JERUSALEM: THE HOLY CITY

ANCIENT NEAR EAST 10W

FALL 2012
University of California, Los Angeles

Tuesdays and Thursdays 11:0012:15 Jeremy D. Smoak
CSYoung 24 smoak@humnet.ucla.edu
Office Hours Humanities 382: MW 10:0011:00 (please make appt)


Course Website: https://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/12F-ANNEA10W-1

Discussion Sections:
1A Friday 1:001:50 MS3915D Michael Moore (mtmoore@humnet.ucla.edu)
1B Thurs 1:001:50 Lakretz 100 Jody Washburn (jodywashburn@gmail.com)
1C Thurs 2:002:50 MS 3915G Amy Karoll (abkaroll@gmail.com)
1D Friday 10:0010:50 Boelter 5273 Arnon Degani (arnondeg@gmail.com)
1E Friday 11:0011:50 Franz 2288 Mike Wingert (mwingert@humnet.ucla.edu)
1F Friday 12:0012:50 MS 3915G Jennifer Pantoja (Pantoja@humnet.ucla.edu)
1G Thurs 3:003:50 Bunche A152 Lisa Cleath (lcleath@humnet.ucla.edu)
1H Thurs 4:004:50 MS 3915A Josiah Chappell (jchappel@humnet.ucla.edu)

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course will survey the cultural history of Jerusalem over three millennia, primarily as
the symbolic focus of three faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The course content
will focus on the transformation of sacred space as reflected by literary and archaeological
evidence by examining the artifacts, architectural monuments, and iconography in
relation to written sources. The creation of mythic Jerusalem through event and
experience will be examined. Course requirements will focus on the development of
advanced writing skills and critical thinking.

This course is an L&S/SOAA/HSSEAS GE and a Writing II GE. (Check with your
counselor/adviser to see which GE courses fill your requirements.)
TEXTS
Karen Armstrong, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (1997)
Dan Bahat, The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem (1996)
Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion (1959)
Diana Hacker, Writers Reference. 6
th
ed.
New Oxford Annotated Bible, with Apocrypha. Suggested version NRSV w/ Apocrypha & New
Testament.
Quran. Available at http://quran.org.uk/out.php?LinkID=84
Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012)

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Additional resources on the Quran and other Islamic Literature at
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSAreferences/reference.html
Selected texts on the Class WWW site (http://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/09S-
ANNEA10W-1)
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1) Course attendance and participation (5%). Students are expected to attend
and participate in lectures and discussion sections. Participation in this course is
worth a minimum of 5%. However, per the terms outlined below attendance is
worth considerably more; excessive unexcused absences will detrimentally affect
your grade. Determinations regarding excused absences will only be made by the
course instructor. The following terms are non-negotiable.
a. Grading. Please remember that students must maintain a C in order
to fulfill the Writing II requirement.
b. Lecture Attendance. Lectures provide both content regarding the
course themes and writing instruction.
! PowerPoints of lectures will NOT be posted and your TA is not
responsible for providing you with notes for a missed class. Get
notes from a fellow student.
! Students will be dropped from their sections if they miss the first two section
meetings of the course.
c. Discussion Section Attendance. Since there are a limited number of
discussion sections in which TAs can work with students to improve their
writing:
! Attendance will be taken by TAs for each discussion section.
! Each unexcused absence will result in a 5% reduction in final
course grade.
! Two unexcused absences from sections constitute a FAILING
GRADE for the course. Students needing two or more excused
absences from discussion sections will be encouraged to withdraw
from the course. If this is not possible, make-up assignments will be
required.
! Failure to participate in peer review during week 8 will result in a
one-letter grade reduction in the students paper.
! If students are late to discussion section on more than two
occasions, the instructor will reduce the students overall grade.
d. Individual Appointments with TA. It is strongly suggested that
students meet with their TA for individual appointments at least once
during the session.

2) Written Assignments (2 papers: 65%).
a. Submissions and Due dates.
! Papers (First Drafts and Revised) turned in at any point after the
beginning of class are considered late.
1. A hard copy must be turned in at the beginning of class
on the date due.
Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012)

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2. Any draft of a paper more than one week late will not be
accepted (will receive a 0 grade).
3. Both drafts and any requested documentation (e.g., cover
sheets) must be submitted to be considered for a full grade.
4. Late papers will be marked down 5% per day (beginning in
class).
! Each hard copy of a draft must be accompanied by the completed
cover sheet provided by your TA.
1. Final grades on papers with missing cover sheets will be
reduced 5%.
2. Cover sheet requirements must be met for paper to be
considered for full grade.
! All drafts of papers and the close reading assignment will also be
turned in using Turnitin.com. To access turnitin.com, students
should first login into their myucla.edu account, then click on
classes. The turnitin.com link will appear directly under the class
name on myucla.edu.
1. Final grades on papers with missing cover sheets will be
reduced 5% for each draft not submitted to
Turnitin.com.
2. DO NOT include your cover sheet with the digital version
you submit online.
! Illness must be grave and will require a signed doctors note, while
a family death or tragedy will require a plane ticket or comparable
proof for any consideration of an exception to this rule.
! To log into the turnitin.com site, go to myucla.edu and then click
on the Study List Page and then the link for Jerusalem: The Holy
City and then you will see a link for turnitin.com.
b. Revisions. Final drafts of papers that do not meet minimum revision
expectations will receive a failing grade.
! Any student who does not pick-up their first draft in class when
they are returned as part of the revision process will receive a
failing grade for the assignment.
! Revisions of second drafts that incorporate only those suggestions
made by the TA will receive a failing grade for the assignment.
Minimum revisions must include:
1. TA suggested revisions.
2. Your own revisions after incorporating the TAs suggestions.
! Tip: Have a fellow student review your paper after incorporating
the TAs revisions. Then incorporate your peers remarks and
suggestions.
c. Minimum page requirements are for complete pages of text, NOT
including bibliography.
! A 4 to 5 page paper, for example, will include a minimum of four
COMPLETE pages of text, followed by bibliography.
! A 10% deduction will be issued for each page less than the
minimum on both the draft and the revised copy.
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d. Plagiarism. Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, the use of
anothers words or ideas as if they were ones own; including, but not
limited to representing, either with the intent to deceive or by the omission
of the true source, part of or an entire work produced by someone other
than the student, obtained by purchase or otherwise, as the students
original work; or, representing the identifiable but altered ideas, data or
writing of another person as if those ideas, data or writing were the
students original work.from the UCLA Student Conduct Code (.pdf file),
Fall 1998, section 102.01c
e. Getting help.
! See your TAactually meet with them.
! Bruin Success with Less Stress
http://www.library.ucla.edu/bruinsuccess a student-centered,
interactive, online tutorial designed to guide you through
information literacy topics including intellectual property, file
sharing, citing and documenting sources, project management, and
academic dishonesty.
! Writing Programs resources:
http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/wp/resources/index.html

3) Exams (30%). Midterm (15%); Final (15%). Information provided towards
end of quarter. There will be no early exams or make-up exams. Students who do
not show up to an exam will receive a zero grade on the exam. The exam will
include a combination of term identification, multiple choice questions, maps, and
short essay questions.

PAPER TOPICS
1. Paper 1 (Analytical Writing, 30%; 78 pages). Jerusalem as Physical and
Sacred Space. The goal of this paper is to explain how certain biblical texts depict the
city of Jerusalem as sacred space. The paper should address how the biblical texts relate
the physical features of the city to the sacred or mythical aspects of Jerusalem. A large
part of the paper should be devoted to explaining how the biblical texts envision the city
as an axis mundi (cf. Eliade 1959). As such, the paper should demonstrate a thorough
interaction with and grasp of the ideas found in the first chapter of The Sacred and the
Profane. Some of the questions that the paper should address include:
How do the geographical images of the city in these texts contribute to the image
of Jerusalem as a sacred city?
How do the biblical texts use of geographical features illustrate the ideas
presented by Eliade (axis mundi, imago mundi)?
What imagery do these texts use for the city of Jerusalem and how does this
imagery contribute to Jerusalems status as holy?
A successful paper will demonstrate a strong grasp of the ideas found in Eliade and
explain how they relate to the depictions of Jerusalem in the following texts: Genesis 22; 2
Chronicles 3:1-2; 2 Samuel 24; 1 Kings 68; Genesis 2-3; Ezekiel 47; Psalm 46, 48, 137.
A successful paper will also integrate observations about how these texts utilize elements
Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012)

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of the physical geography of the city, such as its mountains, valleys, and water systems, as
part of their attempt to depict the city as sacred space.
! Analytical Paper of 78 pages (not counting bibliography)
! Goals: Thesis writing; Development of analytical writing skills; Critical reading of
texts; Descriptive writing skills; Outlining skills to make writing easier;
Development of a thesis and topic sentences
! Tip: A large part of the evaluation for this paper will depend on how well the paper integrates the
concepts from Eliade with the language and imagery in the selected biblical texts.

2. Paper 2 (Analytical and Research Writing; 35%; 89 pages). The Sacred
Architecture of the Holy City. Write a paper on one of the following buildings in the
city of Jerusalem: Temple of Solomon, Church of the Holy Sepulcher, or Dome of the
Rock. The purpose of the paper is to explain how the buildings location and
architectural design reflect why it was/is conceived of as sacred space by the traditions of
Judaism, Christianity, or Islam. Some of the questions that the paper should address
include:
What religious traditions are associated with the building?
Where is the building located in the city and what is important about its location?
How does the architectural design of the building attempt to make a statement
about its sanctity?
When was the building constructed and how does an understanding of its
historical context clarify its religious significance?
How do the religious traditions about the building reflect certain concepts
discussed in The Sacred and the Profane?

Research Paper of 89 pages (not counting bibliography)
At least 6 sources (do NOT cite as sources websites, lectures, or discussion sections)
Goals: Development of research strategy; Use of a variety of sources; Consistent use of
citation method and style

You must have at least six sources for the paper, not including the textbooks. I do expect,
however, that you will use the textbooks in the paper. The following sources are a good
starting point for writing the paper and I would expect to find them integrated into your
paper (you will find them on the course website):

Robert Ousterhout, The Temple, the Sepulchre, and the Martyrion of the Savior, Gesta 29/1
(1990) 4453.

Robert Ousterhout, Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy
Sepulchre, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48/1 (1989) 6678.

Robert Ousterhout, Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity: The Stones of the
Holy Sepulchre, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62 (2003) 423.

Angela Neuwirth, The Spiritual Meaning of Jerusalem in Islam, in City of the Great King: Jerusalem
from David to the Present (Edited by Nitza Rosovsky; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) 1
13.

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Nassar Rabbat, The Meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock, Muqarnas Volume VI: An
Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture (Edited by Oleg Grabar; Leiden: Brill, 1989).

Oleg Grabar, The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, Ars Orientalis 3 (1959) 3362.
Hagi Amitzur, Justinians Solomons Temple, in The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives
(Edited by M. Poorthuis and Ch. Safrai; Kampem: Kok Pharos, 1996) 160175.

F.E. Peters, Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophets from the Days
of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985).

L.E. Stager, Jerusalem as Eden, Biblical Archaeology Review 26 (2000) 3647.

L.E. Stager, Jerusalem as the Garden of Eden, Eretz-Israel 26 (1999) 183194.

J.D. Levenson, Temple and World, The Journal of Religion 64 (1984) 275298.

K.J. Conant, The Original Buildings at the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, Speculum 31/1 (1956)
148.

S. Schein, Between Mount Moriah and the Holy Sepuchre: The Changing Traditions of the
Temple Mount in the Central Middle Ages, Traditio 40 (1984) 175195.

S.D. Goitein, The Historical Background of the Erection of the Dome of the Rock, Journal of the
American Oriental Society 70/2 (1950) 104108.

R.A. Markus, How on Earth Could Places Become Holy? Journal of Early Christian Studies 2
(1994) 257271.

Important Dates:
All Papers are Due at the beginning of lecture on the following dates:

Paper #1 Draft Due Oct 16
Paper #1 Revision Due Oct 30
Midterm Nov 6
Paper #2 Draft Due Nov 20
Paper #2 Revision Due Dec 6
Final Exam Dec 13

Grading:

Attendance and Participation 5%
Midterm Exam 15%
Final Exam 15%
Paper #1 30%
Paper #2 35%



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The Writing Center at UCLA
The Undergraduate Writing Center offers UCLA undergraduates one-on-one sessions on
their writing. The Center is staffed by peer learning facilitators (PLFs), undergraduates
who are trained to help at any stage in the writing process and with writing assignments
from across the curriculum.

Our Services
Scheduled appointments
50-minute appointments in A61 Humanities
30-minute appointments in Reiber 115 (for dorm residents only)
work in person with a Peer Learning Facilitator (PLF)

Walk-in appointments
walk-in appointments available in A61 Humanities & Reiber 115
first-come, first-served

Online Writing Center (OWC):
50-minute appointments
submit your paper online, using Google Docs
discuss your paper with a Peer Learning Facilitator, using Google Voice Chat
What you should bring to the Writing Center:
A draft if you have one
Preliminary notes or writing if you dont have a draft
A copy of the assignment
Instructor or peer comments on your paper
Copies of readings or research related to the assignment.

LOCATIONS: A61 Humanities; Mon. Thurs. 10AM 6PM; Fri. 10AM 3PM
Reiber 115; Sun. Thurs., 7 9 PM (for dorm residents only).
APPOINTMENTS: Students can walk-in but appointments are preferred. Visit our
website:
www.wp.ucla.edu. Click on UCLA Writing Center/Make an
Appointment.
CONTACT: 310-206-1320; wcenter@ucla.edu










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COURSE SCHEDULE

WEEK 0

SEPT 27 INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE

WEEK 1
OCT 2 THE BIBLICAL MYTHS OF JERUSALEMS SANCTITY
Reading:
Read the short essay Cultural Contexts 22362242 on the
Course Website under Week 1.
Hebrew Bible/Genesis 13;
1

Hebrew Bible/Genesis 12, 15, 22;
Hebrew Bible/Exodus 19, 24, 40.

OCT 4 JERUSALEM AS PHYSICAL AND SACRED SPACE
Reading:
Bahat, 1017;
Eliade, The Sacred and Profane, Chapter 1;

*Section: Overview of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament

WEEK 2
OCT 9 DAVID AND THE CONSECRATION OF JERUSALEM
Reading:
Hebrew Bible/Judges 1921;
Hebrew Bible/2 Samuel 57, 24;
Armstrong, 3747;
Bahat, 1826.

Oct 11 SOLOMON AND THE TEMPLE
Reading:
Hebrew Bible/1 Kings 1, 69; Psalm 2:68; 89:2528;
Stager, Jerusalem as Eden (CW)
Armstrong, 4755.


1
A Note on Biblical References: When we want to refer to a section of the Bible, we use the name of
the book along with chapter, and sometimes verse, references. The chapter and verse system was
introduced over a long period of time, and finalized in the Middle Ages. Some examples:
Genesis 23: chapters 2 and 3 in the book of Genesis.
Deuteronomy 6:47: verses 4,5,6 and 7 in chapter 6 of the book of Deuteronomy.
Exodus 14:415:2 from verse 4 of chapter 14 to the end of the chapter, then verses 1 and 2 of
chapter 15.

Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012)

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*Section: The Sacred and the Profane, chapter 1; bring to section a one-page summary
of The Sacred and Profane chapter 1, which explains the meaning of the
following terms: hierophany, axis mundi, imago mundi and cites examples of
these ideas from this chapter; *you will turn in this assignment.

WEEK 3
OCT 16 HEZEKIAH AND ZION TRADITIONS: JERUSALEM IN THE 8
TH
CENTURY
Reading:
Hebrew Bible/1 Kings 1112
Hebrew Bible/2 Kings 1719;
Sennacheribs Campaign to Judah (CW);
Armstrong, 5671;
Bahat, 2633.

Paper #1 Draft Due!

OCT 18 AXIS MUNDI AS RELIGIOUS POLICY: THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE IN THE
LATE JUDAHITE MONARCHY
Reading:
Hebrew Bible/2 Kings 2223;
Armstrong, 7176.

*Section: Sennacheribs Campaign to Judah (download Sennacheribs Campaign
against Judah from the course website and bring this to section. Bring a one-
page paper that describes the similarities and differences between the Sennacherib
account of the campaign and the biblical account of the campaign in 2 Kings 16
18.

WEEK 4
OCT 23 DESTROYING THE AXIS MUNDI: THE FALL OF JERUSALEM
Reading:
Hebrew Bible/2 Kings 2425;
Hebrew Bible/Ezekiel 43, 47;
Lamentations 1;
Armstrong, 7678.

Paper #1 Draft Handed back in Lecture!

OCT 25 RETURNS TO ZION: VISIONS OF A NEW JERUSALEM AND NEW TEMPLE
Reading:
Hebrew Bible/Ezra 1, 3, 10;
Hebrew Bible/Nehemiah 8;
Armstrong, 79124;
Bahat, 3436.

*Section: Revising Paper #1
Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012)

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WEEK 5
OCT 30 THE TEMPLE AS SACRED SPACE IN THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD
Reading:
Apocrypha/1 Maccabees 12, 46;
Apocrypha/2 Maccabees 47, 10;
Armstrong, 103124;
Bahat, 3741.

Paper #1 Revision Due!

NOV 1 HERODS JERUSALEM
Reading:
Flavius Josephus Description of the Temple Mount (CW);
Bahat, 4259.

*Section: Review for midterm exam.

WEEK 6
NOV 6 MIDTERM EXAM

NOV 8 WRITING PAPER #2: STRATEGIES AND SOURCES
Reading:
No assigned reading for this day.

*Section: No Section this Week

WEEK 7
NOV 13 JERUSALEM IN EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE
Reading:
New Testament/Gospel of Luke 2, 1924;
New Testament/Gospel of Matthew 21, 24, 2628;
New Testament/The Acts of the Apostles 13, 6, 9;
New Testament/Letter to the Ephesians 2;
Bahat, 6063.

NOV 15 THE NEW JERUSALEM: CONSTANTINE AND THE CULT OF MARTYRS
Reading:
New Testament/Revelation 2122;
R.A. Markus, How on Earth Could Places Become Holy? (CW)
Armstrong, 174216;
Bahat, 6487.

Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012)

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*Section: Strategies for Writing Paper #2 (bring a one-page outline that represents
the way that you envision how your second paper will be organized).

WEEK 8
NOV 20 JUSTINIANS JERUSALEM AND THE HOLY FIRE
Reading:
Hagi Amitzur, Justinians Solomons Temple, in The Centrality of
Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives (Edited by M. Poorthuis and Ch.
Safrai; Kampem: Kok Pharos, 1996) 160175 (CW).

*Paper #2 Draft Due in Lecture

NOV 22 THANKSGIVING (NO CLASS!)

*Section: Sections Cancelled for Thanksgiving.

WEEK 9
NOV 27 JERUSALEM IN EARLY ISLAM
Reading:
Quran/Surah 17 (CW);
Islamic Traditions about Jerusalem (CW);
Neuwirth, The Spiritual Significance of Jerusalem(CW).

NOV 29 THE CONSECRATION OF UMAYYAD JERUSALEM
Reading:
Armstrong, 217244;
Bahat, 8899.

*Section: Peer Review of Paper #2

WEEK 10
Dec 4 THE CRUSADES AND LATE ISLAMIC JERUSALEM
Reading:
Armstrong, 271294;
Bahat, 100119.

Dec 6 THE TEMPLE MOUNT AS SACRED SPACE IN MODERN JERUSALEM AND
REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM
Reading:
Armstrong, 347430;
Bahat, 156163.

Paper #2 Due in Lecture!

*Section: Final Exam Review!

Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012)

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FINALS
Dec 13 FINAL EXAM (3:006:00)






Ancient Near East 10W: Jerusalem the Holy City (Fall 2012)

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Chronol ogi cal Overvi ew (Know for t he Mi dt erm)
1200 Beginning of the Iron Age (Israel emerges in southern Levant)
1000 Davids conquest of Jerusalem; rise of United Monarchy
960 Solomon construct first temple in Jerusalem
928 Division of the United Monarchy; beginning of Divided Monarchy
745 Beginning of Assyrian involvement in Israel (Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III)
722 Fall of Samaria and northern kingdom to Assyria
701 Sennacheribs conquest of Judah; Hezekiah, Isaiah, deliverance of Jerusalem
597 First Babylonian deportations; royal family exiled to Babylon; Jeremiah
587 Babylonians destroy Jerusalem, temple
539 Edict of Persian king Cyrus allows exiled Judeans to return to Palestine (Yehud)
520 Beginning of the rebuilding of the temple; Haggai, Zechariah
515 Dedication of the second temple
458 Ezras mission to Jerusalem
445 Nehemiahs journey to Jerusalem
332 Persian empire falls to Alexander
167 Seleucid rule in Palestine; Antiochus III & IV
164 Hasmonean Dynasty

Archaeol ogi cal Peri ods for Hi st ory of Syri a- Pal est i ne
Bronze Age (3200-1200 BCE)
Early Bronze (3200-2000 BCE)
Middle Bronze (2000-1550 BCE)
Late Bronze (1550-1200 BCE)
Iron Age (1200-539 BCE)
Iron I (1200-1000 BCE)
Iron II (1000-539 BCE)
Persian Period (539-332 BCE)
Hellenistic Period (332-63 BCE)
Hasmonean Period (167-63 BCE)

















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COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Armstrong, Karen
1997 Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York: Ballatine Books.
Astour, Michael C.
1992 Shaveh, Valley of. In ABD, vol. 5, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1168. New York:
Doubleday.
Avigad, Nahman
1983 Discovering Jerusalem. 1st ed. Nashville: Nelson.
Bahat, Dan, and Hayim Rubinstein
1996 The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem. Festive Jerusalem 3000 ed. Jerusalem: Carta
Jerusalem.
Biger, Gideon
1994 An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in
Palestine, 19171929. New York: St. Martins.
Broshi, Magen
1974 The Expansion of Jerusalem in the Reigns of Hezekiah and Manasseh. IEJ
24:2128.
Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton, and D. S. Richards
1987 Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study. London: British School of
Archaeology.
Cahill, Jane M. and David Tarler
1992 David, City of (PLACE). In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 5267. New
York: Doubleday.
Cline, Eric H.
2004 Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel. Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan.
Coasnon, Charles
1974 The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. London: Oxford University
Press.
Davila, James R.
1992 Moriah. In ABD, vol. 4, ed. D. N. Freedman, 905. New York: Doubleday.
Eliade, Mircea
1959 The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Harper & Row.
Freedman, David Noel et al., eds.
1992 The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 1st ed. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday.
Geva, Hillel, ed.
2000 Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Reprinted and Expanded ed. Jerusalem: Israel
Exploration Society.
2003 Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the
Excavations in the Jewish Quarter. In Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The
First Temple Period, eds. A. G. Vaughn, and A. E. Killebrew, 183208.
Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Grg, M.
1992 Gihon. In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 101819. New York:
Doubleday.
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Gray, John
1969 A History of Jerusalem. London: Hale.
Hayes, John H.
1963 The Tradition of Zions Inviolability. JBL 82:41926.
Hess, Richard S. and Gordon J. Wenham
1999 Zion, City of our God. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Jeremias, Joachim
1975 Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus: An Investigation into Economic and Social Conditions
during the New Testament Period. Philadelphia: Fortress.
Kenyon, Kathleen M.
1967 Jerusalem: Excavating 3000 Years of History. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1974 Digging Up Jerusalem. London: Ernest Benn.
Levenson, Jon D.
1985 Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible. San Francisco: Harper.
1992 Zion Traditions. In ABD, vol. 6, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1098102. New
York: Doubleday.
Levine, Lee I., ed.
1999 Jerusalem: Its Sanctity and Centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. New
York: Continuum.
2002 Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.70 C.E.).
1st ed. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
Lutfi, Huda
1985 Al Quds al-Mamlukiyya: A History of Mamluk Jerusalem Based on the Haram
Documents. Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 113. Berlin: K. Schwarz.
Mazar, Amihai
1994 Jerusalem and its Vicinity in Iron Age I. In From Nomadism to Monarchy:
Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel, eds. I. Finkelstein, and N.
Naaman, 7091. Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society.
Metzger, Bruce M., and Roland E. Murphy, eds.
1991 The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. New
Revised Standard Version. New York: Oxford University Press.
Meyers, Eric M., ed.
1997 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 5 vols. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Naaman, Nadav
1992 Canaanite Jerusalem and Its Central Hill Country Neighbors in the
Second Millennium B.C.E. UF 24:27591.
Peters, F. E.
1985 Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophets
from the Days of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Poorthuis, Marcel, and Ch Safrai
1996 The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives. Kampen: Kok Pharos.
Prawer, Joshua
1988 The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Oxford: Clarendon.
Prawer, Joshua, and Haggai Ben-Shammai, eds.
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1996 The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period 6381099. New York: New
York University.
Reich, Ronny, and Eli Shukron
2003 The Urban Development of Jerusalem in the Late Eighth Century B.C.E.
In Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, eds. A. G.
Vaughn, and A. E. Killebrew, 20918. Atlanta: Society of Biblical
Literature.
Ritmeyer, Leen, and Kathleen Ritmeyer
2004 Jerusalem in the Year 30 A. D. 1 ed. Jerusalem: Carta.
2005 Jerusalem in the Time of Nehemiah. 1st ed. Jerusalem: Carta.
Roberts, J. J. M.
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