in conflict
KOLKATA: A group of students
from IIT-Kharagpur is working on a
prototype of an Autonomous
Ground Vehicle (AGV) which, if it
proves successful, may be
developed by the Defence
Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) for use by
security agencies for Low-Intensity
Conflict (LIC).
The six-member IIT team has
bagged the first rank in Phase-I in
the Student Robot Competition,
2010, organised by DRDO. As
many as 240 colleges and institutes
from across the country
participated in the first phase of
the contest, where third- and
fourth-year students were asked to
design an Autonomous Ground
Vehicle for Low Intensity Conflict'.
Only 14 teams were shortlisted for
Phase-II. Among the entries from
the east, the Indian School of
Mines team from Dhanbad was
ranked fourth. The National
Institute of Technology, Rourkela,
ranked 14th.
"Participants were told that the
AGV will be a combat vehicle of
the future and assigned tasks that a
conventional manned vehicle
cannot perform. These are
basically autonomous robots to be
used by security agencies engaged
in LIC in urban and unstructured
environments. These robots would
be used in LIC and Explosive
Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
programmes in undesirable,
hazardous and potentially life-
threatening environments," said a
senior DRDO official.
The AGV would have to be armed
with sensors, software and other
equipment to help it negotiate
harsh terrain, identify and
designate targets, engage and
neutralise them. The vehicle would
also have to detect minefields and
neutralise them. In short, the AGV
would be an autonomous off-road
robotic platform that would
navigate rough terrain and avoid
natural and man-made obstacles in
the shortest possible time.
According to the team of experts
who judged the entries, the IIT-
Kharagpur team, comprising Nalin
Gupta, Sarbartha Banerjee,
Subhagato Dutta, Rahul Das,
Anindita Bhattacharya and A
Srinivas Reddy submitted an
excellent design. Officials are
waiting to find out how the
prototype performs.
"The idea of the competition is to
harness the innovative ideas of our
student community to the National
Robotics Program of India. The
demands made from the
participants are enormous. The
robot will have to complete a
closed loop obstacle course of 500
metres within an anticipated time
of 20 minutes, using autonomous
navigation. For the first 350
metres, the robot would have to
navigate with the help of lane-
following' by colour detection.
While doing this, it would have to
avoid static positive obstacles,
cross over slopes, staircases and
corrugations. It would have to
navigate the remaining 150 metres
with the help of GPS waypoints.
Maximum width of the robot
would have to be 1 metre,
maximum speed of 10 km per hour
and minimum turning radius of 5
metres. It would have to carry an
additional payload of 10 kg. The
robot would have to be self-
powered in all respects," the
official said. In Phase-I, teams
submitted designs with system
configuration details. In the next
phase, the selected teams would
have to build a prototype and
make it perform before the judges.
Initially, 10 teams were supposed
to be shortlisted for Phase-II.
Given the nature of the papers
submitted, it was finally decided to
shortlist 14. Each team received a
cash award of Rs 1,00,000.
The teams are now busy building
their prototypes. The final
competition will be held at the
Combat Vehicles Research and
Development Establishment
(CVRDE), Chennai, between
September 27-29, where the
prototypes would be tried out.


Prof. Mohit Randeria received his Bachelors Degree in
Electrical Engineering from IIT Delhi in 1980. He
obtained M.S. Degree from the California Institute of
Technology, USA in 1982 and Ph.D. Degree from Cornell
University, USA in 1987.
Prof. Mohit Randeria is presently Professor of Physics at
the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. Prof.
Randeria started his academic career as an Assistant
Professor of Physics at SUNY Stony Brook in 1989, after a
few years of post-doctoral work at Cornell and Illinois.
He then joined the Argonne National Lab in Illinois as a
Staff Scientist in the Materials Science Division, and after
four years there, resumed his academic career at the Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai in
1995. He spent nine years in the Theoretical Physics
Department at TIFR as Reader, Associate Professor, and
Professor. Since 2004, he has been a Professor of Physics
at Ohio State University. Prof. Randeria is an acknowledged
expert in the area of Theoretical Condensed Matter
Physics. His research interests are focused, at present, on
high temperature superconductivity, strongly correlated
systems, and ultra-cold atomic gases.
Prof. Randeria is the author of over hundred research
papers in Condensed Matter Physics. He is the recipient
of a prize in Condensed Matter Physics, awarded in
honour of Nobel Laureate Phillip Anderson by the
International Center of Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
in 2002. He has also been awarded the Swarnajayanti
Fellowship in 1998, the B.M. Birla Science prize in 1999,
the S.S. Bhatnagar Award in 2002, and the George A.
Miller Visiting Professorship at University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign in 2002-2003.
In honouring Prof. Mohit Randeria, IIT Delhi recognizes
the outstanding contributions made by him as a
Researcher and Scientist. Through his achievements, Prof.
Mohit Randeria has brought glory to the name of the
Institute.

Dr. Rajiv Laroia received his Bachelors Degree in
Electrical Engineering from IIT Delhi in 1985. He
obtained his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from
University of Maryland, College Park in 1992.
Dr. Laroia is presently Senior Vice President of
Technology at Qualcomm, USA. Dr. Laroia joined
Siemens Research Labs in Munich, Germany after
graduating from IIT Delhi. In 1992, he joined AT&T Bell
Labs after obtaining his Ph.D. In 2000, Dr. Laroia founded
Flarion Technologies, a venture backed company to
develop and commercialize a novel all-IP mobile wireless
broadband technology. He served as the CTO of Flarion
and in that role provided the vision and led the
development of technology and products for the
company. In 2006, Flarion was acquired by the wireless
technology giant Qualcomm, where he currently serves as
Senior Vice President (Technology).
Dr. Laroia is one of the worlds leading researchers and
innovators in the field of communication. He holds more
than 50 patents and has more than 100 others pending. His
early research focused on wire-line communication. He has
significant technology contributions to V.34 and V.90
International Standards for sending data over telephone lines.
The technology he invented is used in virtually all dial-up
modems in the world.
Since 1997, Dr. Laroia has been working in the field of
mobile wireless communication. The technology he and
his team developed at Flarion is now incorporated in all
three major next generation international wireless
standards UMTS LTE, UMB and Wimax. Dr. Laroia has
won numerous industry awards. In 2006, he was inducted
to the Innovation Hall of Fame at the University of
Maryland. He is a fellow of the IEEE. In honouring Dr.
Rajiv Laroia, IIT Delhi recognizes the outstanding
contributions made by him as an Entrepreneur and
Technologist. Through his achievements, Dr. Rajiv Laroia
has brought glory to the name of this Institute.

Success Story
Success Story
This articles contains stories of persons who have succeed after graduation from different IIT's

Dr. Rajiv Laroia
B.Tech., IIT Delhi


PHYSICS

1. A small body attached to one end of a vertically
hanging spring is performing SHM about it's mean
position with angular frequency and amplitude a. If
at a height y* from the mean position, the body gets
detached from the spring calculate the value of y* so
that the height H attained by the mass is maximum.
The body does not interact with the spring during it's
subsequent motion after detachment. (a
2
> g)
[IIT-2005]

m
y
0

Sol. The total energy of the spring-mass system at any
position of mass above the mean position is the sum
of the follows.
(a) Gravitation potential energy of mass
(b) Kinetic energy of mass
(c) Elastic potential of spring.
The mass will reach the highest point when its
mechanical energy [Sum of (a) and (b)] is maximum.
This is possible when elastic potential energy of
system is zero.
The mass should detach when the spring is at its
natural length.
Let L = Natural length of spring when mass m is
hanging at equilibrium the

K
mg

l
Kl

L L
Mean Position
of oscillation

mg = kl ; l =
k
mg

y =
k
mg

y =
2
g
[Q K = m
2
]
where
2
g
< a (given)
2. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken round
the cyclic process ABCA as shown in figure.
Calculate. [IIT-1998]
B
C A
2V
0
V
0

P
3P
0
P
0

(a) the work done by the gas.
(b) the heat rejected by the gas in the path CA and the
heat absorbed by the gas in the path AB;
(c) the net heat absorbed by the gas in the path BC;
(d) the maximum temperature attained by the gas
during the cycle.
Sol. n = 1 = no. of moles, For monoatomic gas :
C
p
=
2
R 5
, C
v
=
2
R 3

Cyclic process
A B Isochoric process
C A Isobaric compression
(a) Work done = Area of closed curve ABCA during
cyclic process. i.e. ABC
W =
2
1
base height =
2
1
V
0
2P
0
= P
0
V
0

(b) Heat rejected by the gas in the path CA during
Isobaric compression process
Q
CA
= nC
p
T = 1 (5R/2)(T
A
T
C
)
T
C
=
R I
V P 2
0 0
, T
A
=
R I
V P
0 0
,
Q
CA
=
(

R
V P 2
R
V P
2
R 5
0 0 0 0
=
2
5
P
0
V
0

Heat absorbed by the gas on the path AB during
Isochoric process
Q
AB
= nC
v
T = 1 (3R/2) (T
B
T
A
)
=
(
R 1
V P
R 1
V P 3
2
R 3
0 0 0 0
= 3P
0
V
0

(c) As U = 0 in cyclic process, hence
Q = W
Q
AB
+ Q
CA
+ Q
BC
= W,
Q
BC
= P
0
V
0

2
V P
0 0
=
2
V P
0 0

As net heat is absorbed by the gas during path BC,
temp. will reach maximum between B and C.
KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions

(d) Equation for line BC
P =
(
0
0
V
P 2
V + 5P
0
, As PV = RT hence,
P =
V
RT
[For one mole] [as y = mx + c]
RT =
0
0
V
P 2
V
2
+ 5P
0
V ...(1)
For maximum;
dV
dT
= 0,
0
0
V
P 2
2V + 5P
0
= 0;
V =
4
V 5
0
...(2)
Hence from equation (1) and (2)
RT
max
=
0
0
V
P 2

2
0
4
V 5
|
.
|
\
|
+ 5P
0
|
.
|
\
|
4
V 5
0

= 2P
0
V
0

16
25
+
4
V P 25
0 0
=
8
25
P
0
V
0

T
max
=
8
25
R
V P
0 0

3. Two isolated metallic solid spheres of radii R and 2R
are charged such that both of these have same charge
density . The spheres ares are located far away from
each other, and connected by a thin conducting wire.
Find the new charge density on the bigger sphere.
[IIT-1996]
Sol.

R
2R
q
2

q
1

V
q'
2

q'
1

V
Connecting
Wire

For sphere of radius R =
2
1
R 4
q

q
1
= 4R
2

For sphere of radius 2R =
2
2
) R 2 ( 4
q

q
2
= 16R
2

When the two spheres are connected then the
potential on the two spheres will be same. There will
be a rearrangement of charge for this to happen.
Let q
1
' and q
2
' be the new charges on the two spheres.
Since the total charge remains the same
q'
1
+ q'
2
= q
1
+ q
2
= 20 R
2
...(1)
Also Since V
1
= V
2

0
4
1
R
' q
1
=
0
2
1
R 2
' q
2

q
1
' =
2
' q
2
. ..(2)
Substituting the value of q
1
' from (2) in (1)

2
' q
1
+ q
2
' = 20 R
2

2
' q 3
2
= 20 R
2

2
2
) R 2 ( 4
' q
=
3

2
5

New charge density on bigger sphere
=
2
2
) R 2 ( 4
' q
=
6
5

4. In the given circuit
E
1
= 3E
2
= 2E
3
= 6 volts ; R
1
= 2R
4
= 6 ohms
R
3
= 2R
2
= 4 ohms ; C = 5F
Find the current in R
3
and the energy stored in the
capacitor. [IIT-1988]
R
1
R
2
R
3

E
1

E
3
R
4

E
2
C

Sol. R1 = 6
R2 = 2
R3 = 4
E1 = 6V
E3 = 3V
R4 = 4
G
A
5F = C
E
F
2V = E2
i2
i2
i2+i1
i1
i2
B
D C

Applying Kirchoff's law in ABFGA
6 (i
1
+ i
2
) 4 = 0 (1)
Applying Kichoff's law in BCDEFB
I
2
3 3 2 + 2i
2
+ (i
2
+ i
1
) 4 = 0 (2)
Putting the value of 4 (i
1
+ i
2
) = 6 in (2)
3i
2
5 + 2i
2
+ 6 = 0
i
2
=
5
1
A
Sybstituting this value in (i) we get
i
1
= 1.5 |
.
|
\
|
5
1
= 1.7 A
Therefore current in
R
3
= i
1
+ i
2
= 1.7 0.2 = 1.5 A
To find the p.d. across the capacitor
V
E
2 0.2 2 = V
G

V
E
V
G
= 2.4 V
Energy stored in capacitor =
2
1
CV
2

=
2
1
5 10
6
(2.4)
2

= 1.44 10
5
J

5. A wire loop carrying a current I is placed in the x-y
plane as shown in figure. [IIT-1991]
x
y
O
v
M
+Q
P
a
120
N
I

(a) If a particle with charge +Q and mass m is placed
at the centre P and given a velocity
V along NP (see
figure), find its instantaneous acceleration.
(b) If an external uniform magnetic induction field
B = Bi
is applied, find the force and the torque

acting on the loop due to this field.
Sol. (a) Magnetic field at the centre P due to arc of circle,
Subtending an angle of 120 at centre would be :

x
y
M
+Q
P
a
60
N
I
60
a
r
x
y
60
v

B
1
=
3
1
(field dut to circle) =
3
1
|
.
|
\
|
a 2
I
0

= |
.
|
\
|
a 6
I
0
(outwards) =
a
I 16 . 0
0
(outwards)
or 1 B
=
a
I 16 . 0
0
k

Magnetic field due to straight wire NM at P :
B
2
=
4
0
r
I
(sin 60 + sin 60)
Here, r = a cos 60
B
2
=
4
0
60 cos a
I
(2 sin 60)
or B
2
=
a
I
2
tan 60 =
a
I 27 . 0
0
(inwards)
or 2 B
=
a
I 27 . 0
0
k

net
B =
1
B +

2
B =
a
I 11 . 0
0
k

Now, velocity of particle can be written as,

v = v cos 60 i
+ v sin 60 j
=
2
v
i
+
2
v 3
j

Magnetic force

m
F = Q(
B )
=
a 2
IQv 11 . 0
0
j
a 2
IQv 3 11 . 0
0

Instantaneous acceleration

a =
m
F
m
=
am 2
IQv 11 . 0
0
) i
3 j
(
(b) In uniform magnetic field, force on a current loop
is zero. Further, magnetic dipole moment of the loop
will be,
M=(IA) k

Here, A is the area of the loop.
A =
3
1
(a
2
)
2
1
[2 a sin 60] [a cos 60]
=
3
a
2

2
a
2
sin 120 = 0.61 a
2

M=(0.61 Ia
2
) k
Given,
B = Bi
B = (0.61 Ia
2
B) j

CHEMISTRY

6. A sample of hard water contains 96 ppm of SO
4
2
and
183 ppm of HCO
3
with 60 ppm of Ca
2+
as the only
cation. How many moles of CaO will be required to
remove HCO
3
2
from 100 kg of this water ? If 1000
kg of this water is treated with the amount of CaO
calculated above, what will be the concentration (in
ppm) of residual Ca
2+
ions ? (Assume CaCO
3
to be
completely insoluble in water). If the Ca
2+
ions in one
litre of the treated water are completely exchanged
with hydrogen ions, what will be its pH ? (one ppm
means one part of the substance in one million part of
water, mass/mass) [IIT-1997]
Sol. In 10
6
g(= 1000 kg) of the given hard water, we have
amount of SO
4
2
ions = 96 g
amount of HCO
3
ions = 183 g
So amount of SO
4
2
ions =
1
mol g 96
g 96
= 1 mol
and amount of HCO
3
ions =
1
mol g 61
g 183
= 3 mol
These ions are present as CaSO
4
and Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
Hence, amount of Ca
2+
ions = |
.
|
\
|
+
2
3
1 = 2.5 mol
The addition of CaO causes the following reactions:
CaO + Ca(HCO
3
)
2
2CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
1.5 mol of CaO will be required for the removal of
1.5 mol of Ca(HCO
3
)
2
in form of CaCO
3
.
In the treated water, only CaSO
4
is present now.
Thus, 1 mol of Ca
2+
ions will be present in 10
6
g of
water. Hence, its concentration will be 40 ppm.

Molarity of Ca
2+
ions in the treated water will be 10
3

mol l
1
.
If the Ca
2+
ions are exchanged by H
+
ions then,
Molartiy of H
+
in the treated water = 2 10
3
M
Thus, pH = log(2 10
3
) = 2.7

7. The vapour pressure of ethanol and methanol are 44.5
mm and 88.7 mm Hg respectively. An ideal solution
is formed at the same temperature by mixing 60 g of
ethanol and 40 g of methanol. Calculate the total
vapour pressure of the solution and the mole fraction
of methanol in the vapour. [IIT-1986]
Sol. Given that,
For ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH),
0
e
P = 44.5 mm Hg
M(C
2
H
5
OH) = 2 12 + 5 1 + 1 16 + 1 1 = 46
m(C
2
H
5
OH) = 60 g
Moles of ethanol, n
e
=
M
m
=
46
60
= 1.3
For methanol (CH
3
OH),
0
m
P = 88.7 mm Hg
M(CH
3
OH) = 1 12 + 3 1 + 1 16 + 1 1 = 32
m(CH
3
OH) = 40 g
Moles of methanol, n
m
=
M
m
=
32
40
= 1.25
x
e
=
m e
e
n n
n
+
=
25 . 1 3 . 1
3 . 1
+
=
55 . 2
3 . 1

x
m
=
m e
m
n n
n
+
=
25 . 1 3 . 1
25 . 1
+
=
55 . 2
25 . 1

According to Raoult's law,
P
e
=
0
e
P x
e
=
55 . 2
3 . 1 5 . 44
= 22.69 mm Hg
and P
m
=
0
m
P x
m
=
55 . 2
25 . 1 7 . 88
= 43.48 mm Hg
Hence, total vapour pressure of the solution,
P
T
= P
e
+ P
m

= 22.69 + 43.48 = 66.17 mm Hg
According to Dalton's law,
P
m
= P
T
x
m
(in vapour form)
Hence, mole fraction of methanol in vapour form,
x
m
=
T
m
P
P
=
17 . 66
48 . 43
= 0.66

8. An alkyl halide X, of formula C
6
H
13
Cl on treatment
with potassium t-butoxide gives two isomeric alkenes
Y and Z(C
6
H
12
). Both alkenes on hydrogenation give
2, 3-dimethyl butane. Predict the structures of X, Y
and Z. [IIT-1996]
Sol. The alkyl halide X, on dehydrohalogenation gives
two isomeric alkenes.

X
13 6
Cl H C
HCl ;
butoxide t K

12 6
H C
Z Y+
Both, Y and Z have the same molecular formula
C
6
H
12
(C
n
H
2n
). Since, both Y and Z absorb one mol of
H
2
to give same alkane 2, 3-dimethyl butane, hence
they should have the skeleton of this alkane.
Y and Z (C
6
H
12
)
Ni
H
2

CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
3

CH
3
2,3-dimethyl butane

The above alkane can be prepared from two alkenes
CH
3
C = C CH
3
CH
3 CH
3
2,3-dimethyl
butene-2
(Y)
and CH
3
CH C = CH
2
CH
3

CH
3
2,3-dimethyl
butene-1
(Z)

The hydrogenation of Y and Z is shown below :

CH
3
C = C CH
3
CH
3 CH
3
(Y)
H2
Ni
CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
3 CH
3

CH
3
CH C = CH
2
CH
3 CH
3
(Z)
H2
Ni
CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
3 CH
3

Both, Y and Z can be obtained from following alkyl
halide :
CH
3
C CH CH
3
CH
3 CH
3
2-chloro-2,3-dimethyl butane
(X)
K-t-butoxide
; HCl
CH
2
= C CH CH
3

CH
3 CH
3
Cl
+ CH
3
C = C CH
3
CH
3 CH
3
(Z) 20% (Y) 80%

Hence, X,

CH
3
C CH CH
3

CH
3 CH
3

Cl

Y,
CH
3
C = C CH
3

CH
3
CH
3

Z,
CH
3
CH C = CH
2

CH
3 CH
3

9. An organic compound (X), C
5
H
8
O, does not react
appreciably with Lucas reagent at room temperatures
but gives a precipitate with ammonical AgNO
3

solution. With excess CH
3
MgBr; 0.42 g of (X) gives
224 ml of CH
4
at STP. Treatment of (X) with H
2
in
the presence of Pt catalyst followed by boiling with
excess HI gives n-pentane. Suggest structure of (X)
and write the equations involved. [IIT-1992]
Sol. Lucas test sensitive test for the distinction of p, s, and
t-alcohol. A t-alcohol gives cloudiness immediately,
while s-alcohol within 5 minutes. A p-alcohol does
not react with the reagent at room temperature. Thus,
the present compound (X) does not react with this
reagent, hence it is a p-alcohol.

(X) = C
4
H
6
.CH
2
OH(p-alcohol)
Since the compound gives a ppt. with ammonical
AgNO
3
, hence it is an alkyne containing one
C CH, thus (X) may be written as :
HCC C
2
H
4
CH
2
OH (X)
It is given that 0.42 g of the compound (which is
0.005 mol) produces 22.4 ml of CH
4
at STP (which is
0.01 mol) with excess of CH
3
MgBr. This shows that
the compound (X) contains two active H atoms (H
atom attached to O, S, N and CCH is called
active). Of these, one is due to the p-alcoholic group
(CH
2
OH) and the other is due to the CCH bond,
since both these groups are present in (X), hence it
evolves two moles of CH
4
on reaction with
CH
3
MgBr.
H CC.
) X (
4 2
H C CH
2
OH + 2CH
3
MgBr
BrMgCCC
2
H
4
CH
2
OMgBr + 2CH
4

Moreover, the treatment of (X) with H
2
/Pt followed
by boiling with excess of HI gives n-pentane
(remember that 2HI are required to convert one
CH
2
OH into CH
3
). This shows that the compound
(X) contains a straight chain of five carbon atoms.
H CCC
2
H
4
CH
2
OH
Pt / H 2
2

CH
3
CH
2
.C
2
H
4
CH
2
OH

HI 2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
+ H
2
O + I
2

n-pentane
On the basis of abvoe analytical facts (X) has the
structure :

HCC.CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH (X)
5 4 3 2 1
4-pentyne-1-ol

The different equations of (X) are :

) X (
2 2 2
OH CH CH CH C C H
. temp Room
HCl ZnCl
2

+
No reaction

AgNO
3

Ag CC CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH + NH
4
NO
3
White ppt.
NH
3
2CH
3
MgBr
Br MgCC.CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OMgBr + 2CH
4

2H
2
/Pt
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH
Pentanol-1
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

n-pentane
2 HI
, H
2
O; I
2

The production of 2 moles of CH
4
is confirmed as the
reactions give 224 ml of CH
4
.
Q 84 g(X) gives = 2 22.4 litre CH
4

0.42 g (X) gives =
84
42 . 0 4 . 22 2

= 224 ml of CH
4

10. Compound (X) on reduction with LiAlH
4
gives a
hydride (Y) containing 21.72% hydrogen along with
other products. The compound (Y) reacts with air
explosively resulting in boron trioxide. Identify (X)
and (Y). Give balanced reactions involved in the
formation of (Y) and its reaction with air. Draw the
structure of (Y).
Sol. Since B
2
O
3
is formed by reaction of (Y) with air, (Y)
therefore should be B
2
H
6
in which % of hydrogen is
21.72. The compound (X) on reduction with LiAlH
4

gives B
2
H
6
. Thus it is boron trihalide. The reactions
are shown as:

) X (
3
BX 4 + 3LiAlH
4

) Y (
6 2
H B 2 + 3LiX + 3AlX
3

(X = Cl or Br)

) Y (
6 2
H B + 3O
2
B
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O + heat
Structure of B
2
H
6
is as follows:
B
H
t
B
H
t
H
t
H
t
H
b
H
b
or

B
H
t
H
t
H
b
H
b
B
H
t
H
t
121.5
1.33

97
1.19
1.77

Thus, the diborane molecule has four two-centre-two
electron bonds (2c-2e
bonds) also called usual bonds

and two three-centre-two-electron bonds (3c-2e

bonds) also called banana bonds. Hydrogen attached
to usual and banana bonds are called H
t
(terminal H)
and H
b
(bridged H) respectively

MATHEMATICS

11. Find the values of a and b so that the function
f(x) =
<
+
+
x 2 / , x sin b x 2 cos a
2 / x 4 / , b x cot x 2
4 / x 0 , x sin 2 a x

is continuous for 0 x [IIT-1989]
Sol. As, f(x) is continuous for 0 x
R.H.L. |
.
|
\
|
=
4
x at = L.H.L. |
.
|
\
|
=
4
x at
|
.
|
\
|
+

b
4
cot
4
. 2 = |
.
|
\
|
+
4
sin . 2 a
4

2
+ b =
4
+ a

a b =
4
....(i)
also, R.H.L |
.
|
\
|
=
2
x at = L.H.L |
.
|
\
|
=
2
x at
|
.
|
\
|
2
sin b
2
2
cos a = |
.
|
\
|
+

b
2
cot .
2
. 2
a b = b
a + 2b = 0 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), a =
2
3
and b =
4
3

12. Find
dx
dy
at x = 1, when

x
2
sin
) y (sin

+
2
3
sec
1
(2x) + 2
x
tan ln (x + 2) = 0
[IIT-1991]
Sol. Here,

x
2
sin
) y (sin

+
2
3
sec
1
(2x) + 2
x
tan (log (x + 2)) = 0
Differentiating both sides, we get

x
2
sin
) y (sin

. log(sin y) . cos
2
x .
2

+ |
.
|
\
|
x
2
sin
1 x
2
sin
) y (sin
|
.
|
\
|
. cos y .
dx
dy

+
2 x 4 |) x | 2 (
2
.
2
3
2
+
) 2 x (
)) 2 x (log( sec . 2
2 x
+
+

+ 2
x
log 2 . tan (log(x + 2)) = 0
putting,
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
3
y , 1 x , we get

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
, 1
dx
dy
=
2
2
3
1
3
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
3
2

13. ABC is a triangle such that
sin(2A + B) = sin(C A) = sin(B + 2C) =
2
1

If A, B and C are in Arithmetic Progression,
determine the values of A, B and C. [IIT-1990]
Sol. Given that in ABC, A, B and C are in A.P.
A + C = 2B
also A + B + C = 180
B = 60
Also given that,
sin (2A + B) = sin (C A) = sin (B + 2C) = ...(1)
sin (2A + 60) = sin (C A) = sin (60 + 2C) =
2
1

2A + 60 = 30, 150
{neglecting 30, as not possible}
2A + 60 = 150
A = 45
again from (1), sin (60 + 2c) = 1/2
60 + 2C = 210, 330
C = 75 or 135
Also from (1) sin (C A) =
C A = 30, 150, 195
for A = 45, C = 75 and C = 195 (not possible)
C = 75
Hence, A = 45, B = 60, C = 75
14. If exp {(sin
2
x + sin
4
x + sin
6
x + ...... ). ln 2} satisfies
the equation x
2
9x + 8 = 0, find the value of
x sin x cos
x cos
+
, 0 < x <
2
. [IIT-1991]
Sol. exp {(sin
2
x + sin
4
x + sin
6
x + ...... ) log
e
2

2 log .
x sin 1
x sin
e
2
2
e

x
2
tan
e
2 log
e

x tan
2
2 satisfy x
2
9x + 8 = 0 x = 1, 8

x tan
2
2 = 1 and
x tan
2
2 = 8
tan
2
x = 0 and tan
2
x = 3
x = n and tan
2
x =
2
3
tan |
.
|
\
|

and x = n
3

Neglecting x = n as 0 < x <
2

x =
3
|
.
|
\
|
2
, 0

x sin x cos
x cos
+
=
2
3
2
1
2
1
+
=
3 1
1
+
1 3
1 3
=
2
1 3

x sin x cos
x cos
+
=
2
1 3

15. Find the value of : cos (2 cos
1
x + sin
1
x) at x =
5
1
,
where 0 cos
1
x and /2 sin
1
x /2
[IIT-1981]
Sol. cos{2cos
1
x + sin
1
x}
= cos
)
`
2
x cos
1
, as cos
1
x + sin
1
x =
2

= sin(cos
1
x )
= sin(sin
1

2
x 1 )
= sin
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
5
1
1 sin
= sin
|
|
.
|
\
|

5
6 2
sin
1
=
5
6 2



1. In the circuit shown in figure F 2 C C
2 1
= = .
Then charge stored in (steady state)

C1 C2
2 1 3
120 V
1 2 3

(A) capacitor C
1
is zero
(B) capacitor C
2
is zero
(C) both capacitors is zero
(D) capacitor C
1
is C 40

Passage # (Q. No. 2 to Q. No. 4)
A charged metal sheet is placed into uniform
electric field E, perpendicularly to the electric
field
lines. After placing the
sheet into the field, the
electric field on the left
side of the sheet will be
E
1
= 5.6 10
5
V/m and
on the right it will be
E
2
= 3.1 10
5
V/m.

Q. 2 Find the total charge of the sheet if a electric force
of 0.08N is exerted on it
(A) C 28 . 0 (B) C 32 . 0
(C) C 24 . 0 (D) C 38 . 0

Q. 3 Find the area of sheet of one side
(A) 0.02m
2
(B) 0.03m
2
(C) 0.04 m
2
(D) 0.05 m
2

Q. 4 Find the value of E
(A) 2.5 10
4
V/m (B) 12.5 10
4
V/m
(C) 3.5 10
4
V/m (D) 8.7 10
4
V/m

Q. 5 A capacitor consists of two parallel metal plate of
area A separated by a distance d. A dielectric slab
of area A, thickness b & dielectric constant K is
placed inside the capacitor. If C
K
is the
capacitance of capacitor with dielectric. How
much K and b are restricted so that C
K
= 2C,
where C is capacitance without dielectric
(A) d b
3
d
&
d b 2
b 4
K <
=
(B) d b
2
d
&
d b 2
b 2
K <
=
(C) d 2 b
2
d
&
d b 2
b 2
K
=
(D) d b
4
d
&
d b 2
b 2
K
=

Q. 6 In the circuit shown in figure

S1 S1
1 2 3 10V
20V i

(A) i = 2.5A when S
1
is closed and S
2
is open
(B) A
3
20
i = when S
1
is open and S
2
is closed
(C) A
3
5
i = when S
1
and S
2
both are open
(D) i = 20A when both S
1
and S
2
are closed

Q. 7 A charged particle of unit mass and unit charge
moves with velocity s / m ) j 6 i 8 ( v

+ = in a
magnetic field of T k 2 B

= . Choose the correct
alternative(s)
(A) The path of the particle may be
x
2
+ y
2
4x 24 = 0
(B) The path of the particle may be x
2
+ y
2
= 25
(D) The time period of the particle will be 3.14s

Q. 8 In the diagram
shown, the
wires P
1
Q
1
and
P
2
Q
2
are made
to slide on the
rails with same
speed of 5m/s. In this region a magnetic field of
1T exists. The electric current in 9 resistor is
(A) zero if both wires slide towards left
(B) zero if both wires slide in opposite direction
(C) 20mA if both wires move towards left
(D) 20mA if both wires move in opposite direction

This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems
and enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Dev Sharma
Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Physics Challenging Problems
Sol ut i ons wi l l be publ i shed i n next i ssue
Set # 4

E
1
E
2

P1 P2
9
Q1 Q2
2 2

4 cm


1. [A,C]
) e 1 (
R
E
I
/ t
=

E and R is constant.
,
R
L
=
if L increases then

will increase hence the curve will shift towards
right if E and R are halved then
will increase
hence the curve will shift towards right.

2. [B,C] (Moderate) As the length is double, the cross
section area of the wire becomes half, thus the
resistance of the wire
A
L
R =
becomes four
times the previous value. Hence after the wire is
elongated the current becomes one fourth.
Electric field is potential difference per unit
length and hence becomes half the initial value.
The power delivered to resistance is
R
V
p
2
=
and
hence becomes one fourth.

3. [A,B,C]
Charge is distributed over the surface of
conductor in such a way that net field due to the
charge and outside charge q is zero inside. Field
due to only q is non-zero.

4. [A] R
R R
R . R
R
V
V
A
<
+
=

5. [A] R R R R
G B
> + =

6. [A] (Tough)% error in case A
100 1
R R
R
100
R
R R
V
V A
+
=

% 1 100
R R
R
V
=
+
=
%error in case B
% 10 100
R
R
100
R
R R
G B
= =

Hence percentage error in circuit B is more than
that in A.

7. [D] Order of the fringe can be counted on either side
of the central maximum for example fringe no. 3
is first order bright fringe.
8. [C]

Solution
Physics Challenging Problems
Set # 3
8
Quest i ons were Publ i shed i n Jul y Issue

In late 2001, Associated Press reported,
"NASA might allow McDonald's to put its logo
on the international space station galley in
exchange for McDonald's promoting space
exploration to kids". Err...Mine's a Big Mac
Please.
A 10 pound sack of flour on the moon would
bake six times as much bread as a sack
weighing 10 pounds on earth.
The Comets that pass close to the Sun
originally came from one of two places; either
the Oort Cloud or the Kuiper Belt.
Approximately a dozen 'new' Comets are
discovered every year. Because they are so far
from the Sun, the Comets in the Oort Cloud
take over 1 million years to make a single
revolution around the Sun.
There are stars as much as 400,000 brighter
than the sun and others as much as 400,000
time fainter if they could all be seen at the
same distance.
A pulsar is a small star made up of neutrons so
densely packed together that if one the size of
a silver dollar landed on Earth, it would weigh
approximately 100 million tons.
An exploding supernova can outshine an entire
galaxy of stars.
There are 17 bodies in the solar system whose
radius is greater than 1000 km.
Over 90 per cent of the Universe consists of
invisible 'dark matter'.
In 1719 Mars was closer to Earth than it would
be until the year 2003.
By 2100, in the absence of emissions control
policies, carbon dioxide concentrations are
projected to be 30-150% higher than today's
levels.


1. A block B of mass m = 0.5 kg is attached
with upper end of a vertical spring of
force constant K = 1000 Nm
1
as shown
in Figure. Another identical block A falls
from a height h = 49.5 cm on the block B
and gets stuck with it. The combined body
starts to perform vertical oscillations.
Calculate amplitude of these oscillations.
(g = 10 ms
2
)

Sol. Since block A falls freely under gravity through a
height h before colliding with block B, therefore, its
velocity just before collision is v
0
= gh 2 .
Let velocity of combined body just after collision be
v.
Applying law of conservation of momentum for
collision,
2mv = mv
0
or v =
2
v
0
=
2
1
gh 2
Since, before collision, block B was in static
equilibrium, therefore, compressive force in spring
was exactly equal to its weight.
Suppose, initially spring was compressed through
y
0
, then
Ky
0
= mg or y
0
=
K
mg

Hence, initial strain energy in spring,
U
0
=
2
1
Ky
0
2
=
K 2
g m
2 2

After collision, combined body starts to move
vertically downward due to velocity v. Therefore,
spring is further compressed. Let maximum
contraction of spring be y.
Then according to law of conservation of energy,
Maximum strain energy in spring = initial strain
energy U
0

+ kinetic energy of combined body just after collision
+ further loss of potential energy of combined body.

2
1
Ky
2
=
K 2
g m
2 2
+
2
1
(2m) v
2
+ 2mg (y y
0
)
or
2
1
Ky
2
2mgy +
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2 2
0
mv
K 2
g m
mgy 2 = 0
or 500 y
2
10y 1.2 = 0
From above equation y = + .6 or .04
It means during vertical oscillations of combined
body, its lowest position corresponds to a
contraction of 0.06 m or 6 cm of spring and
uppermost position corresponds to an elongation of
0.04 m or 4 cm of the spring.
Distance between these two extreme positions is 2a
= (6 + 4) cm
Or amplitude of oscillations, a = 5 cm Ans.

2. Two identical blocks A and B of mass m = 3 kg are
attached with ends of an ideal spring of force
constant K = 2000 Nm
1
and rest over a smooth
horizontal floor. Another identical block C moving
with velocity v
0
= 0.6 ms
1
as shown in fig. strikes
the block A and gets stuck to it. Calculate for
subsequent motion
(i) velocity of centre of mass of the system,
(ii) frequency of oscillations of the system,
(iii) oscillation energy of the system, and
(iv) maximum compression of the spring.

m m m
A B C v
0

Sol. When block C collides with A and get stuck with it,
combined body moves to the right, due to which
spring is compressed. Therefore, the combined body
retards and block B accelerates. In fact, deformation
of spring varies with time and the system continues to
move rightwards. In other words, centre of mass of
the system moves rightwards and combined body and
block B oscillate about the centre of mass of the
system.
Let just after the collision velocity of combined body
formed by blocks C and A be v. Then, according to
law of conservation of momentum,
(m + m)v = mv
0

or v =
2
v
0
= 0.3 ms
1

Velocity of centre of mass of the system,
v
c
=
m m 2
0 m v m 2
+
+
= 0.2 ms
1

Now the system is as shown in fig.
2m m

Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
PHYSI CS

h
A
B

Its reduced mass, m
0
=
m m 2
) m )( m 2 (
+
=
3
m 2

Frequency of oscillations,
f =
0
m
K
2
1
10 5
Hz. Ans.
Since, just after the collision, combined body has
velocity v, therefore, energy of the system at that
instant, E =
2
1
(2m)v
2
= 0.27 joule
Due to velocity v
C
of centre of mass of the system,
translational kinetic energy,
E
t
=
2
1
(3m)
2
c
v = 0.18 joule
But total energy E of the system = its translational
kinetic (E
t
) + oscillation energy (E
0
)
E
0
= E E
t
= 0.09 joule
At the instant of maximum compression, oscillation
energy is stored in the spring in the form of its strain
energy. Let maximum compression of spring be x
0
.
then
2
0
Kx
2
1
= E
0

x
0
= 90 10
3
m or 10 3 mm Ans.

3. An artificial satellite of mass m of a planet of mass
M, revolves in a circular orbit whose radius is n
times the radius R of the planet. In the process of
motion the satellite experiences a slight resistance
due to cosmic dust. Assuming resistance force on
satellite to depend on velocity as F = a.v
2
where a is
a constant, calculate how long the satellite will stay
in orbit before it falls onto the planet's surface.
Sol. Due to slight resistance offered by cosmic dust,
energy of satellite decreases slowly but continuously
and setellite follows a spiral path of decreasing
radius and ultimately falls onto the planet's surface
as shown in Figure

Planet

Since, energy of satellite decreases slowly,
therefore, its radial velocity is negligible in
comparison to tangential velocity.
Let at an instant, distance of satellite from centre of
planet be x,
Velocity of satellite is v =
x
GM
(1)
and energy of satellite is E =
2
1

x
m . GM
...(2)
Resisting force, F = av
2
=
x
aGM

During a very small time interval dt,
Distance travelled by the satellite is vdt =
x
GM
dt
` Work done by satellite against resistance of cosmic
dust is
dW = F . (v.dt) = a
2 / 3
x
GM
|
.
|
\
|
dt
But due to the work done by stellite, its energy
decreases by the same amount and radius x also
decreases simultanceously.
Or Increase in energy of satellite is dE = dW.
But from equation (2)
dE =
2
1
2
x
GMm
dx.

2
1

2
x
GMm
. dx = a
2 / 3
x
GM
|
.
|
\
|
dt
or dt =
GM a 2
m
x
dx
(3)
At initial moment (t = 0), x = nR and we have to
calculate time t when x becomes equal to R.
Integrating equation (3) and substituting above
limits.
Gm a 2
m
dt
? t
0 t
=
=
=
.
=
=
R x
nR x
x
dx

or t =
GM a
) 1 n ( R m
Ans.

4. Each plate of a parallel plate air capacitor has are area
S = 5 10
3
m
2
and are d = 8.85 mm apart as shown
in fig. Plate A has a positive charge
q
1
= 10
10
coulomb and plate B has charge q
2
= +2
10
10
coulomb. Calculate energy supplied by a battery
of emf E = 10 volt when its positive terminal is
connected with plate A and negative terminal with
plate B.
+10
10
C +2 10
10
C
A B
d

Sol. Charges q
1
and q
2
get distributed such that charges
appearing on inner surfaces of two plates become
numerically equal but opposite in nature. Since
charge q
1
on plate A is less than charge q
2
on plate B,
therefore inner surface of plate. A becomes
negatively charged and that of B become positively
charged.
Let magnitude of this charge be q. Then distribution
of charge on various surfaces will be as shown in fig.
But the plates are metallic, therefore electric field
inside the plates will be zero.


+
(
1
0
1
0

+

q
)
+
(
2

1
0
1
0

q
)
q
+q
p

Considering a point P inside the plate B,
Electric field on it is
E =
S 2
) q 10 (
0
10

S 2
q
0

S 2
q
0

S 2
) q 10 2 (
0
10

= 0
or q = 5 10
11
coulomb
or 50 pC
Hence, the charges are as shown in fig.

150 pC
+

+

+
+

+

+
+

+

+
50 pC
150 pC

When battery is connected with the plates, a charge
flows through the circuit. Due to flow of this charge,
charges on inner surfaces are changed while charges
on outer surfaces remain unchanged.
Let charge flowing through the battery be q. Then
charges on various surfaces become as shown in fig.

150 pC
+

+

+
+

+

+
+

+

+
(5010
12
q)
150 pC
+
q
E
q

Capacitance of the capacitor is
C =
d
S
0
= 5 10
12
F
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law,

C
) q 10 50 (
12

E = 0
q = 1 10
10
coulomb
Energy supplied by battery
= qE = 10
9
joule Ans.

5. Nine identical capacitors, each of capacitance
C = 15 F are connected as shown in fig. Calculate
equivalent capacitance between terminals 1 and 4.

1
6 5
4 3 2

Sol. Given arrangement of capacitors is symmetric about
mid-point of arm 36. If the arrangement is rotated
through 180 about this point, given arrangement is
obtained again. Let a battery of emf V be connected
across terminals 1 and 4 of the arrangement. Then, in
steady state, charges on various capacitors will be as
shown in fig.

1
6 5
4 3 2
q2
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
q1
(q2 q3)
(q1 + q2) (q1 + q2)
+
(q1 q2 + 2q3)
q2 q3 q1
q3
q3
q2

Applying Kirchhoffs voltage law on mesh
1 2 6 1,

C
q
2
+
C
q
3

C
q
1
= 0
or q
1
= (q
2
+ q
3
) ...(i)

For mesh 2 3 6 2,

C
q q
3 2

C
q 2 q q
3 2 1
+

C
q
3
= 0
or q
1
= (2q
2
4q
3
) ...(2)
From equation (1) and (2),
q
2
= 5q
3
and q
1
= 6q
3

Now applying Kirchhoff's voltage law on mesh
1 6 5 4 V 1,

C
q
1
+
C
q q
3 2

+
C
q
2
V = 0
Substituting q
1
= 6q
3
and q
2
= 5q
3
, q
3
=
15
1
CV.
But charge drawn by the arrangement from battery is
q = (q
1
+ q
2
) = 11q
3
=
15
11
CV
Equivalent capacitance =
V
q
=
15
C 11
= 11F Ans.


Capacitors in Series :

V
1
V
2
V
3
V

A

+Q Q +Q Q
+Q Q
C1 C2 C3
B

In this arrangement of capacitor the charge has no
alternative path(s) to flow.
(a) The charges on each capacitor are equal
i.e. Q = C
1
V
1
= C
2
V
2
= C
3
V
3
...(1)
(b) The total potential difference across AB is shared
by the capacitors in the inverse ratio of the
capacitances.
V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
...(2)
If C
s
is the net capacitance of the series combination,
then

s
C
Q
=
3 2 1
C
Q
C
Q
C
Q
+ +

s
C
1
=
3 2 1
C
1
C
1
C
1
+ +
Further V
1
=
1
C
Q
and V =
s
C
Q

Capacitors in Parallel :

V

A

+Q1 Q1
+Q2 Q2
C1
C2
+Q3 Q3
C3
B

In such an arrangement of capacitors the charge has
an alternative path(s) to flow
(a) The potential difference across each capacitor is
same and equals the total potential applied.
i.e. V = V
1
= V
2
= V
3
...(1)
V =
1
1
C
Q
=
2
2
C
Q
=
3
3
C
Q
...(2)
(b) The total charge Q is shared by each capacitor in
the direct ratio of the capacitances.
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3

If C
p
V is the net capacitance for the parallel
combination of capacitors then
C
p
V = C
1
V

+ C
2
V + C
3
V C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3

Important terms :
(a) If C
1
, C
2
, C
3
.... are capacitors connected in series
and if total potential across all is V, then potential
across each capacitor is
V
1
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
1
C
1
C
1
V; V
2
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
2
C
1
C
1
V; V
3
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
3
C
1
C
1
V
and so on, where
s
C
1
=
n 3 2 1
C
1
....
C
1
C
1
C
1
+ + + +
(b) If C
1
, C
2
, C
3
... are capacitors connected in
parallel and if Q is total charge on the combination,
then charge on each capacitor is
Q
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
p
1
C
C
Q; Q
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
p
2
C
C
Q; Q
3
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
p
3
C
C
Q
and so on, where C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+ ... + C
n

Energy Density :
For a parallel plate capacitor
U =
2
1
CV
2

where C =
d
A
0
and V = Ed
)
`
=
0
E where
U =
d
A
2
1
0
E
2
d
2

U = |
.
|
\
|

2
0
E
2
1
(Ad) U =
2
1
0
E
2

where is volume of the capacitor

U
= U
e
=
Volume
Energy tic Electrosta

= Electrostatic Pressure
=
2
1
0
E
2
=
0
2
2

)
`
=
0
E Q

Capacitor-2
PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

Energy for series and parallel combinations :
Series Combination : For a series combination of
capacitor Q = constant and

s
C
1
= ...
C
1
C
1
C
1
3 2 1
+ + +

s
2
C 2
Q
=
1
2
C 2
Q
+
2
2
C 2
Q
+
3
2
C 2
Q
+ ....
U
s
= U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ ......
Parallel Combination : For a parallel combination
of capacitors V = constant and
C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+ ....

2
1
C
P
V
2
=
2
1
C
1
V
2
+
2
1
C
2
V
2
+
2
1
C
3
V
2
+ ...
U
p
= U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ ....
Electrostatic force between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor :
The plates of the capacitor each carry equal and
opposite charges, hence they must attract each other
with a force, say F.

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Q
Q

At any instant let the plate separation be x, then
C =
x
A
0

Also U =
C 2
Q
2
U =
|
|
.
|
\
|
A 2
Q
0
2
x
Let the plates be moved towards each other through
dx, such that the new separation between the plates is
(x dx). If U
f
is the final potential energy, then
U
f
=
C 2
Q
2
=
A 2
Q
0
2
(x dx)
If dU is the change in potential energy, then
dU = U
f
U
i

dU =
A 2
Q
0
2
(x dx)
A 2
Q
0
2
x
dU =
A 2
Q
0
2
dx
Further since
F =
dx
dU

F =
A 2
Q
0
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
2
2
A = |
.
|
\
|

2
0
E
2
1
A

)
`
= =
0
E , A Q Q
Kirochhoff's laws for capacitor circuits :
Kirchhoff's first law or junction law : Charge can
never accumulate at a junction i.e. at the junction

q = 0
Important terms : This law is helpful in determining
the nature of charge on an unknown capacitor plate.
Charge on capacitor C can be determined by using
this rule. As no charge must accumulate at the
junction O, so if x is charge on plate 1 of C, then
q
1
+ q
2
+ x = 0
x = q
1
q
2

+ +
+q1

q1
+q2 q2
B
1
2
A
C

i.e. plate 1 has a charge (q
1
q
2
) and plate 2 has a
charge (q
1
q
2
).
Kirchhoffs second law or loop law :
In a closed loop (a closed loop is the one which starts
and ends at the same point), the algebraic sum of
potential differences across each element of a closed
circuit is zero.

V = 0
Conventions followed to apply loop law :
(a) In a loop, across a battery, if we travel from
negative terminal of battery to the positive
terminal then there is a potential rise and a +ve
sign is applied with voltage of the battery.
(b) In a loop, across a battery, if we travel from
positive terminal of the battery to the negative
terminal then there is a potential fall and a ve
sign is applied with voltage of the battery.
(c) In a loop, across a capacitor, if we go from
negative plate to the positive plate of the capacitor
then there is a potential rise and a +ve sign is to
be taken with potential difference across the
capacitor i.e. V = +
C
q
.
(d) In a loop, across a capacitor, if we go from
positive plate to the negative plate of the capacitor
then there is a potential fall and a ve sign is to be
taken with the potential difference across the
capacitor i.e. V =
C
q
.

Finding net capacitance of circuits :
A. Simple Circuits :
Analyse the circuit carefully to conclude which pair
of capacitors are in series and which are in parallel
(This all should be done keeping in mind the points
across which net capacitance has to be calculated).
Find their net capacitance and again draw an
equivalent diagram to apply the above specified
technique repeatedly so as to get the total capacitance
between the specified points.
B. Concept of line of symmetry :
Line of symmetry (L.O.S.) is an imagination of our
mind to divide a highly symmetric circuit into two
equal halves such that the points of the circuit
through which LOS passes are at equal potential.

Solved Examples

1. Find the net capacitance of the circuit shown between
the points A and B.

C
C
C C
C
C
C
A B

Sol. This circuit is highly symmetric and so we can
consider the line of symmetry to pass through the
circuit to divide it into two equal (identical) halves. If
line of symmetry passes through a branch possessing
a capacitor, then on each side of line of Symmetry the
capacitance will become 2C (2C and 2C in series will
gives C), as shown.

2C
1
C
C
C
3
4
A P
P
C
B
2C
C
C
LOS

Now, the concept of line of Symmetry makes our job
easy to calculate capacitance across AP. (1) and (2)
are in parallel further in series with (3), whose
resultant capacitance is in parallel with (4).
Resultant of (1) and (2) is 3C
Resultant of 3C and (3) is
4
C 3

Resultant of
4
C 3
and (4) is
4
C 7

So total capacitance across AB is
C
AB
=
2
C
AP
C
AB
=
8
C 7

2. Find the equivalent capacitance between the point A
and B in figure.

A
C2 C1
B
C3
C2 C1

Sol. Let us connect a battery between the points A and B.
The charge distribution is shown in figure. Suppose
the positive terminal of the battery supplies a charge
+Q and the negative terminal a charge Q. The
charge Q is divided between plates a and e.

A
C2 C1
B
C3
C2 C1
Q1 Q1 QQ1 (QQ1)
Q1 Q1 QQ1 (QQ1)
(2Q1Q)
(2Q1Q)
i
j
e
f
E
g
h
a b
D

Let a charge Q
1
goes to the plate a and the rest Q Q
1

goes to the plate e. The charge Q supplied by the
negative terminal is divided between plates d and h.
Using the symmetry of the figure, charge Q
1
goes to
the plate h (as it has a capacitance C
1
) and (Q Q
1
)
to the plate d (as it has a capacitance C
2
). This is
because if we look into the circuit from A or from B,
the circuit looks identical. The division of charge at
A and at B should, therefore, be similar. The charges
on the other plates may be written easily. The charge
on the plate i is 2Q
1
Q which ensures that the total
charge on plates b, c and i remains zero as these three
plates form an isolated system.
We have V
A
V
B
= (V
A
V
D
) + (V
D
V
B
)
or V
A
V
B
=
1
1
C
Q
+
2
1
C
Q Q
...(1)
Also, V
A
V
B
= (V
A
V
D
) + (V
D
V
E
) + (V
E
V
B
)
or V
A
V
B
=
1
1
C
Q
+
3
1
C
Q Q 2
+
1
1
C
Q
...(2)
We have to eliminate Q
1
from these equation to get
the equivalent capacitance
) V V (
Q
B A

.
The first equation may be written as
V
A
V
B
= Q
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 1
C
1
C
1
+
2
C
Q

or
1 2
2 1
C C
C C
(V
A
V
B
) = Q
1
+
1 2
1
C C
C
Q ...(3)
The second equation may be written as
V
A
V
B
= 2Q
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
3 1
C
1
C
1

3
C
Q

or
) C C ( 2
C C
3 1
2 1
+
(V
A
V
B
) = Q
1

) C C ( 2
C
3 1
1
+
Q ...(4)
Subtracting (4) from (3)
(V
A
V
B
)
(
) C C ( 2
C C
C C
C C
3 1
3 1
1 2
2 1

=
(
+
+
) C C ( 2
C
C C
C
3 1
1
1 2
1
Q
or (V
A
V
B
)[2C
1
C
2
(C
1
+ C
3
) C
1
C
3
(C
2
C
1
)]
= C
1
[2(C
1
+ C
3
) + (C
2
C
1
)]Q
or C =
B A
V V
Q
=
3 2 1
1 3 3 2 2 1
C 2 C C
C C C C C C 2
+ +
+ +

3. Five identical conducting plates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are
fixed parallel to and equidistant from each other as
shown in fig. Plates 2 and 5 are connected by a
conductor while 1 and 3 are joined by another
conductor. The junction of 1 and 3 the plate 4 are
connected to a source of constant e.m.f. V
0
. Find
(i) The effective capacity of the system between the
terminals of the source
(ii) the charge on plates 3 and 5.
Given d = distance between any two successive
plates and A = are of either face of each plate.
Sol. (i) The equivalent circuits is shown in fig. The
system consists of four capacitors.
5
4
3
2
1
()
(+)
(a)

(b)
1 2
3 2
3 4
5 4
(Q2/2)
(Q2/2)
Q2
Q1
Q
()
(+)

i.e., C
12
, C
32
, C
34
and C
54
. The capacity of each
capacitor is |
.
|
\
|
d
A K
0
= C
0
. The effective capacity
across the source can be calculated as follows :
The capacitors C
12
and C
32
are in parallel and hence
their capacity is C
0
+ C
0
= 2C
0
. The capacitor C
54
is
in series with effective capacitor of capacity 2C
0
.
Hence the resultant capacity will be

0 0
0 0
C 2 C
C 2 C
+

Further C
34
is again in parallel. Hence the effective
capacity
= C
0
+
0 0
0 0
C 2 C
C 2 C
+
=
3
5
C
0
=
3
5
K
0
d
A
.
(ii) Charge on the plate 5 = charge on the uper half of
parallel combination
Q
5
= V
0 |
.
|
\
|
0
C
3
2
=
d
AV K
3
2
0 0

Charge on plate 3 on the surface facing 4
V
0
C
0
=
d
AV k
0 0

Charge on plate 3 on the surface facing 2
= [potential difference across (3 2)]C
0

= V
0
0 0
0
C 2 C
C
+
C
0
= K
0
d 3
AV
0

Q
3
=
d
AV K
0 0
+ K
0
d 3
AV
0

=
d
AV K
0 0
+
3
1
1 =
3
4
K
0
d
A
V
0

4. In diagram find the potential difference between the
points A and B and between the points B and C in the
steady state.

B
3F
3F
1F
1F
1F
20
10
100 V
A
C

Sol. The circuit is redrawn in fig (a, b, c)

1F
20
10
A
C
3F 1F
3F 1F
B
100 V
Fig.(a)

1F
20
10
A
C
100 V
Fig.(b)
6F 2F
P Q
B
1F
20
10
A
C
100 V
Fig.(c)
R
P Q
3/2 F
S

From fig. (c).
potential difference between P and Q
= Potential difference between R and S
= 100 volt

Q = capacity volt =
2
3
10
6
100
= 150 10
6
coulomb
Now according to fig.(b), the charge flowing through
capacitors of capacity 6 F and 2 F is 150 10
6

coulomb because they are connected in series.
Potential difference between A and B = Potential
difference across the two ends of condenser of
capacity 6 F.
V
1
=
capacity
Q
=
6
6
10 6
10 150
= 25 volt.
Again potential difference between C and D =
potential difference across the two ends of condenser
of capacity 2F
V
2
=
6
6
10 2
10 150
= 75 volt

5. Fig. shows two identical parallel plate capacitors
connected to a battery with switch S closed. The
switch is now opened and the free space between the
plates of the capacitors is filled with a dielectric of
dielectric constant (or relative permittivity) 3. Find
the ratio of the total electrostatic energy stored in
both capacitors before and after the introduction of
the dielectric.

V
A C B C
S

Sol. Initially the charge on either capacitor, i.e. q
A
or q
B
is
CV coulomb.
When dielectric is introduced, the new capacitance of
either capacitor
C
1
=
K
K
1
C = 3C.
After the opening of switch S, the potential across
capacitor A is volt.
Let the potential across capacitor B is V
1

q
B
= CV = C
1
V
1
or CV = 3CV
1

V
1
=
3
V
volt
Initial energy of capacitor A =
2
1
CV
2

energy of capacitor B =
2
1
CV
2

Total energy E
i
=
2
1
CV
2
+
2
1
CV
2
= CV
2

Final energy of capacitor A
=
2
1
(3C)V
2
=
2
3
CV
2

Final energy of capacitor B
=
2
1
(3C)
2
3
V
|
.
|
\
|
=
6
CV
2

Total final energy
E
f
=
2
3
CV
2
+
6
CV
2
=
3
5
CV
2

f
i
E
E
=
2
2
CV ) 3 / 5 (
CV
=
5
3

Believe
Four things for success: work and pray, think
and believe.
The future belongs to those who believe in the
beauty of their dreams.
I believe in being an innovator.
You can do it if you believe you can!
Believe deep down in your heart that you're
destined to do great things.
He who believes is strong; he who doubts is
weak. Strong convictions precede great
actions.
I can't believe that God put us on this earth to
be ordinary.
Believe in yourself! Have faith in your abilities!
Without a humble but reasonable confidence
in your own powers you cannot be successful
or happy.
When you believe in a thing, believe in it all the
way, implicitly and unquestionable.
To love means loving the unlovable. To forgive
means pardoning the unpardonable. Faith
means believing the unbelievable. Hope means
hoping when everything seems hopeless.
If you want to be confident, but dont normally
act that way, today, just this once, act in the
physical world the way you believe a confident
person would.



Work, Energy and Power :
Work is done when a force (F) is displaced.
F
dr

The work done is
dW = F dr cos
Using vector notation
dW = r d . F
r r

When the force and the displacement are in the same
direction, = 0, cos = +1, work done is positive.
When the force and the displacement are in opposite
directions, = 180, cos = 1, work done is
negative.
When the displacement is perpendicular to the
direction of the force, = 90, cos = 0, no work is
done.
For a system of particles the quantity
cm
x d . F
r
r
is
called pseudo work. At times actual work may be
zero but not pseudo work.
Work is a scalar quantity. Its unit is joule. Power is
the rate of doing work. Thus
Power =
taken time
done work

The unit of power is the watt (= joules/second).
The power of an agent is given by P = v . F
r
r

where F is the force applied by the agent and v is the
velocity of the body on which the agent applies the
force.
The energy of a system is its capacity of doing work.
Mechanical energy may be of two types :
(i) kinetic energy and (ii) potential energy.
The kinetic energy of a particle is T =
2
1
mv
2
.
The kinetic energy of a system is T =
2
cm
Mv
2
1

The potential energy of particle in the gravitational
field is given by
U = U
0
+ mgh
where U
0
= potential energy of the body at the
ground level.
This is true only for objects near the surface of the
earth because g is uniform only near the surface of
the earth.
The strain potential energy of a spring is given by U
=
2
1
kx
2
, where k is the force constant of the spring
and x is the charge in length of the spring. This
change in length may be either a compression or on
extension.
Potential Energy and force
F
x
=
x
U

Principle of Conservation of energy :
Conservative and Non-conservative Force : If the
work done by a force in moving a body from one
point to another depends only on the positions of the
body and not on the process or the path taken, the
force is said to be conservative. Gravitational force,
spring force, elastic forces, electric and magnetic
forces are examples of conservative forces. If the
work done depends on the paths taken, the force is
said to be non-conservative. Frictional force is a non-
conservative force.
Work-energy Theorem : The work by external
forces on a body is equal to the change of kinetic
energy of the body. This is true for both constant
forces and variable forces (variable in both
magnitude and direction).
For a particle W = K. For a system of particles W
net

= W
real
+ W
pseudo
= K
cm

Principle of Conservation of Energy : Energy can
neither be created nor destroyed by any process.
For a particle K + U = a constant. For a system of
particles K
cm
+ U
ext
+ E
int
= a constant.
However, energy can be transformed from one form
into another.
Work, Power, Energy & Conservation Law

PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

Collision of Bodies :
Elastic Collision : When two bodies meet a with
certain relative speed they are said to collide with
each other. In a collision, kinetic energy is
transferred, from one body to another. When the
transfer of kinetic energy takes place in such a way
that the total kinetic energy is conserved, the collision
is said to be perfectly elastic, or simply elastic. When
kinetic energy is not conserved the collision is said to
be inelastic. Further, in a collision, if one body gets
embedded in the other and kinetic energy is not
conserved, it is a completely inelastic collision.
In inelastic and completely inelastic collisions there
is always a loss of kinetic energy and this energy is
converted into other forms of energy, mostly heat.
A collision is said to be direct or head-on if the
relative motion before and after the collision is in the
same direction; if not it an oblique collision.
Remember the following points while solving
problems on the collision of bodies.
(i) Apply the principle of conservation of
momentum. In one-dimensional direct collisions,
one equation is obtained by equating momenta
before and after collision in the direction of
motion. In two-dimensional collisions, select the
line of impact as the X-axis and the line
perpendicular to it as the Y-axis and obtain two
equations by equation by equating momenta
before and after the collision along the X- and Y-
axes.
Remember that momentum is a vector quantity. It
may be positive or negative depending on the
direction. Choose any one direction as positive;
the opposite will be negative.
(ii) If it is an elastic collision, apply the principle of
conservation of kinetic energy. For inelastic
collisions, apply the principle of conservation of
energy to obtain an additional equation.
(iii) Remember there is no change in momentum
along the common tangent to the colliding bodies.
Coefficient of restitution : According to Newton,
the relative velocity of a body after collision is
proportional to its relative velocity in the same
direction before collision, with a reversal of sign.
Here, relative velocity means the velocity of any one
of the colliding bodies (say A) with respect to the
other colliding body (say B).
The constant of proportionality is called the
coefficient of restitution (e).
That is V
AB
(after collision) = e V
AB
(before
collision)
This is Newton's law of collision.
For elastic collisions, e = 1. For inelastic collisions,
e < 1
(A) Problem solving strategy :
Work and Kinetic Energy :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : The work-
energy theorem is extremely useful in situations
where you want to relate a bodys speed v
1
at one
point in its motion to its speed v
2
at a different point.
This approach is less useful for problems that involve
time, such as finding the time it takes a body to go
from point 1 to point 2. The reason is that the work-
energy theorem. W
tot
= K
2
K
1
, doesnt involve time
at all. For problems that involve time, its usually
best to use the relationships among time, position,
velocity, and acceleration
Step 2 : Set up the problem using the following
steps :
Choose the initial and final positions of the body,
and draw a free-body diagram showing all the
forces that act on the body.
Choose a coordinate system. (If the motion is
along a straight line, its usually easiest to have
both the initial and final positions lie along the x-
axis.)
List the unknown and known quantities, and
decide which unknowns are your target variables.
In some cases the target variable will be the
bodys initial or final speed; in other cases it will
be the magnitude of one of the forces acting on
the body.
Step 3 : Execute the solution : Calculate the work
done by each force. If the force is constant and the
displacement is a straight line, you can use Eq.
W = Fs cos or W = S . F
r r
. (Latter in this chapter
well see how to handle varying forces and curved
trajectories.) Be sure to check the sign of the work for
each force; it must be positive if the force has a
component in the direction of the displacement,
negative if it has a component opposite the
displacement, and zero if the force and displacement
are perpendicular.
Add the amounts of work done by each force to find
the total work W
tot
. Be careful with signs! Sometimes
it may be easier to calculate the vector sum of the
forces (the net force), then find the work done by the
net force; this value is also equal to W
tot
.
Write expressions for the initial and final kinetic
energies, K
1
and K
2
. Note that kinetic energy
involves mass, not weight; if you are given the
bodys weight, youll need to use the relationship
W = mg to find the mass.
Finally, use the relationship W
tot
= K
2
K
1
to solve
for the target variable. Remember that the right-hand
side of this equation is the final kinetic energy minus
the initial kinetic energy, never the other way around.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer : Check whether your
answer makes physical sense. A key item to

remember is that kinetic energy K =
2
1
mv
2
can never
be negative. If you come up with a negative value of
K, youve made a mistake. Perhaps you interchanged
the initial and final kinetic energies in W
tot
= K
2
K
1

or made a sign error in one of the work calculations.
(B) Problems using Mechanical Energy :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : First decide
whether the problem should be solved by energy
methods, by using a m F
r
r
=
directly, or by a
combination of these strategies. The energy approach
is particularly useful when the problem involves
motion with varying forces, along a curved path
(discussed later in this section), or both. But if the
problem involves elapsed time, the energy approach
is usually not the best choice, because this approach
doesnt involve time directly.
steps :
When using the energy approach, first decide
what the initial and final states (the positions and
velocities) of the system are Use the subscript 1
for the initial state and the subscript 2 for the final
state. It helps to draw sketches showing the initial
and final states.
Define your coordinate system, particularly the
level at which y = 0. You will use it to compute
gravitational potential energies. Equation U =
mgy (gravitational potential energy) assumes that
the positive direction for y is upward; we suggest
that you use this choice consistently.
Identify all no gravitational forces that do work.
A free body diagram is always helpful. It some of
the quantities you need are unknown, represent
them by algebraic symbols.
List the unknown and known quantities, including
the coordinates and velocities at each point.
Decide which unknowns are your target variables.
Step 3 : Execute the solution : Write expressions for
the initial and final kinetic and potential energies
that is K
1
, K
2
, U
1
, and U
2
. In general some of these
quantities will be known and some will be unknown.
Then relate the kinetic and potential energies and the
no gravitation work W
other
using eq.
K
1
+ U
1
+ W
other
= K
2
+ U
2

(you will have to calculate W
other
in terms of the
nongravitational forces.) If there is no
nongravitational work, this expression becomes eq.

2
1
mv
1
2
+ mgy
1
=
2
1
mv
2
2
+ mgy
2

Its helpful to draw bar graphs showing the initial and
final values of K, U, and E = K + U. Then solve to
find whatever unknown quantity is required.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer : Check whether your
answer makes physical sense. Keep in mind, here and
in later sections, that the work done by each force
must be represented either in U
1
U
2
= U, so make
sure you did not include in U, so make sure you did
not include it again in W
other.

(C) Problem solving strategy :
Conservation of Momentum :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : Before
applying conservation of momentum to a problem,
you must first decide whether momentum is
conserved. This will be true only if the vector sum of
the external forces acting on the system of particles is
zero. If this is not the case, you cant use
conservation of momentum.
steps :
Define a coordinate system. Make a sketch
showing the coordinate axes, including the
positive direction for each. Often it is easiest to
choose the x-axis to have the direction of one of
the initial velocities. Make sure you are using an
inertial frame of reference. Most of the problems
in this chapter deal with two-dimensional
situations, in which the vectors have only x- and
y-components; all of the following statements can
be generalized to includes-components when
necessary.
Treat each body as a particle. Draw before and
after sketches, and include vectors on each to
represent all known velocities. Label the vectors
with magnitudes, angles, components, or
whatever information is given, and give each
unknown magnitude, angle, or component an
algebraic symbol. You may find it helpful to use
the subscripts 1 and 2 for velocities before and
after the interaction, respectively; if you use these
subscripts, use letters (not numbers) to label each
paritcle.
As always, identify the target variable(s) from
among the unknowns.
Step 3 : Execute the solution as follows :
Write an equation in terms of symbols equating
the total initial x-component of momentum (that
is, before the interaction) to the total final x-
component of momentum (that is, after the
interaction), using p
x
= mv
x
for each particle.
Write another equation for the y-components,
using p
y
= mv
y
for each particle. Remember that
the x- and y-components of velocity or
momentum are never added together in the same
equation ! Even when all the velocities lie along a
line (such as the x-axis), the components of
velocity along this line can be positive or
negative; be careful with signs !

Solve these equations to determine whatever
results are required. In some problems you will
have to convert from the x-and y-components of a
velocity to its magnitude and direction, or the
reverse.
In some problems, energy considerations give
additional relationships among the various
velocities.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer: Does your answer
make physical sense ? If your target variable is a
certain bodys momentum, check that the direction of
the momentum is reasonable.

Solved Examples

1. A bus of mass 1000 kg has an engine which produces
a constant power of 50 kW. If the resistance to
motion, assumed constant is 1000 N, find the
maximum speed at which the bus can travel on level
road and the acceleration when it is traveling at 25
m/s.
Sol. At maximum speed all the power is used to overcome
the resistance to motion. Hence if the maximum
speed is v, then
50,000 = 1000 v or v = 50 m/s
The maximum speed = 50 m/s
At 25 m/s, let the pull of the engine be P. Then the
power 50,000 = P 25
or P =
25
50000
= 2000 N

1000 N
2000 N
a

Now resultant force
= 2000 1000 = 1000 N
Applying Newton's law, F = ma, we have
1000 = 1000 a or a = 1.0 m/s
2

2. A man is drawing water from a well with a bucket
which leaks uniformly. The bucket when full weighs
20 kg and when it arrives the top only half the water
remains. The depth of the water is 20 metres. If
g = 10 m/sec
2
, what is the work done ?
Sol. When the bucket arrives at the top, the mass is 10 kg.
Hence loss in mass = 20 10 = 10 kg. The depth of
the well is 20 metres.
mass lost per unit distance =
20
10
=
2
1
kg
Consider a point at a height x from the bottom of the
well.
At height x from the bottom, the bucket weighs =
|
.
|
\
|

2
x
20 kg. The work done against the force during
elementary displacement dx = |
.
|
\
|

2
x
20 dx.g
Total work done
W =
|
.
|
\
|

20
0 2
x
20 g dx = g

20
0
xdx
2
1
dx 20
= g
(
(
20
0
2
20
0
4
x
} x 20 {
= g[400 100] = 300g = 300 10 = 3000J

3. A body of mass m is thrown at an angle to the
horizontal with an initial velocity v
0
. Find the mean
power developed by gravity over the whole time of
motion of the body and the instantaneous power of
gravity as a function of time.
Sol. We know that P
instan
= F.v
The velocity of the particle after time t is given by
v = v
0
cos i + (v
0
sin g t)j)
and F = mg j
P
instan.
= (mg j) . {v
0
cos i + (v
0
sin g t)j}
= mg(v
0
sin g t)
The average power is given by
(P) =
T
0
T
0
dt
dt ) t ( P
=
T
dt ) gt sin v ( mg
T
0
0

=
T
] 2 / gT T sin v [ mg
2
0

Here T is total time of flight
T = (2 v
0
sin )/g
Substituting this value, we have
(P) = mg
(
(

g / ) sin v 2 (
) g 2 / sin v 4 ( g g / ) sin v 2 ( sin v
0
2 2 2
0 0 0

Solving we get (P) = 0

4. Two blocks of masses m
1
= 2 kg and m
2
= 5 kg are
moving in the same direction along a frictionless
surface with speeds 10 m/s and 3m/s respectively, m
2

being ahead of m
1
. An ideal spring with k = 1120
nt/m is attached to the back side of m
2
. Find the
maximum compression of the spring when the blocks
collide.
Sol. The situation is shown in fig.

u
1
m
1 m
2
u
2

Let v be the speed of the system after collision.
Applying the law of conservation of energy, we have
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= (m
1
+ m
2
)v
Substituting the given values
(2 10) + (5 3) = (2 + 5)v
v =
7
15 20 +
= 5 m/s

Now applying the law of conservation of kinetic
energy, we get

2
1 1
u m
2
1
+
2
2 2
u m
2
1
=
2
1
(m
1
+ m
2
)v
2
+
2
1
kx
2

or m
1
u
1
2
+ m
2
u
2
2
= (m
1
+ m
2
)v
2
+ kx
2

(2 100) + (5 9) = (7 25) + (1120 x
2
)
200 + 45 = 175 + 1120 x
2

x
2
=
1120
175 45 200 +
=
16
1

x =
4
1
= 0.25 m

5. A wooden block of mass 10g is dropped from the top
of a cliff 100 metres high. simultaneously, a bullet of
mass 10 g is fired from the foot of the cliff vertically
upwards with a velocity of 100 m/sec.
(i) Where and after what time will they meet ?
(ii) If the bullet, after striking the block, gets
embedded in it, how high will it rise above the cliff
before it starts falling ?
Sol. (i) Let the wooden block and bullet meet after a time
t seconds. The distance s
1
moved by the block is
given by
s
1
=
2
1
gt
2
...(1)
The distance s
2
moved by the bullet in time t second
is given by
s
2
= ut
2
1
gt
2
= 100t
2
1
gt
2
...(2)
Adding eqs. (1) and (2)
s
1
+ s
2
= 100 t
or 100 = 100t (Q s
1
+ s
2
= 100 m)
t = 1 sec.
Now s
1
=
2
1
gt
2
=
2
1
9.8 1 = 4.9 m
Thus the two meet after 1 sec. at distance of 4.9 m
from the top of the cliff.
(ii) The velocity of the block before impact
u
1
= 0 + gt = 9.8 m/s
The velocity of the bullet before impact
u
2
= u gt
u
2
= 100 (9.8 1) = 90.2 m/s
Let after the impact. v be the velocity of combined
mass. Applying the law of conservation of linear
momentum, we have
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= (m
1
+ m
2
)v
10 9.8 + 10 ( 90.2) = (10 + 10)v
Here we have taken the velocity positive in
downward direction.
v =
2
2 . 90 8 . 9
= 40.2 m/s
The negative sign shows that the velocity of
combined mass is in the upward direction.
The height to which the combined mass rises after
impact
=
g 2
v
2
=
8 . 9 2
) 2 . 40 (
2
= 82.45 m
The height to which it rises above the cliff is
= 82.45 4.90 = 77.5 m

Regents Physics
You Should Know
Modern Physics :
The particle behavior of light is proven by the
photoelectric effect.
A photon is a particle of light {wave packet}.
Large objects have very short wavelengths
when moving and thus can not be observed
behaving as a wave. (DeBroglie Waves)
All electromagnetic waves originate from
accelerating charged particles.
The frequency of a light wave determines its
energy (E = hf).
The lowest energy state of a atom is called the
ground state.
Increasing light frequency increases the kinetic
energy of the emitted photo-electrons.
As the threshold frequency increase for a
photo-cell (photo emissive material) the work
function also increases.
Increasing light intensity increases the number
of emitted photo-electrons but not their KE.
Mechanics :
Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration
vectors are toward the center of the circle-
while the velocity vector is tangent to the
circle.
An unbalanced force (object not in equilibrium)
must produce acceleration.
The slope of the distance-tine graph is velocity.
The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction to the resultant vector.
Momentum is conserved in all collision
systems.
Magnitude is a term use to state how large a
vector quantity is.


SUBSTITUTION REACTION
In a substitution reaction one atom or group of atoms
in a molecule is replaced by another. They are known
to proceed by a free radical or ionic mechanism.
Free Radical Substitution :
CH
4
+ Cl
2

h
CH
3
Cl + HCl

+ Br
2

h

Br

+ HBr
CH
2
= CHCH
3
+ NBS CH
2
= CHCH
2
Br
CH bond is replaced by a CX bond in free
radical halogenation. Reaction takes place through
free radical intermediates and is thus a homolytic
substitution reaction.
CH
3
CH
3
+ Cl
2
CH
3
CH
2
Cl + HCl
Step I (initiation)

ClCl Cl + Cl

Step II (propagation)

CH
3
CH
2
H + Cl
CH
3
CH
2
+ HCl

CH
3
CH
2
+ClCl
CH
3
CH
2
Cl + Cl

Step III (termination)

Cl + Cl
Cl
2

CH
3
CH
2
+ Cl CH
3
CH
2
Cl

CH
3
CH
2
+ CH
2
CH
3

coupling
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

CH
3
CH
2
+ CH
3
CH
2

ionation disproport

CH
2
= CH
2
+ CH
3
CH
3

Reactivity of the halogens for free radical substitution
is in order
F
2
> Cl
2
> Br
2
> I
2

For a given halogen, abstraction of H is in the
following order :
allylic 3 > allylic 2 > 2 > 1 (CH
3
) > vinylic
For
H H H H
H
CH
2
H 1
H H
H
H
Allylic
2
vinylic
Allylic
3
2

Abstraction of H from allylic carbon or benzylic
carbon takes place using NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)
in which weak nitrogen-bromine bond can be cleaved
homolytically into radical upon warming or exposure
to visible light.

NBS

Br

h
NBS

Br

IONIC SUBSTITUTION
Substitution reaction may be brought about by
(a) replacement by electrophiles-called Electrophilic
Substitution reaction (S
E
)
(b) replacement by nucleophiles-called Nucleophilic
Substitution reaction (S
N
)
Electrophilic Substitution Reaction (S
E
)
This S
E
reaction takes place in benzene nucleus
(aromatic compounds) in which elelctrons are
highly delocalised and an electrophile can attack this
region of high elelctron density.

+ E
+

E

E

+ CH
3
Cl
3
AlCl

CH
3

+ HCl

Step I. Formation of an electrophile
CH
3
Cl + AlCl
3

3
4
H C AlCl

+
Step II. Attack of electerophile on benzene when
resonance-stabilised complex is formed.

+ CH
3

H

CH
3

H

CH
3

(carbocation-an
arenium ion)

H
CH
3

H
CH
3

+
-complex

Step III. Loss of H
+
from complex to form end
product

H

CH
3

CH
3

+ H
+

Step IV. AlCl
4
+ H
+
AlCl
3
+ HCl
Organic
Chemistry
Fundamentals
REACTION
MECHANISM
KEY CONCEPT

An additional reagent (called Lewis acid) is always
required that can help in the formation of an
electrophilic

+ NHO
3

4 2
SO H
NO
2

+ H
2
O

+ Br
2

Fe

Br

+ HBr
Nitration would not take place in the absence of
H
2
SO
4
. It helps in the formations NO
2
+
(nitronium
ion). Similarly Br
+
electrophile is formed when Fe or
FeCl
3
is present.

H

CH
3

+
u N

H
CH
3

H Nu

If there is attack of nucelophile on positive site,
aromaticity is lost, hence this is not desirable.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
When a substitution reaction is brought about by a
nucleophile, the reaction is called S
N
(nucleophilic
(N) substitution (S) reaction.
RX + OH

ROH + X

Substrate nucleophile leaving group
1
N
S Reaction
If rate of subsititution depends on the concentration
of the substrate, then it is said to be the Unimolecular
(1) Nucleophilic (N) Substitution (S) reaction, written
as
1
N
S
R X

Slow
R
+ X

Carbocation
|
.
|
\
|
dt
dx
= k[RX]
In this R X bond breaking slow, is rate
determining step.
R
+ OH

fast
R OH
Carbocation formed can undergo rearrangement to
give more stable carbocation before attack of the
nucleophile

CH
3
CCH
2
Cl
|
|
CH
3

CH
3

slow
S
1
N

CH
3
CCH
2

|
|
CH
3

CH
3

shift methyl 2 , 1

1 (less stable)

CH
3
CCH
2
CH
3
|
CH
3

3 (more stable)

CH
3
CO + CH
3
CCl
||
O
|
|
CH
3

CH
3

COH CH
||
O
3

CH
3
COCCH
3
+ Cl
||
CH
3

|
CH
3

O
|

Rate = k [t-BuCl]
The fact that the rate law depends only on the
concentration of tert-butyl chloride means that only
tert-butyl chloride is present in the transition state
that determines tha rate of the reaction. There must
be more than one step in the mechanism because the
acetate ion must bnot be involoved until after the step
with this transition state. Because only one molecule
(tert-butyl chloride) is present in the step involving
the transition state that determines the state of
reaction, this step is said to be Unimolecular. The
reaction is therefore, described as a
1
N
S reaction.

CH
3
CCl
|
|
CH
3
CH
3

I step
slow

CH
3
C + Cl
|
|
CH
3

CH
3

CH
3
C + OCCH
3

|
|
CH
3
CH
3
||
O

II step
fast

CH
3
COCCH
3

|
|
CH
3
CH
3
||
O

As a result of S
N
1 reaction, there can be
recemisation and inversion.. When () 2-bromo-
butane having chiral centre is treated with low [OH
]
such that S
N
1 reaction is followed, (+) 2-butanol is
obtained. There is also loss in activity. This loss in
optical activity is due to formation of d-and l-isomers
by S
N
1 reaction.

CH
3
H
CH
2
CH
3

Br
H
2
O

CH
3
H
CH
2
CH
3
HO
CH
3
H Br
CH
2
CH
3
()
CH
3
H
CH
3
CH
2
OH
(+) Inversion
() Retention
II
I
I II

Nucleophilic reagent attacks both (I) backside and
(II) front side of the carbocation. In back side
attack (I), configuration is retained but in front
attack (II), inversion takes place. There can be
recemisation if d-and l-are formed in equal
amounts. Attack is preferred on the side opposite
to where leaving group Br

exists since it shields
the passage of nucleophile for attack. (In this case
front attack is preferred, hence mixture is not purely
racemic and some optical actvity exists)

In S
N
1 reaction the order of reactivity of RX is
Allyl or benzyl > 3 > 2 > 1 > CH
3
X
S
N
2 Reaction
If substrate nucleophile bothe are involved in the
rate-determining step then this is called as

Bimolecular (2) Nucleophilic (N) Substitution (S)
reaction indicated as S
N
2.
RX + OH
ROH + X

|
.
|
\
|
dt
dx
= k[RX] [OH
]
Step I. OH

attacks the side opposite to that where
halide exists to give an intermediate (transition state)

HCBr + OH

|
|
H
H

slow

HO C Br
H H
H

Intermediate (A)
Step II. HBr is stronger acid than H
2
O therefore, Br

is a better leaving group than OH
, hence Br
, is lost
from the intermediate
Intermediate (A)
fast

HOC
H
H
H

How do we confirm this type of attack? Again we
take (+)-2-bromo-butane (with one chiral carbon). It
is treated with conc. aq. KOH (OH
being strong
nucleophile). We get ()-2-butanaol and no (+)
isomer. There is thus complete stereochemical
inversion.

HCBr + OH

|
|
CH
2
CH
3

CH
3

slow

HO C Br

CH
3 H
CH
2
CH
3

Br
fast

HOCH
|
|
CH
2
CH
3

CH
3

()

For S
N
2 reaction the order of reactivity is
CH
3
X > 1 > 2 > 3 (alkyl halide)
CH
2
Br

> CHBr
CH
3

> CBr
CH
3
CH
3

Thus, in S
N
1 reaction, recemisation as well as
inversion is observed, while in case of S
N
2 reaction,
completee inversion takes place (where chiral carbon
exists).
Rearrangement of the carbocation (formed in S
N
1
reaction) leading to more stable carbocation is also
observed in S
N
1 reaction (solved example)
S
N
2 reaction
RX = CH
3
X 1 2 3
S
N
1 reaction
CH
3
X > 1 > 2 > 3
S
N
2 S
N
2 mixed S
N
1

High concentration of the nucleophile favours S
N
2
reaction while low concentration favours S
N
1
reaction.

CH
3
CCH
2
Br
|
|
CH
3
CH
3

shows S
N
2 reaction with C
2
H
5
O
, but
S
N
1 reaction with C
2
H
5
OH.
The higher the polarity of the solvent, the greater is
the tendency for S
N
1 reaction
Elimination V
S
Substitution

CH
3
CCH
2
CH
3
|

CH
3
OH

S
N

CH
3
CCH
2
CH
3
|
CH
3

|
OH
CH
3
C=CHCH
3
|
CH
3
E2 OH

In the above example we find that a carbocation can
show S
N
2 as well a E2 reaction. Where substitution
and elimination are competing reaction, the
proportion of elimination increases as the structure of
alkyl halide is changed from primary to secondary to
tertiary.

Many tertiary alkyl halides yield exclusively alkenes
under these conditions
Elimination increases
Substitution increases
RX = 1 2 3

CH
3
CBr + C
2
H
5
ONa
|
|
CH
3
CH
3

2
E

CH
3
C
||
|
CH
3
CH
2

CH
3
CONa + C
2
H
5
Br
|
|
CH
3
CH
3
1

2 S
N

CH
3
COC
2
H
5
|
|
CH
3
CH
3

The general pattern of reactivity expected from
various structural classes of alky halides in reactions
with a representative range of nucleophiles (which
may behave as bases).
Effect of Solvent
S
N
1 reaction are faster in the more polar solvents.
S
N
2 reaction involving a negative nucleophile is
slower in more polar solvent and that involving a
neutral nucleophile is faster in more polar solvent.
In additions to these polarity effects, the ability of
certain solvents to form hydrogen bonds to the
nucleophile also affects the rate of the S
N
2 reaction.
Such solvents are termed protic solvents and have a
hydrogen bonded to nitrogen or oxygen (H
2
O, ROH,
RCOOH are some examples of protic solvents).


Density of Cubic Crystals :
The density based on the structure can be calculated
from the mass contained in a unit cell and its volume.
If N is the number of molecules per unit cubic cell of
edge length a, then the mass and volume per unit cell are
Mass =
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
N
M
N Volume = a
3

Therefore, Density =
volume
mass
=
A
3
N a
NM

The value of N for the three cubic cells can be
calculated as follows :
Primitive cubic cell : In a primitive cubic cell, atoms
are present at the corners of the cube. There are eight
corners of a cube and thus eight atoms are present at
these corners. Now, any particular corner of the cube
is actually shared amongst eight such cubic unit cells
placed adjacent to one another. Thus, the contribution
of the atom placed at one of the corners to the single
cubic unit cell is 1/8. Since there are eight corners of
a cube, the number of atoms associated with a single
primitive unit cell is 8/8 = 1.
Body-centred cubic cell : In a body-centred cubic
unit cell, besides atoms being present at the corners,
there is one atom in the centre of the cube which
belongs exclusively to this cubic unit cell. Therefore,
number of atoms per unit cell are two.
Face-centred cubic cell : Here, atoms, besides being
at the corners, are also present at the centre of the six
faces. Each of these atoms is shared between two
such unit cells. Thus, their contribution to the unit
cell is 6/2 = 3 atoms, making a total of 4 atoms per
cubic unit cell
Packing in a simple Cubic Lattice :
In a lattice of this type, the spheres are packed in the
form of a square array by laying down a base of
spheres and then piling upon the base other layers in
such a way that each sphere is immediately above the
other sphere, as shown in fig.

Packing in a simple cubic lattice

In this structure, each sphere is in contact with six
nearest neighbours (four in the same base, one above
and one below). The percentage of occupied volume
in this structure can be calculate as follows:
The edge length a of the cube will be twice the radius
of the sphere, i.e. a = 2r. Since in the primitive cubic
lattice, there is only one sphere present in the unit
lattice, the volume occupied by the sphere is
V =
3
4
r
3
or V =
3
4
3
2
a
|
.
|
\
|

The fraction of the total volume occupied by the
sphere is
=
3
3
a
2
a
3
4
|
.
|
\
|
=
6
= 0.5236
or 52.36 percent
Thus, the structure is relatively open since only
52.36% (/6) of the total volume is occupied by the
spheres. The remainder, i.e. 0.4764 of the total
volume is empty space or void volume.
No crystalline element has been found to have this
structure.
Closest Packing :
In closest packing arrangements, each sphere is in
contact with the maximum possible number of
nearest neighbours. Fig. shows a closest packed layer
of spheres. Each sphere is surrounded by six nearest
neighbours lying in the plane, three spheres Just
above it and three below it, thus making the total
number of nearest neighbours equal to twelve.
If the spheres are packed in the same plane, then just
above these spheres

A
B
A
A
A
B B B
C
C
C C
A A A
A A
A
A
A
A
A
B B
Fig. (a) Closest packed layers of spheres
B
C C C C

Physical
Chemistry
Fundamentals

SOLID STATE
KEY CONCEPT


A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
Fig. (b) Two types of packing

there exist two different types of voids, pointing in
different directions as shown in fig. (a). Thus, we can
have three different types of locations as shown by A,
B and C in fig. (a). Location A is occupied by the
spheres while B and C are the two different types of
voids. But because of the size of the spheres, both
types of voids cannot be occupied simultaneously.
The third layer of closest-packed sphere can be
formed in two different ways. If, for example, we
choose to place the spheres of the second layer in B
sites, one of the available sets of voids for the third
layer will be directly above the spheres in the original
layer. These are A sites. The other set of voids will be
directly above the voids designated by C in the
original layer.
Types of Packing :
Thus, two types of packing (fig. b) are possible
ABABA.... or ABCABC ....
We can have many other varieties of patterns such as
ABCACB....., ABAC .... etc. But for many of the
common substances that form closest-packed
structures, one of the above two symmetrical
arrangements is observed.
Hexagonal Closest Packed Structure :
The packing ABAB.... is known as a hexagonal
closest-packed structure (HCP). The unit cell of
shown in figure.

A
B
A
Exploded view Hexagonal closest -packed
Unit cell formed by ABA packing

The fraction of the volume occupied in HCP can be
calculated as described in the following.
The distance C/2 (in figure) is the distance between
the layers A and B. This distance will be from the
centre of a sphere to the plane of the three spheres
that are in contact with it. This distance can be
determined by reference to a face centred cubic
lattice with unit cell length a. In such a lattice, the
distance between closest-packed layers (Miller
indices 111)is one third of the body diagonal, i.e.
3 a./3.
Thus,
2
C
=
3
a 3

Layer A
Layer B
Layer A
C/2
a
2r
Hexagonal closest-packed structure

Now, in the face-centred lattice spheres touch one
another along the face diagonal. Thus, we have
4r = 2 a or a =
2
4
r
With this, the distance C becomes
C = 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
a
3
3
= 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
r 4
3
3
=
6
8
r
The hexagonal base consists of six equilateral
triangles, each with side 2r and with an altitude of 2r
sin 60, i.e. 3 r. Therefore,
Area of the base = 6 ( )
(
) r 2 ( r 3
2
1
= 3 6 r
2

Volume of the prism = ( )
2
r 3 6
|
|
.
|
\
|
r
6
8
= 24 2 r
3

Number of spheres belonging to this prism
3 spheres in B layers exclusively belong to this prism.
1 from the centre of the base. There are two spheres
of this type and each is shared by two prisms.
2 from the corners. There are twelve such spheres
and each is shared amongst six prisms of this type.
Thus, the total number of spheres is 6.
The fraction of volume of the prism actually
occupied by the spheres is

3
3
r 2 24
r
3
4
6 |
.
|
\
|

=
6
2
= 0.7405
or 70.05 percent
Example of HCP are Ca, Cd, Cr, Mg and Zn.





Cubical Closest-Packed Structure
The packing ABCABC, .... is a cubical closest-
packing (CCP) or face-centred cubic packing. The
fraction of volume occupied in CCP can be
calculated as follows :
The radius of the sphere in terms of the unit length of
the face-centred cube is given by
r =
4
a 2

since the sphere will be touching each other along the
diagonal of the face of the cube.
In the face-centred cubic lattice, there are four
spheres per unit cell. Therefore, fraction of volume
occupied by the spheres is

3
3
a
4
a 2
3
4
4
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
6
2
= 0.7405
or 74.05 percent

A
C
B
Exploded view Cubical closest-packed stricture
Face-cented cubic unit cell
formed by ABCA packing
A

out of all these packings, HCP and CCP are more
common for uniform spheres.
In general, the packing fraction, i.e. fraction of
volume occupied, is independent of the radius of the
sphere and depends only on the nature of packing.
From the values of packing fractions, it follows that
the density of a substance in HCP and CCP structures
will be more than in the other two packings.
Packing in a Body Centred Cubic Lattice :
Here the packing consists of a base of spheres,
followed by a second layer where each sphere rests in
the hollow at the junction of four spheres below it, as
shown in figure.

Packing in a body-centred
cubic lattice

The third layer then rests on these in arrangement
which corresponds exactly to that in the first layer. In
this arrangement, spheres are touching one another
along the cross diagonal of the cube, making its
distance equal to 4r. This must be equal to 3 a.
Thus, 4r = 3 a,
i.e., r =
4
3
a
Volume of the cube = a
3

Volume of one sphere =
3
4
r
3
=
3
4
3
a
4
3
|
|
.
|
\
|

Since there are two spheres in each unit cell, the total
volume occupied will be
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
a
4
3
3
4

The fraction of the volume occupied by the spheres
=
3
3
a
a
4
3
3
4
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
8
3
= 0.6802
or 68.02 percent
In this arrangement each sphere has eight nearest
neighbours

PERSONAL GROWTH
The searching-out and thorough investigation of
truth ought to be the primary study of man.
The only journey is the journey within.
Know thyself means this, that you get
acquainted with what you know, and what you
can do.
Yes, know thyself: in great concerns or small,
Be this thy care, for this, my friend, is all.
Collect as precious pearls the words of the
wise and virtuous.
If we do not plant knowledge when young, it
will give us no shade when we are old.
If you have an hour, will you not improve that
hour, instead of idling it away?
Follow your honest convictions, and stay
strong.
He that will not reflect is a ruined man.
Every day do something that will inch you
closer to a better tomorrow.
God ever works with those who work with
will.
Insist on yourself. Never imitate.
Heaven never helps the man who will not act.


1. A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice
containing a sequence of layers of ABABAB ......... .
Any packing of spheres leaves out voids in the
lattice. What percentage by volume of this lattice is
empty space ? [IIT-1996]
Sol. A unit cell of hcp structure is a hexagonal cell, which
is shown in figure (i) & (ii). Three such cells form
one hcp unit.
For hexagonal cell, a = b c; = = 90 and
= 120. It has 8 atoms at the corners and one inside,
Number of atoms per unit cell =
8
8
+ 1 = 2
Area of the base = b ON [From fig.(ii)]
= b a sin 60
=
2
3
a
2
(Q b = a)

a

b
c
Figure (i)

Volume of the hexagonal cell
= Area of the base height =
2
3
a
2
.c
But c =
3
2 2
a
Volume of the hexagonal cell
=
2
3
a
2
.
3
2 2
a = a
3
2
and radius of the atom, r =
2
a

Hence, fraction of total volume or atomic packing factor
=
cell hexagonal the of Volume
atoms 2 of Volume

60
N b
O
a
figure (ii)

=
2 a
r
3
4
2
3
3

=
2 a
2
a
3
4
2
3
3
|
.
|
\
|

=
2 3
= 0.74 = 74%
The percentage of void space = 100 74 = 26%

2. The vapour pressure of ethanol and methanol are 44.5
mm and 88.7 mm Hg respectively. An ideal solution
is formed at the same temperature by mixing 60 g of
ethanol and 40 g of methanol. Calculate the total
vapour pressure of the solution and the mole fraction
of methanol in the vapour. [IIT-1986]
Sol. Given that,
For ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH),
0
e
P = 44.5 mm Hg
M(C
2
H
5
OH) = 2 12 + 5 1 + 1 16 + 1 1 = 46
m(C
2
H
5
OH) = 60 g
Moles of ethanol, n
e
=
M
m
=
46
60
= 1.3
For methanol (CH
3
OH),
0
m
P = 88.7 mm Hg
M(CH
3
OH) = 1 12 + 3 1 + 1 16 + 1 1 = 32
m(CH
3
OH) = 40 g
Moles of methanol, n
m
=
M
m
=
32
40
= 1.25
x
e
=
m e
e
n n
n
+
=
25 . 1 3 . 1
3 . 1
+
=
55 . 2
3 . 1

x
m
=
m e
m
n n
n
+
=
25 . 1 3 . 1
25 . 1
+
=
55 . 2
25 . 1

According to Raoult's law,
P
e
=
0
e
P x
e
=
55 . 2
3 . 1 5 . 44
= 22.69 mm Hg
and P
m
=
0
m
P x
m
=
55 . 2
25 . 1 7 . 88
= 43.48 mm Hg
Hence, total vapour pressure of the solution,
P
T
= P
e
+ P
m

= 22.69 + 43.48 = 66.17 mm Hg
According to Dalton's law,
UNDERSTANDING
Physical Chemistry

P
m
= P
T
x
m
(in vapour form)
Hence, mole fraction of methanol in vapour form,
x
m
=
T
m
P
P
=
17 . 66
48 . 43
= 0.66

3. During the discharge of a lead storage battery, the
density of sulphuric acid fell from 1.294 to
1.139 g ml
1
. Sulphuric acid density 1.294 g ml
1
is
39% H
2
SO
4
by weight and that of density 1.139 g ml
1
is 20% H
2
SO
4
by weight. The battery holds 3.5 L of
the acid and the volume remained practically constant
during the discharge. Calculate the number of ampere
hours for which the battery must have been used. The
charging and discharging reactions are :
Pb +
2
4
SO PbSO
4
+ 2e
(Charging)
PbO
2
+ 4H
+
+
2
4
SO + 2e
PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
(Discharging)
[IIT-1986]
Sol. We know, Volume =
Density
Mass

Volume of 100 g of 39% H
2
SO
4
=
294 . 1
100
= 77.28ml
77.28 ml of H
2
SO
4
acid solution contains = 39 g H
2
SO
4

3.5 L of sulphuric acid solution contains
=
28 . 77
5 . 3 1000 39
= 1766.3 g H
2
SO
4

Volume of 100 g of 20% H
2
SO
4
=
139 . 1
100
= 87.79ml
87.79 ml of H
2
SO
4
acid solution contains = 20 g H
2
SO
4

3.5 L of sulphuric acid solution contains
=
79 . 87
5 . 3 1000 20
= 797.3 g H
2
SO
4

Amount of H
2
SO
4
used during discharge
= 1766.3 797.3 = 969 g
The overall reaction is
Pb + PbO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
2PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
98g H
2
SO
4
(2 1 + 32 + 4 16) requires
= 1 F electricity
969 g H
2
SO
4
requires =
98
1
969 F
=
98
1
969 96500 amp-sec
=
98
1

3600
96500 969
amp-hr
= 265 amp-hour

4. It is possible to supercool water without freezing. 18
g of water are supercooled to 263.15 K(10C) in a
thermostat held at this temperature, and then
crystallization takes place.
Calculate
r
G for this process. Given:
C
p
(H
2
O,1) = 75.312 J K
1
mol
1
C
p
(H
2
O,s) = 36.400 J K
1
mol
1

fus
H (at 0C) = 6.008 kJ mol
1

Sol. The process of crystallization at 0C and at 101.325
kPa pressure is an equilibrium process, for which
G = 0. The crystallization of supercooled water is a
spontaneous phase transformation, for which G
must be less than zero. Its value for this process can
be calculated as shown below.
The given process
H
2
O(1, 10C) H
2
O(s, 10C)
is replaced by the following reversible steps.
(a) H
2
O(1, 10C) H
2
O(1, 0C) ...(1)

r
H
1
=
K 15 . 273
K 15 . 263
m , p
) 1 ( C dT
= (75.312 J K
1
mol
1
) (10 K)
= 753.12 J mol
1

r
S
1
=
K 15 . 273
K 15 . 263
m , p
R
) 1 ( C
dT
= (75.312 J K
1
mol
1
) ln
|
|
.
|
\
|
K 15 . 263
K 15 . 273

= 2.809 J K
1
mol
1

(b) H
2
O(1, 0C) H
2
O(s, 0C) ...(2)

r
H
2
= 6.008 kJ mol
1

r
S
2
=
) K 15 . 273 (
) mol J 6008 (
1
= 21.995 J K
1
mol
1

(c) H
2
O(s, 0C) H
2
O(s, 10C) ...(3)

r
H
3
=
K 15 . 263
K 15 . 273
m , p
) s ( C dT
= (36.400 J K
1
mol
1
)(10 K)
= 364.0 J mol
1

r
S
3
=
K 15 . 263
K 15 . 273
m , p
T
) s ( C
dT
= (36.400 J K
1
mol
1
) ln
|
|
.
|
\
|
K 15 . 273
K 15 . 263

= 1.358 J K
1
mol
1

The overall process is obtained by adding Eqs. (1),
(2) and (3), i.e.
H
2
O(1, 10C) H
2
O(s, 10C)
The total changes in
r
H and
r
S are given by

r
H =
r
H
1
+
r
H
2
+
r
H
3

=(753.12 6008 364.0) J mol
1

= 5618.88 J mol
1

r
S =
r
S
1
+
r
S
2
+
r
S
3

= (2.809 21.995 1.358) J K
1
mol
1

= 20.544 J K
1
mol
1

Now
r
G of this process is given by

r
G =
r
H T
r
S
= 5618.88 J mol
1
(263.15 K)( 20.544 J K
1
mol
1
)
= 212.726 J mol
1

5. An ideal gas having initial pressure P, volume V and
temperature T is allowed to expand adiabatically until
its volume becomes 5.66 V, while its temperature
falls to T/2.
(a) How many degrees of freedom do the gas
molecules have ?
(b) Obtain the work done by the gas during the
expansion as a function of the initial pressure P and
volume V. [IIT-1990]
Sol. (a) According to adiabatic gas equation,
TV
1
= constant
or T
1
V
1
1
= T
2
V
2
1

Here, T
1
= T ; T
2
= T/2
V
1
= V
and V
2
= 5.66 V
Hence, TV
1
=
2
T
(5.66V)
1

=
2
T
(5.66)
1
V
1
or (5.66)
1
= 2 ...(1)
Taking log,
( 1)log 5.66 = log 2
or 1 =
66 . 5 log
2 log
=
7528 . 0
3010 . 0
= 0.4
or = 1.4
If f, be the number of degrees of freedom, then
= 1 +
f
2
or 1.4 = 1 +
f
2

or
f
2
= 1.4 1 = 0.4
or f =
4 . 0
2
= 5
(b) According to adiabatic gas equation,
P
1
V
1

= P
2
V
2

Here, P
1
= P
V
1
= V
V
2
= 5.66 V
Hence, PV
= P
2
(5.66V)
= P
2
(5.66)

V

or P
2
=
) 66 . 5 (
P
=
4 . 1
) 66 . 5 (
P
=
32 . 11
P
[using eq.(1)]
Hence, work done by the gas during adiabatic
expansion
=
1
V P V P
2 2 1 1
=
1 4 . 1
V 66 . 5
32 . 11
P
PV

=
4 . 0
2
PV
PV
=
4 . 0 2
PV
= 1.25 PV

Galena
Galena is the natural mineral form of lead sulfide. It
is the most important lead ore mineral.

Galena is one of the most abundant and widely
distributed sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the
cubic crystal system often showing octahedral
forms. It is often associated with the minerals
sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.
Galena deposits often contain significant amounts
of silver as included silver sulfide mineral phases or
as limited solid solution within the galena structure.
These argentiferous galenas have long been the
most important ore of silver in mining. In addition
zinc, cadmium, antimony, arsenic and bismuth also
occur in variable amounts in lead ores. Selenium
substitutes for sulfur in the structure constituting a
solid solution series. The lead telluride mineral
altaite has the same crystal structure as galena.
Within the weathering or oxidation zone galena
alters to anglesite (lead sulfate) or cerussite (lead
carbonate). Galena exposed to acid mine drainage
can be oxidized to anglesite by naturally occurring
bacteria and archaea, in a process similar to
bioleaching [3]
Galena uses :
One of the earliest uses of galena was as kohl,
which in Ancient Egypt, was applied around the
eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun and to
repel flies, which were a potential source of
disease.[4]
Galena is a semiconductor with a small bandgap of
about 0.4 eV which found use in early wireless
communication systems. For example, it was used
as the crystal in crystal radio sets, in which it was
used as a point-contact diode to detect the radio
signals. The galena crystal was used with a safety
pin or similar sharp wire, which was known as a
"cat's whisker". Making such wireless sets was a
popular home hobby in the North of England
during the 1930s. Derbyshire was one of the main
areas where Galena was mined. Scientists that
were linked to this application are Karl Ferdinand
Braun and Sir Jagdish Bose. In modern wireless
communication systems, galena detectors have
been replaced by more reliable semiconductor
devices, though silicon point-contact microwave
detectors still exist in the market.


1. If two circles cut orthogonally, prove that the polar of
any point P on the first circle with respect to the
second passes through the other end of diameter of
the first circle which goes through P.

2. Let ABCD be a tetrahedron. If perpendiculars from B
and C to the opposite faces intersect, then show that
BC is perpendicular to AD and the perpendiculars
from A and D to the opposite faces will also intersect.

3. For a real number u ;
I(u) =
+
0
2
) u x cos u 2 1 ( n l dx;
prove that I (u) = I ( u) =
2
1
I(u
2
).
Generalize the result as ) u ( I
2
1
n
2
n
.

4. Let f(x) = x
2
+ ax + b be a quadratic polynomial
where a and b are integers. Let n be an integer, show
that f(n). f(n + 1) = f(m) for some integer m.

5. Show that the straight lines joining any two fixed
points on a rectangular hyperbola to any variable
point on it intercept a constant length on either
asymptote.

6. Solve :

(
(
2
2
) y x (
y
x
1
dx +
(
(
y
1
) y x (
x
2
2
dy = 0

7. Through a focus of an ellipse two chords are drawn
and a conic is described to pass through their
extremities, and also through the center of the ellipse.
Prove that it cuts the major axis in another fixed
point.

8. Let f |
.
|
\
|
2
xy
=
2
) y ( f ). x ( f
for all real x & y. If
f (1) = f(1) 0 then show that f(x) is
differentiable x R except zero. Also find f(x) for
all x 0.

9. Let there be n straight lines in a plane, no two of
which being parallel or coincident and no three of
them meet at a point, then show that they divide the
plane in

2
1
(n
2
+ n + 2) parts.

10. Prove that

x 3 cos
x sin
+
x 9 cos
x 3 sin
+
x 27 cos
x 9 sin

=
2
1
[tan 27 x tan x]

`t{xt|vt V{txzx
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota Sol ut i ons wi l l be publ i shed i n next i ssue
4
Set
NaN (Not a Number)
..... is not really a number but a symbol that
represents a numerical quantity whose magnitude
cannot be determined by the operating system.
-1
log (-n) = ln (-n)
0 / 0
0
0

1

0

/ = / - = - / = - / -
0 x = 0 x -
(-) + = + (-)
ln |0| / ln ||
e
x ln |0|
(m / ) x (n / 0) if m and n 0


1.
dx
dy
y ln 2 = 2
sin x
(cos x 1) ln 2
I.F. =
dx 2 ln
e

= 2
x

so y2
x
=
x x sin
2 . (cos x 1). ln 2 dx
y2
x
= 2
sin x x
+ c
y = 2
sin x
+ c.2
x
Ans (B)
y . 2
x
= 2
sin x x
+ c
Now if x and y is bounded (finite) then c = 0
Ans (C)
For option (D) : f(x) = 2
sin x

c.2
x
= 0,
so c = 0 but in this case y is bounded so this is not
correct option.
Hence correct answers are (B, C)

2. AC = 4p

A
B
C
D

p

tan =
DC
p
=
p
AD
= 4
cot + tan =
p
DC
+
p
AD
= 4
tan
2
4 tan + 1 = 0
tan =
2
4 16 4
= 2 3
= 15 & 75
Hence correct answer is (D)

3. z
2
= z
1
i/3

z
3
z
1
(a + i)
z
2
(1+bi)
O

1 + bi = (a + i)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ i
2
3
2
1

=
|
|
.
|
\
|

2
3
a
2
1
+ i
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
a
2
3

1 =
2
1
a
2
3

a = 2 3
b =
2
3
a +
2
1

b = 3 +
2
3
+
2
1
= 12 3
Hence correct answer is (B)

4. c
1
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2

c
2
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

c
1
c
2
P

Director circle x
2
+ y
2
= 2a
2
...(1)
Pt. P |
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
r a
0 . r ak
;
r a
0 . r ah

it lies on eqn. (1)
a
2
h
2
+ a
2
k
2
= (a + r)
2
2a
2

h
2
+ k
2
= 2(a + r)
2

x
3
+ y
3
= 2(a + r)
2

Hence correct answer is (A)

5. 4a = 2(2a) = 2 .
13
17 36 5 +

= 2 .
13
14
=
13
28

Hence correct answer is (C)

6.
x 6 sin x 3 sin
x 3 sin .
2
x
cos
2
x 9
cos 2

=

2
x 3
sin
2
x 9
cos 2
x 3 sin .
2
x
cos
2
x 9
cos 2

MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES

SOLUTION FOR JULY ISSUE (SET # 3)

=
2
x 3
cos
2
x
cos 2 dx
=
+ ) x cos x 2 (cos dx
=
2
x 2 sin
sin x + c

7. (x 1)
2
= a
2

a = 1 |a|
f(x) = x
2
2(a + 1)x + a(a 1) = 0

1
2

D = 4(a + 1)
2
4a (a 1) > 0
a
2
+ 2a + 1 a
2
+ a > 0
a >
3
1
...(1) not essential
f(1 |a|) < 0
(1 |a|)
2
2(a + 1) (1 |a|) + a(a 1) < 0
1 + a
2
2|a| 2a m 2a|a| 2 m 2|a| + a
2
a < 0
2a
2
m 2a|a| 3a 1 < 0
if a 0
2a
2
2a
2
3a 1 < 0
a >
3
1
a 0
2a
2
+ 2a
2
3a 1 < 0
4a
2
3a 1 < 0
(4a + 1) (a 1) < 0

4
1
< a < 1
0 a < 1
So, similarly if a < 0 then
f(1 |a|) < 0 f(1 m a) < 0
so f(1 |a|) < 0
4
1
< a < 1 ...(2)
eqn. (1) (2)
4
1
< a < 1

8. 2r = a + b + c
ON = BN + BO
Let BN = x
2BN + 2CN + 2AR = 2s
x + (a x) + (b a + x) = s
x = s b

A
B
N
O C
R
r
M
I(h,k)

so h = ON =
2
a
(s b)
=
2
b 2 a s 2 + +
=
2
c b

& r = k
so r = k =
s
=
s
) c s )( b s )( a s ( s

r = k =
s
) c s )( b s )( a s ( s

2sk = ) c b a )( c b a )( a s ( s + +
= ) x 2 a )( x 2 a )( a s ( s +
2sk = ) h 4 a )( a s ( s
2 2

required lows is
4s
2
y
2
= A(a
2
4x
2
) s
2
y
2
+ A x
2
=
4
Aa
2

where A is = s(s a)
here h
2
< ab so it is an ellipse.

9. Total no of ways of drawing = 7
4
= 2401
favorable no of drawings = coeffi. of x
8
in the
expansion of (x
0
+ x
1
+ x
2
+ ...... x
6
)
4

= coeffi. of x
8
is (1 x
7
)
4
(1 x)
4

= coeffi of x
8
in (1 4x
7
+ ....) (1 + 4x +
..... + 165x
8
+ ..........)
= 165 16 = 149
so required probability =
2401
149

10. f(x) = (x )Q(x) + R
f(+1) = 2; f(2) = 1, f(1) = 1.
If f(x) is divided by (x
2
1) (x + 2) which is a cubic
expression then remainder should be a quadratic
expression.
f(x) = (x
2
1) (x + 2) Q(x) + (ax
2
+ bx + c)
f(1) = a + b + c = 2
f(2) = 4a 2b + c = 1
f(1) = a b + c = 1
Solving these eq
n
, a =
6
7
, b =
2
3
, c =
3
2

so the remainder is
6
7
x
2
+
2
3
x
3
2


1. Suppose f(x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c, where a, b, c are
chosen respectively by throwing a die three times.
Find the probability that f(x) is an increasing
function.
Sol. f(x) = 3x
2
+ 2ax + b
y = f(x) is strictly increasing
f(x) > 0 x
(2a)
2
4.3.b < 0
This is true for exactly 15 ordered pairs (a, b); 1 a,
b 6, so probability =
36
15
=
12
5

2. If (a, b, c) is a point on the plane 3x + 2y + z = 7,
then find the least value of a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
, using vector
methods.
Sol. Let
A = a i
+ b j
+ c k
B = 3 i
+ 2 j
+ k

2
) B . A (

|
A|
2
|
B |
2

3a + 2b + c
2 2 2
c b a + + 14
(7)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) (14)
{Q 3a + 2b + c = 7, point lies on the plane}
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

14
49
=
2
7

3. Let g be a real valued function satisfying g(x) + g(x +
4) = g(x + 2) + g(x + 6), then prove that
+8 x
x
) t ( g dt
is a constant function.
Sol. given that g(x) + g(x + 4) = g(x + 2) + g(x + 6) ...(1)
putting x = x + 2 in (1) ........
g(x + 2) + g(x + 6) = g(x + 4) + g(x + 8) ...(2)
from (1) & (2)
g(x) = g(x + B)
Now, f(x) =
+8 x
x
) t ( g dt
f(x) = g(x + 8) g(x) = 0
g is constant function
4. If exactly three distinct chords from (h, 0) point to the
circle x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
are bisected by the parabola
y
2
= 4ax, a > 0, then find the range of 'h' parameter.
Sol. Let M(at
2
, 2at) is mid-point of chord AB, then chord
AB = T = S
1

B
M
A

AB : x.at
2
+ y.2at = a
2
t
4
+ 4a
2
t
2

since AB chord passes through (h, 0)
so, h.at
2
= a
2
t
4
+ 4a
2
t
2

at
2
[at
2
+ (4a h)] = 0
If a > 0 4a h < 0
h > 4a ...(i)
Now point (at
2
,2at) must lie inside the circle, on
solving
a
2
t
4
+ 4a
2
t
2
a
2
< 0
we get, h < a ( 5 + 2) ...(ii)
from (i) & (ii)
4a < h < a ( 5 + 2)
5. Find the sum of the terms of G.P. a + ar + ar
2
+ ..... +
where a is the value of x for which the function
7 + 2x log
e
25 5
x 1
5
2x
has the greatest value and
r is the
x
0
2
2
0 x
) x tan( x
dt t
Lt
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
MATHS

Sol. S =
r 1
a
,
To get the greatest value f(x) = 2log
e
25 5
x 1
log 5
+ 5
2x
log 5
f(x) = 4 log
e
5 5
x1
log
e
5 + 5.5
1 x
log
e
5
f(x) = 0 put 5
x 1
t(> 0)
t
2
4t 5 = 0 t = 5 5
x 1
= 5 x = 2
to evaluate r :
r =
x
0
2
2
0 x
) x tan( x
dt t
Lt =
1

since a = 2, r =
1
sum of G.P. =
1
2

6. The tangent and normal at a point P on the ellipse
2
2
a
x
+
2
2
b
y
= 1 meets the y-axis at A and B
respectively. Find the angle subtended by AB at the
points of intersection of the circle (through A,S,B)
and the ellipse. S being one of the foci.
Sol. Let P be (x
1
, y
1
),

B
M
S
P
A Q
N

Points of intersection of tangent and normal at P
points with y-axis and A
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
2
y
b
, 0 , B
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
2
1
b
y a
y , 0 ,
S : (ae, 0)
slope (SA). slope (SB) = 1
ASB = 90 (PA and PB are tangent and normal)
P must lie on the circle with AB as diameter.
Hence the point of intersection of the ellipse and the
circle is P. Due to symmetry the angles made by AB
at P,Q,M, N are all 90.

Confidence Tips
Can you enjoy success if you dont know what
you wanted?
Can't is the worst of the 4-letter words.
Can you tell whether someone else lacks self-
confidence?
Can you act confident even when you are not?
Meal check: How many successes have you had
since your last meal?
Meal check: What will you accomplish in the
next hour?
Meal check: Take the next thing you will do.
How will you see that it is well done?
Meal check: How many times have you thought
I cant since you last ate?
You already have all to brain tools you need.
You just need to find the tools that fit the job.
You don't have to know everything. You just
have to know how to find out anything.
You will know more tomorrow. How will you
use that insight today?
If you want to be smart, find friends who are
smarter than you are.
List 5 ways to undermine your own self-
confidence.
Will what you seek be worth the work?
Pay attention to what you say about yourself.
Would you say that about someone else?
Pay attention to what you say about what you
can do. Why do you believe it?
Those who say it can't be done should not
interrupt those who are doing it.
Don't should on yourself .
Some focus on what they can. Others focus on
what they can't. What do you do you?
Tell yourself what you can't do. Hear a stop
sign. Tell yourself what you can do. What do
you hear?



Representation of vectors :
Geometrically a vector is represent by a line segment.
For example, a = AB. Here A is called the initial
point and B, the terminal point or tip.
Magnitude or modulus of a is expressed as
|a| = | AB | = AB.

B
a
A

Types of Vector:
Zero or null vector : A vector whose magnitude
is zero is called zero or null vector and it is
represented by O.
Unit vector : A vector whose modulus is unity, is
called a unit vector. The unit vector in the
direction of a vector a is denoted by a , read as a
cap. Thus, | a | = 1.
a =
| | a
a
=
a of Magnitude
a Vector

Like and unlike vectors : Vectors are said to be
like when they have the same sense of direction
and unlike when they have opposite directions.
Collinear or parallel vectors : Vectors having
the same or parallel supports are called collinear
or parallel vectors.
Co-initial vectors : Vectors having the same
initial point are called co-initial vectors.
Coplanar vectors : A system of vectors is said to
be coplanar, if their supports are parallel to the
same plane.
Two vectors having the same initial point are
always coplanar but such three or more vectors
may or may not be coplanar.
Negative of a vector : The vector which has the
same magnitude as the vector a but opposite
direction, is called the negative of a and is
denoted by a. Thus, if PQ = a, then QP = a.

Properties of vectors :
(i) Addition of vectors
Triangle law of addition : If in a ABC,
AB = a, BC = b and AC = c, then
AB+ BC = AC i.e., a + b = c

A B
C
b
a
c = a + b

Parallelogram law of addition : If in a
parallelogram OACB, OA = a, OB = b and
OC = c
C
A
a
O
b
B
c = a + b

Then OA + OB = OC i.e., a + b = c, where OC
is a diagonal of the parallelogram OABC.
Addition in component form : If the vectors are
defined in terms of i, j, and k, i.e.,
if a = a
1
i + a
2
j + a
3
k and b = b
1
i

+ b
2
j + b
3
k, then
their sum is defined as
a + b = (a
1
+ b
1
)i + (a
2
+ b
2
)j + (a
3
+ b
3
)k.
Properties of vector addition :
Vector addition has the following properties.
Binary operation : The sum of two vectors is
always a vector.
Commutativity : For any two vectors a and b,
a + b = b + a.
Associativity : For any three vectors a, b and c,
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Identity : Zero vector is the identity for addition.
For any vector a, 0 + a = a = a + 0
Additive inverse : For every vector a its negative
vector a exits such that a + (a) = (a) + a = 0
i.e., (a) is the additive inverse of the vector a.

VECTOR
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
S

Subtraction of vectors :
If a and b are two vectors, then their subtraction a b
is defined as a b = a + (b) where b is the
negative of b having magnitude equal to that of b and
direction opposite to b. If
a = a
1
i + a
2
j + a
3
k, b = b
1
i + b
2
j + b
3
k
Then a b = (a
1
b
1
)i + (a
2
b
2
)j + (a
3
b
3
)k.
B
b
A
b
B
a
a + (b) = a b
O
a + b

Properties of vector subtraction :
(i) a b b a
(ii) (a b) c a (b c)
(iii) Since any one side of a triangle is less than the
sum and greater than the difference of the other two
sides, so for any two vectors a and b, we have
(a) |a + b| |a| + |b|
(b) |a + b| |a| |b|
(c) |a b| |a| + |b|
(d) |a b| |a| |b|
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar : If a is a
vector and m is a scalar (i.e., a real number) then ma
is a vector whose magnitude is m times that of a and
whose direction is the same as that of a, if m is
positive and opposite to that of a, if m is negative.
Properties of Multiplication of vector by a scalar :
The following are properties of multiplication of
vectors by scalars, for vector a, b and scalars m, n.
(i) m(a) = (m)a = (ma)
(ii) (m) (a) = ma
(iii) m(na) = (mn)a

= n(ma)
(iv) (m + n)a

= ma

+ na
(v) m(a + b) = ma + mb
Position vector :
AB in terms of the position vectors of points A
and B : If a and b are position vectors of points A
and B respectively. Then, OA = a, OB = b
AB = (Position vector of B) (Position vector of A)
= OB OA = b a
Position vector of a dividing point : The
position vectors of the points dividing the line AB
in the ratio m : n internally or externally are
n m
n m
+
+ a b
or
n m
n m
a b
.

Scalar or Dot product
Scalar or Dot product of two vectors : If a and b
are two non-zero vectors and be the angle between
them, then their scalar product (or dot product) is
denoted by a . b and is defined as the scalar
|a| |b| cos, where |a| and |b| are modulii of a and b
respectively and 0 . Dot product of two
vectors is a scalar quantity.

A
B
b
a O

Angle between two vectors : If a, b be two vectors
inclined at an angle , then a . b = |a| |b| cos
cos =
| || |
.
b a
b a

= cos
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
| || |
.
b a
b a

If a = a
1
i + a
2
j + a
3
k

and b = b
1
i + b
2
j + b
3
k; then
= cos
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
+ +
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
b b b a a a
b a b a b a

Properties of scalar product
Commutativity : The scalar product of two
vector is commutative i.e., a . b = b . a
Distributivity of scalar product over vector
addition : The scalar product of vectors is
distributive over vector addition i.e.,
(a) a . (b + c) = a . b + a . c, (Left distributivity)
(b) (b + c) . a = b . a + c . a, (Right distributivity)
Let a and b be two non-zero vectors a . b = 0
a b.
As i, j, k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors
along the coordinate axes, therefore,
i . j = j . i = 0; j . k = k . j = 0; k . i = i . k = 0.
For any vector a . a . a = |a|
2
.
As i. j. k are unit vectors along the co-ordinate
axes, therefore i . i = |i|
2
= 1, j . j = |j|
2
= 1 and
k . k = |k|
2
= 1
If m, n are scalars and a . b be two vectors, then
ma . nb = mn(a . b) = (mna) . b = a .(mnb)
For any vectors a and b, we have
(a) a . (b) = (a . b) = (a). b
(b) (a) . (b) = a . b
For any two vectors a and b, we have
(a) |a + b|
2
= |a|
2
+ |b|
2
+ 2a.b
(b) |a b|
2
= |a|
2
+ |b|
2
2a.b

(c) (a + b) . (a b) = |a|
2
|b|
2

(d) |a + b| = |a|

+ |b| a | | b
(e) |a + b|
2
= |a|
2
+ |b|
2
a b
(f) |a + b| = |a

b| a b
Vector or Cross product
Vector product of two vectors : Let a, b be two
non-zero, non-parallel vectors.

O a
b

Then a b = |a| |b| sin , and |a b| = |a| |b| sin ,
where is the angle between a and b, is a unit
vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b such that
a, b, form a right-handed system.
Properties of vector product :
Vector product is not commutative i.e., if a and b
are any two vectors, then a b b a, however,
a b = (b a)
If a, b are two vectors and m, n are scalars, then
ma nb = mn(a b) = m(a nb) = n(ma b).
Distributivity of vector product over vector
addition. Let a, b, c be any three vectors. Then
(a) a (b + c) = a b + a c (left distributivity)
(b) (b + c) a = b a + c a (Right disributivity)
For any three vectors a, b, c we have
a (b c) = a b a c.
The vector product of two non-zero vectors is
zero vector iff they are parallel (Collinear) i.e.,
a b = 0 a| | b, a, b are non-zero vectors.
It follows from the above property that a a = 0
for every non-zero vector a, which in turn implies
that i i = j j = k k = 0.
Vector product of orthonormal triad of unit
vectors i, j, k using the definition of the vector
product, we obtain i j = k, j k = i, k i = j,
j i = k, k j = i, i k = j.
Vector product in terms of components :
If a = a
1
i + a
2
j + a
3
k and b = b
1
i + b
2
j + b
3
k.
Then, a b =
3 2 1
3 2 1
b b b
a a a
k j i

Angle between two vectors :
If is the angle between a and b then sin =
| || |
| |
b a
b a

Right handed system of vectors : Three mutually
perpendicular vectors a, b, c form a right handed
system of vector iff a b = c, b c = a, c a = b
Left handed system of vectors : The vectors a, b, c
mutually perpendicular to one another form a left
handed system of vector iff c b = a, a c = b,
b a = c.
Area of parallelogram and triangle :
The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a
and b is |a b|.
The area of a plane quadrilateral ABCD is
| BD AC |
2
1
, where AC and BC are its
diagonals.
The area of a triangle ABC is | AC AB |
2
1
or
| BA BC |
2
1
or | CA CB |
2
1

Scalar triple product
Scalar triple product of three vectors : If a, b, c are
three vectors, then scalar triple product is defined as
the dot product of two vectors a and b c. It is
generally denoted by a . (b c) or [a b c].
Properties of scalar triple product : If a, b, c are
cyclically permuted, the value of scalar triple product
remains the same. i.e.,
(a b) . c = (b c) . a = (c a). b
or [a b c] = [b a c] = [c a b]
Vector triple product
Let a, b, c be any three vectors, then the vectors
a (b c) and (a b) c are called vector triple
product of a, b, c.
Thus, a (b c) = (a . c) b (a . b)c
Properties of vector triple product :
The vector triple product a (b c) is a linear
combination of those two vectors which are
within brackets.
The vector r = a (b c) is perpendicular to a
and lies in the plane of b and c.
The formula a (b c) = (a . c)b (a . b)c is true
only when the vector outside the bracket is on the
left most side. If it is not, we first shift on left by
using the properties of cross product and then
apply the same formula.
Thus, (b c) a = {a (b c)}
= {(a . c)b (a . b)c}
= (a . b)c (a . c)b
Vector triple product is a vector quantity.
a (b c) (a b) c


Permutation :
Definition : The ways of arranging or selecting a
smaller or an equal number of persons or objects at a
time from a given group of person or objects with
due regard being paid to the order of arrangement or
selection are called the (different) permutations.
Number of permutations without repetition :
Arranging n objects, taken r at a time equivalent
to filling r places from n things.

r-places :
Number of choice
1 2 3 4 r
n (n1)(n2) (n3) n(r 1)

The number of ways of arranging = The number
of ways of filling r places.
= n(n 1) (n 2) ....... (n r + 1)
=
! ) r n (
) ! ) r n )(( 1 r n )....( 2 n )( 1 n ( n
+
=
! ) r n (
! n

=
n
P
r

The number of arrangements of n different
objects taken all at a time =
n
P
n
= n !
(i)
n
P
0
=
! n
! n
= 1;
n
P
r
= n.
n1
P
r 1

(ii) 0 ! = 1;
! ) r (
1
= 0 or (r) ! = (r N)
Number of permutations with repetition :
The number of permutations (arrangements) of n
different objects, taken r at a time, when each
object may occur once, twice, thrice, ....... upto r
times in any arrangement = The number of ways
of filling r places where each place can be filled
by any one of n objects.

r-places :
Number of choices :
1 2 3 4 r
n (n) (n) (n) n

The number of permutations = The number of
ways of filling r places = (n)
r
.
The number of arrangements that can be formed
using n objects out of which p are identical (and
of one kind) q are identical (and of another kind),
r are identical (and of another kind) and the rest
are distinct is
! r ! q ! p
! n
.
Condition permutations :
Number of permutations of n dissimilar things
taken r at a time when p particular things always
occur =
n p
C
r p
r !.
Number of permutations of n dissimilar things
taken r at a time when p particular things never
occur =
n p
C
r
r !.
The total number of permutations of n different
things taken not more than r at a time, when each
thing may be repeated any number of times, is
1 n
) 1 n ( n
r
.
Number of permutations of n different things,
taken all at a time, when m specified things
always come together is m ! (n m + 1) !.
Number of permutation of n different things,
taken all at a time, when m specified things never
come together is n ! m! (n m + 1) !.
Let there be n objects, of which m objects are
alike of one kind, and the remaining (n m)
objects are alike of another kind. Then, the total
number of mutually distinguishable permutations
that can be formed from these objects is
! ) m n ( ) ! m (
! n

.
The above theorem can be extended further i.e., if
there are n objects, of which p
1
are alike of one kind;
p
2
are alike of another kind; p
3
are alike of 3
rd
kind;
.....; p
r
are alike of r
th
kind such that p
1
+ p
2
+ .... + p
r

= n; then the number of permutations of these n
objects is
) ! p ( .... ) ! p ( ) ! p (
! n
r 2 1

.
Circular permutations :
Difference between clockwise and anti-clockwise
arrangement : If anti-clockwise and clockwise order
of arrangement are not distinct e.g., arrangement of
beads in a necklace, arrangement of flowers in
garland etc. then the number of circular permutations
of n distinct items is
2
! ) 1 n (
.
Number of circular permutations of n different
things, taken r at a time, when clockwise and
anticlockwise orders are taken as different is
r
p
r
n
.
PERMUTATION &
COMBINATION
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
S

Number or circular permutations of n different
things, taken r at a time, when clockwise and
anticlockwise orders are not different is
r 2
p
r
n
.
Theorems on circular permutations :
Theorem (i) : The number of circular
permutations on n different objects is (n 1) !.
Theorem (ii) : Then number of ways in which n
persons can be seated round a table is (n 1) !.
Theorem (iii) : The number of ways in which n
different beads can be arranged to form a
necklace, is ! ) 1 n (
2
1
.
Combinations :
Definition : Each of the different groups or selection
which can be formed by taking some or all of a
number of objects, irrespective of their arrangements,
called a combination.
Notation : The number of all combinations of n
things, taken r at a time is denoted by C(n, r) or
n
C
r
or
|
.
|
\
|
r
n
.
n
C
r
is always a natural number.
Difference between a permutation and
combination :
In a combination only selection is made whereas
in a permutation not only a selection is made but
also an arrangement in a definite order is
considered.
Each combination corresponds to many
permutations. For example, the six permutations
ABC, ACB, BCA, CBA and CAB correspond to
the same combination ABC.
Number of combinations without repetition
The number of combinations (selections or groups)
that can be formed from n different objects taken
r (0 r n) at a time is
n
C
r
=
! ) r n ( ! r
! n
. Also
n
C
r
=
n
C
n r
.
Let the total number of selections (or groups) = x.
Each group contains r objects, which can be arranged
in r ! ways. Hence the number of arrangements of r
objects = x (r!). But the number of arrangements =
n
p
r
.
x(r !) =
n
p
r
x =
! ) r n ( ! r
! n
=
n
C
r

Number of combinations with repetition and all
possible selections :
The number of combinations of n distinct objects
taken r at a time when any object may be repeated
any number of times.
= Coefficient of x
r
in (1 + x + x
2
+ ...... + x
r
)
n

= Coefficient of x
r
in (1 x)
n
=
n + r 1
C
r

The total number of ways in which it is possible
to form groups by taking some or all of n things at
a time is
n
C
1
+
n
C
2
+ .... +
n
C
n
= 2
n
1.
The total number of ways in which it is possible
to make groups by taking some or all out of
n = (n
1
+ n
2
+ .....) things, when n
1
are alike of one
kind, n
2
are alike of second kind, and so on is
{(n
1
+ 1) (n
2
+ 1) .....} 1.
The number of selections taking at least one out
of a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ .... + a
n
+ k objects, where a
1
are
alike (of one kind), a
2
are alike (of second kind)
and so on ............... a
n
are alike (of n
th
kind) and k
are distinct
= [(a
1
+ 1) (a
2
+ 1) (a
3
+ 1) ......... (a
n
+ 1)]2
k
1
Conditional combinations :
The number of ways in which r objects can be
selected from n different objects if k particular
objects are
(i) Always included =
n k
C
rk

(ii) Never included =
n k
C
r

The number of combinations of n objects, of
which p are identical, taken r at a time is

n p
C
r
+
n p
C
r 1
+...........+
n p
C
0
, if r p and

n p
C
r
+
n p
C
r 1
+ ........... +
n p
C
r p
, if r > p.
Division into groups
The number of ways in which n different things
can be arranged into r different groups is
n + r 1
P
n

or n !
n 1
C
r 1
according as blank group are or are
not admissible.
Number of ways in which m n different objects
can be distributed equally among n persons (or
numbered groups) = (number of ways of dividing
into groups) (number of groups)!
=
! n ) ! m (
! n ! ) mn (
n
=
n
) ! m (
! ) mn (

If order of group is not important: The number of
ways in which mn different things can be divided
equally into m groups is
! m ) ! m (
! ) mn (
m
.
If order of groups is important : The number of
ways in which mn different things can be divided
equally into m distinct groups is

! m ) ! n (
! ) mn (
m
m ! =
m
) ! n (
! ) mn (

Derangement :
Any change in the given order of the things is called
a derangement.
If n things form an arrangement in a row, the number
of ways in which they can be deranged so that no one
of them occupies its original place is
n !
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
! n
1
. ) 1 ( ...
! 3
1
! 2
1
! 1
1
1
n

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE AUGUST 2010 54

PHYSICS

Questions 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. Mark your response in
OMR sheet against the question number of that
question. + 3 marks will be given for each correct
answer and 1 mark for each wrong answer.
1. Two men B and C are watching man A. B watches A
to be stationary and C watches A moving. Then -
(A) Man A may be at absolute rest
(B) Man B may be at absolute rest
(C) Man C may be at absolute rest
(D) None of these
2. For a body moving one dimensionally, S and | S |

are distance travelled and magnitude of displacement
respectively, then -
(A) S = | S |

; always true
(B) S > | S |

; always true
(C)
S
| S |
1; always true
(D) S < | S |

; sometimes true

3. Two particles X and Y are respectively moving on
the circular path and regular hexagon as shown. O is
centre of circle and hexagon both. When both X and
Y have moved from point A to point D, the ratio of
distance moved by X to magnitude of displacement
of Y is
A
X
Y
F
E
D C
B

(A)
4
(B)
2

(C)

(D) 2

4. If the magnetic lines of force are shaped like arcs of
concentric circles with their centre at point O in a
certain section of magnetic field :

O

IIT-JEE 2011
XtraEdge Test Series # 4
Based on New Pattern
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus (Revision 1): Physics: Essential Mathematics, Vector, Units & Dimension, Motion in One dimension,
Projectile motion, Circular motion, Electrostatics & Gauss's Law, Capacitance, Current electricity, Alternating Current,
Magnetic Field, E.M.I. Chemistry : Mole Concept, Chemical Bonding, Atomic Structure, Periodic Table, Chemical
Kinetics, Electro Chemistry, Solid state, Solutions, Surface Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry. Mathematics:
Trigonometric Ratios, Trigonmetrical Equation, Inverse Trigonmetrical Functions, Properties of Triangle, Radii of
Circle, Function, Limit, Continiuty, Differentiation, Application of Differentiation (Tangent & Normal, Monotonicity,
Maxima & Minima)
Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
-1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
Question 9 to 12 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
Section - III
Question 13 to 18 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer
and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - IV
Question 19 to 20 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer (i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative marks for wrong answer..

(A) The intensity of the field in this section should at
each point be inversely proportional to its
distance from point O
(B) The intensity of the field in this section should at
each point be inversely proportional to square of
its distance from point O
(C) The intensity of the field in this section should at
each point be inversely proportional to cube of
its distance from point O
(D) Nothing can be said

5. A closed body, whose surface F is made of metal
foil, has an electrical capacitance C (if potential at
infinity is assumed zero) The foil is now dented in
such a way that the new surface F
*
is entirely inside
of an the original surface as shown in the figure.
Then
F
*
F

original
surface
new surface

(A) Capacitance of F
*
> capacitance of F
(B) Capacitance of F
*
< capacitance of F
(C) Capacitance of F
*
= capacitance of F
(D) Nothing can be concluded from given
information

6. A current of I Amp flow through a wire made of a
piece of copper and a piece of iron of identical cross
sections welded end to end as shown in the figure.

Cu
I Amp
Fe

How much electric charge accumulates at the
boundary between the two metals?
Fe
&
Cu
are
resistivity of Fe & Cu respectively -
(A)
0
I (
Fe
+
Cu
) (B)
0
I (
Fe

Cu
)
(C)
0
I (
Fe
+ 3
Cu
) (D)
0
I (
Fe
+ 2
Cu
)

7. Rectangular loop is rotating about z-axis, at
500 rev/min. Then find the current in loop. Where R
= 0.20 and B is in radial outward direction and its
value is 0.2 T.

0.05m
0.03m
z

R
Loop
0.5m

(A) 0.523 A (B) 0.319 A
(C) 2.369 A (D) 1.235 A

8. An electron flies into a homogeneous magnetic field
perpendicular to the force lines. The velocity of the
electron is v = 4 10
7
m/s. The induction of the field
is 10
3
T. What is tangential acceleration of electron
in the magnetic field
(A) 7 10
15
m/s
2
(B) 7 10
13
m/s
2

(C) 7 10
14
m/s
2
(D) None of these

which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct. Mark
your response in OMR sheet against the question
number of that question. + 4 marks will be given for
each correct answer and 1 mark for each wrong
answer.

9. A conductor is made of an isotropic material and has
shape of a truncated cone. A battery of constant emf
E is connected across it and its left end is earthed as
show in figure. If at a section distance x from left
end, electric field intensity, potential and the rate of
generation of heat per

E
+

unit length are E, V and H respectively, which of the
following graphs are correct ?
(A)
E
x
(B)
H
x

(C)
H
E
(D)
V
x

10. The conductor ABCDE has the slope shown in
figure. It lies in the y-z plane, with A and E on the y-
axis. When it moves with a velocity v in a magnetic
field B, an emf e is induced between A and E, then :

B
z
O
x
a
A
D
a
E
y

C

(A) e = 0, if v is in the y-direction and B is in
the x-direction
(B) e = 2Bav, if v is in the y-direction and B is
in the x-direction
(C) e = Bv, if v is in the z-direction and B is in
the x-direction
(D) e = Bv, if v is in the x-direction and B is in
the z-direction

11. Instantaneous velocity of a particle -
(A) depends on instantaneous position
(B) depends on instantaneous speed
(C) independent of instantaneous position
(D) independent of instantaneous speed

12. Two bodies A and B are moving with speeds V and
2v respectively, then -
(A) distance moved by A must be greater than that of B
(B) distance moved by A must be smaller than that of B
(C) displacement of A may be greater than that of B
(D) displacement of A may be smaller than that of B

This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has 3 multiple
choice questions. (Questions 13 to 18) Each question
has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY
ONE is correct. Mark your response in OMR sheet
against the question number of that question. + 4
marks will be given for each correct answer and 1
mark for each wrong answer.
Passage : I (Ques. 13 to 15)
A large parallel plate capacitor with uniform surface
charge on the upper plate & on the lower is
moving with a constant speed V as shown in figure.
V
V
+

13. Magnetic field between the plates is
(A) zero (B)
4
V
0

(C)
2
V
0

(D)
0
V

14. Magnetic force per unit area on the upper plate,
including its direction -
(A)
0
2
V
2
upward (B)
2
v
2 2
0

upward
(C) 2
0
2
V
2
downward (D)
2
V
2 2
0

downward
15. At what speed V would the magnetic force balance
the electrical force, where C is the speed of light -
(A) 0. 5 C (B) 0.2 C
(C) C (D) 0.9 C
Passage: II (Ques. 16 to 18)
Initially circuit is in steady state.

S
6 F
6
18 V
3 F
a
b
3

16. When switch S is open, then V
b
V
a
is -
(A) 6V (B) 6 V (C) 18 V (D) 18 V
17. When switch S is closed then V
b
V
a
is -
(A) 6V (B) 0 V (C) 18 V (D) 6 V
18. How much does the charge on capacitor 6F change
when S is closed -
(A) 16 C (B) 18 C (C) 36 C (D) 72 C

This section contains 2 questions (Questions 19, 20).
Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
(P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers to these
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T;
B-Q, B-R; C-P, C-Q and D-S, D-T then the correctly
bubbled 4 5 matrix should be as follows :
A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

Mark your response in OMR sheet against the question
number of that question in section-II. + 8 marks will be
given for complete correct answer (i.e. +2 marks for
each correct row) and No Negative marks for wrong
answer.
19. For one dimensional motion if
V
av
= average speed
av
V = average velocity
V
inst
= instantaneous speed
V
inst
= instantaneous velocity; v = speed
Then match the following
Column-I Column-II
(A)
inst
V =
av
V (P) for uniform motion in any
direction
(B) |

inst
V | = V (Q) for uniform motion in
given direction
(C) V
inst
= V
av
(R) Always true
(D) |

inst
V | < V (S) Never true
(T) None of these

20. Match the following
Column-I Column-II
(A) Motion of dropped (P) Two dimensional
ball motion
(B) Motion of a snake (Q) Three dimensional
motion
(C) Motion of a bird (R) One-Dimensional motion
(D) Earth (S) Absolute rest
(T) None of these

CHEMISTRY


1. The spin only magnetic moment value (in Bohr
magneton units) of Cr(CO)
6
is -
(A) 0 (B) 2.84
(C) 4.90 (D) 5.92

2. The crystalline salt, Na
2
SO
4
xH
2
O on heating loses
55.9% of its weight. The formula of the crystalline
salt is -
(A) Na
2
SO
4
.5H
2
O (B) Na
2
SO
4
.7H
2
O
(C) Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O (D) None of these

3. The correct order of increasing CO bond length in
CO,
2
3
CO , CO
2
is -
(A)
2
3
CO < CO
2
< CO (B) CO
2
<
2
3
CO < CO
(C) CO <
2
3
CO < CO
2
(D) CO < CO
2
<
2
3
CO

4. If the wavelength of series limit of Lyman series for
He
+
ion is x then what will be the wavelength of series
limit of Balmer series for Li
+2
ion ?
(A)
4
x 9
(B)
7
x 4

(C)
4
x 5
(D)
9
x 16

5. The correct order of acidic strength is
(A) Cl
2
O
7

>SO
2
>P
4
O
10

(B) CO
2

>N
2
O
5
<SO
3

(C) Na
2
O

>MgO

>Al
2
O
3

(D) K
2
O

>CaO

>MgO

6. In a hypothetical solid C atoms form CCP lattice with
A atoms occupying all the Tetrahedral voids and B
atoms occupying all the octahedral voids. A and B
atoms are of the appropriate size such that there is no
distortion in the CCP lattice. Now if a plane is
cut (as shown) then the cross section would like

Plane
CCP unit cell

(A)
C C
C
C
B
B
B B
A
A
B

(B)

C C
C
B B B
C C
C C

(C)
C
C
B B B
C C
C C
A
A A
A

(D)
C C
C
B B B
C C
C C

7. Regarding graphite the following informations are
available :

3.35
Top view

The density of graphite = 2.25 gm/cm
3
. What is CC
bond distance in graphite ?
(A) 1.68 (B) 1.545
(C) 2.852 (D) 1.426

8. The geometrical shapes of XeF
5
+
, XeF
6
and XeF
8
2

respectively are -
(A) trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral and square
planar
(B) square based pyramidal, distorted octahedral and
octahedral
(C) planar pentagonal, octahedral and square anti
prismatic
(D) square based pyramidal, distorted octahedral and
square anti prismatic

answer.

9. Which of the following is/are correct ?
(A) -rays are more penetrating than -rays
(B) -rays have greater ionizing power than -rays
(C) -particles are not present in the nucleus, yet they
are emitted from the nucleus
(D) -rays are not emitted simultaneously with and
-rays

10. Select the correct curve (s)
If v = Velocity of electron in Bohr's orbit
r = Radius of electron in Bohr's orbit
P.E. = Potential energy of electron in Bohr's orbit
K.E. = Kinetic energy of electron in Bohr's orbit
(A)

v
1/n
(B)

r
n

(C)

1/n
z
P.E.

(D)

K.E.
n

11. In which of the following molecules there is no SS
bond(s)?
(A) S
2
O
4
2
(B) S
2
O
5
2

(C) S
2
O
3
2

(D) S
2
O
7
2

12. During the electrolysis of AgNO
3
(using Pt
electrodes) concentration around cathode as well as
anode falls from 4 M to 3 M. What will happen if this
happened with Ag electrodes ?
(A) Result will remain same
(B) Concentration around cathode will fall from 4 M
to 3 M but around anode will increase from 4 M
to 5 M
(C) Reverse of statement 'b'
(D) Concentration increases from 4 M to 5 M on both
the electrodes

According to Einstein, when light of some particular
frequency falls on surface of metal, the photon give
its entire energy to the electron of the metal atom.
The electron will be dislodged or detached form the
metal atom only if the energy of the photon is
sufficient to over come the force of attraction of the
electron by the nucleus. That is why photoelectrons
are ejected only when the incident light has a certain
minimum frequency. According to Einstein
photoelectric explanation:
h = h
0
+
2
1
mv
2
,
Where is the frequency of its incident light and
0

is the minimum energy and v is the velocity of
electron. A graph can be plotted between the kinetic
energy and frequency of absorbed photons :

Frequency
K
i
n
e
t
i
c

E
n
e
r
g
y

o
f

p
h
o
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s

v
0

...... (K.E.) = h h
0
13. As per the experiments carried out for PEE; we can
say -
(A) As the intensity of light increases, velocity of
photoelectron increases.
(B) As the intensity of light increases, energy of
photoelectron increases.
(C) As the intensity of light increases, no. of
photoelectrons decreases.
(D) Kinetic energy of photoelectron is proportional
to frequency of incident light.

14. When a light of frequency
1
is incident on a metal
surface the photoelectron emitted had twice the
kinetic energy as did the photoelectrons emitted when
the same metal had irradiated with light of frequency
2
. What will be threshold frequency.
(A)
0
=
1

2
(B)
0
= 2
2

1

(C)
0
= 2
1

2
(D)
0
=
1
+
2

15. The equation of photoelectric effect represents an
equation of -
(A) straight line (B) parabola
(C) ellipse (D) None

The colligative properties of electrolytes require a
slightly different approach than the one used for the
colligative properties of non-electrolytes. The
electrolytes dissociate into ions in solution. It is the
number of solute particles that determines the
colligative properties of a solution. The electrolyte
solution therefore, show abnormal colligative
properties. To account for this effect we define a
quantity called the van't Hoff factor, given by
i =
solution in dissolved initially units formula of Number
on dissociati after solution in particles of number Actual

i = 1 (for non-electrolyte);
i > 1 (for electrolytes, undergoing dissociation)
i < 1 (for solutes, undergoing association).

16. Certain substance trimerises when dissolved in a
solvent A. The van't Hoff factor 'i' for the solution is :
(A) 1 (B) 1/3
(C) 3

(D) unpredictable

17. For a solution of a non-electrolyte in water, the van't
Hoff factor is :
(A) always equal to 0 (B) 1
(C) always equal to 2 (D) > 1 but < 2

18. 0.1 M K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] is 60% ionized. What will be its
van't Hoff factor ?
(A) 1.4 (B) 2.4
(C) 3.4

(D) 4.4


A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

answer.

19. Column-I Column-II
(Ionic species) (Shapes)
(A) XeF
5
+
(P) Tetrahedral
(B) SiF
5
(Q) Square planar

(C) AsF
4
+
(R) Trigonal bipyramidal
(D) ICl
4
(S) Square pyramidal

(T) Octahedral

20. Column-I
(A) N H C
13
7
1
1
12
6
+
(B) He Mg H Al
4
2
24
12
1
1
27
13
+ +
(C) n 3 Kr Ba n U
1
0
93
36
140
56
1
0
235
92
+ + +
(D) n 12 H 9 Mn H As
1
0
1
1
56
25
2
1
75
33
+ + +
Column-II
(P) Projectile capture
(Q) Spallation
(R) Fusion
(S) Projectile capture and particle emission
(T) Fission
MATHEMATICS


1. The range of k for which ||x1|5| = k have four
distinct solutions -
(A) [0, 5] (B) (, 5)
(C) [0, )

(D) (0, 5)

2. Let f(x) be a second degree polynomial function such
that lnf(x) > 0 x R & the equation
f '(x) + 786 f(x), has no real roots. If g(x) = e
786x
f(x),
then -
(A) g(x) is an increasing function
(B) f(x) is a decreasing function
(C) g(x) is an even function
(D) the graph of f(x) cuts x-axis at least once.

3. The function f(x) = ax
2
x 4x
3
+ , where , , R,
has local maxima at P(log
2
a, f(log
2
a)) & Local
minima at Q (log
2
a
2
, f(log
2
a
2
)). If the graph of f(x)
changes concavity about the point R
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
f ,
4
3
, then
which of the following conic section can have
eccentricity 'a' -
(A) circle (B) parabola
(C) ellipse

(D) hyperbola

4. Let a function is defined as f : R R
f(x) =
>
+
0 x 1 mx
0 x , 1 mx 2 x
2

If f(x) is one-one then set of values of 'm' will be
(A) ( , 0) (B) ( , 0]
(C) (0, )

(D) [0, )
5. If f(n) =
x
1
n 2
0 x
2
x
sin 1 ...
2
x
sin 1
2
x
sin 1 Lim
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+

then
n
Lim f(n) =
(A) 1 (B) e (C) 0

(D)

6. The derivative of
cos
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 2
x 1
cos 2
x 1
x 1
tan 2
1 1
w.r.to x is
(A) 1
2
x 1
1
(B) 1
2
x 1
1
+

(C) 2
2
x 1
1
(D) 2
2
x 1
1
+

7. If P =
) 1 n /( 1 n 1 n 4 3 2
n
2
) a e ..... a e . ea ( lim
+

, then p
4
equals
(A) ea
2
(B) e
2
a
2

(C) ea (D) e
2
a

8. Maximum value of the expression

1 x 3 x 3 x 2 x
x 10
8 16 12 24
12
+ + + +
is equal to

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 10

(D) not defined

answer.

9. If f(x) = (h
1
(x) h
1
(x))(h
2
(x) h
2
(x))
(h
2n+1
(x) h
2n+1
(x))
Where h
1
(x), h
2
(x), . h
n
(x) are defined
everywhere & f(200) = 0, then f(x) is
(A) one-one (B)many one
(C) odd

(D) even

10. Function whose jump (non-negative difference of
LHL & RHL) of discontinuity is greater than or equal
to one is/are -
(A)
>
<
+
=
0 x ;
x
) x cos 1 (
0 x ;
) 1 e (
) 1 e (
) x ( f
x / 1
x / 1

(B)
< <
<
=
1 x
2
1
;
1 x
nx
1 x ;
) 1 x (
) 1 x (
) x ( g
2 / 1
3 / 1
l

(C)
<
(
\
|
=
2 x ;
x
| x sin |
2
1
, 0 x ;
x 3 tan
x 2 sin
) x ( u
1
1

(D)
< +
> +
=
2 x ); 5 x ( log
2 x ); 2 x ( log
) x ( v
2
2 / 1
3

11. Which of the following is/are true
(A) |
.
|
\
|
+
1 n 3
n 2
sin Lim
n
n
= 0
(B)
) e x 1 ( n
) e x 1 ( n
Lim
x 2 4
x 2
x
+ +
+ +

l
l
= 1
(C)
4 / x
Lim

(tan x)
tan 2x
= e
1

(D)
x sin
x cos x cos
Lim
2
3
0 x
=
12
1

12. If g(x) = 7x
2

2
x
e x R, then g(x) has
(A) local maxima at x = 0
(B) local minima at x = 0
(C) local maxima at x = 1
(D) two local maxima and one local minima

K(x) is a function such that K(f(x)) = a + b + c + d,
where
a =
odd nor even neither is ) x ( f if 2

odd is ) x ( f if 1
even is ) x ( f if 0

b =
periodic non is ) x ( f if 4
periodic is ) x ( f if 3

c =

one many is ) x ( f if 6
one one is ) x ( f if 5

d =
o int is ) x ( f if 8
onto is ) x ( f if 7

A = {x
2
, e
x
, sin x, |x|} all functions in set A are
defined from R to R
B = {18, 19, 16, 17}
H : R R; h(x) =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
1 e e
1 e e
x x 2
x x 2
and
: |
.
|
\
|
2
,
2
R ; (x) = tan x
13. k( (x)) is equal to
(A) 15 (B) 16
(C) 17

(D) 18

14. k(h(x)) is equal to
(A) 15 (B) 16
(C) 17

(D) 18

15. If k(x) is a function such that k : A B , y = k(x)
where x A, y B, then k(x) is -
(A) one-one-onto (B) one-one into
(C) many one into (D) many one onto


Consider f(x) =

> + +
=
< < +
+
+

1 x ; )) 1 e e ( n sgn(
1 x ; b
1 x 0 ; k
x x
x x
lim
0 x ; | x x |
x x
n n
n n
n
2
l
n N, k R

16. The value of k + b + so that f(x) is continuous in R
is -
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 4

(D) 1

17. Number of point(s) where continuous function f(x) is
non differentiable, is -
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2

(D) 3

18. If f(x) is continuous then set of values of x for which
f '(x) is decreasing, is -
(A) ( , 1) (B) ( 1, 0)
(C) (0, 1)

(D) ( 1, 1)


A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

answer.

19. The graph of f and g are given. Use them to evaluate
each limit.

y = f(x)
Y
2
1
1 2 O 1 2
X
1

y = g(x)
Y
1
1 2 O 1 2
X
1
2

Column-I Column-II
(A)
1 x
lim
f(g(x)) = (P) 1
(B) 2 ) x ( f 3 lim
2 x
= (Q) does not exist
(C)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
) x ( g ) x ( f
) x ( g
) x ( f
lim
0 x
= (R) 0
(D)
) x ( g ) x ( f
) x ( g ) x ( f 3
lim
1 x +
+
= (S) 2
(T) 4

(A) Domain of function (P) 5
f(x) = ln
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 2
1
| x | 1
| x |
1
is (p, q), then p + q is equal to

(B) Maximum value of (Q) 1
f(x) =
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
x sin
x 2 sin
in the
interval
(

2
, 0 is

(C) Let f(x) = x
3
+ ax + b (R) 0
with a b and suppose
the tangent lines to the
graph of f at x = a and
x = b have the same
gradient. Then the value
of f(1) is equal to

(D) If f is a differentiable (S) 1
function for all real x
and f '(x) 5, x R.
If f(2) = 0 and f(5) = 15
then f(3) is equal to
(T) 2



PHYSICS


1. If y = 1 +
2
x
1
+
3
x
1
then
dx
dy
is -
(A) x +
2
x
1
+
3
x
1
(B)
3
x
2

4
x
3

(C) x
2
x
1

3
x
1

(D)
x
2

2
x
3

2. The relation given the value of x as, x =
d c
n a
3 3
. Find
the maximum percentage error in x, if the percentage
error a, b, c, d are 2%, 1%, 2% & 4% respectively -
(A) 13% (B) 5% (C) 9%

(D) 8%

3. There are two different quantities A and B having
different dimensions. Then which of the following
operation is dimensionally correct ?
(A) A + B (B) A B (C) A/B

(D) e
A/B

4. The displacement x of body when its velocity v is
given by v = 9 x 2 + . Its acceleration and initial
velocity are -
(A) 1 units and 3 units (B) 2 units and 9 units
(C) 4 units and 81 units (D) 9 units and 2 units

5. If
a and
b are two unit vectors and
R =
a +
b
and if | R |

= R, then -
(A) R < 0 (B) R > 2
(C) 0 R 2

(D) R must be 2

6. A boat travels upstream in a river and at t = 0 a wooden
cork is thrown over the side with zero initial velocity.
After 7.5 minutes the boat turns and starts moving
downstream catches the cork when it has drifted 1 km
downstream. Then the velocity of water current is -
(A) 2 Km/hr (B) 4 Km/hr
(C) 6 Km/hr (D) 8 Km/hr

7. A projectile is thrown with speed 20 m/s at an angle
30 with horizontal from ground. Then the average
angular velocity of projectile in its time of light is
(g = 10 m/s
2
) -
(A)
av
= s / rad
6
(B)
av
= s / rad
3

(C)
av
= s / rad
12
(D) None of these

IIT-JEE 2012
XtraEdge Test Series # 4
Based on New Pattern
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus (Revision 1) : Physics : Essential Mathematics, Vector, Units & Dimension, Motion in One dimension,
Projectile motion, Circular motion. Chemistry : Mole Concept, Chemical Bonding, Atomic Structure, Periodic
Table. Mathematics: Trigonometric Ratios, Trigonmetrical Equation, Inverse Trigonmetrical Functions, Properties
of Triangle, Radii of Circle
Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct answer
Section - II
Question 9 to 12 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
Section - III
Question 13 to 18 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer
Section - IV
Question 19 to 20 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer (i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative marks for wrong answer..

8. x 2 sin
dx
d

(A) (sin 2x)
1/2
(B) cos 2x (sin 2x)
1/2

(C) 2 cos 2x (sin 2x)
1/2
(D) cos 2x (sin 2x)
1/2

answer.

9. The units of electrical permittivity
(
(
=
2
2
0
Fr 4
q

are-
(A) N
1
m
2
C
2
(B) Nm
2
C
2

(C) C
2
/Nm
2

(D) N/Cm
2

10. If
a and
b are two vectors with | a |

= | b |

and
| b a |

+ + | b a |

= 2 | a |

, then angle between
a
and
b -
(A) 0 (B) 90 (C) 60

(D) 180

11. Two bodies P and Q are moving along positive x-axis
their position-time graph is shown below if
PQ
V is
velocity of P.w.r.t Q and
QP
V is velocity of Q w.r.t
P then
x
t
P
Q

(A) | V |
PQ
= | V |
QP
constant
(B)
PQ
V is towards origin
(C)
QP
V is towards origin
(D)
PQ
V and
QP
V both can be towards origin at
same time

12. A particle of mass m is released from height h on a
smooth curved surface which ends into a vertical
loop of radius r as shown. If h = 2r then,

O
r

h
m
u = 0

(A)The particle reaches the top of the loop with zero
velocity
(B) The particle cannot reach the top of the loop
(C) The particle breaks off at a height h = r from base
(D) The particle breaks off at a height r < h < 2r


P
O
R

A

| A |

= a | B |

= b
The second law of vector addition is triangle law,
which says that if we take
A and
B as two vectors
acting at point O as shown in figure, then the
resultant of vector is get by taking
A and
B as
adjacent sides of a triangle and the 3
rd
side of the
triangle as the resultant, then if is angle between
A
and
B then.

13. if is the angle made by resultant vector with
A;
then tan =
(A)
+

cos A B
sin A
(B)
+

cos B A
sin B

(C)
+

cos B A
cos A

(D)
+

sin A B
cos B

14. If the magnitude of both the vector | A |

& | B |

is A,
then the resultant will have magnitude -
(A) A cos /2 (B) 2A cos /2
(C) 3A cos /2

(D) 3A cos /3

15. If | A |

= | B |

= a and = 120, then the two vectors
and the resultant will form a -
(A) Acute angle triangle
(B) Obtuse angle triangle
(C) Right angle triangle
(D) Equilateral triangle

Height of a tower is 80 m. Two balls A and B are
thrown simultaneously. Ball A is thrown upwards
with speed u from top of tower while ball B is thrown
upwards with speed of 50 m/s from the foot of tower.

16. Ball A will reaches ground in 8 sec if ball do not
collide then u is equal to -
(A) 20 m/s (B) 25 m/s (C) 30 ms/s (D) 35 m/s

17. If the balls meets in air then the height from foots of
tower is -
(A) 40 m (B) 80 m (C) 120 m

(D) 160 m

18. The time after which balls will meet in air is -
(A) 3 sec (B) 4 sec (C) 5 sec

(D) 6 sec


A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

answer.
19. Match the column :
Column-I Column-II
(A) (sin + cos )
2
(P) 1 sin 2
(B) (sin cos )
2
(Q) 1 + sin 2
(C) cos
4
sin
4
) (R) cos 2
(D) cos
4
+ sin
4
(S) 1 +
2
2 sin
2

(T) None of these

20. The displacement - time graph of a body moving on
a straight line is given by
x
t
0 T 2T
Parabola

Column-I Column-II
(A) (P)

T 2T

(B) (Q)

T 2T

(C) (R)

(D) (S)

T 2T

(T) None of these

CHEMISTRY


1. According to Bohrs theory, angular momentum of
an electron in fourth orbit is -
(A)
2
h
(B)
4
h
(C)
h 2
(D)
h 4

2. Calculate the maximum no. of possible e
for which
4 < n + l 6 -
(A) 18 (B) 36 (C) 72 (D) 4

3. If the De Broglie wavelength of an electron in first
Bohr's orbit be then the minimum radial distance
between the electrons in the first and second Bohr's
orbit is
(A) (B)
2
(C) 2 (D)
2

Velocity time
graph
Acceleration-time
graph
Distance time
graph
Speed time
graph

4. Hexamethylenediamine, C
6
H
16
N
2
, is one of the
starting materials for the production of nylon. It can
be prepared from adipic acid C
6
H
10
O
4
, by the
following reaction
C
6
H
10
O
4
(l) + 2NH
3
(g) + 4H
2
(g)
C
6
H
16
N
2
(l) + 4H
2
O(l)
If 385 g of hexamethylenediamine is made from
5.00 10
2
g of adipic acid, the percent yield is
(A) 24.2 % (B) 75.0%
(C) 96.9 % (D) 99.9%

5. One mole of a mixutre of CO and CO
2
requires
exactly 20 g of NaOH to convert all the CO
2
into
Na
2
CO
3
. How many more grams of NaOH would it
require for conversion into Na
2
CO
3
, if the mixture
(one mole) is completely oxidised to CO
2
?
(A) 60 g (B) 80 g (C) 40 g (D) 20 g

6. Rutherfords experiment, which estabilished the
nuclear model of the atom, used a beam of -
(A) particles, which impinged on a metal foil and
got absorbed
(B) rays, which impinged on a metal foil and
ejected electrons
(C) helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil
and got scattered
(D) helium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil
and got scattered

7. Lattice energy of BeCO
3
(I) , MgCO
3
(II) and CaCO
3

(III) are in the order -
(A) I > II > III (B) I < II < III
(C) I < III < II (D) II < I < III

8. Specify the coordination geometry around the
hybridization of N and B atoms in a 1 : 1 complex of
BF
3
and NH
3
- [IIT- 2002]
(A) N : tetrahedral, sp
3
;B : tetrahedral, sp
3
(B) N : pyramidal, sp
3
; B : pyramidal, sp
3

(C) N : pyramidal, sp
3
; B : planar, sp
2

(D) N : pyramidal, sp
3
; B : tetrahedral, sp
3

answer.

9. Select the correctly presented graph if
v = velocity of e in Bohr's orbit
r = radius of Bohr's orbit
U = potential energy of e
in Bohr's orbit
T = kinetic energy of e
in Bohr's orbit
(A)

n
2
r
(B)

1/n
2
U

(C)
n
2
T
(D)

1/n
v

10. Which of the following have the same mass ?
(A) 0.1 mole of O
2
gas
(B) 0.1 mole of SO
2
gas
(C) 6.023 10
22
molecules of SO
2
gas
(D) 1.204 10
23
molecules O
2
gas

11. If n and l are principal and azimuthal quantam no.
respectively, then the expression of calculating the
total no. of electrons in any energy level is :
(A)
=
=
+
n
0
) 1 2 ( 2
l
l
l (B)
=
=
+
1 n
1
) 1 2 ( 2
l
l
l
(C)
+ =
=
+
1 n
0
) 1 2 ( 2
l
l
l (D)
=
=
+
1 n
0
) 1 2 ( 2
l
l
l

12. Which of the following is/are the correct order of
mobility ?
(A) Li
+
< Na
+
< K
+
(B) Na
+
< Mg
2+
< Al
3+

(C) Al
3+
< Mg
2+
< Na
+
(D) Li
+
> Na
+
> K
+

A black coloured compound (A) on reaction with dil
H
2
SO
4
form a gas 'B' and a solution of compound
(C). When gas B is passed through solution of
compound (C), a black coloured compound 'A' is
obtained which is soluble in 50% HNO
3
and forms
blue coloured complex 'D' with excess of NH
4
OH
and chocolate brown ppt. 'E' with K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]

13. 'A' is
(A) CuS (B) FeS
(C) PbS (D) HgS

14. 'D' is
(A) Cu(OH)
2
(B) [Cu(NH
3
)
2
]SO
4

(C) [Cu(NH
3
)
4
](NO
.3
)
2
(D) [Cu(NH
3
)
6
]SO
4

15. 'E' is
(A) Cu
2
[Fe(CN)
6
] (B) [Cu
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
(C) Cu
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
(D) None of these

Spin angular momentum of an electron has no analog
in classical mechanics. However, it turns out that the
treatment of spin angular momentum is closely
analogous to the treatment of orbital angular
momentum.
Spin angular momentum = h ) 1 s ( s +
Orbital angular momentum = h l l ) 1 ( +
Total spin of an atom or ion is a multiple of
2
1
. Spin
multiplicity is a factor to confirm the electronic
configuration of an atom or ion.
Spin multiplicity = (2s + 1).
Answer the following questions :

16. Which of the following electronic configurations
have four spin multiplicity ?
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

17. In any subshell, the maximum number of electrons
having same value of spin quantum number is :
(A) ) 1 ( + l l (B) l + 2
(C) 2l + 1

(D) 4l + 2

18. The orbital angular momentum for a 2p-electron is :
(A) h 3 (B) h 6
(C) zero

(D)
2
h
6


A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

answer.

(Ionic species) (Shapes)
(A) XeF
5
+
(P) Tetrahedral
(B) SiF
5
(Q) Square planar

(C) AsF
4
+
(R) Trigonal bipyramidal
(D) ICl
4
(S) Square pyramidal

(T) Octahedral

20. Column I Column II
(A) If P.E. = 13.6 eV (P) 21
(B) Ionization energy of (Q) 10
electron from 2
nd
shell
of Na
10+

(C) Number of spectral line (R)T. energy
when electron jumps form = 6.8 eV
7
th
to 3
rd
shell
(D) Number of spectral lines (S) 411.4 eV
when electron comes form
7
th
shell to 1
st
shell
(T) zero

MATHEMATICS


1. If x |
.
|
\
|

2 ,
2
3
then value of the expression
sin
1
(cos(cos
1
(cosx) + sin
1
(sinx))) equals
(A)
2
(B)
2

(C) 0 (D) None of these

2. If median AD of a ABC divides the angle BAC in
ratio 1 : 2 then
C sin
B sin
is equal to
(A)
3
A
sec
2
1
(B)
3
A
cos
2
1

(C)
3
A
ec cos
2
1
(D) None of these

3. If distance between incentre & one of the excentre of
equilateral triangle is 4 unit. Then inradius of triangle
is -
(A) 2 unit (B) 1 unit
(C)
2
3
unit (D)
2
1
unit

4. The solution of

+

cos 1
3 sin sin 3
+
+
sin 1
3 cos cos 3
= |
.
|
\
|
+
4
cos 2 4 is
(A) n (B) n +
12

(C) n
2

(D) 2n

5. In a ABC if A = 60,
c
b
=
2
1 3 +
then B C
has value equal to -
(A) 15 (B) 30
(C) 22.5

(D) 45

6. A circle is inscribed in a triangle ABC touching the
side AB at D such that AD = 5, BD = 3. If A = 60
then length BC equals -
(A) 9 (B)
13
120

(C) 13

(D) 12

7. If
n
1 n 1 n
2 cot
2 tan 2 ...... 4 tan 4 2 tan 2 tan
+
+ + +
= 1,
n N then general solution of is,
(A) = |
.
|
\
|
4
n 2
n
(B) = |
.
|
\
|
+
4
n 2
n

(C) = |
.
|
\
|
+
4
n 2
n
(D) None of these

8. If (p, q) is at a distance from (1, 0) along
circumference in anticlockwise direction & (r, s) is at
a distance of 2 from (p, q) along circumference in
anticlockwise direction, then expression sp
3
+ q
3
r
equals -
(A)
4
3
sin 2 (B) sin 2
(C)
4
3
sin 4

(D) sin 4

answer.
9. In a ABC a semi-circle is inscribed, whose
diameter lies on side c. If x is length of angle bisector
through angle C, then radius of semi-circle is -
(A)
) B sin A (sin R 4
abc
2
+
(B)
x

(C) x sin
2
C
(D)
s
2

Where is area & s is semi-perimeter of the .

10. If =
7
which of the following holds true

(A) tan. tan2. tan3 = tan3 tan2 tan
(B) cosec = cosec 2 + cosec 4
(C) cos cos 2 + cos 3 has value equal to
2
1

(D) 8 cos . cos 2. cos 4 has value equal to 1

11. If tan
2
= 2 tan
2
+ 1, then value of cos 2 + sin
2
is-
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 0

(D) independent of

12. If |
.
|
\
|
+
x cos
1
x cos
2
2
(1 + tan
2
2y) (3 + sin3z) = 4
then -
(A) x is a multiple of
(B) x is a multiple of 2
(C) y is a multiple of /2

(D) None of these

In a ABC, if cos A. cos B. cos C =
8
1 3
and
sin A. sin B. sin C =
8
3 3+
, then
13. Value of tan A + tan B + tan C is
(A)
1 3
3 3+
(B)
1 3
4 3 +

(C)
1 3
3 6
(D) None of these

14. Value of tan A. tan B =
(A) 5 4 3 (B) 5 + 4 3
(C) 6 + 4 3 (D) 6 4 3

15. Value of tan A, tan B and tan C are -
(A) 1, 3 , 2 (B) 1, 3 , 2
(C) 1, 2, 3 (D) None of these

It is given that A = (tan
1
x)
3
+ (cot
1
x)
3
, where x > 0
& B = (cos
1
t)
2
+ (sin
1
t)
2
, where t
(
2
1
, 0 &
sin
1
x + cos
1
x =
2
for 1 x 1 and
tan
1
x + cot
1
x =
2
x R

16. The interval in which A lie is -
(A)
|
|
.
|

2
,
8
3 3
(B)
|
|
.
|

8
,
32
3 3

(C)
|
|
.
|
\
|

5
,
10
3 3
(D) None of these

17. Maximum value of B is -
(A)
8
2
(B)
16
2

(C)
4
2

(D) None of these

18. If least value of A is & max. value of B is then
cot
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

cot =
(A)
8
(B)
8

(C)
8
7

(D)
8
7


A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

answer.

(A)
1 sin 3 sin 2
2 cos 1 cos
2 2
= (P) 1

(B) If cos =
5
4
, where |
.
|
\
|

2 ,
2
3
(Q)
2
1

& cos =
5
3
, where |
.
|
\
|
2
, 0
then cos ( ) has value

(C) If sin x cos4x + 2sin
2
2x (R) 2
= 1 4 sin
2
|
.
|
\
|
2
x
4
then
values of sin x is/are

(D) Number of values of t satisfying (S) 0
the equation cos (sin (cos t) = 1
for t [0, 2] is
(T) 3

(A) If cos
7
+ cos
7
3
+ cos
7
5
(P) 3
= k cos
7
cos
7
2
cos
7
4

then value of k is

(B) value of expression (Q) 4

30 cos . 20 cos
) 1 20 cos 4 ( 20 sin +
is

(C) value of
1
r
c b
+
2
r
a c
+
3
r
b a
(R) 2
is where r
1
, r
2
, r
3
are exradii of .
corresponding to A, B & C
respectively

(D) In any ABC, minimum value of (S) 0

A sin
1 A sin A sin
2
+ +
is
(T) 1


XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY

PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans D C B A B B A D B, C A, C, D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans B, C B, C, D D B B D B C
19 A Q B R C P, Q D S
20 A R B P C Q D P

CHEMISTRY
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans A C D D A C B A B, C, D A, B
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans D B D A D B B C
19 A S B R C P D Q
20 A P B S C T D Q

MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans D A D A B A C A B, C A, C, D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans A, C, D B, C, D A D C C C B
19 A Q B S C R D P
20 A R B Q C Q D P

PHYSICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B A C A C B A B A, C A, D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans A, C B, D B B D C C C
19 A Q B P C R D P
20 A S B R C P D Q

CHEMISTRY
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C B D C A D A A A, B, C, D B, C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans D A, C A C A A C D
19 A S B R C P D Q
20 A R B S C Q D P

MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B A B D B C A C A, C A, B, C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans C, D A, C A B D B C A
19 A Q B S C P D R
20 A Q B R C S D P

IIT- JEE 2011 (August issue)
IIT- JEE 2012 (August issue)


'XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
IIT JEE becoming more competitive examination day by day.
Regular change in pattern making it more challenging.

"XtraEdge for IIT JEE" magazine makes sure you're updated & at the forefront.
Every month get the XtraEdge Advantage at your door step.

Magazine content is prepared by highly experienced faculty members on the latest trend of IIT JEE.

Predict future paper trends with XtraEdge Test Series every month to give students practice, practice & more practice.

Take advantage of experts' articles on concepts development and problem solving skills

Stay informed about latest exam dates, syllabus, new study techniques, time management skills and much more
XtraFunda.

Confidence building exercises with Self Tests and success stories of IITians

Elevate you to the international arena with international Olympiad/Contests problems and Challenging Questions.

SUBSCRIPTION FORM FOR EXTRAEDGE FOR IIT-JEE

The Manager-Subscription,
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
Career Point Infosystems Ltd,
4
th
Floor, CP-Tower,
IPIA, Kota (Raj)-324005

I wish to subscribe for the monthly Magazine XtraEdge for IIT-JEE

Half Yearly Subscription (Rs. 100/-)

One Year subscription (Rs. 200/-)

Two year Subscription (Rs. 400/-)
I am paying R. .through
Money Order (M.O)
Bank Demand Draft of No..Bank..Dated
(Note: Demand Draft should be in favour of "Career Point Infosystems Ltd" payable at Kota.)

Name: _______________________________________________________________________________________

Father's Name: _______________________________________________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________City_____________________________State__________________________
PIN_________________________________________Ph with STD Code __________________________
Class Studying in ________________E-Mail: ________________________________________________
From months: ____________________to ________________________________________________

Subscription Offer for Students

C


IIT JEE becoming more competitive examination day by day.
Regular change in pattern making it more challenging.

"XtraEdge for IIT JEE" magazine makes sure you're updated & at the forefront.
Every month get the XtraEdge Advantage at your door step.

Magazine content is prepared by highly experienced faculty members on the latest trend of the IIT JEE.

Predict future paper trends with XtraEdge Test Series every month to give students practice, practice & more practice.

Take advantage of experts' articles on concepts development and problem solving skills

Stay informed about latest exam dates, syllabus, new study techniques, time management skills and much more
XtraFunda.

Confidence building exercises with Self Tests and success stories of IITians

Elevate you to the international arena with international Olympiad/ Contests problems and Challenging Questions.

FREE SUBSCRIPTION FORM FOR EXTRAEDGE FOR IIT-JEE

The Manager-Subscription,
Career Point Infosystems Ltd,
4
th
Floor, CP-Tower,
IPIA, Kota (Raj)-324005

We wish to subscribe for the monthly Magazine XtraEdge for IIT-JEE

Half Yearly Subscription

One Year subscription

Two year Subscription
Institution Detail:
Graduate Collage Senior Secondary School Higher Secondary School

Name of the Institute: _____________________________________________________________________________

Name of the Principal: _____________________________________________________________________________
Mailing Address: _____________________________________________________________________________
__________________City_________________________State__________________________
PIN_____________________Ph with STD Code_____________________________________
Fax_______________________________ E-Mail_____________________________________
Board/ University: _____________________________________________________________________________

School Seal with Signature
Subscription Offer for Schools
C
C



XtraedgeAugust 2010

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

XtraedgeAugust 2010

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 AUGUST 2010

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 2 AUGUST 2010

is applied, find the force and the torque

bonds) also called usual bonds

(Q) Square planar

(S) Square pyramidal

odd nor even neither is ) x ( f if 2

b are two unit vectors and

(D) None of these

b are two vectors with | a |

(Q) Square planar

(S) Square pyramidal

which of the following holds true

You might also like