Multistoreyed BLDG

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING
NOTATIONS
A Area of cross section
A
st
Area of tension steel
A
sc
Area of compression steel
b Width of beam
b
f
Width of flange
B.M.D Bending moment diagram
S.F.D Shear Force Diagram
c/c Centre to centre distance
d
f
Depth of flange
D.L Dead load
D
f
Depth of footing
D Overall depth
d ffective depth
d! Depth of compression reinforcement
s
Mod"l"s of elasticit# of steel
c
Mod"l"s of elasticit# of concrete
e ccentricit#
F Force in member
f
c$
Characteristic strength of concrete
f# Characteristic strength of steel
% Moment of inertia
L.L Live load
L Act"al length
l
e
ffective length
L
&
Length of shorter span of slab
L
#
Length of longer span of slab
L
d
Development length
M Moment
M
"
'ltimate bending moment
M
"lim
Limiting bending moment
m Mod"lar ratio
p (otal load
)
"
'ltimate load
* Shear force
bd
Design bond stress
c
Shear stress in concrete
v
+ominal shear stress
, Diameter of -.SD bars
CIVIL ENGINEERING, B.I.T Page 1
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN NECESSITY:

(he f"nction of all str"ct"res is to /ithstand stresses d"e to imposed load0
temperat"re changes0 shrin$age etc. (he b"ilding for e&ample is s"b1ected to dead
load0 live load and /ind load forces. (he tas$ of the str"ct"ral engineer is to propose
a s"itable str"ct"ral design to e&amine its overall stabilit# and finall# to calc"late
str"ct"ral forces and deformations. (he engineers then have to modif# the proposed
str"ct"re if the original ass"med dimensions and sections of the str"ct"ral
components do not agree /ith the res"lts of the force deformation calc"lation.
(his trail and error proced"re thro"gh /hich the engineer p"ts together
an acceptable str"ct"re constit"tes 2S(3'C('3AL DS%4+5.
(he vario"s stages involved in this pro1ect /or$ are as follo/s6
)lanning the la#o"t of col"mns0 beams and spanning of slabs. (he ma&im"m
/idth of all beams has been ta$en e7"al to /idth of main /all.
Determination of design loads and design forces in the members of the
str"ct"re.
Determination of member si8es and reinforcement.
Dra/ing as per designed res"lts.
Determining the 7"antities of the /or$.
Sched"ling of the front bloc$ as per the 7"antit# of the reso"rces available
/ith the contractor.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES:
Concrete is a common str"ct"ral material is no do"bt0 is /ell $no/n. B"t0 ho/
common it is0 and ho/ m"ch a part of o"r dail# lives it pla#s0 is perhaps not /ell
$no/n or rather0 not often reali8ed.
Str"ct"ral concrete is "sed e&tensivel# in the constr"ction of vario"s
$inds of b"ildings0 stadi"ms0 a"ditori"ms0 pavements0 bridges0 piers0 brea$/aters0
berthing str"ct"res0 dams0 /ater/a#s0 pipes0 /ater tan$s0 s/imming pools0 cooling
to/ers0 t"nnels0 etc. Concrete /o"ld not have gained its present stat"s as a principal
b"ilding material0 b"t for the invention of reinforcement. Concrete /hich is concrete
/ith steel bars embedded in it. (he idea of reinforcing concrete /ith steel has
res"lted in a ne/ composite material0 having the abilit# to resist significant tensile
stresses0 /hich /as hitherto impossible. (h"s the constr"ction of load9bearing
fle&"ral members0 s"ch as beams and slabs0 became viable /ith this ne/ material.
(he steel bars :embedded in the tension 8one of concrete; compensate for the
concrete<s inabilit# to resist tension0 effectivel# ta$ing "p all the tension0 /itho"t
separating from the concrete. (he bond bet/een steel and the s"rro"nding concrete
ens"res strain compatibilit#0 i.e.0 the strain at an# point in the steel is e7"al to that in
the ad1oining concrete. Moreover0 the reinforcing steel imparts ductility to a material
that is other/ise brittle. %n practical terms0 this implies that if a properl# reinforced
beam /ere to fail in tension0 then s"ch a fail"re /o"ld fort"natel# be preceded b#
large deflections ca"sed b# the #ielding steel0 thereb# giving ample /arning of the
impending collapse.
(ensile stresses occ"r either directl#0 as in direct tension or fle&"ral
tension0 or indirectl#0 as is in shear0 /hich ca"ses tension along diagonal planes
:=diagonal tension<;. (emperat"re and shrin$age effects ma# also ind"ce tensile
stresses. %n all s"ch cases0 reinforcing steel is essential0 and sho"ld be appropriatel#
located in a direction that c"ts across the principal tensile planes :i.e.0 across
potential tensile crac$s;.
%f ins"fficient steel is provided0 crac$s /o"ld develop and propagate0 and co"ld
possibl# lead to fail"re. Being m"ch stronger than concrete in compression as /ell0
reinforcing steel can also s"pplement concrete in bearing compressive forces0 as in
col"mns provided /ith longit"dinal bars. (hese bars need to be confined b#
transverse steel ties0 in order to maintain their positions and to prevent their lateral
b"c$ling. (he lateral ties also serve to confine the concrete0 thereb# enhancing its
compression load bearing capacit#. As a res"lt of e&tensive research on reinforced
concrete over the past several decades in vario"s co"ntries0 a stage has reached
/here it is no/ possible to predict the elastic and inelastic behavior of this composite
material /ith some confidence. +o do"bt there e&ists some "ncertaint# in the
prediction0 b"t this is largel# attrib"table to the variabilit# in the strength of in9sit"
concrete :/hich "nli$e steel is not man"fact"red "nder closel# controlled conditions;.
(here are several factors /hich lead to this variabilit#0 some of /hich pertain to
material properties :primaril# of the aggregates;0 /hile others pertain to the act"al
ma$ing of concrete at site :mi&ing0 placing0 compacting and c"ring;. (his "ncertaint#
can be ta$en care of b# providing an appropriate factor of safet# in the design
process.
ANALYSIS OF MEMBERS:
For anal#sis of an# str"ct"re0 /e sho"ld $no/ the amo"nt of load coming on the
member. For this p"rpose B"rea" of %ndian Standard has provided some g"idelines
to calc"late the loads in %.S.>?@9AB>? :part % to part *;.
(he load transferred from slab to beam is determined as follo/s6
For one /a# slabs0 the loads are ass"med to transfer directl# from slab to
beam in the form of "niforml# distrib"ted load.
%n case of t/o /a# slabs0 the loads are ass"med to transfer in the form of
trape8oidal load along longer span and in the form of triang"lar load in the
shorter direction. :As per %.S. C@D6EFFF;.
SLABS
(he slabs are b"ilt monolithicall# /ith beams. Bending moment in slabs constr"cted
monolithicall# shall be calc"lated b# ta$ing s"ch slabs either as contin"o"s frame
/or$s /ith the s"pports0 ta$ing into acco"nt the stiffness of s"ch s"pports of slabs0
then the effects on the s"pporting beams0 s"ch as the bending of the /eb in the
transverse direction of the beam0 /herever applicable shall also be considered in the
design of the beam.
For the p"rpose of calc"lation of moments in slabs in a monolithic str"ct"re0 it /ill
generall# be s"fficientl# acc"rate to ass"me that members connected to the ends of
s"ch slabs are fi&ed in position and direction at the ends remote from their
connection /ith slabs.
FRAMES
(he preliminar# design depends on the e&perience and 1"dgment. -o/ever0 one has
to "se a correct and a s#stematic str"ct"ral method to obtain shear force and
bending moments.
A n"mber of methods have been developed for the p"rpose of anal#sis
of contin"o"s beams and frames. (he classical methods s"ch as moment
distrib"tion method become tedio"s to anal#8e the m"ltistoried frames. (he Gani<s
rotational contrib"tion method closel# related to the above methods0 proves to be
more "sef"l in anal#sis. (he follo/ing steps give the ideali8ation and appro&imation
/hich facilitates the sol"tion in practical cases. (he follo/ing are the important
ideali8ation for the reinforced concrete frame6
Effective span lengt: %n elastic frame0 anal#sis of a str"ct"re is "s"all#
represented b# a simple diagram based dimensional on the centre line
distance bet/een the col"mns. Amo"nt to si8eable fraction of the
representative length of these members0 their clear lengths are therefore
considerabl# smaller than centerline distance.
M!"ent !f ine#tia: Moment of inertia of the section is re7"ired to calc"late
the relative stiffness and there b# to access the rotation and displacement
factor0 the moment of inertia of sections are calc"lated along the a&is of /hich
the member is e&pected to bend. %n the calc"lation of moment of inertia of
concrete0 gross sections are considered neglecting the contrib"tion of
reinforcement.
C!n$iti!n !f s%pp!#t: For p"rpose of anal#sis the possible s"pport
conditions /o"ld be hinged0 fi&ed or freel# s"pported. All 1oints are ass"med
as a fi&ed s"pport. (his seems to be onl# ma1or ass"mption in the absence of
soil data.
LOAD ANALYSIS:
(he loads acting on a str"ct"re ma# be classified as dead load0 live load and /ind
load.
DEAD LOAD:
(he dead load acting on a str"ct"re consists of the /eight of the str"ct"re itself and
an# other immovable loads that are constant in magnit"de and permanentl# attached
to the str"ct"re. A sched"le of "nit /eight of b"ilding material is given in %S >?@9
AB>?. (he dead load can be assessed 7"ite acc"ratel# from the $no/n /eight of the
materials and ass"med dimensions.
Since the dead load acting on a member m"st be ass"med before
the member is designed0 one sho"ld design the members of a str"ct"re in s"ch a
se7"ence that to as great an e&tent as practicable the /eight of each member being
designed is a portion of the dead load carried b# the ne&t member to be designed. %n
designing a member s"ch as a floor slab0 stresses d"e to dead loads are li$el# to be
onl# a small percentage of the total stresses in a member0 so that even if dead loads
are not ver# acc"ratel# estimated0 the total stress can be predicted /ith fair acc"rac#
and hence the first degree can be 7"ite satisfactor#. -o/ever it is more important to
ma$e a reasonabl# acc"rate first estimate of dead loads. %t sho"ld be emphasi8ed0
ho/ever0 that the original dead load estimate is tentative. After a str"ct"re is
designed0 its act"al dead load sho"ld be acc"ratel# comp"ted and the stress
anal#sis and design revised as necessar#. (his is necessar# for safet# and desirable
for econom#.
DEAD LOAD OF MATERIALS &As pe# IS '()*+,'(-:
Bric$ masonr# 9999 AB.E $+/mH
)lain concrete 9999 EI.F $+/mH
3einforced concrete 9999 E@.F $+/mH
3"bble masonr# 9999 EF.> $+/mH
Cement plaster9AFmm 9999 F.A $+/mH
Concrete tile flooring9E@mm 9999 F.@ $+/mH
Bric$ /all9AFFmm thic$ 9999 A.BE $+/mH
Bric$ /all9EFFmm thic$ 9999 I.>C $+/mH
Bric$ /all9EIFmm thic$ 9999 EF.BC $+/mH
-ollo/ bloc$ 9999 A@.C $+/mH
Weatherproof co"rse 9999 EE.FF $+/mH
Solid concrete bric$ 9999 A>.FF $+/mH
LI.E LOAD:
As contrasted to dead loads0 /hich remain fi&ed in both magnit"de and location0 it is
"s"all# necessar# to consider live loads0 that is0 loads that var# in position. %t is
sometimes convenient to classif# live loads into movable loads and moving loads.
Movable loads are those that can be moved from one position to another on a
str"ct"re0 s"ch as the contents of a storage b"ilding. (he# are "s"all# applied
grad"all# and /itho"t impact. Moving loads are those that move "nder their o/n
po/er. (he# are "s"all# applied rather rapidl# and therefore e&ert an impact effect on
the str"ct"re. When live loads are involved0 attention m"st be given to the placing of
s"ch loads on a str"ct"re so that the stress in the str"ct"ral member or connection
"nder consideration /ill have its ma&im"m possible val"e. (h"s0 /hile /e spea$ of
dead stresses d"e to dead loads0 /e refer to ma&im"m live stresses d"e to live
loads.
(he categori8ation of the live loads given in %S >?@9AB>?:part E;. %n o"r case the
b"ilding falls in 2%nstit"tional b"ilding5. -ence the follo/ing live loads for different
parts of the b"ilding have been ta$en.
LI.E LOADS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING* IS '()*/ART II &page (-
All rooms and $itchen 99 E $+/mJ
(oilets and bathrooms 99 E $+/mJ
Corridors0 passage and staircase 99 I $+/mJ
Balconies 99 I $+/mJ
3oof load 99 A.@ $+/mJ
LATERAL LOADS:

%n addition to vertical loads there are certain loads that are almost al/a#s applied
hori8ontall#0 and these m"st often be considered in str"ct"ral design. S"ch loads are
called lateral loads. Some of the most important $inds of lateral loads are Wind
loads0 soil press"re0 h#drostatic press"res0 forces d"e to earth7"a$es0 centrif"gal
forces0 and longit"dinal forces.
0IND LOADS:
Wind loads are partic"larl# important in the design of large str"ct"res0 s"ch as tall
b"ildings0 radio to/ers0 and long9span bridges0 and for str"ct"res0 s"ch as mill
b"ildings and hangers0 that have large open interiors and /alls in /hich large
openings ma# occ"r.
(he /ind velocit# that sho"ld be considered in the design of str"ct"re depends on
the geographical location and on the e&pos"re of the str"ct"re. Design loads for /ind
recommended in vario"s specifications0 li$e design loads for live load0 sho"ld not be
considered as attempts to represent act"al /ind loadings. &perience has sho/n
that "se of the recommended val"es generall# res"lts in a design of ade7"ate
strength and also of ade7"ate rigidit#.
EART12UA3E FORCES:
%mportant str"ct"res located in regions s"b1ect to severe earth7"a$es are often
designed to resist earth7"a$e effects. D"ring an earth7"a$e0 str"ct"ral damage ma#
res"lt from the fact that the fo"ndation of the str"ct"re "ndergoes accelerations.
S"ch accelerations are largel# hori8ontal and vertical components of acceleration
are "s"all# neglected. %n active earth7"a$e 8ones0 the ma&im"m rate of hori8ontal
acceleration of the fo"ndations ma# reach val"es having a magnit"de bet/een F.@
and A.F times g0 the acceleration d"e to gravit#K that is0 bet/een AD and IE ft/secJ. %f
the str"ct"re is ass"med to act as a rigid bod#0 it /ill accelerate hori8ontall# at same
rate as its fo"ndations. -ence each part of the str"ct"re /ill be acted "pon b# a
hori8ontal inertia force e7"al to its mass m"ltiplied b# its hori8ontal acceleration0 or0
for e&ample0 Lateral force L /eightMF.@ g L one9half of its /eight g.
Str"ct"res are sometimes designed to resist earth7"a$es on the foregoing
basis0 altho"gh is 7"ite appro&imate0 in as m"ch as the ass"mption that the entire
str"ct"re accelerates as a rigid bod# is "s"all# not partic"larl# valid. (he hori8ontal
acceleration of a str"ct"re s"ch as a dam /ill prod"ce not onl# hori8ontal inertia
forces d"e to the mass of the dam b"t also h#drod#namic forces as the dam moves
rapidl# into the /ater that it retains.
LOAD ON BEAMS:
(he load on beams is the s"m of load from0
Slabs :live load and dead load;.
Walls :both partition and main /alls;.
Self /eight of the beam in consideration.
)oint loads d"e to s"bsidiar# beams resting on the beam in consideration.
LOAD ON COLUMNS:
(he load on col"mns is the s"m of0
Loads from beams resting on it.
Self9/eight of the col"mn in consideration.
LIMIT STATE DESIGN:
Limit state design method gives a ne/ approach of statistical probabilit#. A str"ct"re
of fail"re ma# reach a limit state d"e to coincidental occ"rrence of both over load
and e&cessive /ea$ening of materials at the critical section. (he strength of
materials and the load are the t/o important factors0 /hich are s"b1ected to
considerable variations.
Statistical probabilit# of strength and load can be estimated0 /hich /ill
be a limiting state of material and load0 statistical base is covered b# characteristic
strength and characteristic load partial factor of safet# is introd"ced to red"ce the
probabilit# of fail"re to 8ero.
(herefore Limit State ma# be defined as 2(he acceptable limit for safet#
and serviceabilit# of the str"ct"re before fail"re occ"rs5. (h"s concept of design /ith
limit state is to achieve acceptable probabilit#0 so that the str"ct"re /ill not become
"nfit for "se and /ill not reach a limit state.
(here are t/o limit states. (he# are as follo/s6
A; Limit state of collapse
a; Bending
b; Shear
E; Limit state of serviceabilit#
a; Deflection
b; Crac$ing
LIMIT STATE OF COLLA/SE &FLE4URE-
Ass%"pti!ns:
a. )lane section normal to the a&is before bending /ill remain plane after
bending.
b. (he ma&im"m strain in concrete at o"ter most compression fiber is ta$en as
F.FFI@ in bending.
c. (he relationship bet/een the compression stress distrib"tion in concrete and
stress in steel ma# be ass"med to be rectangle0 trape8oidal0 parabola or an#
other of tests for the design p"rpose the compressive strength0 the partial
factor of safet# f L A.@ shall be "sed in addition to this.
d. (he tensile strength in concrete is ignored.
e. (he stress in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress strain
c"rve for t#pe of steel "sed for design p"rpose the partial safet# factor of A.A@
shall be "sed.
f. (he ma&im"m strain in tension reinforcement in the section at fail"re is less
than :f#/A.A@s;NF.FFE
f#L characteristic strength of steel
sL mod"l"s of elasticit# of steel
LIMIT STATE OF COLLA/SE &COM/RESSION-
Ass%"pti!ns:
a. (he ma&im"m compressive strain in the concrete in a&ial compression is
ta$en as F.FFE.
b. (he ma&im"m compressive strain at the highl# compressed fiber in
concrete s"b1ected to a&ial compression and bending and /hen there is
no tension on the section shall be O F.FFI@9F.?@ times the strain at the
least compressed e&treme fiberP
STRESS BLOC3 DIAGRAM:
From the stress bloc$ diagram0
Area of stress bloc$ L Area of rectangle L Area of parabola
L F.CCDQfc$:&"9F.@>&"; NE/IQ:F.CCDQfc$QF.@>&";
L F.A>?IQfc$Q&"NF.A?EQfc$Q&"
A L F.IDQfc$Q&"
(otal compressive force L C" L F.IDQfc$Q&"Qb
(otal tensile force L ("
L AstQf#/A.A@
L F.>?Qf#QAst
T! fin$ 5 % :
7"ating C" L ("
F.IDQfc$Q&"Qb L F.>?Qf#QAst
&" L F.>?Qf#QAst/:F.IDQfc$Qb;
Limit state of collapse depends on "ltimate strength. B"t the limit state
corresponding to e&cessive deflection and crac$ /idth is determined b# elastic
theor#. Limit state method is meant that the state of the member in /hich ceases to
meet service re7"irement i.e.0 looses its abilit# to damage the design. Limit state of
the reinforced concrete member denotes that state at /hich the calc"lated
magnit"de of the force0 deformation or crac$s ind"ced b# the load or other actions0
reach the limiting val"es determined in accordance /ith %S C@D9AB>? specification
limit state of collapse.

(he limit state of collapse of the str"ct"re or part of the str"ct"re /o"ld
be assessed from the section of one or more critical section from b"c$ling d"e to
elastic or plastic instabilit# or over t"rning.

(he resistance to bending0 shear0 tension and a&ial loads at ever#
section sho"ld not be less than the appropriate val"e at that section0 prod"ced b#
the most probable combination of loads on the str"ct"re "sing the appropriate partial
safet# factors.
LIMIT STATE OF SER.ICEABILITY:
Deflecti!n: (ho"ght the member ma# be designed to resist the load and moment
coming on the member /itho"t fail"re0 the member sho"ld also be designed to
/ithstand the deflections. &cessive deflections /o"ld hamper the serviceabilit# of
the b"ilding in all normal cases0 the deflection of a fle&"ral member /ill not be
e&cessive if the ratio of its span to its effective depth is not greater than appropriate
ratio<s.
C#ac6ing: Crac$ing of concrete sho"ld not adversel# affect the appearance of
d"rabilit# of the str"ct"re0 the acceptable limits of crac$ing /o"ld var# /ith the t#pe
of str"ct"re and environment.
Fact!# !f safet7: %n /or$ing stress method0 factor of safet# is applied to the
materials "sed in constr"ction i.e.0 steel and concrete. So it is obvio"s that the
greatest stress0 /hich a material ma# be s"b1ected in practice0 m"st be considerabl#
less than the "ltimate stress0 this section is called /or$ing stress.
FOS L "ltimate stress//or$ing stress :or; #ield stress//or$ing stress
(he factor of safet# sho"ld al/a#s be s"ch that the /or$ing stress is belo/ the
elastic limit. As the factor of safet# in this method is applied to material0 this /ill not
give an# indication abo"t fail"re of str"ct"re0 /ith an increment in e&ternal load. (he
design sho"ld provide ade7"ate control on the stresses to be "sed for concrete and
main reinforcement in the form of permissible val"es0 concrete is strong in
compression and /hen the cr"shing strength is determined b# the tests on the
c"bes0 large deformations and spanning are noticed as the fail"re load is reached
these deformations /ill be permanent in nat"re. (his s"ggests that a factor has to be
applied to ma&im"m strength to arrive at the /or$ing stress.
Feasi8ilit7: (he limit state of design correctl# eval"ates the load carr#ing capacit#
and its reliabilit# "nder service load. (he care for limiting deflections0 collapse and
crac$ /idth for different load combinations li$e /ind load0 dead load0 is ta$en /ith
confidence b# leaving s"itable factor of safet#.
C!""ent: (he ver# fact that the introd"ction of several design factors that
separatel# ta$es into acco"nt the infl"ence of other factors li$e /inds and
earth7"a$e are acco"nted for to more realistic approach to the anal#sis.
Being so m"ch "sef"l and advantageo"s0 limit state of design /as selected
for the design p"rposes.
USE OF S/*+9:

(he anal#sis of compression member /ith a&ial load and a moment /ill be
tedio"s0 length# if it is tac$led /itho"t S)9AD6AB>F.
%f the section of beam and col"mns are not s"fficient to carr# the load coming
from slabs and /alls0 the redesigning of beam and col"mn section is a common
feat"re in m"ltistoried b"ilding. (o acco"nt for this and to have a speed# approach
the design aid S)9AD is "sed.
STEEL AND CONCRETE:
Fe CA@0 high #ield strength deformation bars :-.SD; are ass"med to be "sed. MEF
grade of concrete :fc$
L EF M)a; is proposed for the concrete.

/RELIMINARY SECTION:
(he preliminar# section for vario"s parts of the str"ct"re based on deflection criteria
is calc"lated and given as follo/s6
(he beam section are ta$en as EFFQDFFmm
EFFQIFFmm
(he col"mn sections are ta$en as EFFQDFFmm

(he depth of slabs are ta$en as AE@mm
A@Fmm

+:9 LOAD ANALYSIS
LOADS ON SU//ORTING BEAMS:
According to %S6C@D9EFFF cla"se EC.@0 the total loads that act on the s"pporting
beams for t/o /a# slabs ma# be ass"med as the load /ith in the respective area of
the slab bo"nded b# the intersection of C@ line from the corners /ith the median line
of the plane parallel to the long side. As it is /ell $no/n from #ield theor# of slabs
this is a good appro&imation if all the sides are similarl# s"pported /hether
contin"o"s or discontin"o"s.
%n case of one /a# slabs the load carried is divided e7"all# bet/een the beams0
leasing to a "niforml# distrib"ted load on beams.
TRIANGULAR LOADING:
Consider the bean AB0
Let =/< be the intensit# of slab load on it.
/<L /Ql&/E
3a L 3b L l/EQ:l/EQ /<Ql&; L /<Ql&/C
Mma& L /<Ql&/CQl&/E 9 /<Ql&/CQl/IQl&/E
L /<Ql&
E
/EC
7"ating this moment to that of a 'DL
/Ql&QI/EC L /e7Ql&QE/>
(herefore0 /e7 L /Ql&/I
TRA/E;OIDAL LOADING:
3a
L 3b L l/EOEQl/EQl&/EQ/<N:l#9l&; /<P
L l/EO/<Ql&:l/E9l;N /<Ql#P
L l/EO/<Ql# 9 /<Ql&/EP
L /</COEQl#9l&P
Mma& L /</COEQl#9l&PQl#/E9l/EQl&/EQ /< :l#/E9E/IQl&/E;9:l#9l&/E;Q /<
L /<Ql#J/>Rl9l/I:l&9l#;JS
L /Ql&Ql#J/ADRl9l/IQOl&/l#PJS
/e7Ql#J/> L /Ql&Ql#J/ADRl9l/IOl&/l#PJS
/e7
L /Ql&/EOl9l/IRl&/l#SJP
STAAD /RO <==(
%n the modern scenario0 it is not possible to anal#8e sophisticated str"ct"res
man"all#0 as even a str"ct"re of modest proportion involves man# s$ills and literall#
h"ndreds of different operations. (his calls for the "se of speciali8ed soft/are
pac$ages. A n"mber of s"ch soft/are pac$ages are available for civil engineers0 for
the efficient planning0 anal#sis0 design0 drafting0 estimation and pro1ect management.
S(AAD )ro is one of the /idel# "sed soft/are for str"ct"ral anal#sis and design. %t is
developed b# 3esearch ngineers %nternational %nc.0 'SA :3%;. %t is the engineer<s
ever#da# companion in the design office d"e to its po/erf"l anal#sis0 design0 graphic
and vis"ali8ation capabilities. S(AAD )ro EFF? is the recent addition to 3%. %t
addresses the entire process of str"ct"ral engineer0 from model development0 to
anal#sis0 to design0 to draft0 to detail and even component design.
S(AAD )ro EFF? is specificall# designed for6
Model development
Anal#sis
Design
*is"ali8ation
*erification
)rinting/ plotting
S(AAD )ro is s"ite of inter related str"ct"ral soft/are offering a complete sol"tion for
a professional str"ct"ral engineer in short. -ence the entire inp"t data ma# be
generated either graphicall# or b# t#ping in simple nglish lang"age based
commands. %ts absol"tel# "ser friendl# and no prior $no/ledge of the lang"age of
program is necessar# to get started.
T1E STAAD /RO <==( SOFT0ARE CONSISTS OF T1E
FOLLO0ING:
Te STAAD /#! g#apical %se# inte#face &GUI-:
%t is "sed to generate the model0 /hich can be done anal#8ing "sing the S(AAD
engine after anal#sis and design is complete. (he 4'% can also be "sed to vie/ the
res"lts graphicall#.
Te STAAD /#! anal7sis an$ $esign engine:
%t is a general9p"rpose calc"lation engine for str"ct"ral anal#sis and
integrated steel0 concrete0 timber0 and al"min"m design. D"e to its simplicit# in
modeling0 it can be "sed to model str"ct"res /ith comple& geometr#0 at a lesser
time. Some of the feat"res available in S(AAD )ro EFF? /hich enable faster
modeling are as listed belo/6
An# $ind of str"ct"re co"ld be modeled "sing a str"ct"re /i8ard0 /hich
incl"des frames different t#pes of tr"ss0 ring elements0 plates/shell and solid
elements etc.
(he "ser is allo/ed to inp"t data and re7"est o"tp"t in almost all commonl#
"sed engineering "nit s#stems incl"ding MGS0 S%0 and F)S.
(he str"ct"ral geometr# co"ld be specified in an# $ind of co9ordinate
s#stem0 /hich incl"des Cartesian0 c#lindrical and reverse c#lindrical co9
ordinate s#stem.
All the "s"al re7"irements to anal#8e a str"ct"re s"ch as member
properties0 member offsets0 material constants and s"pport specifications
co"ld be easil# assigned. B"ilt in steel table helps in assigning the steel
member properties.
Loads in a str"ct"re can be specified as 1oint load0 member load0 and
temperat"re loads. Also0 S(AAD is e7"ipped /ith b"ilt9in algorithm to
generate moving loads and seismic loads on a str"ct"re.
(he follo/ing perform anal#sis facilities /hich are available in S(AAD N
Stiffness anal#sis linear static anal#sis N second order static anal#sis N
D#namic anal#sis.
&tensive design capabilities are available in S(AAD for steel0 concrete and
timber sections. For this0 design codes s"ch as %S >FF and %S C@D9EFFF
have been incorporated. Force design co"ld also be performed b# creating
the s"pport.
S(AAD )ro offers several modes of operation0 /hich involves modeling )re9
)rocess9 )ost processing mode0 %nteractive design mode etc.
M"ltiple "nconnected str"ct"res0 d"plicate members co"ld be easil#
identified and from the tools men". (ranslational repeat is an option
available in geometr# men" "sing /hich selected portions of the str"ct"re
co"ld be copied specified n"mber of times at specified linear displacements.
Similarl#0 "sing circ"lar repeat option0 the same co"ld be done at specified
circ"lar displacements.
'sing insert mode option in geometr# men"0 a member co"ld be split into
t/o or more par /ith a"tomatic generation of nodes and beam incidences.
'sing mesh generation command0 a fo"r nodded plate co"ld be added to a
str"ct"re. %n the post9processing mode0 the res"lts obtained co"ld be vie/ed
graphicall# or in tab"lar format.
*ario"s material constants s"ch as mod"l"s of elasticit# :;0 /eight densit#
:D+;0 poisons ratio :)O%SS;0 co9efficient of thermal e&pansion :AL)-A;0
and composite damping ratio and beta angle :B(A; are available.
Footing design facilit# is capable of designing individ"al footings for "ser
specified s"pports are available.
%t also offers printing facilities. All inp"t and o"tp"t ma# be printed "sing the
)3%+( command available in S(AAD.
Other miscellaneo"s facilities s"ch as0
)erform rotation command /hich allo/s rotating the str"ct"re shape
thro"gh an# desired angle abo"t global a&is.
S'BS(%('( command to redefine the 1oint and member n"mbers.
Calc"lation of center of gravit# of the str"ct"re.
(he se7"ence in /hich the facilities are disc"ssed follo/s the recommended
se7"ence of their "sage in the inp"t file.
L!a$ C!"8inati!ns:
*ario"s load combinations are adopted to anal#8e the Apartment B"ilding str"ct"re
/hich is listed belo/. %t is noted that /henever seismic anal#sis is done0 the seismic
load case sho"ld be ta$en as the first load in the loading list.
DL
LL
:DLNLL;
A.@:DLNLL;
M!$eling st#%ct%#es in STAAD:
(o start /ith0
A; Clic$ on S(AAD )ro.
E; Specif# space0 t#pe file name0 title and "nits as meter and G+.
(o create col"mns and beams for ramp portion.
A; (he co9ordinates of the col"mns nodes at the lo/er most level are calc"lated.
E; (hese nodes are then created b# entering the T0 .0 U co9ordinates.
I; (hese nodes are then copied and pasted to the above floor levels as re7"ired.
C; Members are added bet/een these nodes b# member add option.
S%pp!#t Specificati!n:
(o create a s"pport0 clic$ on the Support Page icon located in the top
toolbar or select it from commands.
(he Supports dialog bo& comes "p as sho/n in fig"re. Since all the
bottom nodes of the col"mns has to be associated /ith a fixed s"pport0
"sing the Nodes Cursor, select all bottom nodes. (he# become
highlighted.
(hen0 clic$ on the Create b"tton in the Supports dialog bo&.
%n the Create Support dialog bo& that opens0 select the fixed tab and clic$
on the Assign b"tton as sho/n belo/. (his creates a fixed t#pe of
s"pport at all the selected nodes.
STRUCTURE MODEL
Specif7ing "e"8e# /#!pe#ties:
O"r ne&t tas$ is to assign cross section properties for the beams and col"mns.
Steps:
(o define member properties0 clic$ on the Property Page icon located on the
top toolbar or select Member Property from commands.
From the Member Property select Prismatic option0 this sho/s a propert#
dialog bo&.
Select the re7"ired geometr#0 in o"r case it is rectangle for beams and
col"mns.
Define the dimensions.
Assign the above dimensions b# selecting the respective beams and col"mns.
Specif7ing L!a$s:
C load cases are to be created for this str"ct"re. (he corresponding commands to be
generated are listed belo/.
Steps:
(o create loads0 clic$ on the Load Page icon located on the Structure Tool
toolbar or select loading option from commands.
Clic$ on the New Primary b"tton in the Loads dialog bo& that comes "p to
initiate the first load case.
%n the Set Active Primary Load Case dialog bo& that comes "p0 enter DAD
LOAD as the Title for Load Case and clic$ on OG.
(he Loads dialog bo& /ill no/ appear. (o generate and assign the self/eight
load t#pe0 clic$ on the Selfweig!t b"tton.
%n the Selfweig!t Load dialog bo&0 specif# the "irection as #0 and enter the
$actor as 9A.F. (he negative n"mber signifies that the self/eight load acts
opposite to the positive direction of the global a&is :. in this case; along /hich
it is applied. Clic$ on the Assign b"tton. (he self/eight load is applicable to
ever# member of the str"ct"re0 and cannot be applied on a selected list of
members.
Again clic$ on the New Primary b"tton in the Loads dialog bo& that comes "p
to initiate the first load case.
%n the Set Active Primary Load Case dialog bo& that comes "p0 enter L%*
LOAD as Title for Load Case % and clic$ on O$.
(he Loads dialog bo& /ill no/ appear. (o generate live load select $loor
Load /ith .9range and enter the force val"e and minim"m and ma&im"m .9
range as sho/n belo/.
DEAD LOAD OF STRUCTURE
B:M:D OF T1E STRUCTURE
S:F:D OF T1E STRUCTURE
BENDING STRESS OF T1E STRUCTURE
DESIGN OF SLAB
S>
C!n$iti!n: One s!#te# e$ge is $isc!ntin%!%s:
From cl no. EI.E %S9C@D6EFFF
:L
&
/d; L ED Q A.CLID.C
:I@FF/d; L ED Q A.C
(herefore 0 d L B? mm.
)rovide D L AE@mm and d L AFAmm
A- L!a$ calc%lati!n:
Dead load :F.AE@QE@; L I.AE@ $+/m
E
Weight of ceiling plaster:F.AEQEF.C; LF.E@ $+/m
E
Weight of floor finish and
)artition /all load LA.@ $+/m
E
Live load L E $+/m
E
T!tal l!a$ L D.>?@ $+/m
E
'ltimate load L A.@QD.>?@
L AF.IAI $+/m
E
V AA $+/m
E
B- Effective span:
ffective length of longer span is L
#
L IDFFmm
ffective length of shorter span is L
&
L I@FFmm
3atio L L
#
/ L
&
L A.FEB
Since the ratio is less than E the slab is designed as (WO WA. SLAB.
)rovide D L AE@mm and d L AFAmm.
Ass"me W> bars for both shorter and longer spans.
Clear cover L EFmm.
C- Sla8 $esign:
As per %S6 C@D9EFFF case E.
Ben$ing "!"ent calc%lati!n:
X
&
X
#
+egative moment at contin"o"s
edge
F.FI>> F.FEBE
)ositive moment at contin"o"s
edge
F.FI? F.FE>
Ben$ing "!"ent:
Along shorter span M
&
L X
&
Q / Q L
&
E
Along longer span M
#
L X
#
Q / Q L
&
E
(herefore0
M
& :negative;
L @.EI$+9m
M
& :positive;
L I.BI@$+9m
M
# :negative;
L C.BB$+9m
M
# :positive;
L I.??$+9m
Ma&im"m moment L @.EI$+9m
Cec6 f!# $ept:
M
"
L F.AI>Qf
c$
QbQd
E
@.EIQAF
D
L F.AI>QEFQAFFFQ d
E
d L CI.@Imm Y d
provided
Calc%lati!n !f a#ea !f steel:
Minim"m steel L F.AEZ Q b Q AE@
L F.AEZ Q AFFF Q AE@
L A@F mm
E
Ma&im"m spacing L Id or IFFmm
3e7"ired spacing L ::[/C; Q>
E
QAFFF;/ A
st
.
We have0
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L @.EIQAF
D
/:AFFFQAFA
E
;
)
t
L F.AC?Z
A
st
L AC>.C? mm
E
Similarl# 0
Directions M
"
:G+9m;
A
st
:mm
E
;
Min steel
A
st
:mm
E
;
Spacing of
W>mm
Along shorter
span
dLAFAmm
@.EI
:9ve;
I.BI@
:Nve;
AC>.C?
AAA.FF
A@F
A@F
\IFFmm c/c
\IFFmm c/c
Along longer
span
dLAFAmm
C.BB
:9ve;
I.??
:Nve;
AC@.FF
AFD.FF
A@F
A@F
\IFFmm c/c
\IFFmm c/c
T!#si!n steel:
Area of torsion steel L :I/C; Q :ma&im"m mid span positive steel;
( L :I/C; Q A@F
( L AAE.@ mm
E
+o. of >mm bars L AAE.@ /::[/C; Q >
E
;
L I bars

S ?=
C!n$iti!n: L!nge# e$ge $isc!ntin%!%s:
From cl no. EI.E %S9C@D6EFFF
:L
&
/d; L ED Q A.CLID.C
:CE@F/d; L ID.C
(herefore0 d L AA? mm.
)rovide D L A@Fmm and d L AEDmm
Dead load L : F.A@QE@ ; L I.?@$+/m
E
E
Floor finish and
)artition /all load L A.@ $+/m
E
Live load L E$+/m
E
(otal load L ?.@$+/m
E
'ltimate load L A.@Q?.@
L AA.E@$+/m
E
V AE $+/m
E
B- Effective span:
#
L CE@Fmm
&
L CIE@mm
3atio L L
#
/ L
&
L A.E@
)rovide D L A@Fmm and d L AEDmm.
Clear cover L EFmm.
C- Sla8 $esign:
As per %S6 C@D9EFFF case I.
X
&
X
#
edge
F.FI>I F.FI?
edge
F.FE>B F.FE>
Ben$ing "!"ent:
&
L X
&
Q / Q L
&
E
Along longer span M
#
L X
#
Q / Q L
&
E
(herefore0
M
& :negative;
L >.IFE$+9m
M
& :positive;
L D.EDC$+9m
M
# :positive;
L >.FE$+9m
M
# :positive;
L D.F?$+9m
Ma&im"m moment L >.IFE$+9m
Cec6 f!# $ept:
M
"
L F. AI>Qf
c$
QbQd
E
.
>.IFEQAF
D
L F.AI> Q AFFF Q d
E
Q EF
d L @C.>Cmm Y d
provided
Minim"m steel L F.AEZ Q b Q d
] L F.AEZ Q AFFF Q AED
L A@A mm
E
E
QAFFF;/ A
st
.
We have0
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L >.IFEQAF
D
/:AFFFQAED
E
;
p
t
L F.ACBBZ
A
st
L A>B.FF mm
E
Similarl# 0
Directions M
"
:G+9m;
A
st
:mm
E
;
Min steel
A
st
:mm
E
;
Spacing of
WAFmm
Along shorter
span
dLAFFmm
>.IFE
:9ve;
D.EDC
:Nve;
A>B.FF
ACE.FF
A@A
A@A
\IFFmm c/c
\IFFmm c/c
Along longer
span
dLAFFmm
>.FE
:9ve;
D.F?
:Nve;
A>E.F?
AI?
A@A
A@A
\IFFmm c/c
\IFFmm c/c
T!#si!n steel:
( L :I/C; Q A>B
( L ACA.?@ mm
E
(/E L ?F.>?@ mm
E
+o. of >mm bars L?F.>?@ /::[/C; Q >
E
;
L E nos.
S +=
C!n$iti!n: T@! @a7 inte#i!# panel&s%n6en sla8-
Add e&tra load of C.@$+/m
E
:i.e d"e to dead /eight of s"n$en slab;
%S6>?@ partA6AB>? :B.BFQF.C@QA.FLC.C@@$+/m
E
sa# C.@$+/m
E
;
Dead load of slab :F.AE@QE@; LI.AE@$+/m
E
E
Load d"e to bric$ bat
filling in slab L:B.BQF.C@QA;L C. @$+/m
E
Floor finish and partition /all load L A.@ $+/m
E
Live load L E$+/m
E
(otal load L AA.I?@$+/m
E
'ltimate load L A.@QAA.I?@
L A?.FDI$+/m
E
B- Effective span:
#
L A.@@mm
&
L E.Fmm
3atio L L
#
/ L
&
L A.EBF
)rovide D L AFAmm and d L AE@mm.
Clear cover L EFmm.
C- Sla8 $esign:
As per %S6 C@D9EFFF case A.
&
#
edge
F.FCD F.FIE
edge
F.FI@D F.FEC
Ben$ing "!"ent:
&
L
&
Q / Q L
&
E
Along longer span M
#
L
#
Q / Q L
&
E
(herefore0
M
& :negative;
L A.>B$n9m
M
& :positive;
L A.IA@$+9m
M
# :negative;
L A.CDI$+9m
M
# :positive;
L F.B>D$+9m
Ma&im"m moment L A.>B$+9m
Cec6 f!# $ept:
M
"
L F. AI>Qf
c$
QbQd
E
.
A.>BQAF
D
L F.AI> Q AFFF Q d
E
Q EF
d L ED.ADmm Y d
provided
Minim"m steel L F.AEZ Q b Q d
L F.AEZ Q AFFF Q AFA
L AEE mm
E
3e7"ired spacing L ::/C; Q>
E
QAFFF;/ A
st
.
We have0
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L A.>BQAF
D
/:AFFFQAFA
E
;
p
t
L F.F>@Z:min;
A
st
L >@.>@ mm
E
Directions M
"
:G+9m;
A
st
:mm
E
;
Min steel
A
st
:mm
E
;
Spacing of
WAFmm
Along shorter
span
dLAFFmm
A.>B
:9ve;
A.IA@
:Nve;
>@.>@
>@.>@
AEE
AEE
\IFFmm c/c
\IFFmm c/c
Along longer
span
dLAFFmm
A.CDI
:9ve;
F.B>D
:Nve;
>@.>@
>@.>@
AEE
AEE
\IFFmm c/c
\IFFmm c/c
T!#si!n steel:
( L :I/C; Q AEE
( L BA.@ mm
E
(/E L C@.?@ mm
E
+o. of >mm bars L C@.?@ /::/C; Q >
E
;
L E nos.
S <+
C!n$iti!n:Inte#i!# /anel &!ne*@a7 sla8-:

L!a$ calc%lati!n:
Dead load L F.AE@QE@ L I.AE@$+/m
E
Weight of ceiling plaster:F.AEQEF.C; LF.E@$+/m
E
Floor finish
And floor finoshes LA.@$+/m
E
Live load L E.FF $+/m
E
(otal load L D.>?@$+/m
E
L A.@QD.>?@
'ltimate load L AF.IAI$+/m
E
AA$+/m
E
A- Effective span:
#
L C>FFmm
&
L A>@Fmm
3atio L L
#
/ L
&
L E.@B
Since the ratio is grater than E the slab is designed as O+ WA.
SLAB.
)rovide D L AE@mm and d L AFAmm.
Clear cover L EFmm.
M
%
A0l
4
<
B'A++C+:')
<
B'
A>:(=96N*"
Cec6 f!# $ept:
M
" limit
L F.AI> Q b Q d
E
Q f
c$.
C.?FDQAF
D
L F.AI> Q AFFF Q d
E
Q EF
d L CA.EB@mm Y d
provided
Minim"m steel L F.AEZ Q b Q D
L F.AEZ Q AFFF Q AE@
L A@F mm
E
E
QAFFF;/ A
st
.
We have0
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L C.?FDQAF
D
/:AFFFQAFA
E
;
)
t
L F.CDZ
A
st
L AIB.C mm
E
)rovide W> mm bars \ IFF c/c
T!#si!n steel:
( L :I/C; Q A@F
( L AAE.@ mm
E
+o. of >mm bars L AAE.@ /::[/C; Q >
E
;
L I nos.
DESIGN OF BEAM
BEAM NO ??<>
Me"8e# 8+:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9BC.AB$+9m
M
"
/bQd
E
LBC.AB QAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
; L A.C@
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.CCIZ
A
st
L @F@.FEmm
E
:EWEF;
BEAM NO ?<,,
Me"8e# 8<:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9DI.AA$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L 9DI.AAQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
LF.B?
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.E>BZ
A
st
L IEB.CEmm
E
:EWAD;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L 9EA.B>F
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L EA.B>FQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L F.IC
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.FBDZ
A
st
L AFB.CCmm
E
:EWAF;
BEAM NO ??==
Me"8e# 8?:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9>>.>D$+m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L >>.>DQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L A.I?
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.CA?Z
A
st
L C?@mm
E
:EWEF;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L @>.@?A$+m
b
f
L ::l
o
/D; N b
/
N DD
f
;
L ::F.?QC>FF;/D; N EFF N :DQA@F;
L ADDFmm
A#ea !f steel:
M
"
/:b
f
Qd
E
; L @>.@?AQAF
D
/:ADDFQ@?F
E
;
L F.AA
From %S C@D page C?0
Minim"m steel0 A
st
L EICmm
E
:IWAE;
BEAM NO ??,+
Me"8e# 8>:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9@D.>I$+m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L @D.>IQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
LF.>?
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.E@DZ
A
st
L EBA.>Cmm
E
:IWAE;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L 9CI.?AI
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L CI.?AIQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L F.D?
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.AB@Z
A
st
L EEImm
E
:IWAF;
BEAM NO ??99
Me"8e# 8):
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9@E.@>$+m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L @E.@>QAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L F.>F
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.EIIZ
A
st
L ED@.DEmm
E
:IWAE;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L IC.?C$+m
b
f
L ::l
o
/D; N b
/
N DD
f
;
L ::F.?QI@FF;/D; N EFF N :DQA@F;
L A@F>mm
M
"
/:b
f
Qd
E
; L IC.?CQAF
D
/:A@F>Q@?F
E
;
L F.F?
Minim"m steel0 A
st
L EICmm
E
:EWAE;
BEAM NO ??9(
Me"8e# 89:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9AI?.CD$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L AI?.CDQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L E.AE
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.D?>Z
A
st
L ??E.BEmm
E
:CWAD;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L 9?I.FA$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L ?I.FAQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
LA.AE
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.IEDZ
A
st
L I?Amm
E
:EWAD;
BEAM NO ?>>>
Me"8e# 8(:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9AIF.EB$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L AIF.EBQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L E.FA
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.DCIZ
A
st
L ?IImm
E
:CWAD;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L 9AAF.C?E$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L AAF.C?EQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L A.?F
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F..@IFZ
A
st
L DFCmm
E
:IWAD;
BEAM NO ?>+,
Me"8e# 8':
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9AAC.C>.$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L AAC.C>QAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L A.?D
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.@@FZ
A
st
L DE?mm
E
:IWAD;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L IE.C>>$+9m
b
f
L ::l
o
/D; N b
/
N DD
f
;
L ::F.?QI@FF;/D; N EFF N :DQA@F;
L A@F>mm
M
"
/:b
f
Qd
E
; L IE.CBQAF
D
/:A@F>Q@?F
E
;
L F.F?
Minim"m steel0 A
st
L EICmm
E
:EWAE;
BEAM NO ?><=
Me"8e# 8,:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9>A.?A$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L 9>A.?AQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L A.ED
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.I>EZ
A
st
L CIDmm
E
:IWAD;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L >C.IE$+9m
b
f
L ::l
o
/D; N b
/
N DD
f
;
L ADDFmm
A#ea !f steel:
M
"
/:b
f
Qd
E
; L >C.IEQAF
D
/:ADDFQ@?F
E
;
L F.AD
Minim"m steel0 A
st
L EICmm
E
:EWAE;
BEAM NO ?>,,
Me"8e# 8+=:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9@C.IC$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L @C.ICQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L F.>C
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.ECFZ
A
st
L E?I.Dmm
E
:IWAE;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L 9C?.I@F+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L C?.I@FQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L F.?I
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.EAFZ
A
st
L EIB.Cmm
E
:IWAD;
BEAM NO ?>(>
Me"8e# 8++:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9@I.CD$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L 9@I0CDQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L F.>E
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.ECFZ
A
st
L E?Imm
E
:IWAE;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L EF.D?I$+9m
b
f
L ::l
o
/D; N b
/
N DD
f
;
L ADDFmm
A#ea !f steel:
M
"
/:b
f
Qd
E
; L EF.D?IQAF
D
/:ADDFQ@?F
E
;
L F.FC
Minim"m steel0 A
st
L EICmm
E
:EWAE;
BEAM NO ?>()
Me"8e# 8++:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9??.C>$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L ??.C>QAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L A.AB
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.I@@Z
A
st
L CFCmm
E
:EWAD;
At "i$ span:
M
"
L 9AB.ED>+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L QAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L F.IF
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.F>@Z
A
st
L BD.BFmm
E
:EW>;
BEAM NO ?)?>
Me"8e# 8+<:
At s%pp!#t:
M
"
L 9BB.IF$+9m
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L BB.IFQAF
D
/:EFFQ@?F
E
;
L A.@I
F#!" S/*+9:
)
t
L F.C?FZ
A
st
L @I@.>mm
E
:IWAD;
SFD
Sea# #einf!#ce"ent at s%pp!#ts:
MMB3 S-A3
FO3C
:$+;
v
:+/mm
E
;
c
:+/mm
E
;
S-A3
3%+FO3CM+(
ELW>mm
BA AAA.DE F.B?B F.C@ IFFmm c/c
BE @A.@D F.C@E F.I> IFFmm c/c
BI AF@.DB F.B?E F.CC IFFmm c/c
BC EB.AA F.ED F.I? IFFmm c/c
B@ ?>.@@ F.DB F.I@ IFFmm c/c
BD AEB.ED A.AI F.@C IFFmm c/c
B? ID.@A F.IE F.@I IFFmm c/c
B> AFC.>C F.BE F.@F IFFmm c/c
BB AAI.FE F.BB F.CE IFFmm c/c
BAF AB.@C F.A? F.I@ IFFmm c/c
BAA ?A.@B F.DI F.I@ IFFmm c/c
BAE >I.EF F.?I F.CA IFFmm c/c
BAI AAC.> A.FF F.C? IFFmm c/c
Calc%lati!n !f sea# #einf!#ce"ent 8+:
v
L *
"
/:bQd;
L AAA.DIQAF
I
/:EFFQ@?F;
L F.B?B+/mm
E
AFFA
st
/:bQd; L :AFFQ@F@.E;/:EFFQ@?F;
L F.CCI
From %S9C@D0
c
L F.C@ +/mm
E
c
Y
v
:"nsafe;
)rovide shear reinforcement
*
"s
L *
"
^ :
c
QbQd;
L AAA.DEQAF
I
^ :F.C@QEFFQ@?F;
L DF.IEQAF
I
*
"s
L :F.>?Qf
#
QA
sv
Qd;/S
v
DF.IEQAF
I
L :F.>?QCA@QAFF.@IQ@?F;/S
v
S
v
L ICE.B>mm O or :F.?@Qd; or IFFmm c/c P
-ence provide S
v
L IFFmm c/c.
T#P&CAL $L''( )*AM CALC+LAT&'NS,-
Beam
no
Cross
section
Mu in
kN-m
( -ve
moment)
Mu in
kN-m
(+ve
moment)
Ast at
Top
mm
2
Ast in
Botto
m
mm
2
Spacing
of 2 lgd
Stirrups
in mm
3329 200*600 2!.93 0 !"#0 3"#0 $"#30%&%
33#9 200*600 '2.## 2#.92 '"#2 3"#2 $"#'0%&%
3320 200*300 0 33.$3 2"#0 3"#6 $"#'0%&%
33'' 200*600 #'!.93 36.3' 3"20 '"#0 $"#'0%&%
3393 200*600 #'3.33 0 '"#6 2"#0 $"#'0%&%
33$6 200*600 #'(.'( #!.$! 6"#6 3"#0 $"#'0%&%
33$( 200*600 0 3'.#0 2"#0 3"#6 $"#00%&%
3'0# 200*600 #32.62 3$.0$ 2"20 '"#0 $"#'0%&%
3''( 200*600 #30.'( 0 ("#2 2"#0 $"#'0%&%
3'39 200*600 #3!.29 #$.' 3"20 '"#0 $"#'0%&%
3''0 200*600 0 33.2$ 2"#0 3"#6 $"#00%&%
3'!6 200*600 #'#.2( 36.6$ 3"20 '"#0 $"#'0%&%
3!0# 200*600 #3(.2( 0 ("#2 2"#0 $"#'0%&%
3'9' 200*600 #'0.(3 #9.#6 3"20 3"#0 $"#'0%&%
3'9! 200*300 0 32.## 2"#0 3"#6 $"90%&%
3!09 200*600 !3.!6 3'.'9 '"#2 3"#2 $"#'0%&%
3!39 200*600 36.3' 0 6"#0 3"#0 $"#20%&%
333# 200*600 (!.(3 0 2"20 2"#0 $"#'0%&%
32$9 200*600 20#.2' #.9' 3"2! 3"#0 $"#'0%&%
3290 200*300 #0(.#2 22.## !"20 3"#0 $"90%&%
33'! 200*300 '.!9 !.#' 2"20 2"#0 $"90%&%
329# 200*600 29$.#( 0 '"2! 3"#2 $"#'0%&%
33!6 200*600 29$.'9 0 '"2! 2"#0 $"#'0%&%
33!( 200*300 #0(.62 #(.0' !"20 3"#2 $"90%&%
3'02 200*300 '#.!2 '.63 6"#2 2"#0 $"90%&%
33!$ 200*600 29$.$ 0 '"2! 3"#2 $"#'0%&%
3'09 200*600 302.! 0 '"2! 2"#0 $"#'0%&%
3'#0 200*300 #0$.63 #(.!# !"20 3"#2 $"90%&%
3'!( 200*300 '#.2( '.(# 6"#2 2"#0 $390%&%
3'## 200*600 296.9$ 0 '"2! 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
3'6' 200*600 293.62 0 '"2! 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'6! 200*300 #00.93 #6.33 3"2! 3"#2 $"90%&%
3!#0 200*300 '#.!6 $.'# 6"#2 2"#2 $"90%&%
3'66 200*600 23!.!2 $.$( '"2! '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!'2 200*600 !(.#6 0 ("#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
332( 200*600 $2.6$ '.2 6"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33#2 200*600 39.(! 0.9# 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33#3 200*600 (2.(' 60.66 !"#0 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33(9 200*600 '2.'3 #'.' 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33$0 200*600 !$.'! 6!.!2 '"#0 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'32 200*600 '! #2.02 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'33 200*600 6#.9! 6!.9$ '"#0 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
3'$( 200*600 3(.93 #(.#! 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'$$ 200*600 '$.2$ 2' '"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!3( 200*600 9#.0$ #.'# ("#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33!3 200*600 20.(6 0 3"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3339 200*600 2'.29 #3.3! 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!23 200*600 #3.6( 0 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3396 200*600 2#.$3 ''.6$ 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!2! 200*600 '0.9! 0 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'!# 200*600 ''.#' 3!.#! '"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!2( 200*600 20.66 0 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!0' 200*600 2'.$6 '2.$9 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
332' 200*600 9'.#9 3.96 ("#0 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3299 200*600 63.## #.39 !"#0 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3300 200*600 $$.6$ !$.!9 ("#0 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
339# 200*600 !6.$3 0 3"#0 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3366 200*600 !2.!$ 3'.(6 '"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
336( 200*600 #3(.'9 (2.$$ 3"#2 ("#2 $"#'0%&
%
3''' 200*600 #3.29 0 6"#0 ("#2 $"#'0%&
%
3'#9 200*600 ##'.'$ 32.'( 2"20 2"20 $"#'0%&
%
3'20 200*600 $#.(# $3.33 3"#2 '"#2 $"#'0%&
%
3'99 200*600 !'.3' 0 '"#0 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'(' 200*600 !3.'6 20.!# '"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'(! 200*600 ((.'$ #$.(' 2"#6 2"#6 $"#'0%&
%
3!3' 200*600 !3.!9 2.03 !"#2 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
332! 200*600 92.0$ 3.(6 ("#0 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3306 200*600 !9.3! #.2( 3"#2 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
330( 200*600 90.6( !(.9( ("#0 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3392 200*600 !6.69 0 3"#0 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33(3 200*600 '9.($ 29.0$ '"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33(' 200*600 #20.62 6$.# 3"#2 6"#2 $"#'0%&
%
3''! 200*600 $9.23 0 6"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'26 200*600 9!.! 20.' ("#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33!! 200*600 20.'' 0 3"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33'2 200*600 22.9 #2.3( 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3336 200*600 '$.3! 0 ("#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
333! 200*600 !#.6 0 '"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33!' 200*600 '9.(6 20.$! '"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
333' 200*600 32.(3 3(.!3 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!'# 200*600 3'.$6 0 3"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33!2 200*600 36.02 32.$ 3"#0 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3333 200*600 !!.(9 #!.93 3"#2 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3332 200*600 $#.'! 0 '"#2 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
333# 200*600 (!.(3 0 2"20 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3292 200*600 2!0.!2 2.'' '"2! '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33#' 200*600 (3.'! 0 2"#6 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33'0 200*600 $0.(# 62.!( '"#2 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
3303 200*600 $#.0( 62.$$ '"#2 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
330# 200*600 30.92 0 3"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
333( 200*600 93.03 90.99 2"#0 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33#0 200*600 (9.$# 60.$$ '"#2 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
329( 200*600 #30.09 0 ("#2 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
32$9 200*600 20#.2' #.9' 3"2! 3"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3293 200*300 #3(.3$ 2$.!( '"2! 3"#6 $"90%&%
33#! 200*600 '$.06 0 '"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33#' 200*600 9(.($ '!.#2 2"#6 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
330' 200*600 ('.' 63.! 2"#6 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3302 200*600 !$.2( 0 '"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
333$ 200*600 $2.3' 66.2( 2"#2 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33## 200*600 $2.32 !#.6 6"#0 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
329$ 200*600 $'.#( 0 '"#2 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3290 200*300 #0(.#2 22.## !"#2 3"#2 $"90%&%
33'$ 200*300 '9.6! '.96 '"#6 2"#2 $"90%&%
33'! 200*300 '0.!6 !.#' 2"20 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
329' 200*600 3!6.# 0 3"32 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
33#6 200*600 9!.#! 0 ("#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!22 200*600 99.!$ 2!.6! 6"#2 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
330! 200*600 (6.#' !2.3( '"#2 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!2# 200*600 90.#' !6.62! ("#0 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
33!# 200*600 $$.6! 36.(2 3"#6 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33'9 200*600 6(.6 0 '"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
329# 200*600 29$.#( 0 '"2! 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
33!9 200*600 32$.3 0 3"32 2"#2 $"#'0%&
%
33$# 200*600 #22.6' 0 '"#2 2"#2 $"#'0%&
%
339( 200*600 #2#.!( (0.3! 6"#2 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33(0 200*600 #03.#$ (#.2$ !"#2 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
336$ 200*600 30.2' 0 3"#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
339' 200*600 ##2.0( 26.#3 2"20 '"#2 $"#'0%&
%
33(( 200*600 9'.62 (!.$3 ("#0 '"#2 $"#'0%&
%
336' 200*600 (9.(' 0 3"#2 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33!6 200*600 29$.'9 0 '"2! 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'0! 200*300 !3.99 !.3! 3"20 2"#2 $"90%&%
3'02 200*300 '#.!2 '.0! 6"#2 2"#0 $"90%&%
336# 200*600 33$.'! 0 3"32 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
33$3 200*600 90.3! 0 ("#0 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3!#$ 200*600 (!.6( 3$.0$ 6"#0 '"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'06 200*600 (0.#$ 0 2"#6 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'0( 200*600 #9!.#' ##$.! 6"#6 6"#2 $"#'0%&
%
3!#( 200*600 #92.$! !$.(3 2"#6 !"#0 $"#'0%&
%
3'0$ 200*600 2.'( !6.9! 3"#0 '"#2 $"#'0%&
%
3'06 200*600 (0.#( 0 2"#6 2"#0 $"#'0%&
%
33!$ 200*600 299.$ 0 '"2! 3"#2 $"#'0%&
%
DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING
SBC L EDFG+/m
E
3estricted /idth:B; L E.Cm
&i- SI;E OF FOOTING:*
(otal col"mn load L AEFFNAEFF L ECFF$+
AFZ of col"mn load L ECF$+
(otal L EDCF$+
Area of footing L EDCF/EDF L AF.ADm
E
LQB L AA.Fm
E
L L E.Cm
)rovide LQB L E.CQC.D
(herefore0 +et "p/ard soil press"re L onl# col"mn load/ :LQB;
L ECFF/ :E.CQC.D;
L EA?.IB$+/m
E
Therefore Net upward reaction per meter run of the footing = 217.391.5
!=521.736"N#m
!=521.7362.4
L?>E.D $+/m
ii-/RODECTIONS:*
F+)= F+)+
L L D.@
I.@
A.@E@
B L I.>F
A.ABA E.F@B A.CCA A.>FB
A.FCF? A.D@BI
Y
)A
)I
)E
)C
b
a
d
c
&
&L :/
A
&
A
N /
E
&
E
; / :/
A
N /
E
;
(herefore0 p
A
N & L L/E
p
A
N A.AE@ L :C.D/E;LA.A?@m
p
A
L A.A?@m
p
A
N pE NE.E@L L
A.A?@N pENE.E@LC.D
p
E
L A.A?@m
DE/T1 OF FOOTING
)"nching shear consideration "nder col"mn A L col"mn B
)"nching load L col"mn load ^ 3eaction of soil on col"mn area
L AEFF ^ EA?.IBQ.DQ.E
L AA?I.BF $+
Factored )"nching load L A.@QAA?I.BF L A?DF.>?$+
Design )"nching shear L A.> +/mm
E
: for MEF;
7"ating )"nching shear stress to factored p"nching load
: E:DFF;NE:EFF; ; Q D Q A.> L A?DF.>? Q AF_I
D L DAA.CA mm
BM C!nsi$e#ati!n
Factored load on each col"mn L AEFFQA.@ L A>FF$+
3eaction on footing per meter r"n L :EQA>FF;/E L ?>E.D$+/m
BM \ A0 L F
BM \ B0D L?>E.DQA.A?@
E
/E L @CF.EC$+ 9 m

BM \ centre L M
ma&
L 9?>E.DCQE.E@
E
/E N ?>E.DQA.A?@
E
/E ^ CB@.EC N @CF.EC
L C@ $+9m
O3
M
ma&
L :?>E.DQE.I
E
/E; ^ :A>FFQE.E@/E;
L C@$+
&iii-BMD E SFD:*

A>FF$+ A>FF$+
A.A?@ E.E@ A.A?@
(,+:(+, 6NB"
7"ating M"
lim
to M
ma&
M
" lim
L F.AI>QbQd
E
Qf
c$
@CF.ECQAF
D
L F.AI>QE@QECFFQd
E
d L E@D mm
)roviding ADmm dia bar at a clear cover of DFmm
ffective cover L DFN> L D>mm
(herefore0 Over all depth L E@DND>
D L IECmm
For economic "se of steel0 depth is increased b# abo"t CFZ
(herefore0 D L A.CQIEC L C@I.Dmm
)rovide over all depth D L ?FFmm
ffective depth d L ?FF9D> L DIEmm
REINFORCEMENTS FROM BM CONSIDERATION :*
(op steel for ma&im"m hogging moments69
: +o -ogging moments;
(herefore provide minim"m Zage of steel as per %S6C@D9EFFF
B"t minim"m steel L F.AEZ gross area
A
st
L F.AEZ gross area
L :F.AE/AFF;QECFFQ?FF
L EFADmm
E
)rovide ADmm ` 0 AF nos L EFAF.DE mm
E
Bottom steel "nder each col"mn for a sagging moment of @CF.EC$+9m

M
"
/bd
E
L :@CF.EC

QAF
D
/ ECFFQDIE
E

(herefore0 from S)9AD0 table I for f
#
L CA@+/

mm
E
and f
c$
L E@+/ mm
E
(herefore0 )
t
L F.ADZ
A
st
L :F.AD/AFF;QECFFQDIE L ECED.>>Z
(herefore0 provide AE bars of ADmm ` L ECAI mm
E
Cantileve# pa#ts !f te f!!ting:*
Cantilever pro1ection be#ond the col"mn face L A.A?@9F.I
L F.>?@m L >?@mm
(he critical section for shear is considered at a distance e7"al to the effective depth
i.e0 DIEmm
(herefore0 distance of the critical section from the a&is of col"mn
L IFFNDIE
L BIEmm L F.BI@m
(herefore0 SF \ critical section L :A.A?@9F.BIE;/F.BIE
+ominal shear stress L
v
L *
"
/ bQd
L EIB.A@@QAF
I
/ :ECFFQDIE;
L F.A@> +/mm
E
AFFA
st
/bQd L :AFFQECAI;/:ECFFQDIE;
L F.AD Z
Corresponding to this Z of steel
c
L a
From table AB0 %S9C@D6EFFF )?I

c
L F.EB?+/mm
E
(herefore0
c
Y
v
:safe;
(herefore nominal > legged AFmm ` stirr"ps \ IFFmm c/c
F!!ting 8et@een c!l%"ns:*
(he critical section sho"ld be considered at the lesser of the follo/ing distance from
the a&is of col"mn
a; -alf col"mn si8e N effective depth L IFFNDIE L BIEmm L F.BIEm
b; Distance "p to point of contra fle&"re b :no point of contra fle&"re;
-ence the critical section is ta$en \ F.BIE from the a&is of col"mn SF \this
critical section L O : :E.E@/E;9F.BIE / :E.E@/E; ; Q >>F.CC@ P L A@A.FC@$+

+ominal shear stress L
v
L :A@A.FC@QAF
I
;/:ECFFQDIE;
L F.FBBD+/mm
E
)ercentage of steel provided L :EFAF.DE / :ECFFQDIE; ;QAFF
L F.AIEZ
Corresponding to this Zage of steel
c
L a
From table AB0 %S9C@D6EFFF0 )?I

c
L F.EB+/mm
E
(herefore0
c
Y
v
:safe;
Shear resistance of concrete L
c
bD L F.EBQECFFQDIE
L CIB.>?E$+
(his SF occ"rs at a distance of L :CIB.>?E$+/>>F.CC@;QA.AE@ L F.@DEm
From the section of 8ero shear0
Or A.AE@9F.@DE L F.@DI from the a&is of col"mn
(herefore0 +et SF for /hich shear reinforcement is re7d
*
s
L A@A.FC@9CIB.>?E L E>>.FE$+ :shear reinforcement not re7d;
(herefore0 provide > legged >mm ` stirr"ps \ IFFmm c/c.
STRA/ FOOTING
L!a$s an$ M!"ents 69
CA L AAFF$+ M
&
L A$+/m M
#
L E$+/m
CE L AAFF$+ M
&
L A$+/m M
#
L E$+/m
CI L AFFF $+ M
&
L E$+/m M
#
L E$+/m
CC L AFFF $+ M
&
L E$+/m M
#
L I$+/m
SBC of the soil L EDF$+/m
E
Depth of fo"ndation L E.E@m
f
c$
L E@+/mm
E
f
#
L CA@+/mm
E
Span along T ^ direction L @.?m L @?FFmm
Span along . ^ direction L C.B@m L CB@Fmm
(otal load on fo"ndation L CEFF$+ i.e0 )
"A
N )
"E
N )
"I
N )
"C
$
1.8 2.1 1.8
%
1100 1100
1.7
0.2 0.2
&
0.6 0.6
1.55 1000 1000 '
0.2 0.2 (
1.7 0.6 0.6
)
* + , - .
En$ $istance calc%lati!n
& L : : @.?/EQCEFF ; ^ : :AAFFNAFFF;QE.A ; ; / :CEFF;
L A.>m
# L : ::C.C@/E;QCEFF; ^ ::AAFFNAFFFF;QA.@@; ; / :CEFF;
L A.?m
Area provided L :A.AQCEFF; / EDF L EA.F m
E
Area provided L :C.B@Q@?FF; L E>.EA@ m
E

+et "p/ard reaction b direct stress L )/A L CEFF/E>.EA@ L AC>.>D $+/m
E

Bending stress along & ^ direction L M
&
/U L : M
&A
N M
&E
N M
&I
N M
&C
; / bd
E

L : ANANENE ; / : :C.B@Q@.?
E
; / D ;
L F.EEI>
Bending stress along # ^ direction L M
#
/U L : M
#A
N M
#E
N M
#I
N M
#C
; / bd
E

L : ENENENI ; / : :C.B@Q@.?
E
; / D ;
L F.IB
Chec$ K
)/A N M
&
/U N M
#
/U L AC>.>D N F.EE N F.IB L ACB.C? Y EDF
)/A 9 M
&
/U N M
#
/U L ACB.FE Y EDF
)/A N M
&
/U 9 M
#
/U L AC>.DB Y EDF
)/A N M
&
/U N M
#
/U L AC>.E@ Y EDF
(herefore0 Safec
Along & ^ direction69SFD d BMD
)ress"re per meter /idth L : : ACB.C?NACB.FENAC>.DBNAC>.E@; / C;QC.B@
W L ?IB.>D $+/m
E

& L: :)
"A
N )
"E
;E.A ; / total load
L ::AAFFNAFFF;E.A; / CEFF L A.F@m
B:M CALCULATION
BM \ A0 L F
BM \ B L :?IB.>DQA.>
E
;E L AAB>.@>$+9m
BM \ C L :?IB.>DQE.>@
E
;/E ^ ::AAFFQAFFF;Q:E.>@9A;; L ?BB.??$+9m
BM \ D L AAB>.@> $+9m
BM \ L F
Along # ^ direction69SFD d BMD
)ress"re per meter /idth L : : ACB.C?NACB.FENAC>.DBNAC>.E@; / C;Q@.?
/ L >@A.BD $+/m
E

# L ::)
"I
N )
"C
;A.@@; / total load
L ::AFFFNAAFF;A.@@; / CEFF L F.?I>m
B:M CALCULATIONS
BM \ A0 L F
BM \ B L :>@A.BDQA.?
E
;/E L AEIA.FB $+9m
BM \ C L :>@A.BDQE.C?@
E
; / E ^ ::AFFFNAAFF;Q:E.C?@9A.?;; L AFDC.FF $+9m
BM \ D L AEIA.FB $+9m
Cec6 f!# $ept f#!" BM al!ng 5* $i#ecti!n
M
ma&
BM L AAB>.@> $+9m
Factored BM L M
"
L A.@QAAB>.@> L A?B?.>? $+9m
ffective depth re7d L s7rt :M
"
/:F.AI> f
c$
D;; L s7rt ::A?B?.>?QAF
D
;/:F.AI>QE@QCB@F;;
L IE>.>Cmm
)rovide over all depth0 D L >FFmm
Cover L @Fmm
Dia of bar L ADmm
ffective depth L >FF9@F9AD/E L ?CEmm
)
t
L F.A>BZ
Design )
t
L F.A>BZ
M
ma&
SF L AIIA.?D$+
M
ma&
SF at a distance !d ! from the face of col"mn L AIIA.?D9?D>.EC
* L @DF.>E$+
*
"
L A.@Q@DF.>E L >CA.EC@$+

v
L *
"
/ bQd L :>CA.EC@QAF
D
;/:CB@FQ?CE; LF.EEB +/mm
E

c
L F.IEE+/mm
E
(herefore0
c
Y
v
:safe;
A
st
L :F.A>BQAFFFQ?CE;/AFF L ACFE.I> mm
E
(op reinforcement
AE ` \AE@ c/c :parallel to length i.e0 L L @.?m;
AE ` \AE@ c/c :parallel to breadth i.e0 B L C.B@m;
Bottom reinforcement
AD ` \ A@F c/c :parallel to length i.e0 L L @.?m;
AD ` \ A@F c/c :parallel to breadth i.e0 B L C.B@m;
Cec6 f!# $ept f#!" BM al!ng 7 F $i#ecti!n
M
ma&
BM L AEIA.FB $+9m M
"
L A>CD.DI $+9m
ffective depth re7d L s7rt ::M
"
/:F.AI>Q f
c$
QD;
ffective depth re7d L s7rt ::A>CD.DIQAF
D
;/:F.AI>QE@Q@?FF;; L IFD.CCmm
)rovide0 D L >FFmm
Cover L @Fmm
Dia of bar L ADmm
ffective depth L ?CEmm
)
t
L F.AD>Z
M
ma&
SF L ACC>.IC$+
M
ma&
SF at a distance !d ! from face of col"mn L ACC>.IC9?A?.I@
* L ?IF.BB $+
(herefore0 *
"
L AFBD.C> $+

v
L *
"
/ bQd L :AFBD.C>QAF
I
;/:@?FFQ?CE; L F.E@B +/mm
E

c
L F.IFD+/mm
E
(herefore0
c
Y
v
:safe;
A
st
L :F.AD>QAFFFQ?CE;/AFF L AECD.@D mm
E
Chec$ for t/o /a# shear at a distance !d/E ! from the face col"mn
Col"mn A69
Ares of footing L E>.EA@ m
E
Depth0 d L ?CEmm
Area of critical section at !d/E ! L ::F.DN?CE/AFFF; Q :F.EN?CE/AFFF;;
from face of the col"mn
L A.EDC m
E
SF \ critical section L ::ACB.C?NACB.FENAC>.>BNAC>.E@;/C Q :E>.EA@9A.EDC;;

L CFE>.E?I $+
)erimeter of the footing L EA.Im

v
L *
"
/ bQd L :A.@QCFE>.E?IQAF
I
;/:EAIFFQ?CE; L F.I>E +/mm
E
e
c
L ratio of short side to long side of col"mn section
L F.E/F.D L F.III
G
s
L F.@ N e
c
L F.@ N F.III L F.>II
B"t0 G
s
sho"ld not be greater than A.

c
L F.E@ s7rt f
c$
L A.E@ +/mm
E
allo/able
L G
s
Q
c
L F.>II Q A.E@ L A.FCAE +/mm
E

allo/able
L A.FCAE +/mm
E

v
Y
allo/able
: therefore O.G ;

DESIGN OF COLUMN
T7pical Design:
SiGe !f te c!l%"n:
Breadth L EFFmm
Width L DFFmm
d
<
L CFmm
:Ti#$ fl!!#- C!l%"n n!*?,(,: A5iall7 L!a$e$ C!l%"n
/U A +?():,>6N
b L EFFmm
D L DFFmm
'ns"pported lengthL E.?m
ffective coverL CFmm
L
eff
L F.D@LL F.D@QE.?LA.?@@m
L
eff
/DL A.?@@/F.DL E.BE@YAE
L
eff/
DL A.?@@/F.EL >.?@@YAE
-ence the Col"mn is designed as Short Col"mn.
Cec6 f!# "ini"%" eccent#icit7:
e
min
L :"ns"pported length/@FF;N:lateral dimension/IF;
e
&&
L l/@FF N D/IF L E@.CfEFmm
e
##
L l/@FF N b/IF L AE.F?YEFmm
e
min
L EFmm
(herefore0 e
min
Y F.F@D as per %S C@D6EFFF
F.F@QLateral dimension L :F.F@QDFF;LIFmm
M
"&
L )' Q e
&&
L AI?@.BC Q F.FE@C
L IC.B@ $+9m
M
"#
L )' Q e
##
L AI?@.BC Q F.FE
L E?.@E $+9m
Ass"ming0 p
t
LE.@Z
)
t
/f
c$
L E.@/IF L F.F>I
d/D L CF/DFF L F.FD?
)
"
/f
c$
QbQd L :AI?@.BCQAF
I
;/:IFQEFFQDFF;
L F.I>E
From chart S)9AD0 chart IE
Moment along &9&K
M
"&A
L F.AIQIFQEFFQDFF
E
L E>A$+9m
Moment along #9#
d/DL CF/EFFL F.E
From chart S)9AD0 chart IC
M
"#A
L F.AAQIFQDFFQEFF
E
L ?B.E$+9m
From Chart no.DI0
)
"
/A
g
L AI?@.BCQAF
I
/ :EFFQDFF;
L A>.D?+/mm
E
)
"8
L A>.D?QEFFQDFF
L EECF.CQAF
I

+
)
"
/ )
"8 L
AI?@.BCQAF
I
/

EECF.CQAF
I

L F.DAC
M
"&
/ M
"&A
L IC.B@QAF
D
/E>AQAF
D
L F.AEC+/mm
E
M
"#
/ M
"#A
L E?.@EQAF
D
/ ?B.EQAF
D

L F.IC?+/mm
E
From Chart no.DC0
M
"&
/ M
"&A
L F.>> Y F.AEC :o$;
From chart S)9AD
)/f
c$
L F.AE
)t L E.@Z
As L )QbQd/AFF
L E.@/AFFQEFFQDFF
L IFFFmm
E
(herefore0
/#!vi$e ' H <="" $ia

Design !f late#al ties:
&H '"" $ia-
A. b L EFFmm
E. ADQEF L IEF mm
I. IFFmm
(herefore0
H '"" I<=="" CBC
DESIGN OF COLUMN
SiGe !f te c!l%"n:
Breadth L EFFmm
Width L DFFmm
d L @Fmm )
S%pp!#t c!n$iti!n:
One side fi&ed and one side rotating
(herefore from %S code the ratio to be ta$en for this condition is
l
eff
L F.>Ql
/here 2l5 is "ns"pported length.
ffective length L F.>QE?FF L EADFmm
)
"
LAI?D.A$+
M
"
L C?.DD$+9m
M
"8
L AC.?D$+9m
Ass"me Z of steel L E.@Z
L
eff
/b L EADF / EFFL AF.>YAE
L
eff
/D L EADF / DFF L I.DYAE
%n both the directions the col"mn is designed as short col"mn.
Design the col"mn as col"mn s"b1ected to 2Bia5ial Ben$ing5
e
min
e
min
L : EADF/@FF;N:DFF/IF; L IFmm or EFmm
and
F.F@QLateral dimension L F.F@QDFF L IFmm
Comparing e
min
f F.F@QLateral dimension
-ence consider moment.
Calc%lati!n !f M %5+
d
<
/D L @F/DFF L F.F>IV F.A
Chart no CC0
)"/f
c$
QbQd L :AI?D.AQAF
I
;/:IFQEFFQDFF;
L F.I>E
M
"&A
/f
c$
QbQdE L F.AAF from chart
M
"&A
L F.AAQIFQEFFQDFF
E

L EI?.DQAF
D
$+m
Calc%lati!n !f M
%G+
d
<
/D L @F/EFF L F.E@
Chart no CD0
)
"
/f
c$
QbQd L :AI?D.AQAF
I
;/:IFQEFFQDFF;
L F.I>E
M
"8A
/f
c$
QbQd
E
L F.A from chart
M
"8A
L F.AQIFQDFFQEFF
E

L ?EQAF
D
$+m
Calc%lati!n !f /
%G
6
Chart DI
)LE.@Z
(herefore )
"8
L EAQEFFQDFF
L E.@EQAF
D
+
(herefore )
"
/)
"8
L AI?D.AQAF
I
/E.@EQAF
D
L F.@CD
n
L A.@?D from interpolation
Cec6:*
:M
"&
/M
"&A
;
n
N :M
"8
/M
"8A
;
n
YA
:C?.DD/EI?.D;
A.@?D
N :AC.?D/?E;
A.@?D
L F.AD> YA
-ence Section is safe.
A#ea !f steel:*
A
st
L E.@ZQbQd
A
st
L E?@Fmm
E
(herefore
/#!vi$e , H ?="":
&H '"" $ia-
A. b L EFFmm
E. ADQEF L IEFmm
I. IFFmm
(herefore0
H '"" I<=="" CBC
DESIGN OF COLUMN
SiGe !f te c!l%"n:
Breadth L EFFmm
Width L DFFmm
d< L @Fmm
S%pp!#t c!n$iti!n:
One side fi&ed and one side rotating
(herefore from %S code the ratio to be ta$en for this condition is
l
eff
L F.>Ql
/here 2l5 is "ns"pported length.
ffective length L F.>QE?FF L EADFmm
)
"
L AA@>.?D$+
M
"8
L DF.EI$+m
M
"#
L AF.CD$+m
L
eff
/b L EADF / EFF L AF.>YAE
L
eff
/D L EADF / DFF L I.DYAE
%n both the directions the col"mn is designed as short col"mn.
Design the col"mn as col"mn s"b1ected to 2Unia5ial Ben$ing5
e
min
e
min
L : EADF/@FF;N:EFF/IF; L AF.B>mm or EFmm
and
F.F@QLateral dimension L F.F@QDFF L IFmm
Comparing e
min
Y F.F@QLateral dimension
e
min
e
min
L : EADF/@FF;N:DFF/IF; L EC.IEmm or EFmm
and
F.F@QLateral dimension L F.F@QEFF L AFmm
Comparing e
min
f F.F@QLateral dimension
-ence consider moment.
Calc%lati!n !f M %G
d
<
/D L @F/DFF L F.F>I V F.A
Ass"ming ptLEZ
Chart no CC
)"/f
c$
QbQd L :AA@>.?DQAF
I
;/:IFQEFFQDFF;
L F.IEE
M
"8A
/f
c$
QbQdE L F.A from chart CC
L EAD.FQAF
D
+9mm
M
"
/fc$bd
E
L EAD.FQAF
D
/IF:DFF
E
QEFF;
L F.A
p/fc$ L F.FD
)
t
L IZ
Ast L IDFFmm
E
(herefore0
/#!vi$e +<n!s H<=""

&H '"" $ia-
A. b L EFFmm
E. ADQEF L IEFmm
C. IFFmm
(herefore0
/#!vi$e '"" $ia I<=="" c/c.
C+: <==C9== &?,(,-
COL'M+ LOAD:$+; M8:$+m; M#:$+m; Ast:mm
E
;
A AI?D.BC C?.DD AC.?D EIFC 9 > WEFmm
I ?IF.B IA.@C AE.BD CI? 9 > WAEmm
@ E@@.I IC.B? AF.FD ?FC 9 >WAEmm
C<: <==C9== &?,,+-
E
;
A AADF.>> IF.EI A.F> AAAA9 >WADmm
I D>E.BII IC.I> F.DE CF> ^ >WAEmm
@ CF> EB.DE E.EC AI? ^ >WAEmm
C?: <==C9==&?,'<-
E
;
A AF@A.I @.>A CE.AD >>F9 >WAEmm
I @F@.D @.BC I?.FI IFE ^ >WAEmm
@ >F.I @.CI E?.>A @C> ^ >WAEmm
C>: <==C9==&?,')-
E
;
A AF?D.DB D.ED II.B >I? ^ >WAEmm
I @AD.? D.ED EC.EA IFB ^ >WAEmm
@ >A.@@ @.?> AD.@E CII 9 >WAEmm
C): <==C9==&?,,>-
E
;
A AEIA.DC @E.CA E.@B A?D? ^ >WEFmm
I ?FI.EI @F.CE I.II CEF 9 >WAEmm
@ EAB.I CE.@D A.B> EE@ 9 >WAEmm
C9: <==C9==&?,''-
E
;
A AED?.?I D.>D >C.B ECED 9 >WEFmm
I DBD.>I @.A >@.AE >?@ 9 >WAEmm
@ EDF.>? @.FA DI.FE CBF 9 >WAEmm
C(: <==C9==&?,',-
E
;
A AAED.AA >.EI ?D.>@ A?@F 9 >WEFmm
I @IE.EI >.F @I.EI IIA 9 >WAEmm
@ AFF.EI A.F@ F.B@ BDF 9 >WAEmm
C': <==C9==&?,,=-
E
;
A AEEI.@@ I>.@> >.BE I@D? 9 >WECmm
I CDI.@E I.BD A@C.EI EAFD 9 >WEFmm
@ EB.DI A.>@ AA>.AD ACAA 9 >WADmm
C,: <==C9==&>==)-
E
;
A AEA>.DD D.B? AF.AA AI>C 9 >WADmm
I DEF.D A.AA AI>.IE A>BE 9 >WADmm
@ ?B.B@ A.AB AAD.CB AEIE 9 >WADmm
C+=: <==C9==&>==9-
E
;
A AI?A.>? ?.FC >@.>? IAAB 9>WECmm
I ?FD.C@ C.I> ??.C@ ?DF 9 >WAEmm
@ ?B.A F.E E.AA BDF 9 >WAEmm
C++: <?=C9==&>==(-
E
;
A AEB@.?D >.F@ >B.?E IIED 9>WECmm
I ?A?.C@ @.I> D?.C@ >AF 9 >WAEmm
@ AIE.@D A.B AF.AA >DF 9 >WAEmm
C+<: <==C9==&>=<?-
E
;
A AEIE.?D D.F@ BF.AE IIBF 9>WECmm
I ?ED.I@ @.DE DB.C@ >ED 9 >WAEmm
@ AEI.@B E.AD B.A@ >DF 9 >WAEmm
C+?: <==C9==&>=<9-
E
;
A AICI.@F ?.FD >>.IE EB?E 9 >WECmm
I DBF.?? C.@A ?@.F> DDA 9 >WAEmm
@ AEF F.CD A.D? BDF 9 >WAEmm
C+>: <==C9==&>=<)-
E
;
A AIA@.>E ?.ID >B.>> I>DE 9 >WECmm
I D@C.@@ @.EE A@B.I EIFB 9 >WEFmm
@ AFA AA.E@ AID.C@ EAAE 9 >WEFmm
C+): <==C9==&>=?'-
E
;
A AE>E.@ F.AA A@D.EI IIF? 9 >WECmm
I D>E F.A? AIB.FC ABDF 9 >WEFmm
@ AFI.IC F.C@ AEA.> AEBD 9 >WADmm
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
A##ange"ent:
(a$ing0
3ise L ADFmm
(reads L E@Fmm
+o. of 3ises L I.A@QAFFF/:ADF;
L EF
+o. of 3ises for each flight L EF/E
L AF
+o. of treads L AF9A
L B
L!a$ calc%lati!ns:
i- F!# g!ing:
Ass"me /aist slab thic$ness L D L A@Fmm
d L AECmm
Self /eight of /aist slab on slope L D Q densit# of concrete
L F.A@QE@
L I.?@ $+/m
E
(herefore load of hori8ontal L I.?@ Q ::3
E
N (
E
;/(
E
;
L I.?@ Q g::ADF
E
N :E@F
E
;/:E@F
E
;;
L C.C@ $+/m
E
Dead load on each step L :F.AD/E; Q E@
L E.F $+/m
E
Floor finish on stairs L A.@ $+/m
E
Live load L I.FF $+/m
E
(otal load L I.FF N E.FF N E.FF N I.?@
L AF.?@ $+/m
E
'ltimate load L A.@ Q AF.?@
L AD.AE@ $+/m
E
ii- F!# lan$ing:
Dead load on landing L I.?@ $+/m
E
Floor finish L A.@ $+/m
E
Live load L I.F $+/m
E
(otal load L I.?@ N I.F N A.@
L >.E@ $+/m
E

'ltimate load L A.@ Q >.E@
L AE.I?@ $+/m
E
Ben$ing "!"ent calc%lati!ns:
3
a
L I@.E $+

3
b
L I@.> $+
Ma&im"m moment L EC.BE $+9m
Cec6 f!# $ept :
M
"
L F.AI>Qf
c$
QbQd
E
EC.BE Q AF
D
L F.AI>QEFQAFFFQd
E
d L B@mm Y d
provided

-ence safe.
A#ea !f steel:
M
"
/:bQd
E
; L EC.BEQAF
D
/:AFFFQAEC
E
;
p
t
L A.DE
A
st
L DAE.@D mm
E
Spacing of WAE \ A>F mm c/c
Dist#i8%ti!n steel :
Area L F.AEZ gross area
L :F.AE/AFF; Q AFFF Q A@F
L A>F mm
E
Spacing of W>mm \ E?F mm c/c
CONCLUSION
'se of staad pac$age for anal#sis of str"ct"res can save plent# of time. An# other
comp"tational proced"res li$e moment distrib"tion or GA+%<s method for anal#sis
involves comple& m"ltiple calc"lation.
BIBLIOGRA/1Y
Code of practice for plane and reinforced concrete 9 %S C@D 6 EFFF
Code of practice for str"ct"ral safet# of b"ilding %S >?@ 6 AB>?
)A3( 9 :IV*
Code of practice for Seismic Anal#sis %S A>BI 6 EFFE
Design aids for 3CC S)9AD
3CC design 9 3amamr"tham 0
3einforced concrete design 9 S.'nnis$rishna )illai
Devas Menon
A"tocad EFF>
S(AAD )ro EFFD 9 soft/are

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING

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